Thmas Hood&Ernest Jones
王守仁泛读教程第二册Unit 6课件
C on ver sa tion :
L isa : W e shou ld k eep Fr a nk a t a r m ’ s length. L u cy : Y ea h . He’ s k now n a s a sly dog. He’ s done m a ny people in . L isa : He hits below the belt. L u cy : A nd he m a y ca sh in on people w henever cha nces a r e pr ovided.
L u cy : S o y ou cou ld n ’ t g et a w or d in ed gew a y s? L isa : No. I w a s left in th e cold . Y ou n ever k now the feeling.
a r ound pe g in a s qua r e h ole
a r o u n d p e g in a s q u a re h o l e 一般 喻指 “ 与所 任职务 或地 位不相 称” 或 “ 与 环境格 格不入 ”
C on ver sa tion :
J ohn: Do y ou think y ou r w a y of ta lk ing confir m s w ith y ou r sta tu s? M a r k : W ha t do y ou m ea n? C ould I j u st endu r e the insu lt and ea t d ir t?
. .
2
Alice fe lt s h e w a s le ft ou t in th e colda t th e da ncing pa rty la st nig ht. t h e c o ld 受到 冷
低维拓扑简介
考研论坛»数学»低维拓扑knight51发表于2005-7-28 08:34低维拓扑<P>下面说说低维拓扑的内容：低维拓扑是微分拓扑的一部分，主要研究3，4维流形与纽结理论。
又叫几何拓扑。
主要以代数拓扑与微分拓扑为工具。
它与微分几何和动力系统关系密切。
国外搞这个方向的也几乎都搞微分几何和动力系统。
我国这个方向北大最牛，美国是伯克利和普林斯顿最牛。
比起代数几何来，它比较好入门。
初学者只需要代数拓扑，微分拓扑，黎曼几何的知识就行了。
美国这方面比较牛，几乎每个搞基础数学研究的都会低维拓扑。
</P><DIV class=postcolor>纠正一下上面的错误，美国也不是每个搞基础数的都精通低维拓扑，而是懂一些低维拓扑的知识。
如果入门后还想更加深入了解它，那还需要读一些双曲几何和拓扑动力系统的书。
</DIV><!-- THE POST --><!-- THE POST --><DIV class=postcolor>下面介绍一下这方面的牛人：Bill Thurston studied at New College, Sarasota, Florida. He received his B.S. from there in 1967 and moved to the University of California at Berkeley to undertake research under Morris Hirsch's and Stephen Smale's supervision. He was awarded his doctorate in 1972 for a thesis entitled Foliations of 3-manifolds which are circle bundles. This work showed the existence of compact leaves in foliations of 3-dimensional manifolds.After completing his Ph.D., Thurston spent the academic year 1972-73 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Then, in 1973, he was appointed an assistant professor of mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1974 he was appointed professor of mathematics at Princeton University.Throughout this period Thurston worked on foliations. Lawson ([5]) sums up this work:-It is evident that Thurston's contributions to the field of foliations are of considerable depth. However, what sets them apart is their marvellous originality. This is also true of his subsequent work on Teichmüller space and the theory of 3-manifolds.In [8] Wall describes Thurston's contributions which led to him being awarded a Fields Medal in 1982. In fact the1982 Fields Medals were announced at a meeting of the General Assembly of the International Mathematical Union in Warsaw in early August 1982. They were not presented until the International Congress in Warsaw which could not be held in 1982 as scheduled and was delayed until the following year. Lectures on the work of Thurston which led to his receiving the Medal were made at the 1983 International Congress. Wall, giving that address, said:-Thurston has fantastic geometric insight and vision: his ideas have completely revolutionised the study of topology in 2 and 3 dimensions, and brought about a new and fruitful interplaybetween analysis, topology and geometry.Wall [8] goes on to describe Thurston's work in more detail:-The central new idea is that a very large class of closed 3-manifolds should carry a hyperbolic structure - be the quotient of hyperbolic space by a discrete group of isometries, or equivalently, carry a metric of constant negative curvature. Although this is a natural analogue of the situation for 2-manifolds, where such a result is given by Riemann's uniformisation theorem, it is much less plausible - even counter-intuitive - in the 3-dimensional situation.Kleinian groups, which are discrete isometry groups of hyperbolic 3-space, were first studied by Poincaré and a fundamental finiteness theorem was proved by Ahlfors. Thurston's work on Kleinian groups yielded many new results and established a well known conjecture. Sullivan describes this geometrical work in [6], giving the following summary:-Thurston's results are surprising and beautiful. The method is a new level of geometrical analysis - in the sense of powerful geometrical estimation on the one hand, and spatial visualisation and imagination on the other, which are truly remarkable.Thurston's work is summarised by Wall [8]:-Thurston's work has had an enormous influence on 3-dimensional topology. This area has a strong tradition of 'bare hands' techniques and relatively little interaction with other subjects. Direct arguments remain essential, but 3-dimensional topology has now firmly rejoined the main stream of mathematics.Thurston has received many honours in addition to the Fields Medal. He held a Alfred P Sloan Foundation Fellowship in 1974-75. In 1976 his work on foliations led to his being awarded the Oswald Veblen Geometry Prize of the American Mathematical Society. In 1979 he was awarded the Alan T Waterman Award, being the second mathematician to receive such an award (the first being Fefferman in 1976).</DIV><!-- THE POST -->第2个牛人：Michael Freedman entered the University of California at Berkeley in 1968 and continued his studies at Princeton University in 1969. He was awarded a doctorate by Princeton in 1973 for his doctoral dissertation entitled Codimension-Two Surgery. His thesis supervisor was William Browder.After graduating Freedman was appointed a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California at Berkeley. He held this post from 1973 until 1975 when he became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. In 1976 he was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California at San Diego.Freedman was promoted to associate professor at San Diego in 1979. He spent the year 1980/81 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton returning to the University of California at San Diego where he was promoted to professor on 1982. He holds this post in addition to the Charles Lee Powell Chair of Mathematics which he was appointed to in 1985.Freedman was awarded a Fields Medal in 1986 for his work on the Poincaré conjecture. The Poincaré conjecture, one of the famous problems of 20th-century mathematics, asserts that a simply connected closed 3-dimensional manifold is a 3-dimensional sphere. The higher dimensional Poincaréconjecture claims that any closed n-manifold which is homotopy equivalent to the n-sphere must be the n-sphere. When n = 3 this is equivalent to the Poincaré conjecture. Smale proved the higher dimensional Poincaré conjecture in 1961 for n at least 5. Freedman proved the conjecture for n = 4 in 1982 but the original conjecture remains open.Milnor, describing Freedman's work which led to the award of a Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley in 1986, said:-Michael Freedman has not only proved the Poincaré hypothesis for 4-dimensional topological manifolds, thus characterising the sphere S4, but has also given us classification theorems, easy to state and to use but difficult to prove, for much more general 4-manifolds. The simple nature of his results in the topological case must be contrasted with the extreme complications which are now known to occur in the study of differentiable and piecewise linear 4-manifolds. ... Freedman's 1982 proof of the 4-dimensional Poincaré hypothesis was an extraordinary tour de force. His methods were so sharp as to actually provide a complete classification of all compact simply connected topological 4-manifolds, yielding many previously unknown examples of such manifolds, and many previously unknown homeomorphisms between known manifolds.Freedman has received many honours for his work. He was California Scientist of the Year in 1984 and, in the same year, he was made a MacArthur Foundation Fellow and also was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1985 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Science. In addition to being awarded the Fields Medal in 1986, he also received the Veblen Prize from the American Mathematical Society in that year. The citation for the Veblen Prize reads (see [3]):-After the discovery in the early 60s of a proof for the Poincaré conjecture and other properties of simply connected manifolds of dimension greater than four, one of the biggest open problems, besides the three dimensional Poincaré conjecture, was the classification of closed simply connected four manifolds. In his paper, The topology of four-dimensional manifolds, published in the Journal of Differential Geometry (1982), Freedman solved this problem, and in particular, the four-dimensional Poincaré conjecture. The major innovation was the solution of the simply connected surgery problem by proving a homotopy theoretic condition suggested by Casson for embedding a 2-handle, i.e. a thickened disc in a four manifold with boundary.Besides these results about closed simply connected four manifolds, Freedman also proved:(a) Any four manifold properly equivalent to R4 is homeomorphic to R4; a related result holds for S3 R.(b) There is a nonsmoothable closed four manifold.© The four-dimensional Hauptvermutung is false; i.e. there are four manifolds with inequivalent combinatorial triangulations.Finally, we note that the results of the above mentioned paper, together with Donaldson's work, produced the startling example of an exotic smoothing of R4.In his reply Freedman thanked his teachers (who he said included his students) and also gave some fascinating views on mathematics [3]:-My primary interest in geometry is for the light it sheds on the topology of manifolds. Here it seems important to be open to the entire spectrum of geometry, from formal to concrete. By spectrum, I mean the variety of ways in which we can think about mathematical structures. At one extreme the intuition for problems arises almost entirely from mental pictures. At the other extreme the geometric burden is shifted to symbolic and algebraic thinking. Of course this extreme is only a middle ground from the viewpoint of algebra, which is prepared to go much further in the direction of formal operations and abandon geometric intuition altogether.In the same reply Freedman also talks about the influence mathematics can have on the world and the way that mathematicians should express their ideas:-In the nineteenth century there was a movement, of which Steiner was a principal exponent, to keep geometry pure and ward off the depredations of algebra. Today I think we feel that much of the power of mathematics comes from combining insights from seemingly distant branches of the discipline. Mathematics is not so much a collection of different subjects as a way of thinking. As such, it may be applied to any branch of knowledge. I want to applaud the efforts now being made by mathematicians to publish ideas on education, energy, economics, defence, and world peace. Experience inside mathematics shows that it isn't necessary to be an old hand in an area to make a contribution. Outside mathematics the situation is less clear, but I cannot help feeling that there, too, it is a mistake to leave important issues entirely to experts.In June 1987 Freedman was presented with the National Medal of Science at the White House by President Ronald Reagan. The following year he received the Humboldt Award and, in 1994, he received the Guggenheim Fellowship Award.<DIV class=postcolor>介绍第3个牛人：Simon Donaldson's secondary school education was at Sevenoaks School in Kent which he attended from 1970 to 1975. He then entered Pembroke College, Cambridge where he studied until 1980, receiving his B.A. in 1979. One of his tutors at Cambridge described him as a very good student but certainly not the top student in his year. Apparently he would always come to his tutorials carrying a violin case.In 1980 Donaldson began postgraduate work at Worcester College, Oxford, first under Nigel Hitchen's supervision and later under Atiyah's supervision. Atiyah writes in [2]:-In 1982, when he was a second-year graduate student, Simon Donaldson proved a result that stunned the mathematical world.This result was published by Donaldson in a paper Self-dual connections and the topology of smooth 4-manifolds which appeared in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society in 1983. Atiyah continues his description of Donaldson's work [2]:-Together with the important work of Michael Freedman ..., Donaldson's result implied that there are "exotic" 4-spaces, i.e. 4-dimensional differentiable manifolds which are topologically but not differentiably equivalent to the standard Euclidean 4-space R4. What makes this result so surprising is that n = 4 is the only value for which such exotic n-spaces exist. These exotic 4-spaces have the remarkable property that (unlike R4) they contain compact sets which cannot be contained inside any differentiably embedded 3-sphere !After being awarded his doctorate from Oxford in 1983, Donaldson was appointed a Junior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He spent the academic year 1983-84 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, After returning to Oxford he was appointed Wallis Professor of Mathematics in 1985, a position he continues to hold.Donaldson has received many honours for his work. He received the Junior Whitehead Prize from the London Mathematical Society in 1985. In the following year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and, also in 1986, he received a Fields Medal at the International Congress at Berkeley. In 1991 Donaldson received the Sir William Hopkins Prize from the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Then, the following year, he received the Royal Medal from the Royal Society. He also received the Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1994:-... for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantons, in particular his discovery of new differential invariants ...Atiyah describes the contribution which led to Donaldson's award of a Fields Medal in [2]. He sums up Donaldson's contribution:-When Donaldson produced his first few results on 4-manifolds, the ideas were so new and foreign to geometers and topologists that they merely gazed in bewildered admiration.Slowly the message has gotten across and now Donaldson's ideas are beginning to be used by others in a variety of ways. ... Donaldson has opened up an entirely new area; unexpected and mysterious phenomena about the geometry of 4-dimensions have been discovered. Moreover the methods are new and extremely subtle, using difficult nonlinear partial differential equations. On the other hand, this theory is firmly in the mainstream of mathematics, having intimate links with the past, incorporating ideas from theoretical physics, and tying in beautifully with algebraic geometry.The article [3] is very interesting and provides both a collection of reminiscences by Donaldson on how he came to make his major discoveries while a graduate student at Oxford and also a survey of areas which he has worked on in recent years. Donaldson writes in [3] that nearly all his work has all come under the headings:-(1) Differential geometry of holomorphic vector bundles.(2) Applications of gauge theory to 4-manifold topology.and he relates his contribution to that of many others in the field.Donaldson's work in summed up by R Stern in [6]:-In 1982 Simon Donaldson began a rich geometrical journey that is leading us to an exciting conclusion to this century. He has created an entirely new and exciting area of research through which much of mathematics passes and which continues to yield mysterious and unexpected phenomena about the topology and geometry of smooth 4-manifolds</DIV><DIV class=postcolor>下面continue介绍第4个牛人：Robion Kirby。
大学生必备单词
第一册单词1 reward n. 报酬,酬谢,赏金; v. 奖赏,酬谢2 frustrate v. 挫败,击败,破坏; a. 无益的,挫败的,挫折的3 junior n. 年少者,地位较低者,大学三年级学生; a. 年少的,下级的,后进的4 positive a. 肯定的,积极的,绝对的; a. 正面的,正数的,阳性的5 senior n. 年长者,上司,毕业班学生; a. 年长的,高级的,资深的6 former a. 以前的,在前的; pron.&n. 前者7 unlike a. 不同的,不相似的; prep. 不像,和...不同8 intimidate v. 威胁,恐吓,胁迫9 opportunity n. 机会,时机10 online n.联机，在线11 communication n. 沟通,交通,沟通; [计算机] 通信12 medium n. 媒体,方法,媒介; a. 适中的,中等的13 phone n. 电话; v. 打电话14 modem 调制解调器15 access n. 通路,进入,使用之权; v. 存取16 technology n. 技术,工艺17 participate v. 参加,分享,参与18 virtual a. 虚拟的,实质的19 commitment n. 委托,实行,承诺,保证(律）拘禁令; n. 奉献，献身20 discipline n. 训练,纪律,惩罚; v. 训练,惩罚21 minimum a. 最低的,最小的; n. 最小量,最低限度22 assignment n. 分配,功课,任务,被指定的(课外)作业;(分派的)任务,委派23 notebook n. 笔记本24 embarrass v. 使...困窘,使...局促不安,阻碍25 screen n. 屏,幕,银幕,屏风; v. 选拔,掩蔽,遮蔽26 continual a. 不断的,频繁的27 continually ad. 不断地,频繁地28 finally ad. 最后,最终29 reap v. 收获,获得30 benefit n. 利益; v. 获益31 insight n. 洞察力32 culture n. 文化,教养,种植33 communicate v. 沟通,传达,交流34 favorite a. 最喜爱的; n. 最喜爱的人或物35 activity n. 活动36 gap n. (意见、个性等的)差异,缝隙,漏洞,缺口; 嘉普(财富500强公司之一，总部所在地美国,主要经营服装零售)37 be well worth + sth./ doing sth. 值得... ...的38 not only ...but also ... 不仅... ...而且 ... ...39 far from 一点都不40 a couple of 几个41 get access to 可以使用；获得42 keep up with 跟上，不落后43 feel like sth./doing sth. 想做，想要44 give up 放弃45 reap the benefits of 获得益处，得到好处46 come across 偶然遇上47 trade for 用... ... 换48 participate in 参加49 now that 既然50 reach out to 接触，联系51 community n. 社区,团体; 群落(生)52 expand v. 使...膨胀,详述,扩张; [计算机] 扩充53 aware a. 知道的,意识到的54 unique a. 独一无二的,独特的,稀罕的55 following n. 下列各项,部下,党羽; a. 下列的,其次的; vbl. 跟随56 ideal a. 理想的; n. 理想57 visual a. 视觉的58 barrier n. 界线,屏障,障碍物; v. 以屏障隔开59 addition n. 增加,附加物,加,加法60 reflect v. 反映,归咎61 environment n. 环境62 critical a. 批评的,决定性的,危险的,挑剔的; a. 临界的63 ability n. 才能,能力64 perspective n. 远景,看法,透视; a. 透视的65 peer n. 同侪,匹敌,贵族; v. 凝视,窥视66 instruct v. 教,命令,指导; [计算机] 指示67 instructor n. 教师,讲师,指导书68 arise v. 站立,出现69 absolute a. 绝对的,完全的; n. 绝对70 absolutely ad. 绝对地,完全地;独立地;确实地71 understanding n. 谅解,理解; vbl. 了解72 reinforce n. 加固物; v. 增援,加强; vt. 加强,增援73 requirement n. 要求74 likely a. 可能的,有希望的; ad. 很可能75 commit v. 委托(托付),犯罪,作...事,承诺; [计算机] 委托76 input n. 输入77 essential n. 要素,要点; a. 必要的,重要的,本质的78 challenge n. 挑战; v. 向...挑战79 normally ad. 正常地80 sequence n. 序列,继起的事,顺序81 sequential a. 连续的(序贯的)82 vital a. 至关重要的,生死攸关的,有活力的,充满生机的83 effective a. 有效的,有影响的84 play a role in ... 起 ... ...作用85 be aware of 对... ...清楚86 in addition 另外，加之87 reflect on 深思，考虑，反省88 allow for 考虑到，顾及，为... ...留出余地89 weekday n. 工作日90 click n. 点击,滴答声,拍答声; v. 点击,作滴答声,使...作拍答声91 blast n. 爆破,冲击波,一阵,汽笛声; v. 爆破,炸掉92 forth a. 向前的; ad. 向前,向外93 horrible a. 可怕的,令人毛骨悚然的,令人讨厌的94 stuff n. 材料,原料,东西; v. 填满,塞满95 rhythm n. 节奏,韵律96 weird a. 怪异的97 definitely a. 明确地,确切地; ad. 肯定地98 powerful a. 强有力的99 youngster n. 年青人,少年100 musician n. 音乐家101 offensive a. 令人不快的,侮辱的,攻击用的102 disturb v. 扰乱,妨碍,使...不安103 grab n. 抓握,接应,掠夺; v. 抓取,抢去104 thorough a. 彻底的,完全的,精心的105 thoroughly ad.彻底地,烦透地106 bang n. 重击,突然巨响,刘海; v. 发巨响,重击,剪成刘海; ad. 砰然地,突然巨响地,直接地107 hustle n. 急遽活动,拥挤喧嚷; v. 乱挤活动,慌张108 towel n. 毛巾; v. 用毛巾擦; vt. 用毛巾擦或擦干109 t-shirt n. T恤衫110 jeans n. 牛仔裤111 wrap n. 披肩,围巾; v. 覆盖,包围,裹,包; n. 包裹; vt. 包,裹112 sweater n. 毛衣113 makeup 化妆品; n. 组成(接通,补给,修理)114 toast n. 土司面包,烤面包,干杯; v. 敬酒,烤115 instrument n. 乐器,工具,仪器,器械116 yah int. 唷(表示轻蔑、不耐烦等)117 disgust n. 厌恶,嫌恶; v. 令人厌恶118 disgusting a. 令人厌恶119 blouse n. 女衬衫120 closet n. 壁橱,小室; a. 秘密的,空论的121 bug n.小虫, 臭虫; v.装置窃听器, 打扰122 eye-liner n. 眼线（笔）123 annoy v. 使...苦恼,骚扰124 tattoo n. & vt. （在皮肤上）刺图案，纹身125 pierce n. 皮尔斯; v. 刺穿,穿透,洞悉126 bolt n. 门闩,突发,螺钉; vt. 闩住; vi. 冲出去,急逃127 blast forth （声音）突然响起来128 along with 与……一道129 turn off 关掉130 burst into 匆匆进入突然爆发131 over and over 一次次132 reach for 伸出手以触到或拿到133 turn up 发现，挖掘发生，出现，到来134 turn down (收音机等)关小；调低135 as well as 和，以及，还有136 as usual 像平常一样137 turn on 打开,拧开; v. 反对,攻击138 that much 那么......139 bolt out 匆匆离开140 sandy a. 沙的,沙地的,多沙的141 Steve Finch 史蒂夫•芬奇(男子名)142 Green Waves 绿浪(作者为故事杜撰的名字。
华师在线 网院 英语国家概况复习资料(考试题库)
Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes?A.The executive.B.The legislative.C.The judicial.D.The president标准答案：BThe theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from ___.A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.John AdamsD.John Locke标准答案：DIn the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to ____.A.grammar schools.prehensive schools.C.public schools.D.technical schools.标准答案：AWhich of the following websites are meant to cater to young tastes?A.Baidu.B.Facebook.C.Teachbook.D.MySpace.标准答案：BUnder whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?A.James IB.William of Orange.C.Oliver CromwellD.George 1标准答案：BBy whom is a “vote of no confidence” decided?A.The House of Commons.B.The House of Lords.C.The two major parties.D.The Prime Minister.标准答案：AWhen did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments?A.In 1715B.In 1688C.In 1745D.In 1707标准答案：DIn the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons except for ___.A.finding a job in societyB.having a place in a communityC.identifying themselves with dominant valuesD.getting together with friends 标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT a power of the president?A.The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.B.The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur.C.The president can make laws.D.The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments.标准答案：CWhich one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition?A.Enjoying the Pantomime.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message.C.Eating chocolate eggs on Easter Day.D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.标准答案：CWhich one of the following does NOT belong to the Protestant Church?A.QuakersB.PuritansC.BaptistsD.Catholics标准答案：DWhich of the following statements is NOT correct?A.There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.B.Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.C.Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.D.Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.标准答案：DHow many seats in the House of Commons should a party hold at least in order to win in the election?A.651B.326C.626D.351标准答案：BWhich of the following statements is NOT correct? When the Constitution was written, ___.A.there was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.B.there was no Bill of Rights.C.the Constitution did not have any words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic rights and privileges of citizens.D.“Bill of Rights” was added to the Constitution 4 years after the Constitution was made.标准答案：ATo get a bachelor’s degree, an American undergraduate student is required to do the following except ____.A.attending lectures and complete assignmentsB.passing examinationsC.taking certain subjects such as history, language and philosophyD.earning a certain number of credits at the end of the four years at college标准答案：CWhich of the following is NOT true about the electoral campaigns?A.Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.B.There is a limit on the amount of money candidates can spend in their constituency campaign.C.Candidates and their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for them.D.Candidates criticize each other’s policies to show how good their own policies are.标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT true about Britain?A.It used to be a powerful imperial country in the worldB.It plays an active role as a member of the European UnionC.It is a relatively wealthy and developed countryD.It used to be one of the superpowers in the world标准答案：DEaster commemorates ____.A.the birth of Jesus Christ.B.the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.C.the coming of spring.D.the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ.标准答案：DIn the US school systems, which of the following divisions is true?A.Elementary school, grammar school.B.Elementary school, junior high school.C.elementary school, secondary school.D.Junior high school, senior high school.标准答案：CNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for ___.A.its most famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway”B.its rich cultural lifeC.its low living standardsD.its endless political problems标准答案：DWhich of the following kings was executed in the civil war?A.James IB.James IIC.Charles ID.Charles II标准答案：CWhich of the following statements is NOT true?A.Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern IrelandB.Those who want to unite Northern Ireland with Britain are called UnionistsC.The Social Democratic and Labour Party is a very important political party in BritainD.Those who show their loyalty to the British Crown are called Loyalists 标准答案：CThe New Deal was started by ___.A.Franklin Roosevelt.B.J.F. KennedyC.George WashingtonD.Thomas Jefferson标准答案：AA free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because _____.A.it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government.B.it informs people of current affairs in the world.C.it provides people with subjective reports.D.it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament.标准答案：AIn Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 ______.A.can legally receive partly free education.B.can legally receive completely free education.C.can not receive free education at all.D.can not receive free education if their parents are rich.标准答案：BThe main mountain range in the west of the US stretching from the Canadian border to New Mexico is ___.A.the Appalachian MountainsB.the Rocky MountainsC.the Green MountainsD.the Blue Ridge Mountains标准答案：BWhere are international tennis championships held in the UK?A.Wembley.B.WimbledonC.London.D.Edinburgh标准答案：BWhich of the following expressions represents the core value of the mainstream society in the USA?A.“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”B.“Blood, sweat, and toil.”C.“Freedom, equality, and spirituality.”D.“Eat, drink, and be merry.”标准答案：AIn Britain, the great majority of parents send their childrento ____.A.private schoolsB.independent schoolsC.state schools.D.public schools.标准答案：CHistoric moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington of August 28, 1963 when _______ delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.A.President JohnsonB.President LincolnC.Martin Luther King, Jr.D.Mario Savio标准答案：CWhich of the following statements is not true about the British media?A.They supply people with news, keeping them informed of what is happening in the world.B.They are mainly interested in making huge profits by publishing advertisements.C.They help shape British culture.D.They provide entertainment.标准答案：BWhich group of people cannot vote in the general election?A.Members in the House of Commons.B.Lords in the House of Lords.C.The UK citizens above the age of 18.D.The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.标准答案：BWhich of the following is NOT a true description of the situation of ethnic minorities in the UK?A.They are well represented in the British Parliament.B.They are economically poorer than the white population.C.They are treated unfairly by the justice system.D.They are threatened by some racist groups.标准答案：ADuring the early stages of the civil rights movement, the major integration strategy initiated by the Congress of Racial Equality was known as ____ at bus stations in the South.A.Free speechB.sit-ins at lunch countersC.Teach-ins at interstate train stationsD.freedom rides标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords?A.Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.B.It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.C.The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.D.Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.标准答案：CThe Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by ____.A.King ArthurB.Robin HoodC.Oliver CromwellD.William the Conqueror标准答案：DWhich city is the capital in Scotland?A.CardiffB.EdinburghC.GlasgowD.Manchester标准答案：BWhich of the following sports was NOT invented in Britain?A.Football.B.Tennis.C.BasketballD.Cricket.标准答案：CThree of the following are characteristics of London, Which of the four is the EXCEPTION?A.London is a political, economic and cultural centre of the countryB.London has a larger population than all other cities in EnglandC.London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the worldD.London has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country标准答案：CWhich of the following about the tabloids is not true?A.They are big format newspapers.B.They are often called “the gutter press”.C.They mainly deal in scandals and gossip about famous people.D.They carry stories with colour photos and catchy headlines.标准答案：AWhich of the following schools would admit children without reference to their academic abilities?prehensive schoolsB.secondary schoolsC.independent schoolsD.grammar schools.标准答案：AWhich of the following description about the Conservative party is NOT true?A.It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.B.It prefers policies that protect individual’s rights.C.It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.D.It is known as a party of high taxation levels.标准答案：D“No taxation without representation” was the rallying cry of ____.A.The settlers of VirginiaB.The people of Pennsylvania.C.The colonists in New EnglandD.The people of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT true about the British education system?A.It is run by the state.B.It is funded by the state.C.It is supervised by the state.D.It is dominated by the state.标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?A.The freedom of religion.B.The freedom of searching a person’s home by police.C.The freedom of speech and of the press.D.The right to own weapons if one wishes.标准答案：BWhich of the following is NOT included in the National curriculum?A.Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.B.Children must sit in A-level exams.C.Children must pass national tests.D.Teachers must teach what they are told标准答案：BHow many counties are there in Northern Ireland?A.26B.6C.32D.20标准答案：BWhich of the following is NOT related to the Constitution? A.It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.B.It is the foundation of British governance today.C.Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.D.The common laws are part of the Constitution.标准答案：AThe largest religion in the US is ___.A.BuddhismB.ChristianityC.IslamD.Hinduism标准答案：BWhich of the following remarks is NOT true about Hawaii? A.Hawaii is made up of a large group of big and small islands.B.There are numerous active volcanoes in Hawaii.C.More than 40% of the local residents in Hawaii are American Asians.D.The Japanese attacked Pear Harbor on December 7, 1941. 标准答案：BIn order to go to university, secondary school students in the US must meet the following requirements except that___.A.They have high school records and recommendations from their teachersB.They make recommendations from their high school teachersC.They get good scores in the Scholastic Aptitude TestsD.They pass the college entrance examinations标准答案：DWhich of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain?A.Economic differences between north and southB.Differences of social systems between Scotland and WalesC.Class differencs between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker.D.Cultural differences between immigrants and the British 标准答案：BBoth public and private universities in the US depend on the following sources of income except ____.A.investmentB.student tuitionC.endowmentsernment funding标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government?A.It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.B.It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.C.It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.D.It has no written form of constitution标准答案：AWhat happened in 1215?A.It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.B.Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta.C.Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.D.King Egbert united England under his rule.标准答案：BWho were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A.The Anglo-SaxonsB.The NormansC.The VikingsD.The Romans标准答案：AThe reason why many American young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960s was that____.A.They resented traditional white male values in US society.B.They love America so much.C.They thought they knew better than their teachers.D.They viewed the adult world with grave doubt.标准答案：AWho is the leader of the Conservative party at present?A.Tony BlairB.Gordon BrownC.Margret ThatcherD.David Cameron标准答案：DIn the 17th century,the English government encouragedpeople from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because ____.A.they wanted to increase its control over IrelandB.they had too many people and didn’t have enough spacefor them to five in BritainC.they intended to expand their investmentD.they believed that Ireland was the best place for them标准答案：AWhich of the following subjects are NOT offered toelementary school students in the US?A.Mathematics and languages.B.Politics and business education.C.Science and social studies.D.Music and physical education.标准答案：BIf a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will takethe examination called ____.A.General Certificate of Education – Advanced.B.General Certificate of Secondary Education.C.the common entrance examination.D.General National Vocational Qualifications.标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT the reason for the higher arrest rates among minority groups?A.The aggressive nature of these groups.B.Racial prejudice against them.C.Low social status of these groups.D.Poverty and unemployment among minority groups.标准答案：AThe following were the main Reformation leaders except_____.A.Martin LutherB.Martin Luther KingC.John CalvinD.The English King Henry VIII标准答案：BWho was the author of the popular play The Melting Pot which was associated with life in America since the late 18th century?A.Mark Twain.B.Stephen Crane.C.Henry James.D.Israel Zangwill.标准答案：DWhich of the following agreement is accepted by bothCatholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland?A.The Anglo-Irish AgreementB.The Belfast AgreementC.The Good Friday AgreementD.The Multi-Party Agreement 标准答案：CThe majority of American Christians belong to the ____ church.A.CatholicB.OrthodoxC.Protestant标准答案：CIn the early 1970s, the IRA _____.A.killed many Protestants and CatholicsB.burned down the houses of CatholicsC.murdered individuals at randomD.carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their、main target标准答案：DIf you visit Alaska, you can NOT see _____.A.Northern Polar LightB.glaciersC.SurfersD.caribou标准答案：CThe following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except ____.A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.William PennD.Benjamin Franklin标准答案：CWhich of the following is NOT based on the fact?A.Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B.MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.C.MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.D.Most MPs belong to the major political parties.标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?A.The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B.The Queen symbolises the tradition and unity of the British state.C.The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.D.The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England. 标准答案：AWhich of the following is truly a sport of the royal family?A.CricketB.Skiing.C.Golfing.D.Horse racing.标准答案：DWhich of the following statements is NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over, ___.A.each new state had its own government.B.each new state made its own laws and handled all of its internal affairs.C.the national government was called the Congress with little power.D.the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined.标准答案：DWhich of the following statements is NOT true?A.Wales was invaded by the RomansB.Wales was occupied by the Anglo-SaxonsC.Wales was conquered by the NormansD.Wales was threatened by the English标准答案：BWhich of the following about the BBC is NOT true?A.There is no advertising on any of the BBC programmes.B.The BBC is funded by licence fees paid by people who possess television sets.C.The BBC has four channels.D.The BBC provides the World Service throughout the world.标准答案：CThree of the following factors have contributed to the flourishing of large universities in America, which is the exception?rge universities offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research.rge universities provide students with “mainframe” computers.rge universities offer scholarships to all students.rge universities attract students with modern laboratories.标准答案：CWhich of the following statements is NOT true about blacks after the 1960s?A.Blacks felt that they could be fully integrated into the mainstream of American life.B.Blacks felt that the black community ought to coexist with other groups.C.Blacks felt more and more proud of themselves.D.Blacks felt that “black is beautiful.”标准答案：AWhich of the following is NOT true about life peers?A.They are not from the aristocratic families.B.They cannot sit in the House of Lords.C.They earned their titles through their outstanding achievement.D.the titles cannot be inherited by their children.标准答案：BWhich of the following is a privately funded university in Britain?A.The University of Cambridge.B.The University of OxfordC.The University of Edinburgh.D.The University of Buckingham.标准答案：D According to the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland today should be governed by the following jurisdictions except _____.A.the jurisdiction of the Republic of IrelandB.The jurisdiction of loyalist ministersC.The jurisdiction of Great BritainD.The jurisdiction of Northern Ireland标准答案：BIn 1863, President Lincoln signed The Emancipation Proclamation which together with the 13th Amendament to the Constitution legally abolished the slavery.标准答案：1In the US, scientific and economic advance and rising material progress have been accompanied by a decline in religious observance.标准答案：0George Washington, Banjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founing fathers of the USA.标准答案：0Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.标准答案：1Segregating blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional after the decision of the Supreme Court in 1954.标准答案：1In the early 20th century, those dominating American life were mostly WASPs.标准答案：1According the First Amendament to the Constitution of the United States, there would be a state-supported religion.标准答案：0When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes.标准答案：1There is more violence in the US than in other industrialized countries.标准答案：1Critics of the affirmative action programs are of the opinion that this results in reverse discrimination.标准答案：1The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize children.标准答案：1To advertise in a British newspaper, the only thing you have to worry about is the cost.标准答案：0The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights.标准答案：1The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church.标准答案：1The US was founded on the principle of human equality, and in reality the nation has lived up to that ideal.标准答案：0Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called " Gaelic" .标准答案：0The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointment are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives.标准答案：1When the civil rights movement began, non-violent, direct action tactics like " sit-ins" and boycotts were he chief vehicle for social protest.标准答案：1You must have the A-level qualification to enter British university.标准答案：0John F. Kennedy was the first Catholic elected as the US president.标准答案：1According to the textbook, there are two major political parties in the UK.标准答案：0Horse racing is the true royal sport.标准答案：1American university students have always liked to get degrees that are aimed at preparing them specifically for certain professions.标准答案：0Secrecy is an important part of the voting process. 标准答案：1Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city.标准答案：0The Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998.标准答案：1Britain has a written constitution like most countries.标准答案：0Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials.标准答案：0The Open Univeristy uses many non-traditional ways to teach students, such as TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, and a network of study centers.标准答案：1The most exciting moment in baseball game is a homerun.标准答案：1Under a Constitutional Amendament passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one term.标准答案：0Northern Ireland is often called " Ulster" after an ancient Irish kingdom once existed in this area.标准答案：1In Britain, class and educational differences are reflected in the newspaper people read.标准答案：1Aristrocracy as a class no longer exists in the UK.标准答案：0By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe.标准答案：1Britain is no longer an imperial country.标准答案：1The theory of poltiics of the American Revolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century.标准答案：0It takes at least four years to get a bachelor' s degree from an institution of higher education in the US.标准答案：1There are more Catholics thatn Protestants in the US.标准答案：0It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involved the sport of boxing.标准答案：0Scotland was unified with England through violent means.标准答案：0Drug abuse in the US has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.标准答案：0It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world.标准答案：1In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revoltuion, in contrast to France and the US.标准答案：1When the War of Independence was over, the US was on unified nation as it is today.标准答案：0Ireland is part of Great Britain标准答案：0Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.标准答案：1The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.标准答案：0The state of Hawaii is a big island in the central Pacific Ocean.标准答案：0Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.标准答案：1Easter is the biggest and best loved British holiday.标准答案：0 One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted by a college in the US is his/her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests.标准答案：1Super Bowl will decide the champion baseball team of the year in the US.标准答案：0The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US now is the blacks, or Afro-Americans.标准答案：0President Nixon' s administration was toppled because of the Watergate Affair.标准答案：1Yellowstone National Park is the oldest national park in the US.标准答案：1The British state actively interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught.标准答案：0The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people.标准答案：1It is not very difficult to generalize about the American way of life.标准答案：0Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.标准答案：1In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances.标准答案：1The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.标准答案：1Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.标准答案：1" We Shall Overcome!" is a very famous song during the 1960s.标准答案：0The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church.标准答案：1The British media play an important role in shaping a national culture.标准答案：1In the 1960s, three groups - Afro-Americans, Asia Americans and women - were dissatisfied with their lives.标准答案：0The Labour Party is the oldest party in the UK.标准答案：0All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised by the government.标准答案：0Queen Elizabeth II is both the head of the state and the head of government in the UK.标准答案：0Northern Ireland today is governed by separate juristictions: that of Republic of Ireland and that of Great Britain.标准答案：0The anti-war teach-in by white students in Berkeley began the civil rights movement in the 1960s.标准答案：0The Conservative Party is the party that spent most time in power.标准答案：1A great moment for the civil rights movement was the March on Washington on August, 1963 when President Kennedy gave the famous " I Have a Dream" speech.标准答案：0The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay the work of the federal government.标准答案：1According to the textbook, larger American universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive.标准答案：0The world' s oldest daily newspaper is The Observer.标准答案：0 The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition.标准答案：0Public schools in the UK are part of the national education system and funded by the government.标准答案：0A ___ system is one in which power is shared between central authority and its constituent parts.标准答案：federalIn 43 AD Britain was invaded by ___.标准答案：RomansGCEA stands for ___.标准答案：General Certification of Education-AdvancedThe WWW, which stands for ______, began in the US as a Cold War militaryinnovation.标准答案：world-wide webIn 1215, some barons and the Chruch forced King John to sign the ____ to place some limits on the King' s poer.标准答案：Great CharterNormally, a government can be in power for ___ years, and then it has to resign and hold a general election.标准答案：5The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant, __, and ___.标准答案：Jewish, Catholic (不分先后）The first and the second Continental Congress were held in _____.标准答案：PhiladelphiaThe Normans led by _____ conquered England in 1066.标准答案：WilliamThe native people in the American continents are the ___.标准答案：IndiansIn 1689, Parliament passed _____to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.标准答案：the Bill of RightsThe UK has been a member of the ____ since 1973.标准答案：European Union (or, EU)The island of Great Britain is made up of ___,___, and ___.。
英国文学史概括
英国文学史概括英国文学史概括第一个时期： Old English， Middle English and Chaucer，古英国，中世纪和乔叟，这个时期的文学作品主要以诗歌为主，需要关注的是乔叟和他的《坎特伯雷故事集》。
第二个时期：文艺复兴时期，这个时期的文学作品以戏剧为主，需要关注的是莎士比亚和他的悲剧，喜剧以及历史剧。
第三个时期：浪漫主义时期，这个时期的文学作品以散文诗为主，雪莱，济慈和威廉布雷克等人都是这个时期的代表诗人。
他们的作品包括夜莺颂等。
第四个时期：维多利亚时期，这个时期是散文诗渐渐退出，小说逐渐兴起的时期，该时期的诗人著名的有罗伯特布朗宁，阿尔弗莱德等。
但更为著名的是狄更斯和勃朗特姐妹的小说，代表作有《雾都孤儿》和《呼啸山庄》等第五个时期：现代主义时期，这个时期的文学作品主要是小说，各个流派粉墨登场，有现实主义的，有荒诞派的，还有意识流。
爱尔兰的文学家叶芝，乔伊斯都是这个时代的代表人物。
乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》是意识流的代表之作。
同属意识流的还有女作家弗吉尼亚伍尔芙，代表作《到灯塔去》。
第六个时期：当代：主要指20世纪80年代之后到现在的这个时期，该时期的文学作品很难入到评论家的法眼，主要特征是内容多为快餐文化，不能称为经典。
但这个时期的电影艺术发展非常迅速，有很多电影剧本都堪称佳作，不难看出，文学史的车轮经过诗歌——戏剧——小说的变迁后，下一站很有可能是电影。
以上纯属原创，转载请标明出处，谢谢英国文学史目录！PrefaceThe Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066IntroductionThe Venerable Bede and Caedmon King Alfred the GreatBeowulfThe Exeter BookThe Medieval Period 1066 -1485 IntroductionMedieval RomanceFolk BalladsJohn Wycliffe and William Langland Drama in the Middle AgesGeoffrey ChaucerThe Elizabethan Age 1485-1625 IntroductionThomas MoreSir Philip SidneyEdmund SpenserChrisher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh Minor PlaywrightsWilliam ShakespeareFrancis BaconKing James BibleThe Seventeenth Century 1625-1700 IntrodutionBen Jonson and the Cavalier Poets John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets John MiltonJohn BunyanJohn DrydenThe Age of Neo-Classici *** 1700-1764 IntroductionAlexander PopeJonathan SwiftRichard Steele and Joseph AddisonSamuel Johnson and James BoswellThe Novel of the Eighteenth CenturyDaniel DefoeSamuel RichardsonHenry FieldingTobias SmollettLaurence SterneOliver Gold *** ithPre-Romantic Period 1764-1798IntroductionHorace WalpoleAnn RadcliffeThomas GrayRobert BurnsWilliam BlakeThe Romantic Age 1798-1837IntroductionWilliam WordsworthSamuel Taylor Coleridge……The Victorian Age 1837-1901The Modernist Age 1901-1945The Postmodern Period 1945-Present BibliographyIndex……关于英国文学史刘柄善的那本《英国文学史》上说，维多利亚时期是英国现实主义小说的巅峰时期，代表人物就是狄更斯，而当时英国之所以掀起现实主义风潮，则是因为此前的18世纪到19世纪初期，浪漫主义风靡英国，雪莱，济慈等人的诗歌风花雪月，让人一时忘却了现实，但随着浪漫褪去，人们又重归现实，于是狄更斯等人的现实主义作品，如《雾都孤儿》，《大卫科波菲尔》等书得以广为流传。
托马斯哈代介绍
Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898) Poems of the Past and the Present (1901) Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909) Satires of Circumstance (1914) Moments of Vision (1917) Collected Poems (1919) Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1923)
Novels of love trapping
Novels of character and environment
Novels of romance and fantasy
A Pair of Blue Eyes
The Trumpet major Two on a Tower The Well-Beloved A Group of Noble Dames
Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代
Thomas Hardy
Born : June 2, 1840
Died : January 11, 1928 (aged 87)
Graduated ：King‘s College , London
Occupation : Novelist, Poet, Short Story writer
Far from the Madding Crowd Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Jude the Obscure
Novels of character and environment
In 1872 74 95 91
英语国家概况海量练习题[1]
![英语国家概况海量练习题[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7ffebc3b0b4c2e3f572763eb.png)
1 How many members are there in the House of Commons? A 650 B 524 C 72 D 651
2 Which of the following people didn’t use to be the British Prime Minister? A Margaret Thatcher B Winston Churchill C Horatio Nelson D John Major
9 The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor ____ modified and improved the design in 1765. A Abraham Darby B James Watt C John Kay D Richard Arkwrightthe
5 Females were allowed to vote in national elections until ____. A 1918 B 1916 C 1920 D 1896
6 The British North America Act of 1867 established ____ as a domain. A. Australia B. Canada C. New Zealand D. India 7 During World War II, as a war leader, _____ received massive popular support and led his country to final victory in 1945. A. Harold Wilson B. Edward Heath C. Franklin Roosevelt D. Winston Churchill
thomas征名词解释(一)
thomas征名词解释(一)Thomas征名词解释1. Thomas•解释： Thomas 是一个常见的英语男子名，源于希腊词语“θωμάς”（thomas），意为“孪生兄弟”或“抵抗者”。
在基督教中，Thomas 是圣经中一位门徒的名字，他因为怀疑耶稣复活而闻名。
•例子： Thomas Jefferson（托马斯·杰斐逊）是美国历史上的重要政治家和第三任总统。
2. 征名•解释：征名是指以某种方式征求公众的意见和建议，来给某个事物命名的过程。
这种方式常用于公司品牌命名、新产品命名或者活动命名等。
•例子：公司XYZ发起了征名活动，希望公众能提供有创意和富有吸引力的名字来命名他们新开发的智能手机。
3. 名词解释•解释：名词解释是指对一个特定名词进行详细、准确的说明和解释。
它通常包括名词的定义、特征以及在特定领域或语境中的用法等。
•例子：在一本词典中，我们可以找到关于各种名词的解释，例如“Love（爱）”一词的解释可能包括与情感相关的定义、对爱的描述以及不同形式和表达方式等。
4. 创作者•解释：创作者指的是具有创造性和创新性的人，他们通过发挥自己的想象力、创造力和才能来创造一些新的艺术作品、文学作品、音乐作品等等。
•例子：莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的创作者之一，他创作了许多戏剧作品，如《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《哈姆雷特》。
5. markdown格式•解释： Markdown 是一种轻量级标记语言，通常用于将文本转换为 HTML 格式的工具。
它简洁、易读、易写，并且可以与许多不同的编辑器和平台兼容。
•例子：使用 Markdown 格式，我们可以通过简单的标记语法来设置标题、列表、链接和斜体等。
例如，“# 标题”将文本设置为一级标题，“- 列表项”将文本设置为无序列表项。
以上是针对“thoma s征名词解释”的相关名词的解释和示例。
这些名词涵盖了从人名到语言技术的不同领域，希望能对你有所帮助。
《高级英语1》Lesson-7-马克吐温
Famous words
Don’t go around saying the world owes you a living. The world owes you nothing. It was here first.别到处说世界亏欠了你。世界什么都不欠 你的，你还没出生它就在这儿了。
Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.善良是一种聋子能听见、 盲人能看见的语言。
自传》
Stories：
• 1867 The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 《卡县名蛙》
• 1870 Running for Governor 《竞选州长》 • 1893 The L1,000,000 Bank Note 《百万英镑》 • 1899 The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg
《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》
Section D: Assessments of Mark Twain
Helen Keller : I have been in Eden three days and I king when I touched him though I had never touched a king before.
1. Mirror--- a piece of glass or other shinny/polished surface that reflects images.
2. Mirror---Metaphor（隐喻，暗喻） ① "Mirror" here means a person who gives a true representation or description of the country. ② Generally speaking, all literary giants in human history are also great historians, thinkers and philosophers. Their works often reveal more truth than many political essays. ③ Mark Twain was one of these giants, and his life and works are a mirror of America of his time.
中学英语阅读计划
中学英语阅读计划中学英语阅读计划成都市实验外国语学校编辑：外语组本课题核心内容为89本阅读教材，要求学生每周至少读完一本。
四个学期（包括假期）可全部读完。
以下为建议每个阶段（学期，含假期）需要完成的书目及顺序。
各实验学校可根据自己的实际情况进行调整，如可在学期内完成18本，其余安排在假期完成，或在三个学期内读完所有故事。
总的原则是必须在四个学期内完成所有阅读书目。
第一阶段阅读书目：（一）学期阅读书目企鹅英语简易读物精选（初一学生）1. A New Zealand Adventure《新西兰历险记》（新西兰）Jan Thornburn著2. Girl Meets Boy《当女孩遇上男孩》（英）Derek Strange著3. Brown Eyes《棕眼》（英）Paul Stewart著4. Run For Your Life《逃命》（英）Stephen Waller著5. Prince William and The Big Bag Mistake《威廉王子》与《旅行包之错》（英）John Escott著6. Julia Roberts and The Song《朱莉娅·罗伯茨》与《歌声》（美）Nancy Taylor著（英）Mary T omalin著7. Dead Man’s River and Karen and the Artist《死人河》与《凯伦与艺术家》（英）Elizabeth Laird8. The White Oryx and Pelé《白长角羚》与《球王贝利》（英）Bernard Smith著（美）Rod Smith著9. Tom Cruise and Ricky Martin《汤姆·克鲁斯》与《瑞奇·马汀》（美）Rod Smith著10. Tinkers Island and Six Sketches《廷克父女岛》与《六部短剧》（英）Stephen Rabley著（英）Leslie Dunkling著11. Leonardo Dicaprio and Carnival《莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥》与《狂欢节》（美）Brent Furnas著（英）Annette Keen著12. David Beckham and The Leopard and the Lighthouse《大卫·贝克汉姆》与《豹子与灯塔》（英）Bernard Smith著（英）Anne Collins著企鹅英语简易读物精选（初二学生）13. Surfer!《冲浪好手！》（美）Paul Harvey著14. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆·索耶历险记》原著：（美）Mark Twain15. Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷传奇》原著：（美）Washington Irving16. Five Famous Fairy Tales《著名童话五则》改写：（英）Jane Rollason17. Alice in Wonderland《艾丽丝奇遇记》原著：（美）Lewis Carrol18. Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》原著：（英）Jonathan Swift19. Moonfleet《慕理小镇》原著：（英）J. M. Falkner（二）假期阅读书目企鹅英语简易读物精选（初二学生）20. Brad Pitt《布拉德·皮特》（美）Nancy Taylor著（初二学生）21. Audrey Hepburn《奥黛丽·赫本》（英）Chris Rice著（初二学生）22. Gandhi and Mother Teresa《甘地》与《特里萨修女》（英）Jane Rollason著（英）D'Arcy Adrian-Vallance著（初二学生）23. London《伦敦》（英）Vicky Shipton著（初二学生）24. The Amazon Rainforest《亚马逊雨林》（英）Bernard Smith著（初二学生）25. Extreme Sports《极限运动》（英）Michael Dean著（初二学生）第二阶段阅读书目：（一）学期阅读书目企鹅英语简易读物精选（初二学生） 11. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea《海底两万里》原著：（法）Jules Verne2. Robin Hood《罗宾汉》3. The Mysterious Island《神秘岛》原著：（法）Jules Verne4. The Voyages of Sindbad the Sailor《辛巴达航海记》5. Heidi《海蒂》原著：（瑞士）Johanna Spyri企鹅英语简易读物精选（初三学生）6. Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》原著：（英）Daniel Defoe7. Three Short Stories of Sherlock Holmes《福尔摩斯短篇三故事》原著：（英）Sir Arthur Conan Doyle8. The Wind in the Willows《杨柳风》原著：（美）Kenneth Grahame9. The Ghost of Genny Castle《真尼城堡的鬼》（英）John Escott著10. Black Beauty《黑骏马》原著：（英）Anna Sewell11. Kidnapped《绑架》原著：（英）Robert Louis Stevenson12. King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table《亚瑟王与圆桌骑士》13. The Jungle Book《森林王子》原著：（英）Rudyard Kipling14. The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Stories《咆哮营的幸运儿》原著：（美）Bret Harte15. A White Heron and Other American Short Stories《白鹭》原著：（美）Sarah Orne Jewett and Others16. The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》原著：（美）Mark Twain17. The Room in the Tower and Other Ghost Stories《高塔里的房间》原著：（英）Rudyard Kipling and Others18. The Three Musketeers《三个火枪手》原著：（法）Alexander Dumas（二）假期阅读书目19. The Washington Square《华盛顿广场》原著：（美）Henry James（初三学生）20. White Fang《白牙》原著：（美）Jack London（初三学生）21. Persuasion《劝导》原著：（英）Jane Austen（初三学生）第三阶段阅读书目：（一）学期阅读书目企鹅英语简易读物精选（高一学生; 外国语学校初三学生）1. Jane Eyre《简·爱》原著：（英）Charlotte Bront?2. Stealing the Hills《偷走山丘》（英）Josephine Feeney3. Five One-Act Plays《五部独幕剧》（美）Donn Byrne4. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde《化身博士》原著：（英）Robert Louis Stevenson5. The Swiss Family Robinson《瑞士人的鲁滨逊故事》原著：（瑞士）Johann Wyss6. Princess Diana《戴安娜王妃》（英）Cherry Gilchrist著7. Moby Dick《白鲸记》原著：（美）Herman Melville8. Stories from Shakespeare《莎士比亚故事集》9. Grey Owl《灰色夜枭》（美）Vicky Shipton10. The Return of Sherlock Holmes《福尔摩斯归来记》原著：（英）Sir Arthur Conan Doyle11. The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》原著：（英）Geoffrey Chaucer12. The Boxers《博克瑟一家》（英）Mary Tomalin13. The Black Cat and Other Stories《黑猫》原著：（美）Edgar Allan Poe（高二学生）14. Ghost in the Guitar《鬼吉他》（英）Paul Shipton著（高二学生）15. Martin Luther King《马丁·路德·金》（美）Coleen Degnan-Veness著（高二学生）16. Sherlock Holmes and the Mystery of Boscombe Pool《福尔摩斯与波斯克姆的神秘事件》原著：（英）Sir Arthur Conan Doyle（高二学生） 217. Food for Thought《精神食粮》（英）Pauline Francis著（高二学生）18. The Fall of the House of Usher and Other Stories《厄舍府的倒塌》原著：（美）Edgar Allan Poe （高二学生）（二）假期阅读书目19. Gucci ― Business in Fashion《Gucci—时尚生意》（美）Paola Trimarco（高一学生）20. New York《纽约》（美）Vicky Shipton（高一学生）21. Striker《足球前锋》（英）Peter and Karen Viney（高一学生）第四阶段阅读书目：（一）学期阅读书目企鹅英语简易读物精选（高二学生;外国语学校高一或初三学生）1. The Man with Two Shadows and Other Ghost Stories《双影人》原著：（英）Thomas Hood and Others2. The Count of Monte Cristo《基督山伯爵》原著：（法）Alexander Dumas3. Vanity Fair《名利场》原著：（英）William Thackeray4. A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》原著：（美）William Shakespeare5. David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》原著：（英）Charles Dickens6. An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》原著：（英）Oscar Wilde7. Jim Smiley and his Jumping Frog and Other Stories《吉姆·斯迈利和他的跳蛙》原著：（美）Mark Twain （高三学生）8. Detective Work《小小侦探》（英）John Escott著（高三学生）9. Dracula《吸血鬼》原著：（英）Bram Stoker （高三学生）10. Hamlet《哈姆莱特》原著：（英）William Shakespeare （高三学生）11. K’s First Case《女侦探卡特里娜首案告捷》（英）L. G. Alexander著（高三学生）企鹅英语简易读物精选（高三学生;外国语学校高一或高二学生）12. Three Adventures of Sherlock Holmes《福尔摩斯三故事》原著：（英）Sir Arthur Conan Doyle13. Emma《爱玛》原著：（英）Jane Austen14. Alexander the Great《亚历山大大帝》（英）Fiona Beddall 著15. Lorna Doone《洛娜·杜恩》原著：（英）R. D. Blackmore16. Macbeth《麦克白》原著：（英）William Shakespeare17. The Canterville Ghost and Other Stories《坎特维家的鬼魂》原著：（英）Oscar Wilde18. A History of Britain《英国历史》（英）Fiona Beddall著（二）假期阅读书目19. Inventions that Changed the World《奇妙的发明》（英）David Maule著20. Millennium The Year 2000《新千年2000》（英）Cherry Gilchrist著21. Manchester United《曼彻斯特联队》原著：（英）Kevin Brophy（高二学生）22. The Oscars《奥斯卡金像奖》（美）Vicky Shipton著（高二学生 3。
介绍革命时期英雄人物英语作文150词
介绍革命时期英雄人物英语作文150词全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Hero from the Revolutionary WarHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about one of my biggest heroes from the American Revolutionary War - Deborah Sampson. She was a really brave woman who fought for America's freedom dressed as a man!Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she was a kid, she loved reading about brave heroes and adventurers. She dreamed of one day doing something amazing and heroic herself.When the Revolutionary War started in 1775, Deborah really wanted to join the Continental Army and fight against the British. But back then, women weren't allowed to be soldiers. So Deborah came up with a clever plan - she cut her hair short, dressed up like a man, and used the name "Robert Shurtliff" to enlist in the army in 1782!Can you imagine how scary that must have been? Deborah had to act like a man all the time so nobody would find out she was actually a woman. She marched for miles, set up camps, dug trenches, and even got shot in the thigh during a battle! The whole time she hid her true identity. How brave is that?During one battle, Deborah's legs were injured by musket fire. But she was too afraid to go to the army doctors, because they might discover she was a woman. So she took the musket balls out of her own legs and kept on fighting! What immense courage.Deborah served in the army for over two years before she got very sick with a fever. The doctors finally realized she was a woman when they were treating her. But instead of punishing her, the army honored Deborah as a hero! She received an honorable discharge and back wages for her service.After the war, Deborah got married, had children, and even fought for women's rights and better pay for Revolutionary soldiers. She lived to be 66 years old.I think Deborah Sampson's story is so inspiring. She risked everything and showed such unbelievable bravery and strength, all to win freedom and independence for America. She provedthat women can be just as courageous and heroic as any man on the battlefield.Deborah never gave up on her dream, no matter how hard things got. She reminds me to always believe in myself and fight for what I think is right, even when people tell me I can't do something because I'm "just a girl." Deborah showed the world that girls can be heroes too!What did you think of Deborah's amazing story? Who are some of your biggest heroes from history? I'd love to hear about them!篇2My Favorite Revolutionary HeroDo you know who my favorite hero from the Revolutionary era is? It's Deborah Sampson! She was a woman who fought bravely in the American Revolutionary War by disguising herself as a man named Robert Shurtleff.Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When the war started, she really wanted to fight for America's freedom, but women weren't allowed to be soldiers back then. So Deborah cut her hair short, put on men's clothes, and enlisted in theContinental Army in 1782. She fought in many battles and was even wounded twice!For years, nobody knew Deborah was actually a woman. When her secret was finally discovered in 1783, she was honored by the governor and given a pension from the Army for her brave service. I think Deborah Sampson was so courageous and determined to fight for liberty. She's an inspiration to me and shows that everyone can be a hero, no matter who they are!篇3My Favorite Revolutionary HeroDo you know who my favorite hero from the revolutionary times is? It's Deborah Sampson! She was so brave and did some really cool things that not many people know about.Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she grew up, the American Revolutionary War had already started. Even though girls weren't allowed to fight as soldiers back then, Deborah really wanted to join the Continental Army and fight for America's freedom from Britain.So in 1782, she did something super daring - she disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the army under the name RobertShurtleff! Can you imagine how nervous she must have been, worried that someone might find out she was actually a woman? But Deborah was determined and pulled it off.For over a year and a half, Deborah fought bravely as a soldier. She was part of several major battles and was even wounded twice by musket fire! Once she was hit by two musket balls in her thigh and had to remove them herself so nobody would discover her secret. Ouch! That must have been so painful.Deborah's commanders and fellow soldiers never suspected she was a woman because she was so good at her duties. She scouted for the army, did guard duty, dug trenches, and loaded cannons in battle. The other soldiers nicknamed her "Dr. Sampson" because she was really skilled at giving medical care and extracting teeth. Little did they know "Dr. Sampson" was actually Deborah!In 1783, Deborah's secret was finally revealed when she had to get treated for fever and the doctor discovered she was female. Instead of punishing her like some expected, the army honored Deborah with an honorable discharge and even gave her backpay and a nice uniform! People were amazed by her courage and determination.After the war, Deborah got married and had children. For the rest of her life, she was celebrated as the brave "female soldier" and people would come from all over to hear her exciting stories. Deborah lived to be 66 years old.I think Deborah Sampson was such an inspiring hero. She risked everything to fight for American independence and never gave up, even when facing tremendous challenges like getting wounded and hiding her true identity. Deborah showed that women could be just as strong and courageous as men on the battlefield. She defied expectations and proved that girls can do anything they set their minds to. I hope I can have that kind of perseverance and be as daring as Deborah when facing obstacles in my own life!篇4The Brave Patriot Named Paul RevereHave you ever heard of a hero named Paul Revere? He was a really brave and important person who lived in Boston a long, long time ago during the American Revolutionary War. Let me tell you all about his amazing adventures!Paul Revere was an expert silversmith who could make beautiful silver objects like dishes, cups, and jewelry. But whenthe British started causing trouble for the American colonies, he became a patriot fighting for independence.In 1775, the British army was getting ready to march from Boston to Concord to arrest some rebel leaders and seize their weapons. The patriots needed to be warned so they could be ready to defend themselves. That's where Paul Revere came in!On the night of April 18th, Paul Revere got a special signal - two lanterns hung in the tower of the Old North Church. This was a secret message that the British troops were crossing the Charles River to march to Concord. Paul quickly jumped on his horse and started riding to spread the alarm!As he galloped through the dark countryside yelling "The Regulars are coming out! The Regulars are coming out!" people sprang from their homes ready to fight. Paul had to avoid capture by the British several times on his midnight ride. He finally arrived in Concord just before dawn to warn the minutemen that red-coated soldiers were on their way.Thanks to Paul's brave ride, the patriot militia was able to fight the British at the Battles of Lexington and Concord - the first battles of the Revolutionary War! His heroic actions to sound the alarm rallied the colonists and helped start the struggle for American independence.After that famous ride, Paul Revere went on to fight in several more battles and help make ammunition and cannon for the patriot cause. He was a true American hero who risked his life over and over to protect his country's freedom.Doesn't that story make you want to be as brave and patriotic as Paul Revere someday? His courageous midnight ride will always be remembered as one of the most iconic events in the birth of the United States of America. Three cheers for the fearless hero - Paul Revere!篇5My Favorite Revolutionary Hero: Deborah SampsonDo you know who Deborah Sampson was? She was a really brave woman who fought in the American Revolutionary War, even though back then women weren't allowed to be soldiers. How cool is that?Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she was a kid, she loved reading about ancient warriors and adventurers. Even though girls were supposed to learn housework and sewing, Deborah preferred doing farmwork and other "boy" jobs. She was always getting in trouble for acting too boyish and not being ladylike enough.As she got older, Deborah became interested in the American Revolution that was happening. She supported the Patriots and wanted to help fight against the British. But of course, the army didn't let women join as soldiers back then. So in 1782, Deborah disguised herself as a man named Robert Shurtliff and enlisted in the Continental Army! Can you imagine how brave she had to be to do that?For three years, Deborah fought alongside the men and nobody realized she was actually a woman. She was wounded twice in battles! Once, she was shot in the thigh and couldn't go to an army doctor without risk of her secret being discovered. So she treated the musket wound herself by using a pen knife and dressing from a tree bark and leaves! How amazing is that?After being honorably discharged in 1783, Deborah went back to living as a woman. But she kept her army experiences a secret for many years. It wasn't until 1802 that she finally shared her incredible story. Deborah went on lecture tours talking about being a female Revolutionary War soldier. People were so impressed that the Massachusetts State Legislature awarded her a pension and some land for her military service.I think Deborah Sampson is such an inspiring hero, especially for girls! She showed that women can be just as brave and toughas men, even in difficult situations like being a soldier in war. Deborah never let society's expectations for women stop her from doing what she believed was right and important. Her courage and determination allowed her to make history.If I could travel back in time, I would love to meet Deborah and hear her story straight from her. I would ask her what it was like fighting in battles while keeping her true identity a secret. And I would thank her for her bravery in proving that women are capable of anything they set their minds to. Heroes like Deborah Sampson show that girls can grow up to be warriors and trailblazers too!篇6My Favorite Revolutionary HeroMy favorite hero from the revolutionary period is Betsy Ross. Betsy was a seamstress who lived in Philadelphia during the American Revolution. According to the story, George Washington himself visited Betsy in 1776 and asked her to sew the first American flag!Betsy was very talented with a needle and thread. She created the iconic design with 13 red and white stripes to represent the 13 colonies, and a circle of 13 white stars on a bluebackground to represent a new constellation. Betsy's flag became a powerful symbol of the patriots' fight for independence from Britain.I admire Betsy Ross because she used her ordinary job skills to make an extraordinary contribution to the revolution. She worked hard and took pride in her work. Her flag design is now recognized all over the world. Betsy was a true American hero who helped make history with her sewing! I hope I can be as brave and talented as she was.。
最全的外国名著名称翻译180部
最全的外国名著名称翻译180部最全的外国名著名称翻译1. gone with the wind 飘2. Jane.eyre 简。
爱3. The scarlet letter 红字4. The adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆索亚历险记5. Lady Chatterley's Lover 查太莱夫人的情人6. Tales of two cities 双城记7. Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见8. Uncle Tom's Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋9. The old man and the sea 老人与海10. 爱丽丝漫游记The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland11. 安徒生童话集Anderson's Fairy Tales12. 傲慢与偏见Pride and Prejudice13. 愤怒的葡萄Grapes of Wrath14. 格利佛游记Gulliver's Travels15. 格林童话集Grimm's Fairy Tales16. 根Roots17. 航空港Airport18. 呼啸山庄Wuthering Heights19. 环绕世界八十天Around the World in Eighty Days20. 嘉丽妹妹Sister Carrie21. 简·爱Jane Eyre22. 罗滨逊漂流记Robinson Crusoe23. 名利场Vanity Fair24. 牛虻The Gadfly25. 飘（乱世佳人）Gone with the Wind26. 圣经的故事The Story of the Bible27. 双城记A Tale of Two Cities28. 苔丝姑娘Tess of the D' ubervilles29. 天方夜谭(Tales from) The Arabian Nights30. 汤姆叔叔的小屋Uncle T om's Cabin31. 汤姆索亚历险记The Adventures of Tom Sawyer32. 王子与贫儿The Prince and the Pauper33. 雾都孤儿Oliver Twist34. 伊索寓言Aesop's Fables35. 远大前程The Great Expectations36. 月亮宝石The Moonstone37. 最后的诊断The Final Diagnosis38. Charles Darwin (by Carla Greene) 查尔斯;达尔文39. John F. Kennedy (by Charles P. Graves) 约翰;肯尼迪40. King Arthur and His Knights (by William Kottmeyer) 亚瑟王和他的骑士41. One Million Pound (by Mark Twain) 百万英镑42. Robin Hood (adapted by Michael West) 罗宾汉43. Rip Van Winkle (adapted by Michael West) 里普;范;温格尔44. Stories from the Sands of Africa (adapted by Michael West)非洲沙漠的故事45. Tales from the Arabian Nights (adapted by Michael West)天方夜谭46. The Canterbury Tales (adapted by Michael West) 坎特伯雷故事集47. The House of a Thousand Lanterns (by Victoria Holt) 千灯府48. The Legends of Ancient Rome 古罗马的传说49. The Mystery of the Island (by Jules Verne) 神秘的海岛50. The Seventh Key 第七把钥匙51. Three Men on the Bummel (by K. Jerome) 三人出游记52. Tom Jones (by Henry Fielding) 汤姆;琼斯53. Airport (by Arthur Hailey) 航空港54. Around the World in Eighty Days (by Jules Verne) 环绕世界八十天55. A Separate Peace (by John Knowles) 独自和解56. Daisy Miller (by H. James) 黛丝密勒57. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (by R. L. Stevenson) 化身博士58. Flowers for Mrs. Harris (by Paul Gallico) 献给哈里斯夫人的鲜花59. Frankenstein (by Mary Shelly) 弗兰肯斯特60. Hatter's Castle (by A. J. Cronin) 帽商的城堡61. Little Tom (by B. Bell & D. Bell) 小汤姆62. Lucky Jim (by Kingsley Amis) 幸运的吉姆63. The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland (by Lewis Carrol)艾丽斯漫游记64. The Black Tulip (by Alexandre Dumas) 黑郁金香65. The Life of Abraham Lincoln (by Stegan Lorant) 林肯传66. The Mill on the Floss (by George Eliot) 弗洛斯河上的磨坊67. The Prince and the Pauper (by Mark Twain) 王子和贫儿68. The Red Badge of Courage (by Stephen Crane) 红色英勇勋章69. The Scapegoat (by Daphne Du Maurier) 替罪羊70. The Sign of Indra 印达拉神像71. Thirty-nine Steps (by John Buchan) 三十九级台阶72. Three Men in a Boat (by J. K. Jerome) 三人同舟73. Tom Brown's Schooldays (by Thomas Hughes) 汤姆;布朗的求学时代74. Witch (by George Mackay Brown) 女巫75. Aesop's Fables 伊索寓言76. Anderson's Fairy Tales 安徒生通话选77. Compell's Kingdom (by Hammond Innes) 坎伯尔王国78. Frontiers of Science 科学的新领域79. Grimm's Fairy T ales 格林通话选80. Hotel (by Arthur Hailey) 旅馆81. Jamaica Inn (by Daphne Du Maurier) 牙买加旅店82. Popular Science Readings 英语科普小品83. Roots (by Alex Harley) 根84. Stories from Shakespeare (adapted by H. G. Wyatt) 莎士比亚戏剧故事集85. The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin (by Mark Twain) 哈克贝里芬历险记86. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (by Mark Twain) 汤姆索亚历险记87. The “Caine” Mutiny (by Herman Wink) “该隐”号兵变记88. The Citadel (by A. J. Cronin) 堡垒89. The Good Soldier Schweik (by Jaroslav Hasek, trans. ByPaul Selver) 好兵帅克90. The Moonstone (by Wilkie Collins) 月亮宝石91. The Pearl (by John Steinbeck) 珍珠92. The Story of Madame Curie ( by Alice Thorne) 居里夫人传93. Uncle Tom's Cabin (by H. Beecher Stowe) 汤姆叔叔的小屋94. Anna Karenina (by Leo Tolstoy) 安娜;卡列尼娜95. A Tale of Two Cities (by Charles Dickens) 双城记96. David Copperfield (by Charles Dickens) 大卫考伯菲尔德97. Emma (by Jane Austen) 爱玛98. Far from the Madding Crowd (by Thomas Hardy) 远离尘嚣99. Frenchman's Creek (by Charles Dickens) 法国人的小港湾100. Great Expectations (by Charles Dickens) 远大前程101. Gulliver's Travels (by Jonathan Swift) 格利佛游记102. Jane Eyre (by Charlotte Bronte) 简爱103. Jaws (by Peter Benchley) 大白鲨104. Lucky Jim (by Kinsley Amis) 幸运的吉姆105. Nicholas Nickleby (by Charles Dickens) 尼古拉斯.尼克尔贝106. Mary Barton (by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell) 玛丽.巴顿107. Monte Cristo (by Alexandre Dumas) 基度山伯爵108. Oliver Twist (by Charles Dickens) 雾都孤儿109. Pride and Prejudice (by Jane Austen) 傲慢与偏见110. Rebecca (by Daphne Du Maurier) 蝴蝶梦111. Silas Marner (by George Eliot) 塞拉斯.马纳112. Tess of the D'ubervilles (by Thomas Hardy) 德伯家的苔丝113. The Green Years (by A. Cronin) 青春的岁月114. The Hunckback of Notre Dame (by Victor Hugo) 巴黎圣母院115. The Mayor of Casterbridge (by Thomas Hardy) 卡斯特桥市长116. The Three Musketeers (by Alexandre Dumas) 三个火枪手117. Treasure Island (by R. L. Steveson) 金银岛118. Vanity Fair (by W. M. Thackeray) 名利场119. Woman in White (by Wilkie Collins) 白衣女人120. Wuthering Heights (by Emily Bronte) 呼啸山庄121. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (by Lewis Carrol) 艾丽斯漫游记122. Child's History of England (by Charles Dickens) 儿童英国史123. Good-bye, Mr. Chips (by James Hilton) 再会，契普斯先生124. INTERPOL (by Peter G. Lee) 国际警察组织125. Robinson Crusoe (by Daniel Defoe) 鲁滨逊漂流记126. The Gadfly (by E. L. Voynich) 牛虻127. The Story of the Bible (by Van Loon) 圣经的故事128. The Story of Mankind (by H. William Van Loon) 人类的故事129. The Great Road (by Agnes Smedley) 伟大的道路一般原著130. An Inspector Calls (by J. B. Priestley) 罪恶之家131. An Invisible Man (by H. G. Wells) 隐身人132. A Tale of Two Cities (by Charles Dickens) 双城记133. David Copperfield (by Charles Dickens) 大卫.考伯菲尔德134. Emma (by Jane Austen) 爱玛135. Gone with the Wind (by Margaret Mitchell) 飘136. Gulliver's Travels (by Jonathan Swift) 格利佛游记137. Hotel (by Arthur Hailey) 旅馆138. Oliver Twist (by Charles Dickens) 雾都孤儿139. Pride and Prejudice (by Jane Austen) 傲慢与偏见140. Pygmalion (by Bernald Shaw) 茶花女141. Red Star over China (by Edgar Snow) 西行漫记142. Roots (by Alex Haley) 根143. Selected Readings from D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯作品选读144. The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin (by mark Twain) 哈克.贝里芬历险记145. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (by Mark Twain) 汤姆.索亚历险记146. The Jungle (by Upton Sinclair) 丛林147. The Old Man and The Sea (by Ernest Hemingway) 老人与海148. The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists (by Robert Tressell) 穿破裤子的慈善家149. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (by William L.Shirer) 第三帝国的兴亡150. Uncle Tom's Cabin (by H. Beecher Stowe) 汤姆叔叔的小屋151. Winds of War (by Herman Woul) 战争风云152. A Farewell to Arms (by Ernest Hemingway) 永别了武器153. Airport (by Arthur Hailey) 航空港154. A Tale of Two Cities (by Charles Dickens) 双城记155. Financier (by Theodore Dreiser) 财政家156. Grapes of Wrath (by J. Steinbeck) 愤怒的葡萄157. Jane Eyre (by Charlotte Bronte) 简爱158. Jude the Obscure (by Thomas Hardy) 无名的裘德159. Lady Chatterley's Lover (by D. H. Lawrence)查泰莱夫人德情人160. Martin Eden (by Jack London) 马丁.伊登161. Pride and Prejudice (by Jane Austen) 傲慢与偏见162. Sense and Sensibility (by Jane Austen) 理智与情感163. Sister Carrie (by Theodore Dreiser) 嘉丽妹妹164. Sons and Lovers (by D. H. Lawrence) 儿子和情人165. Tess of the D'ubervilles (by Thomas Hardy) 德伯家的苔丝166. The American Tragedy (by Theodore Dreiser) 美国的悲剧167. The Final Diagnosis (by Arthur Hailey) 最后的诊断168. The God Father (by Mario Puzo) 教父169. The Great Gatsby (by F. Scott Fitzgerald) 了不起的盖茨比170. The Hunckback of Notre Dame (by Victor Hugo) 巴黎圣母院171. The Moneychangers (by Arthur Hailey) 钱商172. The Rainbow (by D. H. Lawrence) 虹173. The Red and The Black (by Stendhal) 红与黑174. The Return to the Native (by Thomas Hardy) 还乡175. The Scarlet Letter (by Nathaniel Hawthorne) 红字176. The Sun Also Rises (by Ernest Hemingway) 太阳照样升起177. The Thorn Birds (by Colleen Mccullough) 荆棘鸟178. The Three Musketeers (by Alexandre Dumas) 三个火枪手179. Vanity Fair (by W. M. Thackeray) 名利场180. Wives and Daughters (by Elizabeth Gaskell) 妻子与女儿181. Wuthering Heights (by Emily Bronte) 呼啸山庄。
The_Canterbury_Tales剖析.
Tale • The Canon's Yeoman‘s Prologue
and Tale • The Manciple's Prologue and Tale • The Parson's Prologue and Tale • Chaucer's Retraction
信徒来自全国东西南北，
• 田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿；
众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷，
• 碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日， 去朝谢医病救世的恩主，
• 青春的太阳洒下万道金辉。 以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒。
• 小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美，
• 迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡——
• 那是个初夏方临的日子， • 我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息； • 怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心， • 我准备翌日出发去朝圣。 • 黄昏前后华灯初上时分， • 旅店院里涌入很多客人； • 二十九人来自各行各业， • 不期而遇都到旅店过夜。
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
Position in British literature
1) “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. 2) Forerunner of humanism. 3) The first realistic writer. 4) Master of the English language.
Pilgrims on their way to Canterbury
• 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦，
美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦，
• 送走了土壤干裂的三月，
Thomas Hood胡德简介
He was born inLondonto Thomas Hood and Elizabeth Sands in the Poultry (Cheapside) above his father's bookshop. Hood's paternal family had been Scottish farmers from thevillageofErrolnearDundee. The Elder Hood was a in the business of Verner, Hood, and Sharp, and was a member of the Associated booksellers. Hood's son, Tom Hood, claimed that his grandfather had been the first to opened up the book trade withAmericaand he had great success in new editions of old books.
Hood left his private school master at 14 years of age and was admitted soon after into the counting house of a friend of his family, where he "turned his stool into a Pegasus on three legs, every foot, of course, being a dactyl or a spondee."; However, the uncongenial profession affected his health, which was never strong,and he began to study engraving. The exact nature and course of his study is unclear and various sources tell different stories. Reid emphasizes his work under his maternal uncle Robert Sands. But no papers of apprenticeship exist and we also know from his letters that he studied with a Mr. Harris. Furthermore, Hood's daughter in her Memorials mentions her father's association with the Le Keux brothers who were successful engravers in the Ci ty. The labour of engraving was no better for his health than the counting house had been, and Hood was sent to his father's relations atDundee,Scotland. Here he stayed in the house of his maternal aunt, Jean Keay, for some months and then, after a falling out with her he moved on to the boarding house of one of her friends, Mrs Butterworth where he lived for the rest of his time inScotland. InDundee, Hood made a number of close friends with whom he continue to correspond for many years, led a healthy outdoor life, and also became a large and indiscriminate reader. It was also during his time here that Hood began to seriously write poetry and had his first published work, a letter to the editor of the Dundee Advertiser.
人物介绍--托马斯杰斐逊(英文)
Thomas JeffersonIn the thick of（在最激烈的时刻）party conflict in 1800, Thomas Jefferson wrote in a private letter, "I have sworn upon（=swear on,发誓）the altar（祭坛，圣坛）of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny（暴政）over the mind of man."This powerful advocate（提倡者）of liberty was born in 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia,inheriting from his father, a planter and surveyor, some 5,000 acres of land, and from his mother, a Randolph, high social standing. He studied at the College of William and Mary, then read law. In 1772 he married Martha Wayles Skelton, a widow, and took her to live in his partly constructed mountaintop home, Monticello.（蒙蒂赛洛，美国地名）Freckled（有雀斑的）andsandy-haired, rather tall and awkward, Jefferson was eloquent （口才好的）as a correspondent,（通讯记者）but he was no public speaker. In the Virginia House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress, he contributed his penrather than his voice to the patriot cause. As the "silent member" of the Congress, Jefferson, at 33, drafted the Declaration of Independence. In years following he labored to make its words a reality in Virginia. Most notably（尤其），he wrote a bill（法案）establishing religious freedom,enacted（制定，颁布）in 1786. Jefferson succeeded(继承)Benjamin Franklin as minister to France in 1785. His sympathy for the French Revolution led him into conflict with Alexander Hamilton when Jefferson was Secretary of State in President Washington's Cabinet.（内阁）He resigned in 1793.Sharp political conflict developed, and two separate parties, the Federalists and theDemocratic-Republicans, began to form. Jefferson gradually assumed leadership of the Republicans, who sympathized with the revolutionary cause in France. Attacking Federalist policies, he opposed a strong centralized Government and championed（支持）the rights of states.As a reluctant（勉强的，不情愿的）candidate for President in 1796, Jefferson came within three votes of election. Through a flaw（瑕疵，缺陷）in the Constitution, he became Vice President, although an opponent（对手，反对者）ofPresident Adams. In 1800 the defect（缺陷）caused a more seriousproblem. Republican electors（选民）attempting to name both a President and a Vice President from their own party, cast a tie（不分胜负，打成平局）vote between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The House of Representatives （美国众议院）settled the tie. Hamilton, disliking both Jefferson and Burr, nevertheless urged Jefferson's election.When Jefferson assumed the Presidency, the crisis in France had passed. He slashed（削减）Armyand Navy expenditures（开支）, cutthe budget（预算）, eliminated the tax on whiskey so unpopular in the West, yet reduced the national debt by a third. He also sent a naval squadron（中队，舰队）to fight theBarbary pirates（巴巴里海盗）, whowere harassing（反复袭击）American commerce in the Mediterranean. Further, although the Constitution made noprovision(供给品) for the acquisition of new land, Jefferson suppressed(克制，抑制) his qualms （良心之谴责，不安）over constitutionality（符合宪法）when he had the opportunity to acquire the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803.During Jefferson's second term, he was increasingly preoccupied with （沉浸在）keeping the Nation from involvement in the Napoleonic wars, though both England and France interfered with（干涉，妨碍）the neutral rights of American merchantmen（商船，商人）. Jefferson's attempted solution, an embargo upon（实行禁运）American shipping, worked badly and was unpopular.Jefferson retired to Monticello to ponder（考虑）such projects as his grand designs（宏大计划，宏伟设计）for the University of Virginia. A French nobleman observed that he had placed his house and his mind"on an elevated（高尚的）situation, from which he might contemplate the universe."He died on July 4, 1826.。
英文演讲TheGettysburgAdress赏析
英文演讲TheGettysburgAdress赏析第一篇：英文演讲The Gettysburg Adress赏析英文演讲The Gettysburg Address赏析想学好英文，不外乎几个途径——多听、多讲和多写。
要听好的英语，最好是听英语世界的名人演讲，不单学习他们的腔调，也学习他们遣词造句的精髓，以及人生的智能。
演讲在西方有悠久的传统，希腊的学者和政治家在三千前，已经在广场向群众宣扬自己的学说和政治理念。
从政者必须是一个出色的演说家，前美国总统林肯，就是最伟大的英语演说家之一，他的文辞浅白，从不在演语中乱丢书包、或故意卖弄，而且句子简洁、铿锵有力。
发表于1863年的The Gettysburg Address可说是其中的佼佼者。
下面我们来欣赏一下。
The Gettysburg AddressAbraham Lincoln November 1863Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.We are met on a great battlefield of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fit and proper that we should do this.But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicatewe cannot hallow this ground.The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far sonobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before usthat we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vainand that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth.葛底斯堡的演讲87年以前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家。
有效市场假说理论的实证检验
有效市场假说理论的实证检验杨长汉1自从法马(1970)正是提出有效市场假说理论以来，对该理论的实证检验就没有停止过，有效市场假说理论被检验的次数也仅次于现代证券投资理论中的资本资产定价模型，在本小节中，我们将重点综述西方学者对有效市场假说理论的实证检验。
按照传统的分类，我们将西方学者对有效市场假说理论的实证检验分三部分进行综述，即弱式有效市场的检验、半强式有效市场的检验以及强式有效市场的检验。
一、弱式有效市场的检验弱式有效市场是指证券过去的信息完全反映在当前的价格之中，一个投资者不能利用过去的信息获得超额收益。
对弱式有效市场的检验主要是判断证券过去的价格或收益率是否能够预测其未来的价格或收益率。
早期对证券市场弱式有效的检验主要是判断证券的价格或收益率是否服从随机游走假设(Random Walk Hypothesis，简称RWH)。
后来对弱式有效市场的检验还有动能效应检验以及过滤检验。
(一)随机游走检验证券价格的随机游走过程即证券价格的波动时无规则的和无法预测的。
检验一个证券的价格或收益率序列是否服从随机游走过程通常采用以下两种检验方法，即相关系数检验和游程检验。
1 相关系数检验相关系数检验是计量经济学中的一种常用的检验方法，也是检验样本数据相关性的标准方法，该方法认为样本数据是由某个时间序列生成的，通过检验样本数据中的随机变量与其滞后值之间的相关系数来判断样本数据之间的相关性。
如果随机变量与其滞后值之间的相关系数越小，表明该证券市场的弱式有效性越强。
2 游程检验该检验是通过考察时间序列正负号出现的规律来判断该时间序列是否存在自相关性。
时间序列的游程是指该时间序列中，随机变量的变化保持相同符号的序列。
游程检验是一个定性的检验方法。
Fama(1965)采取了游程检验来对市场的有效性进行考察，他检验了数十家上1文章出处：《中国企业年金投资运营研究》杨长汉著杨长汉，笔名杨老金。
师从著名金融证券学者贺强教授，中央财经大学MBA教育中心教师、金融学博士。
《狄兰.托马斯诗逊（英汉对照）英诗经典名家名译PDF电子书
《狄兰.托马斯诗逊（英汉对照）英诗经典名家名译PDF电
⼦书
《狄兰.托马斯诗选》（英汉对照）/英诗经典名家名译 PDF电⼦书
内容简介
《狄兰.托马斯诗选（英汉对照）/英诗经典名家名译》作者的诗歌围绕⽣、欲、死三⼤主题；诗风精犷⽽热烈，⾳韵充满活⼒⽽不失严谨；其肆意设置的密集意象相互撞击，相互制约，表现⾃然的⽣长⼒和⼈性的律动。
他的诗歌掀开了英美诗歌史上的新的篇章。
《狄兰.托马斯诗选（英汉对照）/英诗经典名家名译》为译者在新版狄兰·托马斯诗全集中精选、补译⽽成，其中他的早期诗作更是初次与中国读者见⾯。
作者简介
狄兰·托马斯（1914—1953），20世纪30年代英美*杰出的诗⼈，掀开英美诗歌史上新的篇章。
诗歌围绕⽣、欲、死三⼤主题；诗风粗犷⽽热烈，⾳韵充满活⼒⽽不失严謹。
海岸（1965— ），浙江台州⼈，"上海诗歌前浪"代表诗⼈，翻译家。
现任职于复旦⼤学外⽂学院。
>>《狄兰.托马斯诗选》（英汉对照）/英诗经典名家名译 PDF电⼦书。
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33 "But why do I talk of Death! 34 That Phantom of grisly bone, 35I hardly fear his terrible shape, 36 It seems so like my own-37 It seems so like my own, 38 Because of the fasts I keep; 39O God! that bread should be so dear, 40 And flesh and blood so cheap!
9 "Work! Work! Work! 10 While the cock is crowing aloof! 11 And work--work--work, 12 Till the stars shine through the roof! 13 It's O! to be a slave 14 Along with the barbarous Turk, 15 Where woman has never a soul to save
He
attended the College of St. Michael, Lüneberg, an establishment only for the nobility, by invitation by ‘letter patent‘(特许） from the King. His democratic spirit first showed, when, at the age of eleven, he disappeared ’to help the Poles’（波兰人）. On leaving St. Michael's he gave a farewell address in German in front of nobility, which was later published, and received a certificate of honor, the highest ever recorded there.
41 "Work--work--work! 42 My labour never flags; 43And what are its wages? A bed of
straw,
44 A crust of bread--and rags. 45That shatter'd roof,--and this naked floor-46 A table--a broken chair-47And a wall so blank, my shadow I thank 48 For sometimes falling there!
His first serious verse was unsuccessful, but from 1825 with the publication of Odes and Addresses to Great People, on which he collaborated with Reynolds, Hood was associated with a variety of humorous magazines, many of which he edited and published himself.
On
completing his training he specialized in satirical engravings of his own design. In 1821 he was appointed sub-editor of the London Magazine, and his introduction to established authors and his marriage in 1825 to the sister of the minor poet John Hamilton Reynolds encouraged his literary ambitions.
Thomas Hood(1799-1845)
Life story
British
engraver and writer. During three years (1815-18) spent in Scotland because of poor health, he submitted drawings and prose to local newspapers, and on his return to London he trained as an engraver.
49 "Work--work--work! 50From weary chime to chime, 51 Work--work--work- 52As prisoners work for crime! 53 Band, and gusset, and seam, 54 Seam, and gusset, and band, 55Till the heart is sick, and the brain benumb'd, 56 As well as the weary hand.
73 "O, but for one short hour! 74 A respite however brief! 75No blessed leisure for Love or Hope, 76 But only time for Grief! 77A little weeping would ease my heart, 78 But in their briny bed 79My tears must stop, for every drop 80 Hinders needle and thread!
பைடு நூலகம்
81 "Seam, and gusset, and band, 82Band, and gusset, and seam, 83 Work, work, work, 84Like the Engine that works by Steam! 85A mere machine of iron and wood 86 That toils for Mammon's sake-87Without a brain to ponder and craze 88 Or a heart to feel--and break!"
Ernest Jones
1819-1869
Ernest
Jones was born in Berlin 25 January 1819 and died in Manchester 26 January 1869, just fifty years old. He was brought up in the Black Forest area of Germany and lived there until he was nineteen years of age. He was a gifted child and at age ten he was writing poetry which was published in 1830.
The Song of the Shirt
1 With fingers weary and worn, 2 With eyelids heavy and red, 3 A Woman sat, in unwomanly rags, 4 Plying her needle and thread-5 Stitch! stitch! stitch! 6 In poverty, hunger, and dirt, 7 And still with the voice of dolorous pitch 8 She sang the "Song of the Shirt!"
25 "O, Men with Sisters dear! 26 O, Men! with Mothers and Wives! 27It is not linen you're wearing out, 28 But human creatures' lives! 29 Stitch--stitch--stitch, 30In poverty, hunger, and dirt, 31Sewing at once, with a double thread, 32A Shroud as well as a Shirt.
65 "O, but to breathe the breath 66Of the cowslip and primrose sweet!-67 With the sky above my head, 68And the grass beneath my feet; 69For only one short hour 70 To feel as I used to feel, 71Before I knew the woes of want 72 And the walk that costs a meal!
16 If this is Christian work!
17 "Work--work--work 18Till the brain begins to swim, 19 Work--work--work 20Till the eyes are heavy and dim! 21Seam, and gusset, and band, 22 Band, and gusset, and seam, 23Till over the buttons I fall asleep, 24 And sew them on in a dream!