2013年12月N2真题
[全]2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（汇总共三套）--第二套
![[全]2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（汇总共三套）--第二套](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/26bad609fbd6195f312b3169a45177232f60e433.png)
2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题(二)Part 1 writin g (30 minute s)Direct ions:For this part, you are allowe d 30 minute s to write a shortessay b asedon the pictur e below. You should startyour essaywith a briefaccoun t of the increa singuse of the mobile phonein people’s life and then explai n the conse q u ence s of overus ing it.You should writeat leastIW wordsbut no more than 180 words .People are crossi ng the street lookin g at theircell phones and usingwalki n g sticks in orderto see.Part 2 Listen ing Compre hensi on (30 minute s)Section ADirect ions： In this sectio n, you will hear 8 shortconver satio ns and 2 long conver satio ns. At the end of each conver satio n, one or more questi ons will be asked a boutwhat was said. Both the conver satio n and the questi ons will be spoken only once. Aftereach questi on therewill be a pause. During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide whichthe best answer is. Then mark the corres pondi ng letter o" Answer Sheet 1 with a single line throug h the centr e.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2013年12月日语能力考二级真题文法部分01
2013年12月日语能力考二级真题文法部分012013年12月日语能力考二级真题文法部分01。
考生们在日语备考中都会看大量资料，做大量习题来提高日语水平，可是在能力考前还是不能确定自己的掌握情况，那就让往年二级真题来帮你检测一下吧!問題7 次の分の()に入れるのに最もよいものを、1、2、3、4から一つ選びなさい。
33 この料理はとても簡単で、鶏肉と卵( )あればすぐに作れます。
1 にも2 こそ3 とも4 さえ34 このメーカーのヘルメットは安全性( )、他のどメーカーの製品よりも優れている。
1 に沿って2 に向けて3 にわたって4 において35 山田「今度の連休、木村さんは温泉にいくみたいだよ。
森さんはどこかいかないの?」森さん「( )ものなら行きたいけど、今度の連休は仕事が入っちゃったんだよね。
」1 行く2 行こう3 行ける4 行きたい36 (セミナーの案内で)受講料は、無料です。
( )、資料代500円をいただきます。
1 ただし2 および3 すなわち4 あるいは37 今年の映画祭の来場者は、開幕から3日で10万人に達した。
八日間の開催期間で最終的には昨年の20万人を大幅に上回る( )。
1 までだ 2次第だ 3 勢いだ 4 最中だ38 大西病院では、現在事務職員を募集しています。
詳細は、ホームページを( )か、直接お電話でお問い合わせください。
1 拝見する 2ご覧いただく3ご覧に入れる 4 見せてくださる39 北側市は、かつては人口5千人の小さな村( )が、今では人口50万人の大都市だ。
1でもなかった 2よりほかなかった3 にすぎなかった4 ばかりではなかった40 店でA：「このシャツ、かわいい。
でも、会社に着ていくには派手かな。
」B：「うん。
デートで着る( )、仕事には派手すぎるよ。
」1 にしては2 としたら3 ならともかく4 からとはいえ41 悩んでいる時は、誰かに話を( )気持ちが楽になる場合もある。
【免费下载】12月日语能力考N2真题及答案解析
4) 健康のために、たばこを廃止するよう家族に言われた。
29. 心強い
1) 姉は心強くて、どんなにつらいことがあっても涙を見せない。
2) 初めてのプレゼンで不安だったが、先輩が一緒だったので心強かった。
3) アメリカに 10 年住んでいたので、英語はわりと心強いです。
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根保通据护过生高管产中线工资敷艺料设高试技中卷术资配，料置不试技仅卷术可要是以求指解，机决对组吊电在顶气进层设行配备继置进电不行保规空护范载高与中带资负料荷试下卷高总问中体题资配，料置而试时且卷，可调需保控要障试在各验最类；大管对限路设度习备内题进来到行确位调保。整机在使组管其高路在中敷正资设常料过工试程况卷中下安，与全要过，加度并强工且看作尽护下可关都能于可地管以缩路正小高常故中工障资作高料；中试对资卷于料连继试接电卷管保破口护坏处进范理行围高整，中核或资对者料定对试值某卷，些弯审异扁核常度与高固校中定对资盒图料位纸试置，.卷编保工写护况复层进杂防行设腐自备跨动与接处装地理置线，高弯尤中曲其资半要料径避试标免卷高错调等误试，高方要中案求资，技料编术试5写交卷、重底保电要。护气设管装设备线置备4高敷动调、中设作试电资技，高气料术并中课3试中且资件、卷包拒料中管试含绝试调路验线动卷试敷方槽作技设案、，术技以管来术及架避系等免统多不启项必动方要方式高案，中；为资对解料整决试套高卷启中突动语然过文停程电机中气。高课因中件此资中，料管电试壁力卷薄高电、中气接资设口料备不试进严卷行等保调问护试题装工，置作合调并理试且利技进用术行管，过线要关敷求运设电行技力高术保中。护资线装料缆置试敷做卷设到技原准术则确指：灵导在活。分。对线对于盒于调处差试，动过当保程不护中同装高电置中压高资回中料路资试交料卷叉试技时卷术，调问应试题采技，用术作金是为属指调隔发试板电人进机员行一，隔变需开压要处器在理组事；在前同发掌一生握线内图槽部纸内故资，障料强时、电，设回需备路要制须进造同行厂时外家切部出断电具习源高题高中电中资源资料，料试线试卷缆卷试敷切验设除报完从告毕而与，采相要用关进高技行中术检资资查料料和试，检卷并测主且处要了理保解。护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题之第二套（含答案）
2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题之第二套（含答案）2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第II套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)（请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay about the impact of the information explosion by referring to the saying “A wealth of information crea tes a poverty of attention.” You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A) Labor problems.B) Weather conditions.C) An error in the order.D) Misplacing of goods.2. A) What the woman says makes a lot of sense.B) The rich are opposed to social welfare.C) He is sympathetic with poor people.D) He agrees with Mr. Johnson?s views.3. A) He will be practicing soccer.B) He has work to finish in time.C) He will be attending a meeting.D) He has a tough problem to solve.4. A) Mary should get rid of her pet as soon as possible.B) Mary will not be able to keep a dog in the building.C)Mary is not happy with the ban on pet animals.D)Mary might as well send her dog to her relative.5.A) The twins? voices are quite different.B) Lisa and Gale are not very much alike.C) He does not believe they are twin sisters.D) The woman seems a bit hard of hearing.6.A) The serious economic crisis in Britain.B) A package deal to be signed in November.C) A message from their business associates.D) Their ability to deal with financial problems.7.A) It is impossible to remove the stain completely.B) The man will be charged extra for the service.C) The man has to go to the main cleaning facility.D) Cleaning the pants will take longer than usual.8.A) European markets.B) A protest rally.C) Luxury goods.D) Imported products.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9.A) He made a business trip.B) He had a quarrel with Marsha.C) He talked to her on the phone.D) He resolved a budget problem.10.A) She may have to be fired for poor performance.B) She has developed some serious mental problem.C) She is in charge of the firm?s budget planning.D) She supervises a number of important projects.11.A) She failed to arrive at the airport on time.B) David promised to go on the trip in her place.C) Something unexpected happened at her home.D) She was not feeling herself on that day.12.A) He frequently gets things mixed up.B) He is always finding fault with Marsha.C) He has been trying hard to cover for Marsha.D) He often fails to follow through on his projects.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13.A) They are better sheltered from all the outside temptations.B) They are usually more motivated to compete with their peers.C) They have more opportunities to develop their leadership skills.D) They make an active part in more extracurricular activities.14.A) Its chief positions are held by women.B) Its teaching staff consists of women only.C) Its students aim at managerial posts.D) Its students are role models of women.15.A) It is under adequate control.B) It is traditional but colourful.C) They are more or less isolated from the outside world.D) They have ample opportunities to meet the opposite sex.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A) By invading the personal space of listeners.B) By making gestures at strategic points.C) By speaking in a deep, loud voice.D) By speaking with the local accent.17.A) To promote sportsmanship among business owners.B) To encourage people to support local sports groups.C) To raise money for a forthcoming local sports event.D) To show his family?s contribution to the community.18.A) They are known to be the style of the sports world.B) They would certainly appeal to his audience.C) They represent the latest fashion in the business circles.D) They are believed to communicate power and influence.19.A) To cover up his own nervousness.B) To create a warm personal atmosphere.C) To enhance the effect of background music.D) To allow the audience to better enjoy his slides.Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.20.A) She was the first educated slave of John Whitley?s.B) She was the greatest female poet in Colonial America.C) She was born about the time of the War of Independence.D) She was the first African-American slave to publish a book.21.A) Revise in a number of times.B) Obtain consent from her owner.C) Go through a scholarly examination.D) Turn to the colonial governor for help.22.A) Literary works calling for the abolition of slavery.B) Religious scripts popular among slaves in America.C) A rich stock of manuscripts left by historical figures.D) Lots of lost works written by African-American women.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23.A) It is a trait of generouscharacter.B) It is a reflection of self-esteem.C) It is an indicator of high intelligence.D) It is a sign of happiness and confidence.24.A) It was self-defeating.B) It was aggressive.C) It was the essence of comedy.D) It was something admirable.25.A) It is a double-edged sword.B) It is a feature of a given culture.C) It is a unique gift of human beings.D) It is a result of both nature and nurture.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for thesecond time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.It is important that we be mindful of the earth, the planet out of which we are born and by which we are nourished, guided, healed—the planet, however, which we have(26)_______to a considerable degree in these past two centuries of (27)_______ exploitation. This exploitation has reached such (28)_______ that presently it appears that some hundreds of thousands of species will be (29)_______ before the end of the century.In our times, human shrewdness has mastered the deep (30)_______ of the earth at a level far beyond the capacities of earlier peoples. We can break the mountains apart; we can drain the rivers and flood the valleys. We can turn the most luxuriant forests into throwaway paper products. We can (31)_______ the great grass cover of the western plains and pour (32)_______ chemicals into the soil until the soil is dead and blows away in the wind. We can pollute the air with acids, the rivers with sewage(污水), the seas with oil. We can invent computers (33)_______ processing ten million calculations per second. And why?To increase the volume and the speed with which we move natural resources through the consumer economy to the junk pile or the waste heap. Our managerial skills are measured by the competence (34)_______ in accelerating this process. If in these activities the physical features of the planet are damaged, if the environment is made inhospitable for (35)_______ living species, then so be it. We are, supposedly, creating a technological wonderworld.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: Inthis section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Quite often, educators tell families of children who are learning English as a second language to speak only English, and not their native language, at home. Although theseeducators may have good36 ,their advice to families is misguided, and it 37 from misunderstandings about the process of language acquisition. Educators may fear that children hearing two languages will become 38 confused and thus their language development will be 39 ;this concern is not documented in the literature. Children are capable of learning more than one language, whether 40 or sequentially(依次地). In fact, most children outside of the United States are expected to become bilingual or even, in many cases, multilingual. Globally, knowing more than one language is viewed as an 41 and even a necessity in many areas.It is also of concern that the misguided advice that students should speak only English is given primarily to poor families with limited educational opportunities, not to wealthier families who have many educational advantages. Since children from poor families often are 42 as at-risk for academic failure, teachers believe that advising families to speak English only is appropriate.Teachers consider learning two languages to be too 43 for children from poor families, believing that the children are already burdened by their home situations.If families do not know English or have limited English skills themselves, how can they communicate in English? Advising non-English-speaking families to speak only English is 44 to telling them not to communicate with or interact with their children. Moreover, the 45message is that the family's native language is not important or valued.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
[全]2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（汇总共三套）--第二套
![[全]2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（汇总共三套）--第二套](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f869c648a88271fe910ef12d2af90242a895abd5.png)
[全]2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（汇总共三套）--第二套2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题(二)Part 1 writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the increasing use of the mobile phone in people’s life and then explain the consequences of overusing it.You should write at least IW words but no more than 180 words.People are crossing the street looking at their cell phones and using walking sticks in order to see.Part 2 Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections ：In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which the best answer is. Then mark the corresponding letter o" Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
江苏省苏州五中2013-2014学年高二12月月考化学试题 Word版含答案
2、下列说法正确的是（ ）A ．摩尔是表示物质所含质量多少的单位B ．摩尔质量就等于物质式量的6.02×1023倍． C ．HNO 3的摩尔质量是63gD ．硫酸和磷酸的摩尔质量相等3、实验室中需要配制2mol/L 的NaCl 溶液950mL ，配制时应选用的容量瓶的规格和称取的NaCl 质量分别是 A ．950mL ，111.2g B ．500mL ，117g C ．1000mL ，117g D ．任意规格，111.2g4、某合作学习小组讨论辨析以下说法：①粗盐和酸雨都是混合物；②沼气和石油都是可再生能源；③冰和干冰既是化合物又是纯净物；④不锈钢和目前流通的硬币都是合金；⑤盐酸和食醋既是化合物又是酸；⑥纯碱和熟石灰都是碱；⑦豆浆和雾都是胶体。
上述说法正确的是A ．①②③④B ．①②⑤⑥C ．③⑤⑥⑦D ．①③④⑦ 5、下列表达方式错误的是A ．溴化钠的电子式：B ．S 2－的结构示意图：C ．O —18的原子符号：O 188D ．CO 2分子的结构式：O ＝C ＝O6、下列物质转化需要加入还原剂才能实现的是A ．SO 32－→SO 2 B ．HCl→Cl 2C ．Na→Na ＋D ．CO 2→CO7、若N A 代表阿伏加德罗常数，下列说法正确的是 A ．1 mol 过氧化钠与足量水反应转移2N A 个电子 B ．24克03和标准状况下11.2L 氮气含有相同的分子数 C ．1.8克重水（D 2O ）中所含质子数为N AD ．100 mL 1.5mol /L 氯化镁溶液中含0.15 mol Cl －8、下列物质中，不属于．．．电解质的是 A ．NaOHB ．NaClC ． 蔗糖D ．H 2SO 49、下列金属冶炼的化学反应原理，错误的是A ．2NaCl(熔融) 电解2Na + Cl 2↑ B ．MgO + H 2 Mg + H 2OC ．Fe 3O 4 + 4CO3Fe + 4CO 2 D ．2HgO 2Hg + O 2↑10、下列过程中发生化学变化的是A ．用四氯化碳萃取溴水中的溴B ．用蒸馏的方法制取蒸馏水C ．用过滤的方法除食盐水中的泥沙D ．用加热的方法除碳酸钠中碳酸氢钠 11、下列有关实验操作正确的是、A B C D A ．称量氢氧化钠固体 B ．检验铁粉与水蒸气反应产生的氢气 C ．配制150 mL 0.10 mol ·L -1盐酸 D ．分离两种沸点相差较大的液体互溶混合物 12、下列有关物质用途的说法中，正确的是① SO 2可用于漂白纸浆 ② SiO 2可用于制造光导纤维 ③ NH 3可用作制冷剂 ④氯气可用于消毒和制造漂白粉 A ．①② B．①②③ C ．②③④ D．都正确13、下列物质在一定条件下，不能．．发生水解的是 A ．葡萄糖B ．淀粉C ．乙酸乙酯D ．油脂14、胶体区别于其他分散系的本质特征是：A ．胶体的分散质能通过滤纸空隙，而浊液的分散质不能B ．产生丁达尔现象C ．分散质粒子直径在1nm ～100nm 之间D ．胶体在一定条件下能稳定存在15、下列气体中，既能用浓硫酸干燥，又能用氢氧化钠干燥的是A. CO 2B. NH 3C. SO 2D. N 216、下列离子方程式书写正确的是A．铁粉加入稀硫酸中：2Fe + 6H+ = 2Fe3+ + 3H2↑B．氢氧化钡溶液跟稀硫酸反应 Ba2+ + OH－+ H++ SO42－= BaSO4↓+ H2OC．钠和水的反应：Na + H2O = Na+ + 2OH- + H2↑D．氯化铝溶液中加入过量氨水：Al3+ + 3NH3•H2O = Al(OH)3↓+ 3NH4+17、在溶液中加入足量的Na2O2后仍能大量共存的离子组是A、.NH4+、Ba2+、Cl—、NO3—B、.K+、AlO2—、Cl—、SO42—C.、Ca2+、Mg2+、NO3—、HCO3—D、.Na+、Cl—、CO32—、HSO32—18、可以用来断定碳酸氢钠粉末中是否混有碳酸钠的实验方法是A．加热时有无气体放出B．滴加盐酸时有无气泡放出C．溶于水后，滴加氯化钙溶液有无白色沉淀生成D．溶于水后，滴加澄清石灰水，有无白色沉淀生成19、只用一种试剂可区别Na2SO4、MgCl2、Al2(SO4)3、FeCl3四种溶液，这种试剂是A．AgNO3B．H2SO4C．BaCl2D．NaOH20、下列离子组能大量共存且溶液无色的是（）A．Na+Ag+OHˉ Cl－B．Na+Cu2+SO42－NO3－C．Mg2+Na+ SO42－Cl－D．Ba2+ HCO3－SO42－K+21. 下列关于化学反应的速率和限度的说法正确的是A．化学反应速率通常只能用反应物浓度的减少量表示B．影响化学反应速率的条件并不只是温度和催化剂C．化学平衡状态指的是反应物和生成物浓度相等时的状态D．催化剂既能加快化学反应速率，又能提高原料利用率或转化率22. 某学生用锌片、铜片、发光二极管、滤纸、导线等在玻璃片制成如右图所示的原电池，当滤纸用醋酸溶液润湿时，二极管发光。
2013年12月日语能力考二级真题文字部分02
2013年12月日语能力考二级真题文字部分022013年7月日语能力考二级真题文字部分01。
考生们在日语备考中都会看大量资料，做大量习题来提高日语水平，可是在能力考前还是不能确定自己的掌握情况，那就让往年二级真题来帮你检测一下吧!問題4( )に入れるのに最もよいものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
16 オリンピックの開会式の様子が、会場から世界中に( )された。
1普及 2接続 3分配 4中継17 彼は最近かなりの収入があったらしく、( )生活をするようになった。
1ぜいたくな 2豊富な 3わずかな 4質素な18 絵のことはよく知らないので、この作品にどのくらいの価値があるのか( )がつかない。
1発想 2仮定 3見当 4目印19 不要な物を捨てて、散らかった部屋を整理したら、気分が( )した。
1ぎっしり 2すっきり 3ぶらぶら 4きらきら20 気温の上昇に( )して、エアコンの売上も伸びているらしい。
1比例 2対応 3比較 4応答21 地図を見ながら歩いていたら、小さな石に( )、転んでしまった。
1つっこんで 2つまずいて 3くっついて 4かたむいて22 その会にはぜひ出席したいのですが、( )ほかに予定が入ってるんです。
1せっかく 2うっかり 3あいにく 4わざわざ問題5__の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、1・2・3・4から一つ選びなさい。
23 荷物の重さはおよそ5キロでした。
1ぜんぶで 2ぴったり 3だいたい 4それぞれ24 もう少し具体的なプランを教えてほしい。
1 理由2 情報3 特徴4 計画25 市の経済状況は依然として厳しいらしい。
1 相変わらず2 思ったとおり3 実際には4 これまでより26 あのときは本当に必死だった。
1 危なかった2 一生懸命だった3 緊張した4 恐ろしかった27 山のふもとにきれいな湖があります。
1 山の向こう2 山の上のほう3 山の中間あたり4 山の下のほう問題6 次の言葉の使い方として最もよいものを、1、2、3、4から一つ選びなさい。
2013年考研英语二真题及答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alterinformation 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts.The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C]Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B]back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C]history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C]sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C]copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C]stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C]manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adaptto [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,”a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an averagelifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think aboutcategories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 选出最适合文章的标题[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is evervthing[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them,there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a littlegreengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350gof shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in thesupermarket chiller.43_________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's notgood enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planningahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do avegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.44___________________________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers,delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soonyou'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews,or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often thannot, Theyil let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every fewmonths treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a week for threemonths gives you £21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch atMichelin-starred Arbutus. It's £16.95 there - or £12.99 for a large pizza fromDomino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points)48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET .2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析Section I Use of English1．【答案】A（However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
2013年12月大学英语四级真题试卷第二套+详细解答+听力原文
2013年12月大学英语四级真题试卷（二）全部题型 1.Writing2.Listening Comprehension3. 4.Reading Com prehension5.TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below.You should start your essay with a brief account of the increasing use of the mobile phone in people's life and then explain the consequences of overusing it.You should write at least120words but no more than180words.People are crossing the street looking at their cell phones and using walking sticks in order to see.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A2．A．Go to a place he has visited.B．Make her own arrangements.C．Consult a travel agent.D．Join in a package tour.3．A．They are on a long trip by car.B．They are stuck in a traffic jam.C．They are used to getting up early.D．They are tired of eating out at night.4．A．He is a person difficult to deal with.B．He dislikes any formal gathering.C．He is unwilling to speak in public.D．He often keeps a distance from others.5．A．Work in another department.B．Pursue further education.C．Recruit graduate students.D．Take an administrative job.6．A．He would not be available to start the job in time. B．He is not quite qualified for the art director position. C．He would like to leave some more time for himself.D．He will get his application letter ready before May1.7．A．Cleaner.B．Mechanic.C．Porter.D．Salesman.8．A．Request one or two roommates to do the cleaning.B．Help Laura with her term paper due this weekend. C．Get Laura to clean the apartment herself this time. D．Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week. 9．A．A problem caused by the construction. B．An accident that occurred on the bridge.C．The building project they are working on. D．The public transportation conditions.10．A．To look for a job as a salesperson. B．To have a talk with Miss Thompson.C．To place an order for some products.D．To complain about a faulty appliance.11．A．The person in charge is not in the office. B．The supplies are out of stock for the moment. C．They failed to reach an agreement on the price. D．The company is re-cataloguing the items.12．A．0743,12536extension15.B．0734,21653extension51.C．0734,38750extension15.D．0743,62135extension51.13．A．Since he found a girlfriend.B．Since he took to heavy smoking.C．Since he began to exercise regularly.D．Since he started to live on his own.14．A．He is getting too fat.B．He smokes too much.C．He doesn't eat vegetables.D．He doesn't look well at all.15．A．They are overweight for their age.B．They are respectful to their parents.C．They are still in their early twenties.D．They dislike doing physical exercise.16．A．To quit smoking.B．To reduce his weight.C．To find a girlfriend.D．To follow her advice.Section B17．A．They have destroyed several small towns. B．They will soon spread to San Francisco.C．They have injured many residents.D．They are burning out of control.18．A．They have been hospitalized.B．They have got skin problems.C．They were Choked by the thick smoke.D．They were poisoned by the burning chemicals.19．A．It failed because of a sudden rocket explosion. B．It has been re-scheduled for a midday takeoff.C．It has been canceled due to technical problems.D．It was delayed for eleven hours and thirty minutes.A．They made frequent long-distance calls to each other. B．They illegally used government computers in New Jersey. C．They were found to be smarter than computer specialists. D．They were arrested for stealing government information.21．A．Peaceful.B．Considerate.C．Generous.D．Cooperative.22．A．Someone dumped the clothes left in the washer and dryer. B．Someone broke the washer and dryer by overloading them. C．Mindy Lance's laundry blocked the way to the laundry room. D．Mindy Lance threatened to take revenge On her neighbors.23．A．Asking the neighborhood committee for help. B．Limiting the amount of laundry for each wash.C．Informing the building manager of the matter.D．Installing a few more washers and dryers.24．A．She is both a popular and highly respected author. B．She is the most loved African novelist of all times.C．She is the most influential author since the1930's.D．She is the first writer to focus on the fate of slaves.25．A．The Book Critics Circle Award.B．The Nobel Prize for literature.C．The Pulitzer Prize for fiction.D．The National Book Award.A．She is a relative of Morrison's.B．She is a slave from Africa.C．She is a skilled storyteller.D．She is a black woman.Section CMany college students today own personal computers that cost anywhere from$1000to perhaps$5000or more.【B1】______,it is not uncommon for them to purchase【B2】_______costing another several hundred dollars.Twenty years ago,computers were【B3】______,but they were very large and extremely expensive.Few,if any,【B4】______purchased computers for home use.Over the years,the price of the"guts"Of a computer its memory—has declined to less than a thousandth of the price per unit of memory that prevailed twenty years ago.This is the main reason why computers cost so much less today than they used to.Moreover,【B5】______improvements have made it possible to 【B6】______memory circuitry that is small enough to fit into the portable personal computers that many of us own and use.【B7】______,as the price of computation has declined the average consumer and business have spent more on purchasing computers.【B8】______,improved agricultural technology,hybrid(杂交)seeds,【B9】______animal breeding,and so on have vastly increased the amount of output a typical farmer can produce.The prices of goods such as meats and grains have fallen sharply relative to the prices of most other goods and services.As agricultural prices have fallen,many households have decreased their total expenses on food.Even though the【B10】______of a product purchased generally increases when its price falls,total expenses on it may decline.27．【B1】28．【B2】29．【B3】30．【B4】31．【B5】32．【B6】33．【B7】34．【B8】35．【B9】36．【B10】Part III Reading ComprehensionSection ATo get a sense of how women have progressed in science,take a quick tour of the physics department at the University of California,Berkeley.This is a storied place,the【C1】______of some of the most important discoveries in modern science-starting with Ernest Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron(回旋加速器)in1931.A generation ago,female faces were【C2】______and,even today,visitors walking through the first floor of LeConte Hall will see a full corridor of exhibits【C3】______the many distinguished physicists who made history here,【C4】______all of them white males.But climb up to the third floor and you'll see a【C5】______display.There, among the photos of current faculty members and students,are portraits of the 【C6】______head of the department,Marjorie Shapiro,and four other women whose research【C7】______everything from the mechanics of the universe to the smallest particles of matter.A sixth woman was hired just two weeks ago. Although they're still only about10percent of the physics faculty,women areclearly a presence here.And the real【C8】______may be in the smaller photos to the right:graduate and undergraduate students,about20percent of them female.Every year Berkeley sends its fresh female physics PhDs to the country's top universities.That makes Shapiro optimistic,but also【C9】______."I believe things are getting better,"she says,"but they're not getting better as【C10】______as I would like."A)circumstance F)different K)presentlyB)confidence G)exposing L)rareC)covers H)fast M)realisticD)current I)honoring N)siteE)deals J)hope O)virtually37．【C1】38．【C2】39．【C3】40．【C4】41．【C5】42．【C6】43．【C7】44．【C8】45．【C9】46．【C10】Section BIs College a Worthy Investment?A)Why are we spending so much money on college?And why are we so unhappy about it?We all seem to agree that a college education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we see families investing so much in this supposedly essential good.Maybe it's time to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious(大不敬的):is all this investment in college education really worth it?B)The answer,I fear,is no.For an increasing number of kids,the extra time and money spent pursuing a college diploma will leave them worse off than they were before they set foot on campus.C)For my entire adult life,a good education has been the most important thing for middle-class households.My parents spent more educating my sister and me than they spent on their house,and they're not the only ones...and,of course,for an increasing number of families,most of the cost of their house is actually the cost of living in a good school district.Questioning the value of a college education seems a bit like questioning the value of happiness,or fun.D)The average price of all goods and services has risen about50percent.But the price of a college education has nearly doubled in that time.Is the education that today's students are getting twice as good?Are new workers twice as smart?Have they become somehow massively more expensive to educate? E)Perhaps a bit.Richard Vedder,an Ohio University economics professor,says, "I look at the data.and I see college costs rising faster than inflation up to the mid-1980s by1percent a year.Now I see them rising3to4percent a year over inflation.What has happened?The federal government has started dropping money out of airplanes."Aid has increased,subsidized(补贴的)loans have become available,and"the universities have gotten the money."Economist Bryan Caplan,who is writing a book about education,agrees:"It's a giant waste of resources that will continue as long as the subsidies continue."F)Promotional literature for colleges and student loans often speaks of debt as an"investment in yourself."But an investment is supposed to generate income to pay off the loans.More than half of all recent graduates are unemployed or in jobs that do not require a degree,and the amount of student-loan debt carried by households has increased more than five times since1999.These graduates were told that a diploma was all they needed to succeed,but it won't even get them out of the spare bedroom at Mom and Dad's.For many,the most visible result of their fouryears is the loan payments,which now average hundreds of dollars a month on loan balances in the tens of thousands.G)It's true about the money—sort of.College graduates now make80percent more than people who have only a high-school diploma,and though there are no precise estimates,the wage premium(高出的部分)for an outstanding school seems to be even higher.But that's not true of every student.It's very easy to spend four years majoring in English literature and come out no more employable than you were before you went in.Conversely,chemical engineers straight out of school can easily make almost four times the wages of an entry-level high-school graduate.H)James Heckman,the Nobel Prize-winning economist,has examined how the returns on education break down for individuals with different backgrounds and levels of ability."Even with these high prices,you're still finding a high return for individuals who are bright and motivated,"he says.On the other hand,"if you're not college ready,then the answer is no,it's not worth it."Experts tend to agree that for the average student,college is still worth it today,but they also agree that the rapid increase in price is eating up more and more of the potential return.For borderline students,tuition(学费)rise can push those returns into negative territory.I)Everyone seems to agree that the government,and parents,should be rethinking how we invest in higher education—and that employers need to rethink the increasing use of college degrees as crude screening tools for jobs that don't really require college skills."Employers seeing a surplus of college graduates and looking to fill jobs are just adding that requirement,"says Vedder. "In fact,a college degree becomes a job requirement for becoming abar-tender."J)We have started to see some change on the finance side.A law passed in2007 allows many students to cap their loan payment at10percent of their income and forgives any balance after25years.But of course,that doesn't control the cost of education;it just shifts it to taxpayers.It also encourages graduates to choose lower-paying careers,which reduces the financial return to education still further."You're subsidizing people to become priests and poets and so forth,"says Heckman."You may think that's a good thing,or you may not." Either way it will be expensive for the government.K)What might be a lot cheaper is putting more kids to work.Caplan notes that work also builds valuable skills—probably more valuable for kids who don't naturally love sitting in a classroom.Heckman agrees wholeheartedly:"People are different,and those abilities can be shaped.That's what we've learned,and public policy should recognize that."L)Heckman would like to see more apprenticeship-style(学徒式)programs, where kids can learn in the workplace—learn not just specific job skills,but thekind of"soft skills."like getting to work on time and getting along with a team, that are crucial for career success."It's about having mentors(指导者)and having workplace-based education,"he says."Time and again I've seen examples of this kind of program working."M)Ah,but how do we get there from here?With better public policy,hopefully, but also by making better individual decisions."Historically markets have been able to handle these things,"says Vedder."and I think eventually markets will handle this one.If it doesn't improve soon,people are going tp wake up and ask, 'Why am I going to college?'"47．Caplan suggests that kids who don't love school go to work.48．An increasing number of families spend more money on houses in a good school district.49．Subsidized loans to college students are a huge waste of money,according to one economist.50．More and more kids find they fare worse with a college diploma.51．For those who are not prepared for higher education,going to college is not worth it.52．Over the years the cost of a college education has increased almost by 100%.53．A law passed recently allows many students to pay no more than one tenth of their income for their college loans.54．Middle-class Americans have highly valued a good education. 55．More kids should be encouraged to participate in programs where they canlearn not only job skills but also social skills.56．Over fifty percent of recent college graduates remain unemployed or unable to find a suitable job.Section CA recent global survey of2000high-net-worth individuals found that60% were not planning on a traditional retirement.Among US participants,75% expected to continue working in some capacity even after stepping away from full-time jobs."Many of these people made their wealth by doing something they're passionate(有激情的)about,"says Daniel Egan,head of behavioral finance for Barclays Wealth Americas."Given the choice,they prefer to continue working."Barclays calls these people"nevertirees."Unlike many Americans compelled into early retirement by company restrictions,the average nevertiree often has no one forcing his hand.If106-year-old investor Irving Kahn,head of his own family firm,wants to keep coming to work every day,who's going to stop him?Seventy-eight-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's job security is guaranteed in the Constitution.It may seem that these elderly people are trying to cheat death.In fact,they are.And it's working,Howard Friedman,a professor at UC Riverside,found in his research that those who work hardest and are successful in their careers often live the longest lives."People are generally being given bad advice to slow down,take it easy,stop worrying,and retire to Florida,"he says.He described one study participant,still working at the age of100,who was recently disappointed to see his son retire."We're beginning to see a change in how people view retirement,"says George Leeson,co-director of the Institute of Population Ageing at Oxford. Where once retirement was seen as a brief reward after a long struggle through some miserable job,it is now akin(近似)to being cast aside.What Leeson terms "the Warren Buffett effect"is becoming more broadly appealing as individuals come to"view retirement as not simply being linked to economic productivity hut also about contribution."Observers are split on whether this is a wholly good thing.On the one hand,companies and financial firms can benefit from the wisdom of a resilient(坚韧的)chief.On the other,the new generation can find it more difficult to advance—an argument that typically holds little sway to a nevertiree.57．What do we learn about the so-called"nevertirees"?A．They are passionate about making a fortune,B．They have no choice but to continue working.C．They love what they do and choose not to retire.D．They will not retire unless they are compelled to.58．What do Irving Kahn and Ruth Bader Ginsburg have in common?A．Neither of them is subject to forced retirement. B．Neither of them desires reward for their work.C．Both cling to their positions despite opposition.D．Both are capable of coping with heavy workloads.59．What is the finding of Howard Friedman's research?A．The harder you work,the bigger your fortune will be. B．The earlier you retire,the healthier you will be.C．Elderly people have to slow down to live longer.D．Working at an advanced age lengthens people's life.60．What is the traditional view of retirement according to the passage?A．It means a burden to the younger generation.B．It is a symbol of a mature and civilized society.C．It is a compensation for one's life-long hard work.D．It helps increase a nation's economic productivity.61．What do critics say about"nevertirees"?A．They are an obstacle to a company's development.B．They lack the creativity of the younger generation.C．They cannot work as efficiently as they used to.D．They prevent young people from getting ahead.When we talk about Americans barely into adulthood who are saddled with unbearable levels of debt.the conversation is almost always about student loan debt.But there's a growing body of evidence suggesting that today's young adults are also drowning in credit-card debt—and that many of them will take this debt to their graves.More than20%overspent their income by more than$100every singlemonth.Since they haven't built up their credit histories yet.it's a safe bet that these young adults are paying relatively high interest rates on the resulting credit card debt.Although many young people blame"socializing"as a barrier to saving money,most of them aren't knocking back$20drinks in trendy(时尚的)lounges.They're struggling with much more daily financial demands.To a disturbingly large extent,the young and the broke are relying on credit cards to make it until their next payday.This obviously isn't sustainable in the long run.and it's going to put a huge drag on their spending power even after they reach their peak earning years,because they'll still be paying interest on that bottle of orange juice or box of spaghetti(意式面条)they bought a decade earlier.A new study out of Ohio State University found that young adults are accumulating credit card debt at a more rapid rate than other age groups,and that they're slower at paying it off."If what we found continues to hold true,we may have more elderly people with substantial financial problems in the future." warns Lucia Dunn,professor of economics at Ohio State."If our findings persist,we may be faced with a financial crisis among elderly people who can't pay off their credit cards."Dunn says a lot of these young people are never going to get out from under their credit card debt."Many people are borrowing on credit cards so heavily that payoff rates at these levels are not sufficient to recover their credit card debt by the end of their life,which could have loss implications for the credit card issuing banks."62．What is the main idea of the first paragraph?A．Many young Americans will never be able to pay off their debts. B．Credit cards play an increasingly important role in college life. C．Credit cards are doing more harm than student loans.D．The American credit card system is under criticism.63．Why do young people have to pay a higher interest on their credit card debt?A．They tend to forget about the deadlines.B．They haven't developed a credit history.C．They are often unable to pay back in time.D．They are inexperienced in managing money.64．What is said to be the consequence of young adults relying on credit cards to make ends meet?A．It will place an unnecessary burden on society.B．It will give them no motivation to work hard.C．It will exert psychological pressure on them.D．It will affect their future spending power.65．What will happen to young adults if their credit card debt keeps accumulating according to Lucia Dunn?A．They will have to pay an increasingly higher interest rate. B．They may experience a financial crisis in their old age.C．Their quality of life will be affected.D．Their credit cards may be cancelled.66．What does Lucia Dunn think might be a risk for the credit card issuing banks?A．They go bankrupt as a result of over-lending.B．They lose large numbers of their regular clients.C．Their clients leave their debts unpaid upon death.D．Their interest rates have to be reduced now and then.PartⅣTranslation67．中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。
2013-2014学年八年级数学12月月考试题 (新人教版 第31套)
2013年秋武汉部分学校八年级12月份调研考试数学试卷一、选择题（每小题3分，共30分）下列各题中均有四个备选答案，其中有且只有一个正确，请将各题正确答案的代号填入到答题卷相应的答题卡中。
1. 在等腰三角形、圆、长方形、正方形、直角三角形中，一定是轴对称图形的有（ ）个。
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 42. 下列计算正确的是（ ）。
A. -2(x 2y 3)2=-4x 4y 6B. 8x 3-3x 2-x 3=4x 3C. a 2b （-2ab 2）=-2a 3b3 D. -（x-y ）2=-x 2-2xy-y 23. 下列分解因式正确的是（ ）。
A. x 2-y 2=（x+y ）2B. m 2+2mn+n 2=(m-n)2C. ab 2x-aby=ab(x-y)D. 4x 2-8xy+4y 2=4(x-y)24. 在直角坐标系中，点P （a ，2）与点A （-3，m ）关于y 轴对称，则a 、m 的值分别为（ ）。
A. 3，-2 B. -3，-2 C. 3，2 D. -3，25. 一个三角形的底边为4m ，高为m+4n ，它的面积为（ ）。
A. m 2+4mnB. 4m 2+8mnC. 2m 2+8mnD. 8m 2+4mn6. 如图，在△ABC 中，∠A=72°，AB=AC ，BD 平分∠ABC ，且BD=BE ，点D 、E 分别在AC 、BC 上，则∠DEB=（ ）。
A. 76°B. 75.5°C. 76.5°D. 75°7. 如图，已知AB ∥CD ，AB=CD ，添加条件（ ）能使△ABE ≌△CDF 。
A. AF=EFB. ∠B=∠CC. EF=CED. AF=CE8. 如图，△ABC 中，∠ACB=90°，AC=4，BC=3，AB=5，CH⊥AB 于H ，则CH 的长为（ ）。
A. 2.4B. 3C. 2.2D. 3.29. 如图，已知等边△ABC 中，点D 、E 分别在边AB 、BC 上，把△BDE 沿直线DE 翻折，使点B 落在B 1处，DB 1、EB 1分别交边AC 于M 、H 点，若∠ADM=50°，则∠EHC 的度数为（ ）。
2013年12月N2真题
12013 年 12 月日语 N2 真题問題１＿＿＿の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
１そのホテルは古いですが、部屋はとても清潔でしたよ。
１せっきつ２せいきつ３せっけつ４せいけつ２それは隠す必要がないですよ。
１かくす２もどす３わたす４さがす３山田さんはいつも姿勢がいいですね。
１しぜい２しっぜい３しせい４しっせい４もっと丁寧に積んでください。
１たたんで２あんで３むすんで４つんで５犯人は 10 年以上も逃亡生活を送っていた。
１とうぼう２とぼう３とうそう４とそう問題２＿＿＿の言葉を漢字で書くとき、最もよいものを１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
６あのころはまだ、将来のことをしんけんに考えていなかった。
１真険２真剣３信険４信剣７今後もサービス向上につとめて生きたいと思っています。
１志めて２勧めて３勤めて４努めて８バザーの売り上げは全額きふしました。
１寄符２貴付３寄付４貴符９そのうわさについて本人に尋ねたら、そくざに否定された。
１即座に２速座に３即差に４速差に10 そんなにせめたらかわいそうだよ。
2１疑めたら２怒めたら３憎めたら４責めたら問題３（）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
11 書類に記入ミスがあったので、直してから（）提出するように言われた。
１改２次３再４復12 3 時 10 分東京駅（）の新幹線に乗る予定です。
１始２発３出４離13 歌謡曲からクラシックまで、音楽（）に興味があります。
１共同２全面３共通４全般14 会長候補の中では北川氏が（）有力だと言われている。
１特２最３頂４極15 宿題を夏休み（）に出さなければならない。
１明け２閉め３分け４止め問題４（）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
16 オリンピックの開会式の様子が、会場から世界中に（）された。
１普及２接続３分配４中継17 彼は最近かなりの収入があったらしく、（）生活をするようになった。
2013年12月最新日语N2模拟试题含答案
2013年12月日语N2预测试卷第１回模擬テスト問題１次の文の下線をつけた言葉は、どのように読みますか。
その読み方をそれぞれの１、２、３、４からひとつ選びなさい。
問１薄い木綿の布は肌に柔らかく感じられるし、干してもすぐ乾くので喜ばれている。
１薄い１あらい２うすい３はくい４あさい２木綿１きわた２きめん３もめん４もくわた３布１きれ２ぬの３はし４ふ４肌１こし２うで３かわ４はだ５柔らかく１じゅうらかく２やわらかく３なんらかく４やらかく６干しても１かしても２はしても３ほしても４ひしても７乾く１かんく２きく３つく４かわく８喜ばれて１あそばれて２よろこばれて３ころばれて４よろばれて問２年をとってすっかり白髪になった母は、最近は食欲もなくなった外に出たがらなくなり、留守番をすることが多くなった。
１白髪１しろげ２はくげ３しらが４しろが２食欲１しょくよく２しょくじ３しょくよっく４しょくよう３留守番１るしゅばん２るすばん３とすばん４しゅうしゅばん問３この辺りは、普段から人通りが少なく特に遅い時間は危険なので、回り道をして帰ります。
１辺り１へんり２べんり３あたり４あてり２普段１ふたん２ふだん３ふとん４ふどん３人通り１ひととおり２じんどおり３ひとどおり４じんとおり４遅い１ちい２おそい３おくい４くらい５危険１いかん２いけん３きかん４きけん６回り道１かいりみち２めぐりみち３とおりめち４まわりみち問４私の姉は、病気の母親の気分がいいときを心得ているのか、ちょうどよいときに見舞いにやっている。
１姉１あな２あね３いもうと４あに２気分１きふん２けぶん３きぶん４けふん３心得て１しんとくて２こころえて３しんえて４しんどくて問題２次の文の下線をつけた言葉は、どのような漢字を書きますか。
その漢字をそれぞれの１、２、３、４の中からひとつ選びなさい。
問１駅前通りのしょうてんにはめがねややおややぶんぼうぐやある。
１しょうてん１紹店２商店３少店４小店２めがねや１目鏡屋２目銀屋３眼鏡屋４眼金屋３やおや１八日屋２八白屋３八旧屋４八百屋４ぶんぼうぐや１文房具屋２分忘具屋３分忙具屋４分忘具屋問２とかいではどうろをきれいに維持するために、ごみ箱があちこちにある。
大学英语六级卷二真题2013年12月-推荐下载
A He made a business trip. B He had a quarrel with Marsha. C He talked to her on the phone. D He resolved a budget problem. 10. A She may have to be fired for poor performance. B She has developed some serious mental problem. C She is in charge of the firm's budget planning. D She supervises a number of important projects. 11. A She failed to arrive at the airport on time. B David promised to go on the trip in her place. C Something unexpected happened at her home. D She was not feeling herself on that day. 12. A He frequently gets things mixed up. B He is always finding fault with Marsha. C He has been trying hard to cover for Marsha. D He often fails to follow through on his projects. Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 13. A They are better sheltered from all the outside temptations. B They are usually more motivated to compete with their peers. C They have more opportunities to develop their leadership skills. D They make an active part in more extracurricular activities. 14. A Its chief positions are held by women. ) B Its teaching staff consists of women only.
2013年12月六级考试真题(二)含答案
2013年12月六级考试真题（第二套）PartⅠ WritingDirections: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying “Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them.” You can cite examples to illustrate yourpoint and then explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy. Youshould write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will bespoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the fourchoices marked A). B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letteron Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A) The rock band needs more hours of practice.B) The rock band is going to play here for a month.C) He appreciates the woman’s help with the band.D) Their hard work has resulted in a big success.2. A) Travel overseas on his own.C) Go on a diving tour in Europe.B) Join a package tour to Mexico.D) Add 300 dollars to his budget.3. A) Something unexpected has happened.C) To avoid more work later on.B) In case some problem should occur.D) To make better preparations.4. A) The man is going to renew his membership in a fitness center.B) The woman asked for a free pass to try out the facilities.C) The man can try out the facilities before he becomes a member.D) The woman can give the man a discount if he joins the club now.5. A) He is not fit to study science.C) He is worried about the test.B) He is not afraid of challenge.D) He is going to drop the physics course.6. A) Buy something special for Gary. C) Pay for part of the picnic food.B) Invite Gary’s family to dinner. D) Take some food to the picnic.7. A labor dispute at a bus company. C) A corporate takeover.B) Bus drivers’ working conditions. D) Public transportation.8. A) Their sales overseas. C) The check just deposited.B) The bank statement. D) The payment for an order.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) A private secretary. C) A shop assistant.B) A hotel receptionist. D) A sales manager.10. A) Appearance. C) Voice.B) Intelligence. D) Manners.11. A) Arrange one more interview. C) Offer the job to David Wallace.B) Report the matter to their boss. D) Hire Barbara Jones on a trail basis.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) He invented the refrigerator.C) He was admitted to university.B) He patented his first invention.D) He got a degree in Mathematics.13.A) He started to work on refrigeration.B) He became a professor of Mathematics.C) He fell in love with Natasha Willoughby.D) He distinguished himself in low temperature physics.14. A) Finding the true nature of subatomic particles.B) Their discovery of the laws of cause and effect.C) Laying the foundations of modem mathematics.D) Their work on very high frequency radio waves.15. A) To have a three-week holiday. C) To patent his inventions.B) To spend his remaining years. D) To teach at a university.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the bestanswer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) They have fallen prey to wolves.B) They have become a tourist attraction.C) They have caused lots of damage to crops.D) They have become a headache to the community.17. A) To celebrate their victory. C) To scare the wolves.B) To cheer up the hunters. D) To alert the deer.18. A) They would help to spread a fatal disease.B) They would pose a threat to the children.C) They would endanger domestic animals.D) They would eventually kill off the deer.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A)She is an interpreter.C) She is a domestic servant.B) She is a tourist guide.D)She is from the royal family.20. A) It was used by the family to hold dinner parties.B) It is situated at the foot of a beautiful mountain.C) It was frequently visited by heads of state.D) It is furnished like one in a royal palace.21. A)It is elaborately decorated.C) It is very big, with only six slim legs.B) It has survived some 2,000 years.D) It is shaped like an ancient Spanish boat.22. A) They are uncomfortable to sit in for long.B) They do not match the oval table at all.C) They have lost some of their legs.D) They are interesting to look at.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A) It is an uncommon infectious disease.B) It destroys the patient’s ability to think.C) It is a disease very difficult to diagnose.D) It is the biggest crippler of young adults.24. A) Search for the best cure.C)Write a book about her life.B) Hurry up and live life.D) Exercise more and work harder.25. A) Aggressive.C) Sophisticated.B) Adventurous.D) Self-centered.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in theblanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, youshould check what you have written.It’s difficult to estimate the number of youngsters involved in home schooling, where children are not sent to school and receive their formal education from one or both parents. 26 and court decisions have made it legally possible in most states for parents to educate their children at home, and each year more people take advantage of that opportunity. Some states require parents or a home tutor to meet teacher certification standards, and many require parents to complete legal forms to verify that their children are receiving 27 in state-approved curricula.Supporters of home education claim that it’s less expensive and far more 28 than mass public education. Moreover, they cite several advantages: alleviation of school overcrowding, strengthened family relationships, lower 29 rates, the fact that students are allowed to learn at their own rate, increased 30 , higher standardized test scores, and reduced 31 problems.Critics of the home schooling movement 32 that it creates as many problems as it solves. They acknowledge that, in a few cases, home schooling offers educational opportunities superior to those found in most public schools, but few parents can provide such educational advantages. Some parents who withdraw their children from the schools 33 home schooling have an inadequate educational background and insufficient formal training to provide a satisfactory education for their children. Typically, parents have fewer technological resources 34 than do schools. However, the relatively inexpensive computer technology that is readily available today is causing some to challenge the notion that home schooling is in any way 35 more highly structured classroom education.Part III Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letterSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questionsby marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Waste Not, Want NotFeeding the 9 Billion: The Tragedy of Waste[A]By 2075, the United Nations’ mid-range projection for global population is about 9.5 billion. This means that therecould be an extra three billion mouths to feed by the end of the century, a period in which substantial changes are anticipated in the wealth, calorie intake and dietary preferences of people in developing countries across the world.Such a projection presents mankind with wide-ranging social, economic, environmental and political issues that need to be addressed today to ensure a sustainable future for all. One key issue is how to produce more food in a world of finite resources.[B]Today, we produce about four billion metric tones of food per year. Yet due to poor practices in harvesting, storage andtransportation, as well as market and consumer wastage, it is estimated that 30-50% of all food produced never reachesa human stomach. Furthermore, this figure does not reflect the fact that large amounts of land, energy, fertilisers andwater have also been lost in the production of foodstuffs which simply end up as waste. This level of wastage is a tragedy that cannot continue if we are to succeed in the challenge of sustainably meeting our future food demands.Where Food Waste Happens[C]In 2010, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers identified three principal emerging population groups across theworld, based on characteristics associated with their current and projected stage of economic development.•Fully developed, mature, post-industrial societies, such as those in Europe, characterised by stable or declining populations which are increasing in age.•Late-stage developing nations that are currently industrialising rapidly, for example China, which will experience declining rates of population growth, coupled with increasing affluence(富裕）and age profile.•Newly developing countries that are beginning to industrialise, primarily in Africa, with high to very high population growth rates, and characterised by a predominantly young age profile.[D]Each group over the coming decades will need to address different issues surrounding food production, storage andtransportation, as well as consumer expectations, if we are to continue to feed all our people.[E]In less-developed countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia, wastage tends to occur primarilyat the farmer-producer end of the supply chain. Inefficient harvesting, inadequate local transportation and poor infrastructure（基础设施）mean that produce is frequently handled inappropriately and stored under unsuitable farm site conditions.[F]In mature, fully developed countries such as the UK, more-efficient fanning practices and better transport, storage andprocessing facilities ensure that a larger proportion of the food produced reaches markets and consumers. However, characteristics associated with modem consumer culture mean produce is often wasted through retail and customer behaviour.[G]Major supermarkets, in meeting consumer expectations, will often reject entire crops of perfectly edible fruit andvegetables at the farm because they do not meet exacting marketing standards for their physical characteristics, such as size and appearance.[H]Of the produce that does appear in the supermarket, commonly used sales promotions frequently encourage customersto purchase excessive quantities which, in the case of perishable foodstuffs, inevitably generate wastage in the home.Overall between 30% and 50% of what has been bought in developed countries is thrown away by the purchaser.Better Use of Our Finite Resources[I]Wasting food means losing not only life-supporting nutrition but also precious resources, including land, water andenergy. As a global society, therefore, tackling food waste will help contribute towards addressing a number of key resource issues.[J]Land Usage: Over the last five decades, improved farming techniques and technologies have helped to significantly increase crop yields along with a 12% expansion of. farmed land use. However, a further increase in farming area without impacting unfavourably on what remains of the worlds natural ecosystems appears unlikely. The challenge is that an increase in animal-based production will require more land, and resources, as livestock(牲畜)farming demands extensive land use.[K]Water Usage: Over the past century, human use of fresh water has increased at more than double the rate of population growth. Currently about 3.8 trillion m3 of water is used by humans per year. About 70% of this is consumed by the global agriculture sector, and the level of use will continue to rise over the coming decades.[L]Better irrigation can dramatically improve crop yield and about 40% of the worlds food supply is currently derived from irrigated land. However, water used in irrigation is often sourced unsustainably. In processing foods after theagricultural stage, there are large additional uses of water that need to be tackled in a world of growing demand. This is particularly crucial in the case of meat production, where beef uses about 50 times more water than vegetables. In the future, more effective washing techniques, management procedures, and recycling and purification of water will be needed to reduce wastage.[M] Energy Usage: Energy is an essential resource across the entire food production cycle, with estimates showing an average of 7-10 calories of input being required in the production of one calorie of food. This varies dramatically depending on crop, from three calories for plant crops to 35 calories in the production of beef. Since much of this energy comes from the utilisation of fossil fuels, wastage of food potentially contributes to unnecessary global warming as well as inefficient resource utilisation.[N] In the modern industrialised agricultural process — which developing nations are moving towards in order to increase future yields — energy usage in the making and application of fertilisers and pesticides represents the single biggest component. Wheat production takes 50% of its energy input for these two items alone. Indeed, on a global scale, fertiliser manufacturing consumes about 3-5% of the world’s annual natural gas supply. With production anticipated to increase by 25% between now and 2030, sustainable energy sourcing will become an increasingly major issue. Energy to power machinery, both on the farm and in the storage and processing facilities, adds to the energy total, which currently represents about 3.1% of annual global energy consumption.Recommendations[O] Rising population combined with improved nutrition standards and shifting dietary preferences will exert pressure for increases in global food supply. Engineers, scientists and agriculturalists have the knowledge, tools and systems that will assist in achieving productivity increases. However, pressure will grow on finite resources of land, energy and water. The potential to provide 60-100% more food by simply eliminating losses, while simultaneously freeing up land, energy and water resources for other uses, is an opportunity that should not be ignored. In order to begin tackling the challenge, the Institution recommends that:•The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation work with the international engineering community to ensure governments of developed nations put in place programmes that transfer engineering knowledge, design know-how, and suitable technology to newly developing countries. This will help improve produce handling in the harvest, and immediate post-harvest stages of food production.•Governments of rapidly developing countries incorporate waste minimisation thinking into the transport infrastructure and storage facilities currently being planned, engineered and built.•Governments in developed nations devise and implement policy that changes consumer expectations. These should discourage retailers from wasteful practices that lead to the rejection of food on the basis of cosmetic characteristics, and losses in the home due to excessive purchasing by consumers.46.Elimination of waste alone can potentially provide over sixty percent more food for the growing world population.47.The production and application of fertilisers and pesticides account for the largest part of energy use in the modemindustrialised agricultural process.48.Consumers in developed countries throw away nearly half of their food purchases because they tend to buy inexcessive quantities.49.It is recommended that engineering knowledge and suitable technology in developed countries be introduced todeveloping countries to improve produce handling in the harvest.50.The predicted global population growth means that ways have to be found to produce more food with finite resources.51. A further expansion of farming area will adversely impact on the worlds natural ecosystems.52.Perfectly eatable fruit and vegetable crops often fail to reach supermarkets due to their size or physical appearance.53.Poor practices in harvesting, storage and transportation have resulted in a waste of much of the food we produce andthus a waste of land and resources.54.Food waste in less-developed countries happens mainly at the producers’ end.55.Beef consumes far more water to produce than vegetables.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice andmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Call it the “learning paradox”：the more you struggle and even fail while you’re trying to lea rn new information, the better you’re likely to recall and apply that information later.The learning paradox is at the heart of “productive failure,” a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur. Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge —providing lots of structure and guidance early on, until the students show that they can do it on their own — makes intuitive sense, it may not be the best way to promote learning. Rather, it5s better to let the learners wrestle（较劲）with the material on their own for a while, refraining from giving them any assistance at the start. In a paper published recently, Kapur applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical problem solving in three schools.With one group of students, the teacher provided strong “scaffolding” —instructional support 一and feedback. With the teacher’s help, these pupils were able to find the answers to their set of problems. Meanwhile, a second group was directed to solve the same problems by collaborating with one another, without any prompts from their instructor. These students weren’t able to complete the problems correctly. But in the course of trying to do so, they generated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about what potential solutions would look like. And when the two groups were tested on what they’d learned, the second group “significantly outperformed” the first.The apparent struggles of the floundering（挣扎）group have what Kapur calls a “hidden efficacy”： they lead people to understand the deep structure of problems, not simply their correct solutions. When these students encounter a new problem of the same type on a test, they’re able to transfer the knowledge they’re gathered more effectively than those who were the passive recipients of someone else’s expertise.In the real world, problems rarely come neatly packaged, so being able to discern their deep structure is key. But, Kapur notes, none of us like to fail, no matter how often Silicon Valley entrepreneurs praise the beneficial effects of an idea that fails or a start-up company that crashes and bums. So we need to “design for productive failure” by building it into the learning process. Kapur has identified three conditions that promote this kind of beneficial struggle. First, choose problems to work on that “challenge but do not frustrate.” Second, provide learners with opportunities to explain and elaborate on what they’re doing. Third, give learners the chance to compare and contrast good and bad solutions to the problems. And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style: you’ll thank me later.56. Why does the author call the learning process a paradox?A) Pains do not necessarily lead to gains.B) What is learned is rarely applicable in life.C) Failure more often than not breeds success.D) The more is taught, the less is learnt.57. What does Kapur disapprove of in teaching?A)Asking students to find and solve problems on their own.B)Developing students’ ability to apply what they learn.C)Giving students detailed guidance and instruction.D)Allowing students a free hand in problem solving.58. What do people tend to think of providing strong “scaffolding” in teaching?A)It will make teaching easier.B)It is a sensible way of teaching.C)It can motivate average students.D)It will enhance students’ confidence.59. What kind of problem should be given to students to solve according to Kapur?A)It should be able to encourage collaborative learning.B)It should be easy enough so as not to frustrate students.C)It should be solvable by average students with ease.D)It should be difficult enough but still within their reach.60. What can be expected of “this tough-love teaching style” (Lines 8-9, Para. 5)?A)Students will be grateful in the long run.B)Teachers will meet with a lot of resistance.C)Parents will think it too harsh on their kids.D)It may not be able to yield the desired results.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Vernon Bowman, a 75-year-old farmer from rural Indiana, did something that got him sued. He planted soybeans（大豆）sold as cattle feed. But Monsanto, the agricultural giant, insists it has a patent on the kind of genetically modified seeds Bowman used —and that the patent continues to all of the progeny（后代）of those seeds.Have we really gotten to the point that planting a seed can lead to a high-stakes Supreme Court patent lawsuit? We have, and that case is Bowman vs. Monsanto,which is being argued on Tuesday. Monsanto’s critics have attacked the company for its “merciless legal battles against small farmers,” and they are hoping this will be the case that puts it in its place. They are also hoping the court’s ruling will rein in patent law, which is increasingly being used to claim new life forms as private property.Monsanto and its supporters, not surprisingly, see the case very differently. They argue that when a company like Monsanto goes to great expense to create a valuable new genetically modified seed, it must be able to protect its property interests. If farmers like Bowman are able to use these seeds without paying the designated fee, it will remove the incentives for companies like Monsanto to innovate.Monsanto accused Bowman of patent infringement and won an $84,456 damage award. Rather than pay up or work out a settlement, Bowman decided to appeal — all the way to the Supreme Court. He said “Monsanto should not be able, just because they’ve got billions of dollars to spend on legal fees, to try to terrify farmers into obeying their agreements by massive force and threats.”The central issue in the case is whether patent rights to living things extend to the progeny of those things. Monsanto argues that its patents extend to later generations. But Bowman’s supporters argue that Monsanto is trying to expand thescope of patents in ways that would enrich big corporations and hurt small farmers. They say that if Monsanto wins, the impact will extend far beyond agriculture — locking up property rights in an array of important areas. Knowledge Ecology International contends that the Supreme Court’s ruling could have “profound effects” on other biotech industries.If this were a Hollywood movie, the courageous old Indiana farmer would beat the profit-minded corporation before the credits rolled. But this is a real-life argument before a Supreme Court that has a well-earned reputation for looking out for the interests of large corporations. This case gives the court an opportunity to rein in the growing use of patents to protect genetically engineered crops and other life forms —but the court may well use it to give this trend a powerful new endorsement.61. Why did Vernon Bowman get sued?A)He used genetically modified seeds to feed his cattle.B)He planted soybeans without paying for the patent.C)He made a profit out of Monsanto’s commercial secrets.D)He obtained Monsanto’s patented seeds by illegal means.62. What are Monsanto’s critics hoping the Supreme Court will do?A)Allow small farmers to grow genetically modified soybeans.B)Punish Monsanto for infringing on small farmer’s interests.C)Rule against Monsanto’s excessive extension of its patent rights.D)Abolish the patent law concerning genetically engineered seeds.63. What is the argument of Monsanto and its supporters?A)Patent rights should be protected to encourage innovation.B)Bowman cannot plant the seeds without Monsanto’s consent.C)Monsanto has the right to recover the costs of its patented seeds.D)Patent law on genetically modified seeds should not be challenged.64. What is the key issue in the Bowman vs. Monsanto case?A)Whether patent for seeds is harmful to agricultural production.B)Whether the biotech industry should take priority over agriculture.C)Whether measures should be introduced to protect small farmers.D)Whether patent for living things applies to their generations.65. What do we learn from the last paragraph?A)Hollywood movies usually have an unexpected, dramatic impact on real-life arguments.B)The Supreme Court will try to change its reputation for supporting large corporations.C)The Supreme Court is likely to persuade the parties concerned to work out a settlement.D)The ruling would be in Bowman’s favor if the case were argued in a Hollywood movie.Part Ⅳ TranslationDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国园林(the Chinese garden )是经过三千多年演变而成独具一格园林景观 (landscape ) 。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
12013 年 12 月日语 N2 真题問題１＿＿＿の言葉の読み方として最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
１そのホテルは古いですが、部屋はとても清潔でしたよ。
１せっきつ２せいきつ３せっけつ４せいけつ２それは隠す必要がないですよ。
１かくす２もどす３わたす４さがす３山田さんはいつも姿勢がいいですね。
１しぜい２しっぜい３しせい４しっせい４もっと丁寧に積んでください。
１たたんで２あんで３むすんで４つんで５犯人は 10 年以上も逃亡生活を送っていた。
１とうぼう２とぼう３とうそう４とそう問題２＿＿＿の言葉を漢字で書くとき、最もよいものを１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
６あのころはまだ、将来のことをしんけんに考えていなかった。
１真険２真剣３信険４信剣７今後もサービス向上につとめて生きたいと思っています。
１志めて２勧めて３勤めて４努めて８バザーの売り上げは全額きふしました。
１寄符２貴付３寄付４貴符９そのうわさについて本人に尋ねたら、そくざに否定された。
１即座に２速座に３即差に４速差に10 そんなにせめたらかわいそうだよ。
2１疑めたら２怒めたら３憎めたら４責めたら問題３（）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
11 書類に記入ミスがあったので、直してから（）提出するように言われた。
１改２次３再４復12 3 時 10 分東京駅（）の新幹線に乗る予定です。
１始２発３出４離13 歌謡曲からクラシックまで、音楽（）に興味があります。
１共同２全面３共通４全般14 会長候補の中では北川氏が（）有力だと言われている。
１特２最３頂４極15 宿題を夏休み（）に出さなければならない。
１明け２閉め３分け４止め問題４（）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
16 オリンピックの開会式の様子が、会場から世界中に（）された。
１普及２接続３分配４中継17 彼は最近かなりの収入があったらしく、（）生活をするようになった。
１ぜいたく２豊富な３わずかな４質素な18 絵のことはよく知らないので、この作品にどのくらいの価値があるのか（）がつかない。
１発想２仮定３見当４目印19 不要な物を捨てて、散らかった部屋を整理したら、気分が（）した。
１ぎっしり２すっきり３ぶらぶら４きらきら20 気温の上昇に（）して、エアコンの売上も伸びているらしい。
１比例２対応３比較４応答21 地図を見ながら歩いていたら、小さな石に（）、転んでしまった。
１つっこんで２つまずいて３くっついて４かたむいて22 その会にはぜひ出席したいのですが、（）ほかに予定が入ってるんです。
１せっかく２うっかり３あいにく４わざわざ問題５＿＿の言葉に意味が最も近いものを、１・２・３・４から一つ選びなさい。
23 荷物の重さはおよそ５キロでした。
１ぜんぶで２ぴったり３だいたい４それぞれ24 もう少し具体的なプランを教えてほしい。
１理由２情報３特徴４計画25 市の経済状況は依然として厳しいらしい。
１相変わらず２思ったとおり３実際には４これまでより26 あのときは本当に必死だった。
１危なかった２一生懸命だった３緊張した４恐ろしかった27 山のふもとにきれいな湖があります。
１山の向こう２山の上のほう３山の中間あたり４山の下のほう問題６次の言葉の使い方として最もよいものを、１、２，３、４から一つ選びなさい。
28 補足１スープの味が薄かったので、塩を補足しました。
２資料には概要しか書かれていないので、少し説明を補足します。
３新入社員の仕事を補足するのが私の役割です。
４暗い部屋だったので、明るい色の家具を補足しました。
29 あわただしい１最近、寒かったり暑かったり気温の変化があわただしいので、風がひく人が多い２森さんはあわただしい人で、よく忘れ物したり、乗る電車を間違えたりする。
３この町の発展はあわただしく、数年前とは様子がずいぶん変わりました。
４山下さんは午前の会議が終わると、昼ご飯も食べずにあわただしく出かけていった30 かすか１財布の中にかすかなお金があったので、バスで帰った。
２船に乗って１時間たつと、遠くに島がかすかに見えてきた。
３今日は天気がいいので、かすかな時間で洗濯物が乾きそうだ。
４私と田中さんは同じ年で、私のほうが誕生日がかすかに早い。
31 催促１３０度を超える暑い日には、水分を十分とるように学校でも注意を催促している。
２異文化交流の催促のために、ボランティア団体が毎月イベントを聞いている。
３家賃を払うのをすっかり忘れていたら、催促の電話がかかってきた。
４どこからか、おいしそうなにおいがしてきて、食欲が催促された。
32 ものたりない１少しうまくなってきたので、初心者向けのクラスだとものたりなくなってきた。
２クラスメートが転校することになり、みんなものたりなく思っています。
３日本に来てばかりで、いろいろものたりないでしょうが、すぐに慣れますよ。
４楽しみにしていたパーティーなのに、中止なんて本当にものたりない。
問題７次の分の（）に入れるのに最もよいものを、１、２、３、４から一つ選びなさい。
33 この料理はとても簡単で、鶏肉と卵（）あればすぐに作れます。
１にも２こそ３とも４さえ34 このメーカーのヘルメットは安全性（）、他のどメーカーの製品よりも優れている。
１に沿って２に向けて３にわたって４において35 山田「今度の連休、木村さんは温泉にいくみたいだよ。
森さんはどこかいかないの？」森さん「（）ものなら行きたいけど、今度の連休は仕事が入っちゃったんだよね。
」１行く２行こう３行ける４行きたい36 （セミナーの案内で）受講料は、無料です。
（）、資料代５００円をいただきます。
37 今年の映画祭の来場者は、開幕から３日で１０万人に達した。
八日間の開催期間で最終的には昨年の２０万人を大幅に上回る（）。
１までだ２次第だ３勢いだ４最中だ38 大西病院では、現在事務職員を募集しています。
詳細は、ホームページを（）か、直接お電話でお問い合わせください。
1 拝見する２ご覧いただく３ご覧に入れる４見せてくださる39 北側市は、かつては人口５千人の小さな村（）が、今では人口５０万人の大都市だ。
１でもなかった２よりほかなかった３にすぎなかった４ばかりではなかった40 店でA：「このシャツ、かわいい。
でも、会社に着ていくには派手かな。
」B：「うん。
デートで着る（）、仕事には派手すぎるよ。
」１にしては２としたら３ならともかく４からとはいえ41 悩んでいる時は、誰かに話を（）気持ちが楽になる場合もある。
１聞いてあげることは２聞いてもらうことで３聞いてくれることに４聞いてやることが42 駅で、A 「まだ切符ってないの？もう電車来ちゃうよ。
はやくはやく」B 「まだ５分もあるでしょう。
そんなに（）。
」１急がせないよ２急がせられないのかな３急がなくちゃね４急がされるんだから43 電話でA 「営業部の山下さんを御願いしたいのですが。
」B 「申し訳ありません、山下はただいま会議で席を外しております。
戻りましたらこちらからお電話（）。
」１いたしましょうか２申しましょうか44 「自分がされてうれしいことは相手もうれしい」といつ（）だが、相手が嫌がる場合もあるので、気をつけようと思う。
１思ってところ２思ってしまいがち３思いたがるおそれ４思うしかないため問題８次の文の⋆に入る最もよいものを、１、２、３、４から一つ選びなさい。
45 Ａ「夏休み、あしたで終わりだね」Ｂ「そうだね。
でもまだ＿⋆＿休みたいよね。
」１ぐらい２１週間３あと４は46 （北川先生へのメールで）昨日無事に帰国しました。
日本に滞在中は＿⋆＿お世話になり、本当にありがとうございます。
１をはじめ２北川先生３に４多くの方々47 私の祖父は、風をひいでも、「風のときはあたたかく＿⋆＿。
」と言って病院に行かない。
１に限る２早く３寝る４して48 留学中、自分の国のことを聞かれて初めて、今まで＿⋆＿ことが多いのに気づいた。
１思って２疑問にすら３思っていなかった４当たり前だと49 彼が描いたライオンの絵は、＿⋆＿いる。
１今にも動き出して２近づいてきそうなほど３描かれて４本物そっくりに問題９以下は、留学生が書いた文章であるポケットティッシュ今日も新宿駅前でティッシュをもらった。
小さな袋の中に10 枚ほどのティッシュが入っていて、ポケットなどに入れて持ち歩けるポケットティッシュだ。
新宿や渋谷などの大きな駅を出して少し歩くと、ポケットティッシュを配っている人にあちこちで50（）。
彼らが配るのは、ティッシュでもあり広告でもある。
受け取りティッシュの袋には、旅行会社の名前が印刷されていたり、美容院や居酒屋の広告の紙が入っていたりする。
最初は無料で配っているとは知らなかったので、渡されたときは驚いた。
ティッシュペーパーが日本で使われるようになったのは、1950 年代。
その十数年後、51（）が広告宣伝用に配るためのポケットティッシュを開発した。
そして、1970 年ごろにそれを道で配り始めた会社があり、それ以来、ポケットティッシュを道で配ることが定着していったらしい。
確かに、ポケットティッシュは優れた宣伝グッズだ。
まず、道で直接配るから、歩いている人の性別・年齢を見て、渡すことができる。
個人情報を集めなくても、宣伝したい相手に宣伝できる効果的な52（）。
また、ティッシュなら実用的で、ちらしだけよりも受け取ってもらいやすいし、使うたびに広告を見てもらえるという利点もある。
53（）、私はポケットティッシュの広告を見て行動を起こしたことはない。
もらう広告には全く興味がないが、無料だからついもらってしまい、たまっていく一方だ。
だから、帰国したら友達に配りたい 54（）。
50 １出会う２出合ったのか３出会うこともあった４出会うはずだった51 １その会社２ある会社３彼らの会社４こういう会社52 １方法にするべきだ２方法だと言える３方法になりかねない４方法があるに違いない53 1 むしろ２要するに３したがって４とはいえ54 １紹介されたわけだ２紹介したからだ３紹介しようと思う４紹介されのだと思う問題１０次の（１）から（５）の文章を読んで、後の問いに対する答えとして最もよいものを１、２、３、４から一つ選びなさい。
（１）以下は、辞書の編集にかかわったことのある人が書いた文章である。
最新の意味が、辞書に載ってない、とはよく言われることである。
保守的（注１）すぎる、と。
辞書は、その点、小回り（注２）がきかない。
けれども、最新の意味を辞書に載せたとたん、その意味が消えてしまったらどうだろう。
その辞書は、もう使われもしない古い意味を載せていることになる。