IAS 3239 Financial Instruments Disclosure and Presentation

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IFRS9原文

November 2009IFRS 9 Financial InstrumentsInternational Financial Reporting Standard 9 Financial InstrumentsIFRS 9 Financial Instr uments is issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 30 Cannon Street, London EC4M 6XH, United Kingdom.Tel: +44 (0)20 7246 6410Fax: +44 (0)20 7246 6411Email: iasb@Web: The I ASB, the I nternational Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF), the authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility for loss caused to any person who acts or refrains from acting in reliance on the material in this publication, whether such loss is caused by negligence or otherwise.ISBN for this part: 978-1-907026-47-8ISBN for complete publication (three parts): 978-1-907026-46-1Copyright © 2009 IASCF®International Financial Reporting Standards (including International Accounting Standards and SI C and I FRI C I nterpretations), Exposure Drafts, and other I ASB publications are copyright of the I ASCF. The approved text of I nternational Financial Reporting Standards and other IASB publications is that published by the IASB in the English language. Copies may be obtained from the IASCF. Please address publications and copyright matters to:IASC Foundation Publications Department,1st Floor, 30 Cannon Street, London EC4M 6XH, United Kingdom.Tel: +44 (0)20 7332 2730 Fax: +44 (0)20 7332 2749Email: publications@ Web: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form either in whole or in part or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the IASCF.The IASB logo/the IASCF logo/‘Hexagon Device’, the IASC Foundation Education logo, ‘IASC Foundation’, ‘e IFRS’, ‘IAS’, ‘IASB’, ‘IASC’, ‘IASCF’, ‘IASs’, ‘IFRIC’, ‘IFRS’,‘IFRSs’, ‘International Accounting Standards’, ‘International Financial Reporting Standards’ and ‘SIC’ are Trade Marks of the IASCF.IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSC ONTENTSparagraphsINTRODUCTIONINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 9 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSCHAPTERS1 OBJECTIVE 1.12 SCOPE 2.13 RECOGNITION AND DERECOGNITION 3.1.1–3.1.24 CLASSIFICATION 4.1–4.95 MEASUREMENT 5.1.1–5.4.56 HEDGE ACCOUNTING NOT USED7 DISCLOSURES NOT USED8 EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION8.1.1–8.2.13 APPENDICESA Defined termsB Application guidanceC Amendments to other IFRSs (see separate booklet)APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF IFRS 9 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSISSUED IN NOVEMBER 2009AMENDMENTS TO THE GUIDANCE ON OTHER IFRSs (see separate booklet) BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS(see separate booklet)APPENDIXAmendments to the Basis for Conclusions on other IFRSs3© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 2009 International Financial Reporting Standard 9 Financial Instruments (IFRS 9) is set out in paragraphs 1.1–8.2.13 and Appendices A–C. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type state the main principles. Terms defined in Appendix A are in italics the first time they appear in the I FRS. Definitions of other terms are given in the Glossary for International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS 9 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.© Copyright IASCF4IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSIntroductionReasons for issuing the IFRSN1AS 39 Financial Instr uments: Recognition and Measur ement sets out the requirements for recognising and measuring financial assets, financialliabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items.The I nternational Accounting Standards Board (I ASB) inherited I AS 39from its predecessor body, the nternational Accounting StandardsCommittee.IN2Many users of financial statements and other interested parties have told the Board that the requirements in I AS 39 are difficult to understand,apply and interpret. They have urged the Board to develop a newstandard for financial reporting for financial instruments that isprinciple-based and less complex. Although the Board has amendedIAS39 several times to clarify requirements, add guidance and eliminateinternal inconsistencies, it has not previously undertaken a fundamentalreconsideration of reporting for financial instruments.IN3Since 2005, the IASB and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have had a long-term objective to improve and simplify the reporting for financial instruments. This work resulted in thepublication of a discussion paper, Reducing Complexity in Reporting Financial Instruments, in March 2008. Focusing on the measurement of financial instruments and hedge accounting, the paper identified several possibleapproaches for improving and simplifying the accounting for financialinstruments. The responses to the paper indicated support for asignificant change in the requirements for reporting financialinstruments. In November 2008 the IASB added this project to its activeagenda, and in December 2008 the FASB also added the project to itsagenda.IN4In April 2009, in response to the input received on its work responding to the financial crisis, and following the conclusions of the G20 leaders andthe recommendations of international bodies such as the Financial Stability Board, the I ASB announced an accelerated timetable forreplacing IAS 39. As a result, in July 2009 the IASB published an exposuredraft Financial Instruments: Classification and Measurement, followed by IFRS 9Financial Instruments in November 2009.5© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 2009IN5In developing IFRS 9 the Board considered input obtained in response to its discussion paper, the report from the Financial Crisis Advisory Grouppublished in July 2009, the responses to the exposure draft and otherdiscussions with interested parties, including three public round tablesheld to discuss the proposals in that exposure draft. The IASB staff alsoobtained additional feedback from users of financial statements andothers through an extensive outreach programme.The Board’s approach to replacing IAS 39IN6The Board intends that IFRS 9 will ultimately replace IAS 39 in its entirety.However, in response to requests from interested parties that theaccounting for financial instruments should be improved quickly, theBoard divided its project to replace IAS 39 into three main phases. As theBoard completes each phase, as well as its separate project on thederecognition of financial instruments, it will delete the relevantportions of AS 39 and create chapters in FRS 9 that replace therequirements in IAS 39. The Board aims to replace IAS 39 in its entiretyby the end of 2010.IN7The Board included proposals for the classification and measurement of financial liabilities in the exposure draft that preceded IFRS 9. In thatexposure draft the Board also drew attention to the discussion paperCr edit Risk in Liability Measur ement published in June 2009. n theirresponses to the exposure draft and discussion paper, many expressedconcern about recognising changes in an entity’s own credit risk in theremeasurement of liabilities. During its redeliberations on theclassification and measurement of financial liabilities, the Board decidednot to finalise the requirements for financial liabilities beforeconsidering those issues further and analysing possible approaches toaddress the concerns raised by respondents.I N8Accordingly, in November 2009 the Board issued the chapters of I FRS 9relating to the classification and measurement of financial assets.The Board addressed those matters first because they form the foundationof a standard on reporting financial instruments. Moreover, many of theconcerns expressed during the financial crisis arose from the classificationand measurement requirements for financial assets in IAS 39.© Copyright IASCF6IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSIN9The Board sees this first instalment on classification and measurement of financial assets as a stepping stone to future improvements in thefinancial reporting of financial instruments and is committed tocompleting its work on classification and measurement of financial instruments expeditiously.Main features of the IFRSI N10Chapters 4 and 5 of I FRS 9 specify how an entity should classify andmeasure financial assets, including some hybrid contracts. They requireall financial assets to be:(a)classified on the basis of the entity’s business model for managingthe financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics ofthe financial asset.(b)initially measured at fair value plus, in the case of a financial assetnot at fair value through profit or loss, particular transaction costs.(c)subsequently measured at amortised cost or fair value.IN11These requirements improve and simplify the approach for classification and measurement of financial assets compared with the requirements ofIAS 39. They apply a consistent approach to classifying financial assetsand replace the numerous categories of financial assets in IAS 39, each ofwhich had its own classification criteria. They also result in oneimpairment method, replacing the numerous impairment methods inIAS 39 that arise from the different classification categories.Next stepsIN12IFRS 9 is the first part of Phase 1 of the Board’s project to replace IAS 39.The main phases are:(a)Phase 1: Classification and measurement. The exposure draftFinancial Instruments: Classification and Measurement, published in July2009, contained proposals for both assets and liabilities within thescope of IAS 39. The Board is committed to completing its work onfinancial liabilities expeditiously and will include requirements forfinancial liabilities in IFRS 9 in due course.(b)Phase 2: I mpairment methodology. On 25 June 2009 the Boardpublished a Request for nformation on the feasibility of anexpected loss model for the impairment of financial assets. This7© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 2009formed the basis of an exposure draft, Financial Inst r uments:Amor tised Cost and Impair ment, published in November 2009 with acomment deadline of 30 June 2010. The Board is also setting up anexpert advisory panel to address the operational issues arisingfrom an expected cash flow approach.(c)Phase 3: Hedge accounting. The Board has started to consider howto improve and simplify the hedge accounting requirements ofIAS39 and expects to publish proposals shortly.IN13In addition to those three phases, the Board published in March 2009 an exposure draft Derecognition (proposed amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 7).Redeliberations are under way and the Board expects to complete thisproject in the second half of 2010.IN14As stated above, the Board aims to have replaced IAS 39 in its entirety by the end of 2010.IN15The IASB and the FASB are committed to achieving by the end of 2010 a comprehensive and improved solution that provides comparabilityinternationally in the accounting for financial instruments. However,those efforts have been complicated by the differing project timetablesestablished to respond to the respective stakeholder groups. The IASB andFASB have developed strategies and plans to achieve a comprehensive andimproved solution that provides comparability internationally. As part ofthose plans, they reached agreement at their joint meeting in October2009 on a set of core principles designed to achieve comparability andtransparency in reporting, consistency in accounting for creditimpairments, and reduced complexity of financial instrumentaccounting.© Copyright IASCF8IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS9© Copyright IASCF International Financial Reporting Standard 9 Financial InstrumentsChapter 1 Objective1.1The objective of this I FRS is to establish principles for the financialreporting of financial assets that will present relevant and useful information to users of financial statements for their assessment of the amounts, timing and uncertainty of the entity’s future cash flows.Chapter 2 Scope2.1An entity shall apply this I FRS to all assets within the scope of I AS 39Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement .Chapter 3 Recognition and derecognition3.1 Initial recognition of financial assets3.1.1An entity shall recognise a financial asset in its statement of financialposition when, and only when, the entity becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument (see paragraphs AG34 and AG35 of IAS 39).When an entity first recognises a financial asset, it shall classify it in accordance with paragraphs 4.1–4.5 and measure it in accordance with paragraph 5.1.1.3.1.2 A regular way purchase or sale of a financial asset shall be recognised andderecognised in accordance with paragraphs 38 and AG53–AG56 of IAS 39.Chapter 4 Classification4.1U nless paragraph 4.5 applies, an entity shall classify financial assets assubsequently measured at either amortised cost or fair value on the basis of both:(a)the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets; and (b)the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset.I NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20094.2 A financial asset shall be measured at amortised cost if both of thefollowing conditions are met:(a)the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to holdassets in order to collect contractual cash flows.(b)the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specifieddates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and intereston the principal amount outstanding.Paragraphs B4.1–B4.26 provide guidance on how to apply these conditions.4.3For the purpose of this IFRS, interest is consideration for the time value ofmoney and for the credit risk associated with the principal amountoutstanding during a particular period of time.4.4 A financial asset shall be measured at fair value unless it is measured atamortised cost in accordance with paragraph 4.2.Option to designate a financial asset at fair valuethrough profit or loss4.5Notwithstanding paragraphs 4.1–4.4, an entity may, at initial recognition,designate a financial asset as measured at fair value through profit or lossif doing so eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement orrecognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as an ‘accountingmismatch’) that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilitiesor recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases(see paragraphs AG4D–AG4G of IAS 39).Embedded derivatives4.6An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid contract that alsoincludes a non-derivative host—with the effect that some of the cash flowsof the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alonederivative. An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flowsthat otherwise would be required by the contract to be modifiedaccording to a specified interest rate, financial instrument price,commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, creditrating or credit index, or other variable, provided in the case of anon-financial variable that the variable is not specific to a party to thecontract. A derivative that is attached to a financial instr ument but iscontractually transferable independently of that instrument, or has adifferent counterparty, is not an embedded derivative, but a separatefinancial instrument.© Copyright IASCF10IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS4.7If a hybrid contract contains a host that is within the scope of this IFRS, anentity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 4.1–4.5 to the entire hybrid contract.4.8If a hybrid contract contains a host that is not within the scope of this IFRS,an entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 11–13 and AG27–AG33B of IAS 39 to determine whether it must separate the embeddedderivative from the host. If the embedded derivative must be separatedfrom the host, the entity shall:(a)classify the derivative in accordance with either paragraphs 4.1–4.4for derivative assets or paragraph 9 of IAS 39 for all other derivatives;and(b)account for the host in accordance with other IFRSs.Reclassification4.9When, and only when, an entity changes its business model for managingfinancial assets it shall reclassify all affected financial assets in accordancewith paragraphs 4.1–4.4.Chapter 5 Measurement5.1 Initial measurement of financial assets5.1.1At initial recognition, an entity shall measure a financial asset at its fairvalue (see paragraphs 48, 48A and AG69–AG82 of IAS 39) plus, in the case ofa financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs thatare directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.5.2 Subsequent measurement of financial assets5.2.1After initial recognition, an entity shall measure a financial asset inaccordance with paragraphs 4.1–4.5 at fair value (see paragraphs 48, 48A andAG69–AG82 of IAS 39) or amortised cost.5.2.2An entity shall apply the impairment requirements in paragraphs 58–65and AG84–AG93 of IAS 39 to financial assets measured at amortised cost.5.2.3An entity shall apply the hedge accounting requirements in paragraphs89–102 of IAS 39 to a financial asset that is designated as a hedged item(see paragraphs 78–84 and AG98–AG101 of IAS 39).11© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20095.3 Reclassification5.3.1If an entity reclassifies financial assets in accordance with paragraph 4.9, itshall apply the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date.The entity shall not restate any previously recognised gains, losses orinterest.5.3.2If, in accordance with paragraph 4.9, an entity reclassifies a financial assetso that it is measured at fair value, its fair value is determined at thereclassification date. Any gain or loss arising from a difference between theprevious carrying amount and fair value is recognised in profit or loss.5.3.3If, in accordance with paragraph 4.9, an entity reclassifies a financial assetso that it is measured at amortised cost, its fair value at the reclassificationdate becomes its new carrying amount.5.4 Gains and losses5.4.1 A gain or loss on a financial asset that is measured at fair value and is notpart of a hedging relationship (see paragraphs 89–102 of IAS 39) shall berecognised in profit or loss unless the financial asset is an investment in anequity instrument and the entity has elected to present gains and losses onthat investment in other comprehensive income in accordance withparagraph 5.4.4.5.4.2 A gain or loss on a financial asset that is measured at amortised cost and isnot part of a hedging relationship (see paragraphs 89–102 of IAS 39) shall berecognised in profit or loss when the financial asset is derecognised,impaired or reclassified in accordance with paragraph 5.3.2, and throughthe amortisation process.5.4.3 A gain or loss on financial assets that are(a)hedged items (see paragraphs 78–84 and AG98–AG101 of IAS 39) shallbe recognised in accordance with paragraphs 89–102 of IAS 39.(b)accounted for using settlement date accounting shall be recognisedin accordance with paragraph 57 of IAS 39.Investments in equity instruments5.4.4At initial recognition, an entity may make an irrevocable election to presentin other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value of aninvestment in an equity instrument within the scope of this IFRS that is notheld for trading.© Copyright IASCF12IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS5.4.5If an entity makes the election in paragraph 5.4.4, it shall recognise inprofit or loss dividends from that investment when the entity’s right toreceive payment of the dividend is established in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue.Chapter 6 Hedge accounting – not usedChapter 7 Disclosures – not usedChapter 8 Effective date and transition8.1 Effective date8.1.1An entity shall apply this IFRS for annual periods beginning on or after1January 2013. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies thisIFRS in its financial statements for a period beginning before 1 January2013, it shall disclose that fact and at the same time apply theamendments in Appendix C.8.2 Transition8.2.1An entity shall apply this IFRS retrospectively, in accordance with IAS 8Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Er or s, except as specified in paragraphs 8.2.4–8.2.13. This I FRS shall not be applied tofinancial assets that have already been derecognised at the date of initialapplication.8.2.2For the purposes of the transition provisions in paragraphs 8.2.3–8.2.13,the date of initial application is the date when an entity first applies the requirements of this IFRS. The date of initial application may be:(a)any date between the issue of this IFRS and 31 December 2010, forentities initially applying this IFRS before 1 January 2011; or(b)the beginning of the first reporting period in which the entityadopts this IFRS, for entities initially applying this IFRS on or after1 January 2011.8.2.3I f the date of initial application is not at the beginning of a reportingperiod, the entity shall disclose that fact and the reasons for using thatdate of initial application.13© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20098.2.4At the date of initial application, an entity shall assess whether a financialasset meets the condition in paragraph 4.2(a) on the basis of the facts andcircumstances that exist at the date of initial application. The resultingclassification shall be applied retrospectively irrespective of the entity’sbusiness model in prior reporting periods.8.2.5If an entity measures a hybrid contract at fair value in accordance withparagraph 4.4 or paragraph 4.5 but the fair value of the hybrid contracthad not been determined in comparative reporting periods, the fair valueof the hybrid contract in the comparative reporting periods shall be thesum of the fair values of the components (ie the non-derivative host andthe embedded derivative) at the end of each comparative reportingperiod.8.2.6At the date of initial application, an entity shall recognise any differencebetween the fair value of the entire hybrid contract at the date of initialapplication and the sum of the fair values of the components of thehybrid contract at the date of initial application:(a)in the opening retained earnings of the reporting period of initialapplication if the entity initially applies this IFRS at the beginningof a reporting period; or(b)in profit or loss if the entity initially applies this I FRS during areporting period.8.2.7At the date of initial application, an entity may designate:(a) a financial asset as measured at fair value through profit or loss inaccordance with paragraph 4.5; or(b)an investment in an equity instrument as at fair value throughother comprehensive income in accordance with paragraph 5.4.4.Such designation shall be made on the basis of the facts andcircumstances that exist at the date of initial application. Thatclassification shall be applied retrospectively.8.2.8At the date of initial application, an entity:(a)shall revoke its previous designation of a financial asset asmeasured at fair value through profit or loss if that financial assetdoes not meet the condition in paragraph 4.5.(b)may revoke its previous designation of a financial asset asmeasured at fair value through profit or loss if that financial assetmeets the condition in paragraph 4.5.© Copyright IASCF14IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSSuch revocation shall be made on the basis of the facts and circumstancesthat exist at the date of initial application. That classification shall beapplied retrospectively.8.2.9At the date of initial application, an entity shall apply paragraph 103M ofIAS 39 to determine when it:(a)may designate a financial liability as measured at fair value throughprofit or loss; and(b)shall or may revoke its previous designation of a financial liabilityas measured at fair value through profit or loss.Such revocation shall be made on the basis of the facts and circumstancesthat exist at the date of initial application. That classification shall beapplied retrospectively.8.2.10 f it is impracticable (as defined in AS 8) for an entity to applyretrospectively the effective interest method or the impairment requirementsin paragraphs 58–65 and AG84–AG93 of IAS 39, the entity shall treat thefair value of the financial asset at the end of each comparative period asits amortised cost. In those circumstances, the fair value of the financial asset at the date of initial application shall be treated as the newamortised cost of that financial asset at the date of initial application ofthis IFRS.8.2.11If an entity previously accounted for an investment in an unquotedequity instrument (or a derivative that is linked to and must be settled bydelivery of such an unquoted equity instrument) at cost in accordancewith IAS 39, it shall measure that instrument at fair value at the date ofinitial application. Any difference between the previous carrying amountand fair value shall be recognised in the opening retained earnings of thereporting period that includes the date of initial application.8.2.12Notwithstanding the requirement in paragraph 8.2.1, an entity thatadopts this IFRS for reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2012need not restate prior periods. If an entity does not restate prior periods,the entity shall recognise any difference between the previous carryingamount and the carrying amount at the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes the date of initial application in theopening retained earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate)of the reporting period that includes the date of initial application.15© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20098.2.13If an entity prepares interim financial reports in accordance with IAS 34Interim Financial Reporting the entity need not apply the requirements inthis IFRS to interim periods prior to the date of initial application if it isimpracticable (as defined in IAS 8).© Copyright IASCF16IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSAppendix ADefined termsThis appendix is an integral part of the IFRS.reclassification date The first day of the first reporting period following thechange in business model that results in an entityreclassifying financial assets.The following terms are defined in paragraph 11 of IAS 32 or paragraph 9 of IAS39 and are used in this IFRS with the meanings specified in IAS 32 or IAS 39:(a)amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability(b)derivative(c)effective interest method(d)equity instrument(e)fair value(f)financial asset(g)financial instrument(h)financial liability(i)hedged item(j)hedging instrument(k)held for trading(l)regular way purchase or sale(m)transaction costs.17© Copyright IASCF。

IAS 32 Financial Instruments Disclosure and Presentation

International Accounting StandardsIAS 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation (revised 1998)In March 1995, the IASC Board approved IAS 32, Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation.In December 1998, paragraphs 5, 52, 81, and 83 were amended and paragraph 43A was added to reflect the issuance of IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.In October 2000, paragraphs 91-93 were deleted and paragraph 94 amended to eliminate disclosure requirements that become redundant as a result of IAS 39. The changes to IAS 32 become effective when an enterprise applies IAS 39 for the first time.Three SIC Interpretations relate to IAS 32:z SIC-5, Classification of Financial Instruments - Contingent SettlementProvisions;z SIC-16, Share Capital - Reacquired Own Equity Instruments (Treasury Shares);andz SIC-17, Equity - Costs of an Equity Transaction.The standards, which have been set in bold italic type, should be read in the context of the background material and implementation guidance in this Standard, and in the context of the Preface to International Accounting Standards. International Accounting Standards are not intended to apply to immaterial items (see paragraph 12 of the Preface).ObjectiveThe dynamic nature of international financial markets has resulted in the widespread use of a variety of financial instruments ranging from traditional primary instruments, such as bonds, to various forms of derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps. The objective of this Standard is to enhance financial statement users' understanding of the significance of on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet financial instruments to an enterprise's financial position, performance and cash flows.The Standard prescribes certain requirements for presentation of on-balance-sheet financial instruments and identifies the information that should be disclosed about both on-balance-sheet (recognised) and off-balance-sheet (unrecognised) financialinstruments. The presentation standards deal with the classification of financial instruments between liabilities and equity, the classification of related interest, dividends, losses and gains, and the circumstances in which financial assets and financial liabilities should be offset. The disclosure standards deal with information about factors that affect the amount, timing and certainty of an enterprise's future cash flows relating to financial instruments and the accounting policies applied to the instruments. In addition, the Standard encourages disclosure of information about the nature and extent of an enterprise's use of financial instruments, the business purposes that they serve, the risks associated with them and management's policies for controlling those risks.Scope1. This Standard should be applied in presenting and disclosing information about all types of financial instruments, both recognised and unrecognised, other than:(a) interests in subsidiaries, as defined in IAS 27, Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Investments in Subsidiaries;(b) interests in associates, as defined in IAS 28, Accounting for Investments in Associates;(c) interests in joint ventures, as defined in IAS 31, Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures;(d) employers' and plans' obligations for post-employment benefits of all types, including employee benefit plans as described in IAS 19, Employee Benefits, and IAS 26, Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans;(e) employers' obligations under employee stock option and stock purchase plans as described in IAS 19, Employee Benefits; and(f) obligations arising under insurance contracts.2. Although this Standard does not apply to an enterprise's interests in subsidiaries, it does apply to all financial instruments included in the consolidated financial statements of a parent, regardless of whether those instruments are held or issued by the parent or by a subsidiary. Similarly, the Standard applies to financial instruments held or issued by a joint venture and included in the financial statements of a venturer either directly or through proportionate consolidation.3. For purposes of this Standard, an insurance contract is a contract that exposes the insurer to identified risks of loss from events or circumstances occurring or discovered within a specified period, including death (in the case of an annuity, the survival of the annuitant), sickness, disability, property damage, injury to others and business interruption. However, the provisions of this Standard apply when a financial instrument takes the form of an insurance contract but principally involves the transferof financial risks (see paragraph 43), for example, some types of financial reinsurance and guaranteed investment contracts issued by insurance and other enterprises. Enterprises that have obligations under insurance contracts are encouraged to consider the appropriateness of applying the provisions of this Standard in presenting and disclosing information about such obligations.4. Other International Accounting Standards specific to certain types of financial instruments contain additional presentation and disclosure requirements. For example, IAS 17, Leases, and IAS 26, Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans, incorporate specific disclosure requirements relating to finance leases and retirement benefit plan investments, respectively. In addition, some requirements of other International Accounting Standards, particularly IAS 30, Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions, and IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, apply to financial instruments. Definitions5. The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one enterprise and a financial liability or equity instrument of another enterprise. Commodity-based contracts that give either party the right to settle in cash or some other financial instrument should be accounted for as if they were financial instruments, with the exception of commodity contracts that (a) were entered into and continue to meet the enterprise's expected purchase, sale, or usage requirements, (b) were designated for that purpose at their inception, and (c) are expected to be settled by delivery.A financial asset is any asset that is:(a) cash;(b) a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from another enterprise;(c) a contractual right to exchange financial instruments with another enterprise under conditions that are potentially favourable; or(d) an equity instrument of another enterprise.A financial liability is any liability that is a contractual obligation:(a) to deliver cash or another financial asset to another enterprise; or(b) to exchange financial instruments with another enterprise under conditions that are potentially unfavourable.An enterprise may have a contractual obligation that it can settle either by payment of financial assets or by payment in the form of its own equity securities. In such a case, if the number of equity securities required to settle the obligation varies with changes in their fair value so that the total fair value of the equity securities paid always equals the amount of the contractual obligation, the holder of the obligation is not exposed to gain or loss from fluctuations in the price of its equity securities. Such an obligation should be accounted for as a financial liability of the enterprise. [1]An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all of its liabilities.Monetary financial assets and financial liabilities (also referred to as monetary financial instruments) are financial assets and financial liabilities to be received or paid in fixed or determinable amounts of money.Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction.Market value is the amount obtainable from the sale, or payable on the acquisition, ofa financial instrument in an active market.6. In this Standard, the terms "contract" and "contractual" refer to an agreement between two or more parties that has clear economic consequences that the parties have little, if any, discretion to avoid, usually because the agreement is enforceable at law. Contracts, and thus financial instruments, may take a variety of forms and need not be in writing.7. For purposes of the definitions in paragraph 5, the term "enterprise" includes individuals, partnerships, incorporated bodies and government agencies.8. Parts of the definitions of a financial asset and a financial liability include the terms financial asset and financial instrument, but the definitions are not circular. When there is a contractual right or obligation to exchange financial instruments, the instruments to be exchanged give rise to financial assets, financial liabilities, or equity instruments. A chain of contractual rights or obligations may be established but it ultimately leads to the receipt or payment of cash or to the acquisition or issuance of an equity instrument.9. Financial instruments include both primary instruments, such as receivables, payables and equity securities, and derivative instruments, such as financial options, futures and forwards, interest rate swaps and currency swaps. Derivative financial instruments, whether recognised or unrecognised, meet the definition of a financial instrument and, accordingly, are subject to this Standard.10. Derivative financial instruments create rights and obligations that have the effect of transferring between the parties to the instrument one or more of the financial risks inherent in an underlying primary financial instrument. Derivative instruments do notresult in a transfer of the underlying primary financial instrument on inception of the contract and such a transfer does not necessarily take place on maturity of the contract.11. Physical assets such as inventories, property, plant and equipment, leased assets and intangible assets such as patents and trademarks are not financial assets. Control of such physical and intangible assets creates an opportunity to generate an inflow of cash or other assets but it does not give rise to a present right to receive cash or other financial assets.12. Assets, such as prepaid expenses, for which the future economic benefit is the receipt of goods or services rather than the right to receive cash or another financial asset are not financial assets. Similarly, items such as deferred revenue and most warranty obligations are not financial liabilities because the probable outflow of economic benefits associated with them is the delivery of goods and services rather than cash or another financial asset.13. Liabilities or assets that are not contractual in nature, such as income taxes that are created as a result of statutory requirements imposed by governments, are not financial liabilities or financial assets. Accounting for income taxes is dealt with in IAS 12, Income Taxes.14. Contractual rights and obligations that do not involve the transfer of a financial asset do not fall within the scope of the definition of a financial instrument. For example, some contractual rights (obligations), such as those that arise under a commodity futures contract, can be settled only by the receipt (delivery) of non-financial assets. Similarly, contractual rights (obligations) such as those that arise under an operating lease for use of a physical asset can be settled only by the receipt (delivery) of services. In both cases, the contractual right of one party to receive a non-financial asset or service and the corresponding obligation of the other party do not establish a present right or obligation of either party to receive, deliver or exchange a financial asset.15. The ability to exercise a contractual right or the requirement to satisfy a contractual obligation may be absolute, or it may be contingent on the occurrence of a future event. For example, a financial guarantee is a contractual right of the lender to receive cash from the guarantor, and a corresponding contractual obligation of the guarantor to pay the lender, if the borrower defaults. The contractual right and obligation exist because of a past transaction or event (assumption of the guarantee), even though the lender's ability to exercise its right and the requirement for the guarantor to perform under its obligation are both contingent on a future act of default by the borrower. A contingent right and obligation meet the definition of a financial asset and a financial liability, even though many such assets and liabilities do not qualify for recognition in financial statements.16. An obligation of an enterprise to issue or deliver its own equity instruments, such as a share option or warrant, is itself an equity instrument, not a financial liability, since the enterprise is not obliged to deliver cash or another financial asset. Similarly,the cost incurred by an enterprise to purchase a right to re-acquire its own equity instruments from another party is a deduction from its equity, not a financial asset. [2]17. The minority interest that may arise on an enterprise's balance sheet from consolidating a subsidiary is not a financial liability or an equity instrument of the enterprise. In consolidated financial statements, an enterprise presents the interests of other parties in the equity and income of its subsidiaries in accordance with IAS 27, Consolidated Financial Statements and Accounting for Investments in Subsidiaries. Accordingly, a financial instrument classified as an equity instrument by a subsidiary is eliminated on consolidation when held by the parent, or presented by the parent in the consolidated balance sheet as a minority interest separate from the equity of its own shareholders. A financial instrument classified as a financial liability by a subsidiary remains a liability in the parent's consolidated balance sheet unless eliminated on consolidation as an intragroup balance. The accounting treatment by the parent on consolidation does not affect the basis of presentation by the subsidiary in its financial statements.PresentationLiabilities and Equity18. The issuer of a financial instrument should classify the instrument, or its component parts, as a liability or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement on initial recognition and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument. [3]19. The substance of a financial instrument, rather than its legal form, governs its classification on the issuer's balance sheet. While substance and legal form are commonly consistent, this is not always the case. For example, some financial instruments take the legal form of equity but are liabilities in substance and others may combine features associated with equity instruments and features associated with financial liabilities. The classification of an instrument is made on the basis of an assessment of its substance when it is first recognised. That classification continues at each subsequent reporting date until the financial instrument is removed from the enterprise's balance sheet.20. The critical feature in differentiating a financial liability from an equity instrument is the existence of a contractual obligation on one party to the financial instrument (the issuer) either to deliver cash or another financial asset to the other party (the holder) or to exchange another financial instrument with the holder under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the issuer. When such a contractual obligation exists, that instrument meets the definition of a financial liability regardless of the manner in which the contractual obligation will be settled. A restriction on the ability of the issuer to satisfy an obligation, such as lack of access to foreign currency or the need to obtain approval for payment from a regulatory authority, does not negate the issuer's obligation or the holder's right under the instrument.21. When a financial instrument does not give rise to a contractual obligation on the part of the issuer to deliver cash or another financial asset or to exchange another financial instrument under conditions that are potentially unfavourable, it is an equity instrument. Although the holder of an equity instrument may be entitled to receive a pro rata share of any dividends or other distributions out of equity, the issuer does not have a contractual obligation to make such distributions.22. When a preferred share provides for mandatory redemption by the issuer for a fixed or determinable amount at a fixed or determinable future date or gives the holder the right to require the issuer to redeem the share at or after a particular date for a fixed or determinable amount, the instrument meets the definition of a financial liability and is classified as such. A preferred share that does not establish such a contractual obligation explicitly may establish it indirectly through its terms and conditions. For example, a preferred share that does not provide for mandatory redemption or redemption at the option of the holder may have a contractually provided accelerating dividend such that, within the foreseeable future, the dividend yield is scheduled to be so high that the issuer will be economically compelled to redeem the instrument. In these circumstances, classification as a financial liability is appropriate because the issuer has little, if any, discretion to avoid redeeming the instrument. Similarly, if a financial instrument labelled as a share gives the holder an option to require redemption upon the occurrence of a future event that is highly likely to occur, classification as a financial liability on initial recognition reflects the substance of the instrument.Classification of Compound Instruments by the Issuer23. The issuer of a financial instrument that contains both a liability and an equity element should classify the instrument's component parts separately in accordance with paragraph 18.24. This Standard requires the separate presentation on an issuer's balance sheet of liability and equity elements created by a single financial instrument. It is more a matter of form than substance that both liabilities and equity interests are created by a single financial instrument rather than two or more separate instruments. An issuer's financial position is more faithfully represented by separate presentation of liability and equity components contained in a single instrument according to their nature. 25. For purposes of balance sheet presentation, an issuer recognises separately the component parts of a financial instrument that creates a primary financial liability of the issuer and grants an option to the holder of the instrument to convert it into an equity instrument of the issuer. A bond or similar instrument convertible by the holder into common shares of the issuer is an example of such an instrument. From the perspective of the issuer, such an instrument comprises two components: a financial liability (a contractual arrangement to deliver cash or other financial assets) and an equity instrument (a call option granting the holder the right, for a specified period of time, to convert into common shares of the issuer). The economic effect of issuing such an instrument is substantially the same as issuing simultaneously a debtinstrument with an early settlement provision and warrants to purchase common shares, or issuing a debt instrument with detachable share purchase warrants. Accordingly, in all cases, the issuer presents the liability and equity elements separately on its balance sheet.26. Classification of the liability and equity components of a convertible instrument is not revised as a result of a change in the likelihood that a conversion option will be exercised, even when exercise of the option may appear to have become economically advantageous to some holders. Holders may not always act in the manner that might be expected because, for example, the tax consequences resulting from conversion may differ among holders. Furthermore, the likelihood of conversion will change from time to time. The issuer's obligation to make future payments remains outstanding until it is extinguished through conversion, the maturity of the instrument or some other transaction.27. A financial instrument may contain components that are neither financial liabilities nor equity instruments of the issuer. For example, an instrument may give the holder the right to receive a non-financial asset such as a commodity in settlement and an option to exchange that right for shares of the issuer. The issuer recognises and presents the equity instrument (the exchange option) separately from the liability components of the compound instrument, whether the liabilities are financial or non-financial.28. This Standard does not deal with measurement of financial assets, financial liabilities and equity instruments and does not therefore prescribe any particular method for assigning a carrying amount to liability and equity elements contained in a single instrument. Approaches that might be followed include:(a) assigning to the less easily measurable component (often an equity instrument), the residual amount after deducting from the instrument as a whole the amount separately determined for the component that is more easily measurable; and(b) measuring the liability and equity components separately and, to the extent necessary, adjusting these amounts on a pro rata basis so that the sum of the components equals the amount of the instrument as a whole.The sum of the carrying amounts assigned to the liability and equity components on initial recognition is always equal to the carrying amount that would be ascribed to the instrument as a whole. No gain or loss arises from recognising and presenting the components of the instrument separately.29. Under the first approach described in paragraph 28, the issuer of a bond convertible into common shares first determines the carrying amount of the financial liability by discounting the stream of future payments of interest and principal at the prevailing market rate for a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component. The carrying amount of the equity instrument represented by the option to convert the instrument into common shares may then be determined by deducting thecarrying amount of the financial liability from the amount of the compound instrument as a whole. Under the second approach, the issuer determines the value of the option directly either by reference to the fair value of a similar option, if one exists, or by using an option pricing model. The value determined for each component is then adjusted on a pro-rata basis to the extent necessary to ensure that the sum of the carrying amounts assigned to the components equals the amount of the consideration received for the convertible bond.Interest, Dividends, Losses and Gains30. Interest, dividends, losses and gains relating to a financial instrument, or a component part, classified as a financial liability should be reported in the income statement as expense or income. Distributions to holders of a financial instrument classified as an equity instrument should be debited by the issuer directly to equity. 31. The classification of a financial instrument in the balance sheet determines whether interest, dividends, losses and gains relating to that instrument are classified as expenses or income and reported in the income statement. Thus, dividend payments on shares classified as liabilities are classified as expenses in the same way as interest on a bond and reported in the income statement. Similarly, gains and losses associated with redemptions or refinancings of instruments classified as liabilities are reported in the income statement, while redemptions or refinancings of instruments classified as equity of the issuer are reported as movements in equity[4].32. Dividends classified as an expense may be presented in the income statement either with interest on other liabilities or as a separate item. Disclosure of interest and dividends is subject to the requirements of IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, IAS 30, Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions and IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. In some circumstances, because of significant differences between interest and dividends with respect to matters such as tax deductibility, it is desirable to disclose them separately within the income statement. Disclosures of the amounts of tax effects are made in accordance with IAS 12, Income Taxes.Offsetting of a Financial Asset and a Financial Liability33. A financial asset and a financial liability should be offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when an enterprise:(a) has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognised amounts; and(b) intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.34. This standard requires the presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities on a net basis when this reflects an enterprise's expected future cash flows from settling two or more separate financial instruments. When an enterprise has the right toreceive or pay a single net amount and intends to do so, it has, in effect, only a single financial asset or financial liability. In other circumstances, financial assets and financial liabilities are presented separately from each other consistent with their characteristics as resources or obligations of the enterprise.35. Offsetting a recognised financial asset and a recognised financial liability and presenting the net amount differs from ceasing to recognise a financial asset or a financial liability. While offsetting does not give rise to recognition of a gain or a loss, ceasing to recognise a financial instrument not only results in the removal of the previously recognised item from the balance sheet but may also result in recognition of a gain or a loss.36. A right of set-off is a debtor's legal right, by contract or otherwise, to settle or otherwise eliminate all or a portion of an amount due to a creditor by applying against that amount an amount due from the creditor. In unusual circumstances, a debtor may have a legal right to apply an amount due from a third party against the amount due to a creditor provided that there is an agreement among the three parties that clearly establishes the debtor's right of set-off. Since the right of set-off is a legal right, the conditions supporting the right may vary from one legal jurisdiction to another and care must be taken to establish which laws apply to the relationships between the parties.37. The existence of an enforceable right to set off a financial asset and a financial liability affects the rights and obligations associated with a financial asset and a financial liability and may affect significantly an enterprise's exposure to credit and liquidity risk. However, the existence of the right, by itself, is not a sufficient basis for offsetting. In the absence of an intention to exercise the right or to settle simultaneously, the amount and timing of an enterprise's future cash flows are not affected. When an enterprise does intend to exercise the right or to settle simultaneously, presentation of the asset and liability on a net basis reflects more appropriately the amounts and timing of the expected future cash flows, as well as the risks to which those cash flows are exposed. An intention by one or both parties to settle on a net basis without the legal right to do so is not sufficient to justify offsetting since the rights and obligations associated with the individual financial asset and financial liability remain unaltered.38. An enterprise's intentions with respect to settlement of particular assets and liabilities may be influenced by its normal business practices, the requirements of the financial markets and other circumstances that may limit the ability to settle net or to settle simultaneously. When an enterprise has a right of set-off but does not intend to settle net or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously, the effect of the right on the enterprise's credit risk exposure is disclosed in accordance with the standard in paragraph 66.39. Simultaneous settlement of two financial instruments may occur through, for example, the operation of a clearing house in an organised financial market or a face-to-face exchange. In these circumstances the cash flows are, in effect, equivalent to a。

金融工具之金融资产减值研究——基于IASB和FASB有关金融资产减值的联合建议的补充文件

【关键词】金融资产减值ＩＳＦＳ联合建议ＡＢＡＢ
补充文件
准则研究
为应对金融危机的挑战，ＩＳＡＢ启动了对国际财务报
告准则第３９号（Ｆ９ＩＲＳ３：金融工具确认与计量）的专
纳入资产的实际利率）未来信用损失估计的任何后续。对变更将立即计入损益。该方法的基础原理为信用风险是确定资产定价的关键变量，因此未来信用损失的初始估计应作为利息收入确认的组成部分；而信用风险的后续变更并非资产定价的一部分，因此应立即计入损益。许多意见函均认可征求意见稿的建议在概念上的优点，但指出操作上存在困难，并且质疑实施该建议所需的重大成本和工作量相对于财务报告可能作出的改进而
良贷款、购入的贷款、债务证券投资，以及应收款项的减值考虑事项；２计量信用损失的方法；３术语 “ （）（）冲
销（ｒｅｏｆｗｉ — ｆ ”和 “ 良（ｏ — ｅｆｒｎ）ｔ）不ｎｎｐｒｍｉｇ”的定义；（ｏ４）
求意见稿的建议，金融资产的摊余成本将是该资产未来
ＩＳ３的已发生损失减值模型及美国公认会计原Ａ９中
则下的同等要求在金融危机中备受批评，因为其推迟了
损失的确认并且未能包含前瞻眭信息。为回应有关疑虑，ＩＳＡＢ和ＦＳＡＢ分别发布了有关减值的建议。根据ＩＳＡＢ征

ias39

IAS 39 International Accounting Standard 39Financial Instruments:Recognition and MeasurementThis version includes amendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 31 December 2009.IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in March 1999. In November 2000 IASC issued five limited revisions to IAS 39.In March 2000 IASC approved an approach to publishing implementation guidance on IAS 39 in the form of Questions and Answers. Subsequently the IAS 39 Implementation Guidance Committee (IGC), which was established by IASC for that purpose, published a series of Questions and Answers on IAS 39. The guidance was not considered by IASC and did not necessarily represent its views.In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn.In June 2003, the IASB made a limited amendment to IAS 39 when it issued IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards.In December 2003 the IASB issued a revised IAS 39, accompanied by Implementation Guidance replacing that published by the former IGC.Since 2003, the IASB has issued the following amendments to IAS 39:•Fair Value Hedge Accounting for a Portfolio Hedge of Interest Rate Risk (issued March 2004)•Transition and Initial Recognition of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (issued December 2004)•Cash Flow Hedge Accounting of Forecast Intragroup Transactions (issued April 2005)•The Fair Value Option (issued June 2005)•Financial Guarantee Contracts (issued August 2005)•Eligible Hedged Items (issued July 2008)*•Reclassification of Financial Assets(Amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 7) (issued October 2008)†•Reclassification of Financial Assets—Effective Date and Transition(Amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 7) (issued November 2008).†•Embedded Derivatives (Amendments to IFRIC 9 and IAS 39) (issued March 2009)§*effective date 1 July 2009†effective date 1 July 2008§effective date 30 June 2009© IASCF A863IAS 39IAS 39 and its accompanying documents have also been amended by the following IFRSs:•IFRS2Share-based Payment (issued February 2004)•IFRS3Business Combinations (issued March 2004)•IFRS4Insurance Contracts (issued March 2004)•IFRIC5Rights to Interests arising from Decommissioning, Restoration and Environmental Rehabilitation Funds (issued December 2004)•IFRS7Financial Instruments: Disclosures (issued August 2005)•IAS1Presentation of Financial Statements (as revised in September 2007)*•IFRS3Business Combinations (as revised in January 2008)†•IAS27Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (as amended in January 2008)†•Puttable Financial Instruments and Obligations Arising on Liquidation(Amendments to IAS 32 and IAS 1) (issued February 2008)*•Improvements to IFRSs (issued May 2008)*•Improvements to IFRSs (issued April 2009)§•IFRS9Financial Instruments (issued November 2009).øAs well as IFRIC 5, the following Interpretations refer to IAS 39:•SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease (issued December 2001; the Basis for Conclusions has subsequently been amended)•IFRIC2Members’ Shares in Co-operative Entities and Similar Instruments(issued November 2004)•IFRIC9Reassessment of Embedded Derivatives (issued March 2006)•IFRIC10Interim Financial Reporting and Impairment (issued July 2006)•IFRIC12Service Concession Arrangements(issued November 2006 and subsequently amended)•IFRIC16Hedges of a Net Investment in a Foreign Operation (issued July 2008)‡•IFRIC19Extinguishing Financial Liabilities with Equity Instruments(issued November 2009).#*effective date 1 January 2009†effective date 1 July 2009§effective dates 1 January 2009 and 2010øeffective date 1 January 2013 (earlier application permitted)‡effective date 1 October 2008#effective date 1 July 2010 (earlier application permitted)A864© IASCFIAS 39©IASCF A865C ONTENTSparagraphsINTRODUCTIONINTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 39FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS: RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENTOBJECTIVE 1SCOPE 2–7DEFINITIONS8–9EMBEDDED DERIVATIVES10–13RECOGNITION AND DERECOGNITION 14–42Initial recognition14Derecognition of a financial asset15–37Transfers that qualify for derecognition 24–28Transfers that do not qualify for derecognition 29Continuing involvement in transferred assets 30–35All transfers36–37Regular way purchase or sale of a financial asset 38Derecognition of a financial liability 39–42MEASUREMENT43–65Initial measurement of financial liabilities 43–44Subsequent measurement of financial liabilities 47Fair value measurement considerations 48–49Reclassifications 50–54Gains and losses55–57Impairment and uncollectibility of financial assets measured at amortised cost 58–65HEDGING71–102Hedging instruments72–77Qualifying instruments72–73Designation of hedging instruments 74–77Hedged items78–84Qualifying items78–80Designation of financial items as hedged items 81–81ADesignation of non-financial items as hedged items 82Designation of groups of items as hedged items 83–84Hedge accounting85–102Fair value hedges 89–94Cash flow hedges95–101Hedges of a net investment102IAS 39EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION103–108C WITHDRAWAL OF OTHER PRONOUNCEMENTS109–110 APPENDIX A:Application guidanceScope AG1–AG4A Definitions AG4B–AG15 Designation as at fair value through profit or loss AG4B–AG4K Effective interest rate AG5–AG8 Derivatives AG9–AG12A Transaction costs AG13 Financial liabilities held for trading AG14–AG15 Embedded derivatives AG27–AG33B Instruments containing embedded derivatives AG33A–AG33B Recognition and derecognition AG34–AG63 Initial recognition AG34–AG35 Derecognition of a financial asset AG36–AG52 Transfers that qualify for derecognition AG45–AG46 Transfers that do not qualify for derecognition AG47 Continuing involvement in transferred assets AG48 All transfers AG49–AG50 Examples AG51–AG52 Regular way purchase or sale of a financial asset AG53–AG56 Derecognition of a financial liability AG57–AG63 Measurement AG64–AG93 Initial measurement of financial liabilities AG64 Fair value measurement considerations AG69–AG82 Active market: quoted price AG71–AG73 No active market: valuation technique AG74–AG79 No active market: derivatives on unquoted equity instruments AG80–AG81 Inputs to valuation techniques AG82 Gains and losses AG83 Impairment and uncollectibility of financial assets measured at amortised cost AG84–AG93 Interest income after impairment recognition AG93 Hedging AG94–AG132 Hedging instruments AG94–AG97 Qualifying instruments AG94–AG97 Hedged items AG98–AG101 Qualifying items AG98–AG99BA Designation of financial items as hedged items AG99C–AG99F Designation of non-financial items as hedged items AG100A866© IASCFIAS 39Designation of groups of items as hedged items AG101 Hedge accounting AG102–AG132 Assessing hedge effectiveness AG105–AG113 Fair value hedge accounting for a portfolio hedge of interest rate risk AG114–AG132 Transition AG133 APPENDIX B:Amendments to other pronouncementsFOR THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS LISTED BELOW, SEE PART B OF THIS EDITION APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF IAS 39 ISSUED IN DECEMBER 2003APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF AMENDMENTS TO IAS 39:Fair Value Hedge Accounting for a Portfolio Hedge of Interest Rate Risk issued in March 2004 Transition and Initial Recognition of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilitiesissued in December 2004Cash Flow Hedge Accounting of Forecast Intragroup Transactions issued in April 2005The Fair Value Option issued in June 2005Financial Guarantee Contracts (Amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 4) issued in August 2005 Eligible Hedged Items issued in July 2008Reclassification of Financial Assets (Amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 7)issued in October 2008Reclassification of Financial Assets—Effective Date and Transition(Amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 7) issued in November 2008Embedded Derivatives (Amendments to IFRIC 9 and IAS 39) issued in March 2009*BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONSDISSENTING OPINIONSILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLEIMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE*In this edition this document is presented with IFRIC 9.© IASCF A867IAS 39International Accounting Standard 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39) is set out in paragraphs 1–110 and Appendices A and B. All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB. IAS 39 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.A868© IASCFIAS 39 IntroductionThe International Accounting Standards Board has decided to replace IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement over a period of time. The first instalment, dealing with classification and measurement of financial assets, was issued as IFRS 9 Financial Instruments in November 2009. As a consequence, part of IAS 39 is being superseded and will become obsolete for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013. Proposals to replace the requirements on impairment and derecognition have been published and further proposals are expected in 2009 and 2010. The remaining requirements of IAS 39 continue in effect until superseded by future instalments of IFRS 9. The Board aims to have replaced IAS 39 in its entirety by the end of 2010.© IASCF A869IAS 39International Accounting Standard 39Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement Objective1The objective of this Standard is to establish principles for recognising and measuring financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items. Requirements for presenting information about financial instruments are in IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation. Requirements for disclosing information about financial instruments are in IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures.Requirements for classifying and measuring financial assets are in IFRS 9 Financial Instruments.Scope2This Standard shall be applied by all entities to all types of financial instruments except:(a)those interests in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures that areaccounted for under IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements,IAS 28 Investments in Associates or IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures. However,entities shall apply this Standard to an interest in a subsidiary, associate orjoint venture that according to IAS 27, IAS 28 or IAS 31 is accounted forunder this Standard. Entities shall also apply this Standard to derivativeson an interest in a subsidiary, associate or joint venture unless thederivative meets the definition of an equity instrument of the entity inIAS32.(b)rights and obligations under leases to which IAS 17 Leases applies. However:(i)lease receivables recognised by a lessor are subject to thederecognition and impairment provisions of this Standard (seeparagraphs 15–37, 58, 59, 63–65 and Appendix A paragraphs AG36-AG52and AG84–AG93);(ii)finance lease payables recognised by a lessee are subject to the derecognition provisions of this Standard (see paragraphs 39–42 andAppendix A paragraphs AG57–AG63); and(iii)derivatives that are embedded in leases are subject to the embedded derivatives provisions of this Standard (see paragraphs 10–13 andAppendix A paragraphs AG27–AG33).(c)employers’ rights and obligations under employee benefit plans, to whichIAS 19 Employee Benefits applies.(d)financial instruments issued by the entity that meet the definition of anequity instrument in IAS 32 (including options and warrants) or that arerequired to be classified as an equity instrument in accordance withparagraphs 16A and 16B or paragraphs 16C and 16D of IAS 32. However, theholder of such equity instruments shall apply this Standard to thoseinstruments, unless they meet the exception in (a) above.A870© IASCFIAS 39(e)rights and obligations arising under (i) an insurance contract as defined inIFRS 4 Insurance Contracts, other than an issuer’s rights and obligationsarising under an insurance contract that meets the definition of a financialguarantee contract in paragraph 9, or (ii) a contract that is within the scopeof IFRS 4 because it contains a discretionary participation feature.However, this Standard applies to a derivative that is embedded in acontract within the scope of IFRS 4 if the derivative is not itself a contractwithin the scope of IFRS 4 (see paragraphs 10–13 and Appendix Aparagraphs AG27–AG33 of this Standard). Moreover, if an issuer of financialguarantee contracts has previously asserted explicitly that it regards suchcontracts as insurance contracts and has used accounting applicable toinsurance contracts, the issuer may elect to apply either this Standard orIFRS 4 to such financial guarantee contracts (see paragraphs AG4 and AG4A).The issuer may make that election contract by contract, but the election foreach contract is irrevocable.(f)[deleted](g)any forward contract between an acquirer and a selling shareholder to buyor sell an acquiree that will result in a business combination at a futureacquisition date. The term of the forward contract should not exceed areasonable period normally necessary to obtain any required approvals andto complete the transaction.(h)loan commitments other than those loan commitments described inparagraph 4. An issuer of loan commitments shall apply IAS 37 Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets to loan commitments that arenot within the scope of this Standard. However, all loan commitmentsare subject to the derecognition provisions of this Standard (seeparagraphs 15–42 and Appendix A paragraphs AG36–AG63).(i)financial instruments, contracts and obligations under share-basedpayment transactions to which IFRS 2 Share-based Payment applies, exceptfor contracts within the scope of paragraphs 5–7 of this Standard, to whichthis Standard applies.(j)rights to payments to reimburse the entity for expenditure it is required to make to settle a liability that it recognises as a provision in accordance withIAS 37, or for which, in an earlier period, it recognised a provision inaccordance with IAS 37.3[Deleted]4The following loan commitments are within the scope of this Standard:(a)loan commitments that the entity designates as financial liabilities at fairvalue through profit or loss. An entity that has a past practice of selling theassets resulting from its loan commitments shortly after origination shallapply this Standard to all its loan commitments in the same class.(b)loan commitments that can be settled net in cash or by delivering orissuing another financial instrument. These loan commitments arederivatives. A loan commitment is not regarded as settled net merelybecause the loan is paid out in instalments (for example, a mortgage© IASCF A871IAS 39construction loan that is paid out in instalments in line with the progressof construction).(c)commitments to provide a loan at a below-market interest rate.Paragraph 47(d) specifies the subsequent measurement of liabilities arisingfrom these loan commitments.5This Standard shall be applied to those contracts to buy or sell a non-financial item that can be settled net in cash or another financial instrument, or by exchanging financial instruments, as if the contracts were financial instruments, with the exception of contracts that were entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements.6There are various ways in which a contract to buy or sell a non-financial item can be settled net in cash or another financial instrument or by exchanging financial instruments. These include:(a)when the terms of the contract permit either party to settle it net in cash oranother financial instrument or by exchanging financial instruments;(b)when the ability to settle net in cash or another financial instrument, or byexchanging financial instruments, is not explicit in the terms of thecontract, but the entity has a practice of settling similar contracts net incash or another financial instrument or by exchanging financialinstruments (whether with the counterparty, by entering into offsettingcontracts or by selling the contract before its exercise or lapse);(c)when, for similar contracts, the entity has a practice of taking delivery ofthe underlying and selling it within a short period after delivery for thepurpose of generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price ordealer’s margin; and(d)when the non-financial item that is the subject of the contract is readilyconvertible to cash.A contract to which (b) or (c) applies is not entered into for the purpose of thereceipt or delivery of the non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements and, accordingly, is within the scope of this Standard. Other contracts to which paragraph 5 applies are evaluated to determine whether they were entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of the non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements and, accordingly, whether they are within the scope of this Standard.7 A written option to buy or sell a non-financial item that can be settled net in cashor another financial instrument, or by exchanging financial instruments, in accordance with paragraph 6(a) or (d) is within the scope of this Standard. Such a contract cannot be entered into for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of the non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements.A872© IASCFIAS 39 Definitions8The terms defined in IAS32 are used in this Standard with the meanings specified in paragraph 11 of IAS 32. IAS 32 defines the following terms:•financial instrument•financial asset•financial liability•equity instrumentand provides guidance on applying those definitions.9The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified: Definition of a derivativeA derivative is a financial instrument or other contract within the scope of thisStandard (see paragraphs 2–7) with all three of the following characteristics:(a)its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate,financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, indexof prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable, provided inthe case of a non-financial variable that the variable is not specific to aparty to the contract (sometimes called the ‘underlying’);(b)it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that issmaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would beexpected to have a similar response to changes in market factors; and(c)it is settled at a future date.Definitions of categories of financial instrumentsA financial asset or financial liability is held for trading if:(a)it is acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling orrepurchasing it in the near term;(b)on initial recognition it is part of a portfolio of identified financialinstruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of arecent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking; or(c)it is a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guaranteecontract or a designated and effective hedging instrument).A financial liability at fair value through profit or loss is a financial liability that meetseither of the following conditions.(a)It meets the definition of held for trading.(b)Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair valuethrough profit or loss. An entity may use this designation only whenpermitted by paragraph 11A, or when doing so results in more relevantinformation, because either© IASCF A873IAS 39(i)it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognitioninconsistency (sometimes referred to as ‘an accounting mismatch’)that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities orrecognising the gains and losses on them on different bases; or(ii) a group of financial liabilities or financial assets and financial liabilities is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair valuebasis, in accordance with a documented risk management orinvestment strategy, and information about the group is providedinternally on that basis to the entity’s key management personnel(as defined in IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures (as revised in 2009)), forexample the entity’s board of directors and chief executive officer.In IFRS 7, paragraphs 10 and 11 require the entity to provide disclosuresabout financial liabilities it has designated as at fair value through profit orloss, including how it has satisfied these conditions (see paragraphs B4 andB5 of IFRS 7). For instruments qualifying in accordance with (ii) above, thatdisclosure includes a narrative description of how designation as at fairvalue through profit or loss is consistent with the entity’s documented riskmanagement or investment strategy.It should be noted that paragraphs 48, 48A, 49 and Appendix A paragraphsAG69–AG82, which set out requirements for determining a reliable measureof the fair value of a financial liability, apply equally to all items that aremeasured at fair value, whether by designation or otherwise, or whose fairvalue is disclosed.Definition of a financial guarantee contractA financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer to makespecified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.Definitions relating to recognition and measurementThe amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability is the amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition minus principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortisation using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount, and minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility.The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses. The calculation includes all fees andA874© IASCFIAS 39points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate (see IAS 18 Revenue), transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts. There is a presumption that the cash flows and the expected life of a group of similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably.However, in those rare cases when it is not possible to estimate reliably the cash flows or the expected life of a financial instrument (or group of financial instruments), the entity shall use the contractual cash flows over the full contractual term of the financial instrument (or group of financial instruments).Derecognition is the removal of a previously recognised financial asset or financial liability from an entity’s statement of financial position.Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.*A regular way purchase or sale is a purchase or sale of a financial asset under acontract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned.Transaction costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, issue or disposal of a financial asset or financial liability (see Appendix A paragraph AG13). An incremental cost is one that would not have been incurred if the entity had not acquired, issued or disposed of the financial instrument.Definitions relating to hedge accountingA firm commitment is a binding agreement for the exchange of a specified quantityof resources at a specified price on a specified future date or dates.A forecast transaction is an uncommitted but anticipated future transaction.A hedging instrument is a designated derivative or (for a hedge of the risk ofchanges in foreign currency exchange rates only) a designated non-derivative financial asset or non-derivative financial liability whose fair value or cash flows are expected to offset changes in the fair value or cash flows of a designated hedged item (paragraphs 72–77 and Appendix A paragraphs AG94–AG97 elaborate on the definition of a hedging instrument).A hedged item is an asset, liability, firm commitment, highly probable forecasttransaction or net investment in a foreign operation that (a) exposes the entity to risk of changes in fair value or future cash flows and (b) is designated as being hedged (paragraphs 78–84 and Appendix A paragraphs AG98–AG101 elaborate on the definition of hedged items).Hedge effectiveness is the degree to which changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item that are attributable to a hedged risk are offset by changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument (see Appendix A paragraphs AG105–AG113).*Paragraphs 48–49 and AG69–AG82 of Appendix A contain requirements for determining the fair value of a financial asset or financial liability.© IASCF A875IAS 39Embedded derivatives10An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid (combined) contract that also includes a non-derivative host contract—with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined contract vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative.An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contract to be modified according to a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable, provided in the case of a non-financial variable that the variable is not specific to a party to the contract. A derivative that is attached to a financial instrument but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument, or has a different counterparty from that instrument, is not an embedded derivative, but a separate financial instrument.11An embedded derivative shall be separated from the host contract and accounted for as a derivative under this Standard if, and only if:(a)the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are notclosely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the hostcontract (see Appendix A paragraphs AG30 and AG33);(b) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivativewould meet the definition of a derivative;(c)the hybrid (combined) contract is not measured at fair value with changesin fair value recognised in profit or loss (ie a derivative that is embedded ina financial liability at fair value through profit or loss is not separated); and(d)the host is outside the scope of IFRS 9.If an embedded derivative is separated, the host contract shall be accounted for in accordance with the appropriate IFRSs. This Standard does not address whether an embedded derivative shall be presented separately in the statement of financial position.11A Notwithstanding paragraph 11, if a contract contains one or more embedded derivatives and the host is outside the scope of IFRS 9, an entity may designate the entire hybrid (combined) contract as a financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss unless:(a)the embedded derivative(s) does not significantly modify the cash flowsthat otherwise would be required by the contract; or(b)it is clear with little or no analysis when a similar hybrid (combined)instrument is first considered that separation of the embedded derivative(s)is prohibited, such as a prepayment option embedded in a loan thatpermits the holder to prepay the loan for approximately its amortised cost.12If an entity is required by this Standard to separate an embedded derivative from its host contract, but is unable to measure the embedded derivative separately either at acquisition or at the end of a subsequent financial reporting period, it shall designate the entire hybrid (combined) contract as at fair value through profit or loss. Similarly, if an entity is unable to measure separately theA876© IASCF。

国际会计准则ias中文版

国际会计准则2003年9月19日国际会计准则(IAS)目录Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (3)Preface ...................................................................... .............................................................................. . (24)Procedure and Objective of IASB ......................................................................... (27)IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements.................................................................... (33)IAS 2: Inventories................................................................... .............................................................................. .55IAS 7: Cash Flow Statements ................................................................... (62)IAS 8: Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies (73)IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date.......................................................................... (82)IAS 11: Construction Contracts .................................................................... .. (93)IAS 12: Income Taxes ........................................................................ (101)IAS 14: Segment Reporting .................................................................... (134)IAS 15: Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices (1)50IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment..................................................................... . (155)IAS 17: Leases........................................................................ (169)IAS 18: Revenue ...................................................................... . (18)IAS 19: Employee Benefits...................................................................... (188)IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance (227)IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates ........................................................................ . (233)IAS 22: Business Combinations.................................................................. .. (244)IAS 23: Borrowing Costs ........................................................................ (270)IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures .................................................................. . (275)IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans (280)IAS 27: Consolidated Financial Statements ................................................................... (288)IAS 28: Investments in Associates ................................................................... . (294)IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies .................................................................... . (301)IAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions (308)IAS 31: Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures ..................................................................... (319)IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation.................................................................. (328)IAS 33: Earnings per Share ........................................................................ .. (351)IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting..................................................................... (365)IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations ................................................................... (376)IAS 36: Impairment of Assets........................................................................ .. (385)IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (410)IAS 38: Intangible Assets ....................................................................... . (426)IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement................................................................... (452)IAS 40: InvestmentProperty...................................................................... .. (504)IAS 41: Agriculture .................................................................. (520)Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial StatementsFramework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements架The IASB Framework is a conceptual accounting framework that sets out the concepts that underlie thepreparation and presentation of financial statements for external users. It was approved in 1989. The IASBFramework assists the IASB:.in the development of future International Accounting Standards and in its review of existingInternational Accounting Standards; and.in promoting the harmonisation of regulations, accounting standards and procedures relating to thepresentation of financial statements by providing a basis for reducing the number of alternativeaccounting treatments permitted by International Accounting Standards.In addition, the Framework may assist:.preparers of financial statements in applying International Accounting Standards and in dealing withtopics that have yet to form the subject of an International Accounting Standard;.auditors in forming an opinion as to whether financial statements conform with InternationalAccounting Standards;.users of financial statements in interpreting the information contained in financial statements preparedin conformity with International Accounting Standards; and.those who are interested in the work of IASB, providing them with information about its approach to theformulation of accounting standards.The Framework is not an International Accounting Standard and does not define standards for any particularmeasurement or disclosure issue.In a limited number of cases there may be a conflict between the Framework and a requirement within anInternational Accounting Standard. In those cases where there is a conflict, the requirements of the InternationalAccounting Standard prevail over those of the Framework.世界上许多企业都编制并且向外部使用者呈报财务报表。

ACCA-P2知识要点汇总

P2. Financial ReportingIAS 1 Presentation of financial statementsIAS 2 InventoriesIAS 7 Statements of cash flowsIAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors IAS 10 √ Events after the reporting periodIAS 11 √ Construction contractsIAS 12 ★★ Income taxesIAS 16 √ Property, plant and equipmentIAS 17 √ LeasesIAS 18 RevenueIAS 19 ★★★ Employee benefitsIAS 20 Accounting for government grants and disclosure of government assistanceIAS 21 ★★★ The effects of changes in foreign exchange ratesIAS 23 Borrowing costsIAS 24 √ Related party disclosuresIAS 27 Separate financial statementsIAS 28 Investments in associatesIAS 31 Interests in joint venturesIAS 32 Financial instruments: presentationIAS 33 Earnings per shareIAS 34 Interim financial reportingIAS 36 √ Impairment of assetsIAS 37 ★★★ Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assetsIAS 38 √ Intangible assetsIAS 39 Financial instruments: recognition and measurementIAS 40 √ Investment propertyIAS 41 √ AgricultureIFRS 2 ★★★ Share‐based paymentIFRS 3 ★ Business combinationsIFRS 5 ★★★ Non‐current assets held for sale and discontinued operations IFRS 7 Financial instruments: disclosuresIFRS 8 ★★★ Operating segmentsIFRS 9 ★★ Financial InstrumentsIFRS 10 ★ Consolidated financial statementsIFRS 11 ★★★ Joint arrangementsIFRS 13 ★★★ Fair value measurementIFRS 15 ★★★ Revenue from contracts with customersIFRS 16 √ Leases不考or非重点：IAS 26 * Accounting and reporting by retirement benefit plans IAS 29 * Financial reporting in hyperinflationary economiesIAS 30 * Disclosure in the financial statements of banks and similar financial institutions (not examinable)IFRS 1* First time adoption of International Financial Reporting StandardsIFRS 4 * Insurance contractsIFRS 6 * Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resourcesIFRS 12* Disclosures of interests in other entitiesIFRS 14* Regulatory deferral accountsPart 1.The IASB’s Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting1.财报的目的：The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity. Those decisions involve buying, selling or holding equity and debt instruments, and providing or settling loans and other forms of credit.2.财报提供的信息：General purpose financial reports do not and cannot provide all of the information，需要结合其他信息，譬如整个经济环境和预期，政治风向和事件，行业及公司展望等。

34 IAS_32

International Financial ReportingStandards (IFRSs ™) 2004including International Accounting Standards (IASs ™) and Interpretations asat 31 March 2004The IASB, the IASCF, the authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility for loss caused to any person who acts or refrains from acting in reliance on the material in this publication, whether such loss is caused by negligence or otherwise.Copyright © 2004 International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF). International Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting Standards,Interpretations, Exposure Drafts, and other IASB publications are copyright of the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF). The approved text of International Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting Standards and Interpretations is that published by the IASB in the English language and copies may be obtained from IASB. Please address publications and copyright matters to:IASCF Publications Department, 30 Cannon Street, London EC4M 6XH, United Kingdom.Telephone:+44 (0)20 7332 2730Fax: +44 (0)20 7332 7249Email:publications@ Internet:All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form either in whole or in part or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from thee IFRS”, “IAS”, “IASB”, “IASC”, “IASCF”, “IASs”,“IFRIC”, “IFRS”, “IFRSs”, “International Accounting Standards”, “International Financial Reporting Standards” and “SIC” are Trade Marks of the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation.IASCFDigitally signed by IASCFDN: CN = IASCF, C = GB, O = IASC FoundationReason: I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this documentLocation: London, United Kingdom Date: 2004.06.03 16:12:13 +01'00'International Accounting Standard32Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation This version includes amendments resulting from new and amended IFRSs issued up to 31March 2004.The section “Changes in this Edition” at the front of this volume provides the application dates of these new and amended IFRSs and also identifies those current IFRSs that are not included in this volume.IAS 32Contentsparagraphs INTRODUCTION IN1-IN21 Reasons for Revising IAS32IN1-IN3 The Main Changes IN4-IN19 Withdrawal of Other Pronouncements IN20International Accounting Standard 32Financial Instruments: Disclosure and PresentationOBJECTIVE1-3 SCOPE4-10 DEFINITIONS 11-14 PRESENTATION15-50 Liabilities and Equity15-27 No Contractual Obligation to Deliver Cash or Another Financial Asset 17-20 Settlement in the Entity’s Own Equity Instruments21-24 Contingent Settlement Provisions25 Settlement Options26-27 Compound Financial Instruments 28-32 Treasury Shares 33-34 Interest, Dividends, Losses and Gains 35-41 Offsetting a Financial Asset and a Financial Liability42-50 DISCLOSURE51-59 Format, Location and Classes of Financial Instruments53-55 Risk Management Policies and Hedging Activities56-59 Terms, Conditions and Accounting Policies60-66 Interest Rate Risk 67-75 Credit Risk 76-85 Fair Value86-93 Other Disclosures94-95 EFFECTIVE DATE96-97 WITHDRAWAL OF OTHER PRONOUNCEMENTS98-100 APPENDIX: APPLICATION GUIDANCEDefinitions AG3-AG24 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities AG3-AG12continued... 1190© IASCFIAS 32Equity Instruments AG13-AG14 Derivative Financial Instruments AG15-AG19 Contracts to Buy or Sell Non-Financial Items AG20-AG24 Presentation AG25-AG39 Liabilities and Equity AG25-AG29 No Contractual Obligation to Deliver Cash or Another Financial Asset AG25-AG26 Settlement in the Entity’s Own Equity Instruments AG27 Contingent Settlement Provisions AG28 Treatment in Consolidated Financial Statements AG29 Compound Financial Instruments AG30-AG35 Treasury Shares AG36 Interest, Dividends, Losses and Gains AG37 Offsetting a Financial Asset and a Financial Liability AG38-AG39 Disclosure AG40 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities at Fair Value ThroughProfit or Loss AG40 Approval of IAS32 by the BoardBasis for ConclusionsDEFINITIONS BC4 Financial Asset, Financial Liability and Equity Instrument BC4 PRESENTATION BC5-BC33 Liabilities and Equity BC5-BC6 No Contractual Obligation to Deliver Cash or Another Financial Asset BC7-BC21 Puttable Instruments BC7-BC8 Implicit Obligations BC9 Settlement in the Entity’s Own Equity Instruments BC10-BC15 Contingent Settlement Provisions BC16-BC19 Settlement Options BC20 Alternative Approaches Considered BC21 Compound Financial Instruments BC22-BC31 Treasury Shares BC32 Interest, Dividends, Losses and Gains BC33 DISCLOSURE BC34-BC48 Interest Rate Risk and Credit Risk BC34continued...© IASCF1191IAS 32Fair Value BC35-BC36 Financial Assets Carried at an Amount in Excess of Fair Value BC37 Other Disclosures BC38-BC48 Derecognition BC38 Multiple Embedded Derivative Features BC39-BC42 Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities at Fair Value Through Profitor Loss BC43-BC47 Defaults and Breaches BC48 SUMMARY OF CHANGES FROM THE EXPOSURE DRAFT BC49Dissenting Opinion DO1-DO3 Illustrative ExamplesACCOUNTING FOR CONTRACTS ON EQUITY INSTRUMENTSOF AN ENTITY IE1-IE31 Example 1: Forward to buy shares IE2-IE6 Example 2: Forward to sell shares IE7-IE11 Example 3: Purchased call option on shares IE12-IE16 Example 4: Written call option on shares IE17-IE21 Example 5: Purchased put option on shares IE22-IE26 Example 6: Written put option on shares IE27-IE31 ENTITIES SUCH AS MUTUAL FUNDS AND CO-OPERATIVESWHOSE SHARE CAPITAL IS NOT EQUITY AS DEFINED IN IAS32IE32-IE33 Example 7: Entities with no equity IE32 Example 8: Entities with some equity IE33 ACCOUNTING FOR COMPOUND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IE34-IE50 Example 9: Separation of a compound financial instrument on initialrecognition IE34-IE36 Example 10: Separation of a compound financial instrument withmultiple embedded derivative features IE37-IE38 Example 11: Repurchase of a convertible instrument IE39-IE46 Example 12: Amendment of the terms of a convertible instrument toinduce early conversion IE47-IE50 Table of Concordance1192© IASCFIAS 32 International Accounting Standard 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation (IAS32) is set out in paragraphs1-100 and the Appendix. All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB. IAS32 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.© IASCF1193IAS 32IntroductionReasons for Revising IAS32IN1.International Accounting Standard 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation (IAS32) replaces IAS32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation (revised in 2000), and should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is permitted. The Standard also replaces the following Interpretations and draft Interpretation:•SIC-5 Classification of Financial Instruments—Contingent Settlement Provisions;•SIC-16 Share Capital—Reacquired Own Equity Instruments (Treasury Shares);•SIC-17 Equity—Costs of an Equity Transaction; and•draft SIC-D34Financial Instruments—Instruments or Rights Redeemable by the Holder.IN2.The International Accounting Standards Board developed this revised IAS32 as part of its project to improve IAS32 and IAS39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. The objective of the project was to reduce complexity by clarifying and adding guidance, eliminating internal inconsistencies and incorporating into the Standards elements of Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC) Interpretations and IAS 39 implementation guidance published by the Implementation Guidance Committee (IGC).IN3.For IAS32, the Board’s main objective was a limited revision to provide additional guidance on selected matters—such as the measurement of the components of a compound financial instrument on initial recognition, and the classification of derivatives based on an entity’s own shares—and to locate all disclosures relating to financial instruments in one Standard. The Board did not reconsider the fundamental approach to the presentation and disclosure of financial instruments contained in IAS32.The Main ChangesIN4.The main changes from the previous version of IAS32 are described below. ScopeIN5.The scope of IAS32 has, where appropriate, been conformed to the scope of IAS39.PrincipleIN6.In summary, when an issuer determines whether a financial instrument is a financial liability or an equity instrument, the instrument is an equity instrument if, and only if, both conditions (a) and (b) are met.1194© IASCFIAS 32(a)The instrument includes no contractual obligation:(i)to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity; or(ii)to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the issuer.(b)If the instrument will or may be settled in the issuer’s own equity instruments,it is:(i) a non-derivative that includes no contractual obligation for the issuer todeliver a variable number of its own equity instruments; or(ii) a derivative that will be settled by the issuer exchanging a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of its own equityinstruments. For this purpose, the issuer’s own equity instruments do notinclude instruments that are themselves contracts for the future receipt ordelivery of the issuer’s own equity instruments.IN7.In addition, when an issuer has an obligation to purchase its own shares for cash or another financial asset, there is a liability for the amount that the issuer is obliged to pay. IN8.The definitions of a financial asset and a financial liability, and the description of an equity instrument, are amended consistently with this principle.Classification of Contracts Settled in an Entity’s Own Equity InstrumentsIN9.The classification of derivative and non-derivative contracts indexed to, or settled in, an entity’s own equity instruments has been clarified consistently with the principle in paragraph IN6 above. In particular, when an entity uses its own equity instruments ‘as currency’ in a contract to receive or deliver a variable number of shares whose value equals a fixed amount or an amount based on changes in an underlying variable (eg a commodity price), the contract is not an equity instrument, but is a financial asset or a financial liability.Puttable InstrumentsIN10.IAS32 incorporates the guidance previously proposed in draft SIC Interpretation 34 Financial Instruments—Instruments or Rights Redeemable by the Holder.Consequently, a financial instrument that gives the holder the right to put the instrument back to the issuer for cash or another financial asset (a ‘puttable instrument’) is a financial liability of the issuer. In response to comments received on the Exposure Draft, the Standard provides additional guidance and illustrative examples for entities that, because of this requirement, have no equity or whose share capital is not equity as defined in IAS32.Contingent Settlement ProvisionsIN11.IAS32 incorporates the conclusion previously in SIC-5 Classification of Financial Instruments—Contingent Settlement Provisions that a financial instrument is a financial liability when the manner of settlement depends on the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events or on the outcome of uncertain circumstances that are beyond the control of both the issuer and the holder.Contingent settlement provisions are ignored when they apply only in the event of liquidation of the issuer or are not genuine.© IASCF1195IAS 32Settlement OptionsIN12.Under IAS32, a derivative financial instrument is a financial asset or a financial liability when it gives one of the parties to it a choice of how it is settled unless all of the settlement alternatives would result in it being an equity instrument. Measurement of the Components of a Compound Financial Instrument on Initial RecognitionIN13.The revisions eliminate the option previously in IAS32 to measure the liability component of a compound financial instrument on initial recognition either as a residual amount after separating the equity component, or by using a relative-fair-value method. Thus, any asset and liability components are separated first and the residual is the amount of any equity component. These requirements for separating the liability and equity components of a compound financial instrument are conformed to both the definition of an equity instrument as a residual and the measurement requirements in IAS39.Treasury SharesIN14.IAS32 incorporates the conclusion previously in SIC-16 Share Capital—Reacquired Own Equity Instruments (Treasury Shares) that the acquisition or subsequent resale by an entity of its own equity instruments does not result in a gain or loss for the entity. Rather it represents a transfer between those holders of equity instruments who have given up their equity interest and those who continue to hold an equity instrument.Interest, Dividends, Losses and GainsIN15.IAS32 incorporates the guidance previously in SIC-17 Equity—Costs of an Equity Transaction. Transaction costs incurred as a necessary part of completing an equity transaction are accounted for as part of that transaction and are deducted from equity.DisclosureIN16.The limited exemption in IAS32 from the requirement to disclose fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities has been conformed to the exemption in IAS39 from the requirement to measure at fair value some investments in unquoted equity instruments and derivatives linked to such equity instruments.IN17.Disclosure requirements have been added for the following:(a)information about the use of valuation techniques, including the sensitivities offair value estimates to significant valuation assumptions;(b)information about assets retained in transactions that do not qualify forderecognition in their entirety;(c)the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities that areclassified as held for trading and those designated by the entity upon initialrecognition as financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value throughprofit or loss;1196© IASCFIAS 32(d)the amount of the change in fair value of a financial liability designated as atfair value through profit or loss that is not attributable to changes in abenchmark interest rate;(e)the existence of, and specified information about, issued compound financialinstruments with multiple embedded derivative features that haveinterdependent values; and(f)information about any defaults by the entity on loans payable and otherbreaches of loan agreements.IN18.The requirement to disclose separate information about financial assets carried at an amount in excess of fair value has been eliminated because it is redundant. This is because IAS32 requires the disclosure of fair value information to be given in a way that permits comparison with financial assets’ carrying amounts.IN19.Disclosure requirements previously in IAS39 have been moved to IAS32. Withdrawal of Other PronouncementsIN20.As a consequence of the revisions to this Standard, the Board withdrew the three Interpretations and one draft Interpretation of the former Standing Interpretations Committee noted in paragraph IN1.Potential Impact of Proposals in Exposure DraftsIN21.[Deleted]© IASCF1197International Accounting Standard 32Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation Objective1.The objective of this Standard is to enhance financial statement users’understanding of the significance of financial instruments to an entity’s financial position, performance and cash flows.2.This Standard contains requirements for the presentation of financial instrumentsand identifies the information that should be disclosed about them. The presentation requirements apply to the classification of financial instruments, from the perspective of the issuer, into financial assets, financial liabilities and equity instruments; the classification of related interest, dividends, losses and gains;and the circumstances in which financial assets and financial liabilities should be offset. The Standard requires disclosure of information about factors that affect the amount, timing and certainty of an entity’s future cash flows relating to financial instruments and the accounting policies applied to those instruments. This Standard also requires disclosure of information about the nature and extent of an entity’s use of financial instruments, the business purposes they serve, the risks associated with them, and management’s policies for controlling those risks.3.The principles in this Standard complement the principles for recognising andmeasuring financial assets and financial liabilities in IAS39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement.Scope4.This Standard shall be applied by all entities to all types of financial instrumentsexcept:(a)those interests in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures that areaccounted for under IAS27 Consolidated and Separate FinancialStatements, IAS28 Investments in Associates or IAS31 Interests in JointVentures. However, entities shall apply this Standard to an interest in asubsidiary, associate or joint venture that according to IAS27, IAS28 orIAS31 is accounted for under IAS39 Financial Instruments: Recognitionand Measurement. In these cases, entities shall apply the disclosurerequirements in IAS27, IAS28 and IAS31 in addition to those in thisStandard. Entities shall also apply this Standard to all derivatives oninterests in subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures.(b)employers’ rights and obligations under employee benefit plans, to whichIAS19 Employee Benefits applies.(c)contracts for contingent consideration in a business combination(see IFRS3 Business Combinations). This exemption applies only to theacquirer.1198© IASCF(d)insurance contracts as defined in IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. However,this Standard applies to derivatives that are embedded in insurance contractsif IAS 39 requires the entity to account for them separately.(e)financial instruments that are within the scope of IFRS4 because theycontain a discretionary participation feature. The issuer of theseinstruments is exempt from applying to these features paragraphs 15-32 andAG25-AG35 of this Standard regarding the distinction between financialliabilities and equity instruments. However, these instruments are subject toall other requirements of this Standard. Furthermore, this Standard appliesto derivatives that are embedded in these instruments (see IAS 39).(f) financial instruments, contracts and obligations under share-based paymenttransactions to which IFRS 2 Share-based Payment applies, except for(i)contracts within the scope of paragraphs 8-10 of this Standard,to which this Standard applies,(ii)paragraphs 33 and 34 of this Standard, which shall be applied to treasury shares purchased, sold, issued or cancelled in connection withemployee share option plans, employee share purchase plans, and allother share-based payment arrangements.5.This Standard applies to recognised and unrecognised financial instruments.Recognised financial instruments include equity instruments issued by the entity and financial assets and financial liabilities that are within the scope of IAS39.Unrecognised financial instruments include some financial instruments that, although outside the scope of IAS39, are within the scope of this Standard (such as some loan commitments).6.[Deleted]7.Other Standards specific to particular types of financial instrument containadditional presentation and disclosure requirements. For example, IAS17 Leases and IAS26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans incorporate specific disclosure requirements relating to finance leases and retirement benefit plan investments, respectively. In addition, some requirements of other Standards, particularly IAS30 Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions, apply to financial instruments.8.This Standard shall be applied to those contracts to buy or sell a non-financialitem that can be settled net in cash or another financial instrument, or by exchanging financial instruments, as if the contracts were financial instruments, with the exception of contracts that were entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements.9.There are various ways in which a contract to buy or sell a non-financial item can besettled net in cash or another financial instrument or by exchanging financial instruments. These include:© IASCF1199(a)when the terms of the contract permit either party to settle it net in cash oranother financial instrument or by exchanging financial instruments;(b)when the ability to settle net in cash or another financial instrument, or byexchanging financial instruments, is not explicit in the terms of the contract,but the entity has a practice of settling similar contracts net in cash or anotherfinancial instrument, or by exchanging financial instruments (whether with thecounterparty, by entering into offsetting contracts or by selling the contractbefore its exercise or lapse);(c)when, for similar contracts, the entity has a practice of taking delivery of theunderlying and selling it within a short period after delivery for the purpose ofgenerating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price or dealer’s margin;and(d)when the non-financial item that is the subject of the contract is readilyconvertible to cash.A contract to which (b) or (c) applies is not entered into for the purpose of thereceipt or delivery of the non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements, and, accordingly, is within the scope of this Standard. Other contracts to which paragraph 8 applies are evaluated to determine whether they were entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of the non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirement, and accordingly, whether they are within the scope of this Standard.10. A written option to buy or sell a non-financial item that can be settled net in cash oranother financial instrument, or by exchanging financial instruments, in accordance with paragraph9(a) or (d) is within the scope of this Standard. Such a contract cannot be entered into for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of the non-financial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements. Definitions (see also paragraphs AG3-AG24)11.The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of oneentity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.A financial asset is any asset that is:(a)cash;(b)an equity instrument of another entity;(c) a contractual right:(i)to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity; or(ii)to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially favourable to the entity; or1200© IASCF(d) a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instrumentsand is:(i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive avariable number of the entity’s own equity instruments; or(ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number ofthe entity’s own equity instruments. For this purpose the entity’s ownequity instruments do not include instruments that are themselvescontracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entity’s own equityinstruments.A financial liability is any liability that is:(a) a contractual obligation:(i)to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity; or(ii)to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entity; or(b) a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instrumentsand is:(i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver avariable number of the entity’s own equity instruments; or(ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number ofthe entity’s own equity instruments. For this purpose the entity’s ownequity instruments do not include instruments that are themselvescontracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entity’s own equityinstruments.An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. 12.The following terms are defined in paragraph 9 of IAS39 and are used in thisStandard with the meaning specified in IAS39.•amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability•available-for-sale financial assets•derecognition•derivative•effective interest method•financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss•firm commitment•forecast transaction•hedge effectiveness© IASCF1201•hedged item•hedging instrument•held-to-maturity investments•loans and receivables•regular way purchase or sale•transaction costs.13.In this Standard, ‘contract’ and ‘contractual’ refer to an agreement between two ormore parties that has clear economic consequences that the parties have little, if any, discretion to avoid, usually because the agreement is enforceable by law. Contracts, and thus financial instruments, may take a variety of forms and need not be in writing.14.In this Standard, ‘entity’ includes individuals, partnerships, incorporated bodies,trusts and government agencies.PresentationLiabilities and Equity (see also paragraphs AG25-AG29)15.The issuer of a financial instrument shall classify the instrument, or itscomponent parts, on initial recognition as a financial liability, a financial asset or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement and the definitions of a financial liability, a financial asset and an equity instrument.16.When an issuer applies the definitions in paragraph 11 to determine whether a financialinstrument is an equity instrument rather than a financial liability, the instrument is an equity instrument if, and only if, both conditions (a) and (b) below are met.(a)The instrument includes no contractual obligation:(i)to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity; or(ii)to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the issuer.(b)If the instrument will or may be settled in the issuer’s own equity instruments,it is:(i) a non-derivative that includes no contractual obligation for the issuer todeliver a variable number of its own equity instruments; or(ii) a derivative that will be settled only by the issuer exchanging a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of its ownequity instruments. For this purpose the issuer’s own equity instrumentsdo not include instruments that are themselves contracts for the futurereceipt or delivery of the issuer’s own equity instruments.A contractual obligation, including one arising from a derivative financialinstrument, that will or may result in the future receipt or delivery of the issuer’s own equity instruments, but does not meet conditions (a) and (b) above, is not an equity instrument.1202© IASCF。

ias2

IAS 2
International Accounting Standard 2
Inventories
In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) adopted IAS 2 Inventories, which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in December 1993. IAS 2 Inventories replaced IAS 2 Valuation and Presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System (issued in October 1975). In December 2003 the IASB issued a revised IAS 2 as part of its initial agenda of technical projects. The revised IAS 2 also incorporated the guidance contained in a related Interpretation (SIC-1 Consistency—Different Cost Formulas for Inventories). Other IFRSs have made minor consequential amendments to IAS 2. They include IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (issued November 2009 and October 2010), IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement (issued May 2011) and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Hedge Accounting and amendments to IFRS 9, IFRS 7 and IAS 39) (issued November 2013).

IAS_1_Presentation_of_financial_statement

IAS 1 (2007) Presentation of Financial Statements Key notes for SOCI and SOFSStatement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)An entity must normally present a classified statement of financial position, separating current and noncurrent assets and liabilities. Only if a presentation based on liquidity provides information that is reliable and more relevant may the current/noncurrent split be omitted. [IAS 1.60] In either case, if an asset (liability) category combines amounts that will be received (settled) after 12 months with assets (liabilities) that will be received (settled) within 12 months, note disclosure is required that separates the longer-term amounts from the 12-month amounts. [IAS 1.61]Current assets are cash; cash equivalent; assets held for collection, sale, or consumption within the entity's normal operating cycle; or assets held for trading within the next 12 months. All other assets are noncurrent. [IAS 1.66]Current liabilities are those to be settled within the entity's normal operating cycle or due within 12 months, or those held for trading, or those for which the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer payment beyond 12 months. Other liabilities are noncurrent. [IAS 1.69]When a long-term debt is expected to be refinanced under an existing loan facility and the entity has the discretion the debt is classified as non-current, even if due within 12 months. [IAS 1.73]If a liability has become payable on demand because an entity has breached an undertaking under a long-term loan agreement on or before the reporting date, the liability is current, even if the lender has agreed, after the reporting date and before the authorisation of the financial statements for issue, not to demand payment as a consequence of the breach. [IAS 1.74] However, the liability is classified as non-current if the lender agreed by the reporting date to provide a period of grace ending at least 12 months after the end of the reporting period, within which the entity can rectify the breach and during which the lender cannot demand immediate repayment. [IAS 1.75] Minimum items on the face of the statement of financial position [IAS 1.54] •(a) property, plant and equipment•(b) investment property•(c) intangible assets•(d) financial assets (excluding amounts shown under (e), (h), and (i))•(e) investments accounted for using the equity method•(f) biological assets•(g) inventories•(h) trade and other receivables•(i) cash and cash equivalents•(j) assets held for sale•(k) trade and other payables•(l) provisions•(m) financial liabilities (excluding amounts shown under (k) and (l))•(n) liabilities and assets for current tax, as defined in IAS 12•(o) deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, as defined in IAS 12•(p) liabilities included in disposal groups•(q) non-controlling interests , presented within equity and•(r) issued capital and reserves attributable to owners of the parentAdditional line items may be needed to fairly present the entity's financial position. [IAS 1.54]IAS 1 does not prescribe the format of the balance sheet. Assets can be presented current then noncurrent, or vice versa, and liabilities and equity can be presented current then noncurrent then equity, or vice versa. A net asset presentation (assets minus liabilities) is allowed. The long-term financing approach used in UK and elsewhere – fixed assets + current assets - short term payables = long-term debt plus equity – is also acceptable.Regarding issued share capital and reserves, the following disclosures are required: [IAS 1.79]•numbers of shares authorised, issued and fully paid, and issued but not fully paid •par value•reconciliation of shares outstanding at the beginning and the end of the period •description of rights, preferences, and restrictions•treasury shares, including shares held by subsidiaries and associates•shares reserved for issuance under options and contracts• a description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within equity Statement of Comprehensive IncomeComprehensive income for a period includes profit or loss for that period plus other comprehensive income recognised in that period. As a result of the 2003 revision to IAS 1, the Standard is now using 'profit or loss' rather than 'net profit or loss' as the descriptive term for the bottom line of the income statement.All items of income and expense recognised in a period must be included in profit or loss unless a Standard or an Interpretation requires otherwise. [IAS 1.88] Some IFRSs require or permit that some components to be excluded from profit or loss and instead to be included in other comprehensive income. [IAS 1.89]The components of other comprehensive income include:•changes in revaluation surplus (IAS 16 and IAS 38)•actuarial gains and losses on defined benefit plans recognised in accordance with IAS 19•gains and losses arising from translating the financial statements of a foreign operation (IAS 21)•gains and losses on remeasuring available-for-sale financial assets (IAS 39)•the effective portion of gains and losses on hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge (IAS 39).An entity has a choice of presenting:• a single statement of comprehensive income or•two statements:o an income statement displaying components of profit or loss ando a statement of comprehensive income that begins with profit or loss (bottom line of the income statement) and displays components of othercomprehensive income [IAS 1.81]Minimum items on the face of the statement of comprehensive income should include: [IAS 1.82]•revenue•finance costs•share of the profit or loss of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method•tax expense• a single amount comprising the total of (i) the post-tax profit or loss of discontinued operations and (ii) the post-tax gain or loss recognised on the disposal of the assets or disposal group(s) constituting the discontinued operation •profit or loss•each component of other comprehensive income classified by nature•share of the other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method•total comprehensive incomeThe following items must also be disclosed in the statement of comprehensive income as allocations for the period: [IAS 1.83]•profit or loss for the period attributable to non-controlling interests and owners of the parent•total comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests and owners of the parentAdditional line items may be needed to fairly present the entity's results of operations. [IAS 1.85]No items may be presented in the statement of comprehensive income (or in the income statement, if separately presented) or in the notes as 'extraordinary items'. [IAS 1.87] Certain items must be disclosed separately either in the statement of comprehensive income or in the notes, if material, including: [IAS 1.98]•write-downs of inventories to net realisable value or of property, plant and equipment to recoverable amount, as well as reversals of such write-downs •restructurings of the activities of an entity and reversals of any provisions for the costs of restructuring•disposals of items of property, plant and equipment•disposals of investments•discontinuing operations•litigation settlements•other reversals of provisionsExpenses recognised in profit or loss should be analysed either by nature (raw materials, staffing costs, depreciation, etc.) or by function (cost of sales, selling, administrative, etc). [IAS 1.99] If an entity categorises by function, then additional information on the nature of expenses – at a minimum depreciation, amortisation and employee benefits expense – must be disclosed. [IAS 1.104]。

IASB主要项目、研究项目、已完成项目简介

本文汇总国际会计准则委员会（IASB）正在进行的主要项目、研究项目以及IASB 成立以来已完成的项目并作简介，以方便读者检索。

一、IASB 主要项目1.conceptual framework — comprehensive IASB project （概念框架——IASB 综合性项目）。

该项目仅由IASB 主持的以财务报表要素、计量、报告主体、列报与披露为重点的综合性项目。

2013年7月，IASB 发布综合性讨论稿“财务报告概念框架的复核”，征求意见截止日期为2014年1月14日。

对反馈意见的审议预计在2014年第一季度展开。

2. financial instruments — comprehensive project （金融工具——综合性项目）。

该项目为重写对金融工具会计处理要求的多方参与的IASB 与FASB 联合项目，包含大量子项目。

3. financial instruments — general hedge accounting （金融工具——一般套期会计）。

该项目对套期会计的会计处理要求进行重新评估，以便企业在财务报表中更充分地反映其风险管理活动。

对一般套期会计阶段的复核草稿于2012年9月发布，然后将完成终稿。

4. financial instruments — impairment （金融工具——减值）。

该项目以金融工具减值计量和确认为重点的IASB 与FASB 的联合项目。

2013年3月7日，IASB 发布“金融工具：预期信贷损失”征求意见稿，征求意见截止日期为2013年7月5日，然后将审议反馈意见。

5. financial instruments — limited reconsideration of IFRS 9（金融工具——对IFRS 9的有限复议）。

该项目对IFRS 9提出具有针对性的有限改进。

2012年11月28日发布“分类与计量：对IFRS 9的有限改进（对IFRS 9准则修订建议（2010））”，征求意见截止日期为2013年3月28日。

会计毕业论文附录

会计毕业论⽂附录会计毕业论⽂范⽂附录毕业论⽂附录是论⽂的组成部分，⼀般放在全⽂最后，主要起到补充的作⽤，根据情况是可以省略的，当然，⼀篇完整的论⽂，附录也是⽐较重要的，有需要就不要省掉。

以下是⼩编整理的会计毕业论⽂范⽂附录，快看看要怎么写吧。

会计毕业论⽂范⽂附录1 Fair Value Measurements In February 2006 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) published a Memorandum of Understanding reaffirming their commitment to the convergence of US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and to their shared objective of developing high quality, common accounting standards for use in the world’s capital markets. The convergence work programme set out in the Memorandum reflects the standard-setting context of the ‘roadmap’ developed by the US Securities and Exchange Commission in consultation with the IASB, FASB and European Commission for the removal of the reconciliation requirement for non-US companies that use IFRSs and are registered in the US. The work programe includes a project on measuring fair value. The FASB has recently issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 Fair Value Measurements (SFAS 157), on which work was well advanced before the Memorandum of Understanding was published. SFAS 157 establishes a single definition of fair value together with a framework for measuring fair value for US GAAP. The IASB recognised the need for guidance on measuring fair value in IFRSs and for increased convergence with US GAAP. Consequently, the IASB decided to use the FASB’s standard as the starting point for its deliberations. As the first stage of its project, the IASB is publishing in this discussion paper its preliminary views on the principal issues contained in SFAS 157. The IASB plans to hold round-table meetings on this discussion paper in conjunction with the development of an exposure draft. Please indicate in your response to this Invitation to Comment if you are interested in taking part in a round-table meeting. Please note that, because of timing and space constraints, not all of those indicating an interest may be able to take part. The IASB will consider responses to this Invitation to Comment and the related round-table discussions in developing an exposure draft of an IFRS on fair value measurement. The exposure draft will be prepared specifically for application to IFRSs. Although provisions of SFAS 157 may be used in the preparation of an exposure draft, they may be reworded or altered to be consistent with other IFRSs and to reflect the decisions of the IASB. The IASB plans to publish an exposure draft by early 2008. In November 2005 the IASB published for comment a discussion paper, Measurement Bases for Financial Accounting –Measurement on Initial Recognition, written by the staff of the Canadian Accounting Standards Board. Although that paper contained a discussion of fair value, its primary purpose was to discuss which measurement attributes were appropriate for initial recognition. That paper is part of the ongoing Conceptual Framework project that seeks to establish, among other things, a framework for measurement in financial reporting. Because of the different scope and intent of that paper, it is not discussed in this discussion paper. However, comments on that discussion paper relating to the measurement of fair value will be considered in the development of the exposure draft of an IFRS on fair value measurement as well as in the Conceptual Framework project. Issue 1. SFAS 157 and fair value measurement guidance in current IFRSs IFRSs require some assets, liabilities and equity instruments to be measured at fair value in some circumstances.However, guidance on measuring fair value is dispersed throughout IFRSs and is not always consistent. The IASB believes that establishing a single source of guidance for all fair value measurements required by IFRSs will both simplify IFRSs and improve the quality of fair value information included in financial reports. A concise definition of fair value combined withconsistent guidance that applies to all fair value measurements would more clearly communicate the objective of fair value measurement and eliminate the need for constituents to consider guidance dispersed throughout IFRSs. The IASB emphasises that the Fair Value Measurements project is not a means of expanding the use of fair value in financial reporting. Rather, the objective of the project is to codify, clarify and simplify existing guidance that is dispersed widely in IFRSs. However, in order to establish a single standard that provides uniform guidance for all fair value measurements required by IFRSs, amendments will need to be made to the existing guidance. As discussed further in Issue 2, the amendments might change how fair value is measured in some standards and how the requirements are interpreted and applied. In some IFRSs the IASB (or its predecessor body) consciously included measurement guidance that results in a measurement that is treated as if it were fair value even though the guidance is not consistent with the fair value measurement objective. For example, paragraph B16 of IFRS 3 Business Combinations provides guidance that is inconsistent with the fair value measurement objective for items acquired in a business combination such as tax assets, tax liabilities and net employee benefit assets or liabilities for defined benefit plans. Furthermore, some IFRSs contain measurement reliability criteria. For example, IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment permits the revaluation model to be used only if fair value can be measured reliably This project will not change any of that guidance. Rather, that guidance will be considered project by project. However, the IASB plans to use the Fair Value Measurements project to establish guidance where there currently is none, such as in IAS 17 Leases, as well as to eliminate inconsistent guidance that does not clearly articulate a single measurement objective. Because SFAS 157 establishes a single source of guidance and a single objective that can be applied to all fair value measurements, the IASB has reached the preliminary view that SFAS 157 is an improvement on the disparate guidance in IFRSs. However, as discussed in more detail below, the IASB has not reached preliminary views on all provisions of SFAS 157.Issue 2. Differences between the definitions of fair value in SFAS 157 and in IFRSs Paragraph 5 of SFAS 157 defines fair value as ‘the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.’ Bycomparison, fair value is generally defined in IFRSs as ‘the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction’ (withsome slight variations in wording in different standards). Thedefinition in SFAS 157 differs from the definition in IFRSs in three important ways: (a)The definition in SFAS 157 is explicitly an exit (selling)price. Thedefinition in IFRSs is neither explicitly an exit price nor an entry (buying) price. (b)The definition in SFAS 157 explicitly refers to market participants. The definition in IFRSs refers to knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. (c)For liabilities, the definition of fair value in SFAS 157 rests on the notion that the liability is transferred(the liability to the counterparty continues; it is not settled with the counterparty). The definition in IFRSs refers to the amount at which a liability could be settled between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. These differences are discussed in more detail below.Issue 2A. Exit price measurement objective The Basis for Conclusions of SFAS 157 includes the following discussion: C26The transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability is a hypothetical transaction at the measurement date, considered from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, the objective of a fair value measurement is to determine the price that would be received for the asset or paid to transfer the liability at the measurement date, that is, an exit price. The Board [FASB] concluded that an exit price objective is appropriate because it embodies current expectations about the future inflows associated with the asset and the future outflows associated with the liability from the perspective of market participants. The emphasis on inflows and outflows is consistent with the definitions of assets and liabilities in FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, Elements of Financial INVITATION TO COMMENT Statements. Paragraph25 of Concepts Statement 6 defines assets in terms of future economic benefits (future inflows). Paragraph 35 of Concepts Statement 6 defines liabilities in terms of future sacrifices of economic benefits(future outflows). Paragraph 49 of the IASB’s Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements similarly defines assets and liabilities in terms of inflows and outflows of economic benefits. The majority of IASB members believe that a fair value measurement with an exit price objective is consistent with these definitions and is appropriate because it reflects current market-based expectations of flows of economic benefit into or out of the entity. Other IASB members agree with this view, but in their view an entry price also reflects current market-based expectations of flows of economic benefit into or out of the entity. Therefore, they suggest replacing the term ‘fair value’ withterms that are more descriptive of the measurement attribute, such as ‘current entry price’ or ‘current exit price’. An entry price measurement objective would differ from the exit price objective in SFAS 157 in that it would be defined as the price that would be paid to acquire an asset or received to assume a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Some members of the IASB are of the view that an entry price and an exit price would be the same amount in the same market, assuming that transaction costs are excluded. However, an entity might buy an asset or assume a liability in one market and sell that same asset or transfer that same liability (without modification or repackaging)in another market. In such circumstances, the exit price in SFAS 157 would be likely to differ from the entry price. Some fair value measurements required by IFRSs might not be consistent with an exit price measurement objective. In particular, the IASB observes that this might be the case when fair value is required on initial recognition, such as in: (a)IFRS 3, (b)IAS 17 for the initial recognition of assets and liabilities by a lessee under a finance lease, and(c)IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement for the initial recognition of some financial assets and financial liabilities. In developing an exposure draft, the IASB may propose a revised definition of fair value. If so, it will complete a standard-by-standard review of fair value measurements required in IFRSs to assess whether each standard’s intended measurement objective is consistent with the proposed definition. If the IASB concludes that the intended measurement objective in a particular standard is inconsistent with the proposed definition of fair value, either that standard will be excluded from the scope of the exposure draft or the intended measurement objective will be restated using a term other than fair value (such as ‘current entry value’ ). To assist in its review, the IASB would like to understand how the fair value measurement guidance in IFRSs is currently applied in practice. It therefore requests respondents to identify those fair value measurements in IFRSs for which practice differs from the fair value measurement objective in SFAS 157. Issue 2B. Market participant view SFAS 157 emphasises that a fair value measurement is a market-basedmeasurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, a fairvalue measurement should be based on the assumptions that marketparticipants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Furthermore, evenwhen there is limited or no observable market activity, the objective ofthe fair value measurement remains the same: to determine the price that would be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability inan orderly transaction between market participants at the measurementdate, regardless of the entity’s intention or ability to sell the asset ortransfer the liability at that date. Paragraph 10 of SFAS 157 defines market participants as buyers andsellers in the principal (or most advantageous) market for the asset orliabi l i t y w h o a r e : / p >。

ect to Replace the Financial

IAS 39Good Riddance?IASB’s Project to Replace the Financial Instruments StandardBy Glenn Gillard, ACA and Goind Ram Khatri, FCCAThe International Accounting Standards Board anticipates having a new financial instruments standard ready by the end of the year. But will the process be any less controversial this time around?Financial Reporting28Accountancy Ireland October 2009 Vol.41 No.5Background of project to replace IAS 39A cornerstone of Sir David Tweedie’s and the IASB’s assault on global accounting frameworks, IAS 39,Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement will finally bedecommissioned over the coming year. The standard has beenresponsible for pushing the debate on accounting standards to the highest levels. It was nearly the breaking point for EU adoption ofInternational Financial Reporting Standards back in 2005, withpoliticians getting their teeth stuck into weighty issues such as hedgeaccounting for banks. Thanks to some compromise, EU adoption was endorsed but only with Jacques Chirac’s banking ‘carve out’.The standard has never been far from the headlines and in somecommentators’ eyes has single-handedly plunged the world into the credit crisis. If only banks didn’t have to abide by IAS 39 and its strict rules on fair value (the principles based approach got lost somewhere in the first couple of lines of IAS 39!), we wouldn’t have so many toxic assets lying around waiting for the likes of NAMA to pick up. Despite some scrambling by the IASB and anabandonment of due process to make some quick changes to IAS 39 last October, the writing was on the wall for the standard. Political pressurefrom the G20 and the FinancialAdvisory Task Force left the IASB with little option but to move forward. The process had already started back in early 2008 with proposals on an IAS 39replacement project but the credit crisis has accelerated the timeline. However,as one of the IASB members put it,given the new timeline, ‘we won’t be starting from a blank page, then!’.To meet the timeline, which includes having some of the changes effective for 2009 year ends, the IASB hasdivided the project into three distinct phases: recognition andmeasurement; impairment; andhedge accounting (there is a separate parallel project on derecognition).The three separate phases will be exposed over the course of this year ready for full implementation by 2012but with early adoption options for each phase. There has been a lot of criticism of this staged approach as many practitioners feel you need to see all the proposals prior to commenting on any individual phase, but as the IASB staffcommented in a recent webcast,‘yes’…in a perfect world we would…but we’re not in a perfect world.’Overview of First PhaseThe IASB has issued an exposure draft on the first phase, Financial Instruments: Classification and Measurement , which will replace classification and measurementcriteria given in the existing IAS 39-Financial Instruments: Recognition &Measurement .The new standard, arising from the exposure draft, is expected to be issued in the last quarter of 2009 with its possible implementation for periods commencing during 2012. Earlier application will be permitted.Classification and measurement form the foundation of the project to replace IAS 39 and will, therefore,provide the basis for subsequent proposals on impairment and hedge accounting.Significant changes proposedThe exposure draft proposes to reduce significant complexities and make it easier for users of financial statements to understand how different financial instruments are classified andmeasured. The significant changes proposed are:Categories offinancial instrumentWhereas the current version of IAS 39contains four categories of financial instruments, the exposure draftproposes only two primary categories of financial instruments. These are:29Accountancy Ireland October 2009 Vol.41 No.5Financial instruments at amortised cost; and Financial instruments at fair value A financial instrument would bemeasured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions:–The instrument has basic loan features; and–The instrument is managed on a contractual yield basis.Any financial instrument which does not meet both conditions would be measured at fair value.As a general rule any instrument meeting the above two conditions would be classified as a financial instrument at amortised cost,however, an entity has an option to designate such instrument at fair value if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognitioninconsistency, often referred to as an accounting mismatch.An instrument has basic loan features if the contractual terms of the loan give rise to the payment of principal and interest on specified dates.Examples of basic loan features include:–a fixed return over the life of the instrument;–a fixed amount (e.g. a zero coupon bond);–a variable return that is equal to observable interest rate such as libor; or–a combination of fixed andvariable return such as libor plus or minus 75 basis points.An instrument is managed on a contractual yield basis if its performance is assessed, by keymanagement personnel, on the basis of contractual cash flows that aregenerated when an instrument is held or issued. Contractual yield,therefore, depends on how key management actually manages the instrument rather than its intention to hold the instrument. The exposure draft notes that financial assets acquired at a discount that reflects incurred credit losses are notmanaged on a contractual yield basis.The exposure draft specificallyaddresses investments in contractually subordinated interests (i.e. tranches)and proposes that any tranche that provides credit protection to other tranches does not have basic loan features and accordingly must be valued at fair value.The diagram below shows howdifferent instruments are classified into one of the two primary categories.reclassification between amortised cost and fair value categories. Once afinancial instrument is classified into one of the two categories it cannot be subsequently reclassified into the other category. There is no requirement for reclassification where securities held at amortised cost are sold prior tomaturity, unlike the current standard which has ‘tainting’ rules.Gains and losses onsubsequent measurementWhereas the current standard provides an exemption frommeasuring certain equity instruments at fair value, the exposure draftproposes that all equity instruments be measured at fair value.The exposure draft also proposes that all gains or losses on subsequent measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities, which are not part of a hedging relationship, shall be recognised in profit or loss. However,for equity instruments not held for trading an entity may make an irrevocable election at initialrecognition to present such gains or losses in other comprehensiveincome. Any dividend income from such investment will also berecognised in other comprehensive income. All gains or losses including dividend income recognised in other comprehensive income cannot be recycled to profit or loss.Hybrid contractsThe exposure draft proposes tosimplify the complex and rule-based requirements of existing IAS 39 by introducing a single classification approach for hybrid contracts with financial hosts.Under the proposed approach an embedded derivative is not separated from its hybrid contract if the host contract is a financial host.Depending on the terms andconditions, a hybrid contract may be classified either as at fair value or at amortised cost.For non-financial host contracts, the exposure draft proposes to retain the existing IAS 39 requirements.Reclassification of financial instrumentsAn amendment to IAS 39 in October 2008 permitted entities to reclassify non-derivative financial assets out of the fair value category into theamortised cost category. However, the exposure draft proposes to prohibit theFinancial Reporting30Accountancy Ireland October 2009 Vol.41 No.5Impairment offinancial instrumentsThe IASB plans to publish theexposure draft on impairment later in 2009 and will mainly focus on how and when impairment will berecognised. In the exposure draft the IASB proposes to develop rules for financial instruments subject to impairment. The following diagram summarises the instruments that will require impairment considerations:The IASB hopes to simplify the rules for impairment and accordingly only financial assets held at amortised cost will be subject to impairment.Possible impacts of proposed changesThe impact of the changes above are fundamentally significant in changing the way financial instruments are classified formeasurement and, as with everything surrounding IAS 39, appears to betailored directly at the needs of banks.What the exposure draft tries to do is create a principles-based distinction between how an entity measures a particular instrument based on its intent. Gone will be the technical ‘rules’ around held to maturity or whether a debt instrument is traded in an active market. Based on an entity’s broad management strategy,instruments fall to be measured at amortised cost or at fair value. This should allow banks to be moreflexible in putting instruments into their banking book (and measuring at amortised cost) while still allowing for trading in that portfolio.However, already one can see that the definitions of ‘loan features’ and ‘held on a contractual yield basis’ are going to cause a significant amount ofinterpretations and, given the global nature of IFRS, that typically leads to consensus positions that are very conservative and the creation in practice of ‘rules’. In this case one expects that will lead to a tendency for debt instruments with any exotic features to be pushed into the fair value category.For insurance entities, the newclassifications are not exactly tailored towards their business model. Many insurance companies used the AFS category extensively and also the fair value option. The biggest issue for insurers is the fact that IFRS 4 Phase 2is not complete and therefore it isdifficult to see where the asset liability measurement mismatch may occur.In general, however, the view is that insurance entities will again have to rely on the fair value option for their bond portfolios to avoid anaccounting mismatch and may be left considering whether they leave certain shareholder assets to flow through other comprehensive income.For the typical corporate, thesimplifications are welcome though,in truth, it is really the hedgeaccounting phase that will be of most interest.Transition arrangements helpful for banks?As noted earlier, it is expected to have the final standard by the end of the year with early adoption allowed for 2009 year ends. On transition, the adoption is fully retrospective, which is a very significant point. For example, a bank which had been holding certain debt instruments at fair value through the credit crisis and was riding the roller coaster of fair value may now be able toretrospectively assess that thoseinstruments formed part of an overall portfolio managed on a contractual yield basis (which many banks were trying to argue through 2008). While some instruments may have been reclassified to loans and receivables after the October 2008 amendment to IAS 39, that still locked in fair valuelosses up to 30 June 2008. This amendment would allow for a full reversal of those fair value losses (and would bring a wider number of instruments into the realm ofclassification at amortised cost) with the instruments subject to an impairment test. This brings into clear focus phase 2 of the project, the replacement of the impairment rules.The old IAS 39 may be on its last legs.Its new incarnation might appear simple but could lead to as much controversy as its predecessor.Glenn Gillard, ACA is a Partner in the Financial Services Audit team at Deloitte. Goind Ram Khatri, FCCA is an Audit Manager with the same firm.Alternatives to auditReliable financial information is a key to supporting enterpriseconcludes a new report. Alternatives to Audit by the Audit and Assurance Faculty of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales examines the options available for businesses seeking additional credibility for their accounts.Decisions made about lending and credit are influenced by the accounts a business produces.The two year consultation was centred on a new assurance service based on the idea of limited assurance introduced by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). The indicators are that demand for this type of assurance service, which is seen as an alternative to audit, is likely to grow. The report reflects the practical experience of providing the service as well asinsights into how external users use financial information of SMEs and the challenges of establishing new approaches.For further details, visit the Assurance Service area of theICAEW website, .Cash ManagementIn more challenging economic times, cash is king and a healthy cash flow can hold the key to your company's survival. Request a free copy of the Finance Director’s Cash Management Handbook on www.exchequer.ie。

全国金融标准化技术委员会标准清单

55 56 57 58 59 60
GB/T 27909.3-2011 GB/T 27909.1-2011 GB/T 27909.2-2011 GB/T 27913-2011 GB/T 13496-1992 GB/T 13497-1992
银行业务密钥管理(零售) 第3部分：非对称密码系统及其密钥管理和生命周期银行业务密钥管理(零售) 第1部分：一般原则银行业务密钥管理(零售) 第2部分：对称密码及其密钥管理和生命周期用于金融服务的公钥基础设施实施和策略框架银行行别和保险公司标识代码全国清算中心代码
GB/T 15150-1994 GB/T 15733-1995 GB/T 8930-2001 GB/T 16711-1996 GB/T 16790.1-1997 GB/T 16791.1-1997 GB/T 17373-1998 GB/T 18307-2001 GB/T 19583-2004 GB/T 20544-2006 GB/T 20548-2006 GB/T 20546-2006 GB/T 20547.2-2006 GB/T 16790.7-2006 GB/T 16790.5-2006 GB/T 16790.6-2006 GB/T 20545-2006 GB/T 21078.1-2007
序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 o.
中文标准名称 Standard Title in Chinese 产生报文的银行卡交换报文规范金融交易内容金融电子化基本术语合质金锭银行业银行电信报文银行标识代码金融交易卡使用集成电路卡的金融交易系统的安全结构第1部分:卡的生命周期金融交易卡集成电路卡与卡接受设备之间的报文第1部分:概念与结构合质金化学分析取样方法粗银化学分析方法涉外收支交易分类与代码银行业务报文加密程序(批发) 一般原则金融零售业务商户类别代码银行业务和相关金融服务信息交换跟单信用证格式银行业务安全加密设备（零售）第2部分：金融交易中设备安全符合性检测清单金融交易卡使用集成电路卡的金融交易系统的安全体系第7部分：密钥管理金融交易卡使用集成电路卡的金融交易系统的安全体系第5部分：算法应用金融交易卡使用集成电路卡的金融交易系统的安全体系第6部分：持卡人身份验证银行业务和相关金融服务信息交换托收指示格式银行业务个人识别码的管理与安全第1部分: ATM和 POS系统中联机PIN处理的基本原则和要求

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments 金融工具

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments 金融工具IFRS 9 now classifies financial assets under three headings as follows:CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL ASSETSThis is the normal default classification for financial assets and will apply to all financial assets unless they are designated to be measured and accounted forin any other way.This classification includes any financial assets held for trading purposes and also derivatives, unless they are part of a properly designated hedging arrangement. Debt instruments will be classified to be measured and accounted for at FVTPL unless they have been correctly designated to be measured at amortized cost (see later). Initial recognition at fair value is normally cost incurred and this will exclude transactions costs, which are charged to profit or loss as incurred.Remeasurement to fair value takes place at each reporting date, with any movement in fair value taken to profit or loss for the year, which effectively incorporates an annual impairment review.2. Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income(FVTOCI)This classification applies to equity instruments only and must be designatedupon initial recognition. It will typically be applicable for equity interests that an entity intends to retain ownership of on a continuing basis.Initial recognition at fair value would normally include the associated transaction costs of purchase. The accounting treatment automatically incorporates an impairment review, with any change in fair value taken to other comprehensive income in the year.Upon derecognition, any gain or loss is based upon the carrying value at thedate of disposal. One important point is that there is no recycling of any amounts previously taken to equity in earlier accounting periods. Instead, at derecognition, an entity may choose to make an equity transfer from other components of equity to retained earnings as any amounts previously taken to equity can now be regarded as having been realized.3. Financial assets measured at amortized costThis classification can apply only to debt instruments and must be designatedupon initial recognition. For the designation to be effective, the financial asset must pass two tests as follows:The business model test – to pass this test, the entity must be holding the financial asset to collect in the contractual cash flows associated with that financial asset. If this is not the case, such as the financial asset being held and then traded to take advantage of changes in fair value, then the test is failed and the financial asset reverts to the default classification to be measured at FVTPL.The cash flow characteristics test – to pass this test, the contractual cash flows collected must consist solely of payment of interest and capital. If this is not the case, the test is failed and the financial asset reverts to the default classification to bemeasured at FVTPL.。

ias39和ifrs9的相关会计分录

ias39和ifrs9的相关会计分录ias39和ifrs9是国际会计准则中的两个重要标准，分别涉及金融工具的分类和计量、减值准备的计提等内容。

下面将分别介绍ias39和ifrs9的相关会计分录。

IAS39（国际会计准则第39号）是国际会计准则委员会（IASB）发布的有关金融工具会计处理的准则。

IAS39主要规定了金融工具的分类、计量和披露要求。

根据IAS39的规定，金融资产和金融负债应根据其特性被分类为可供交易金融资产（HFT）、可供出售金融资产（AFS）、持有至到期投资（HTM）和贷款和应收款项（LAR）。

下面是几个常见的IAS39相关会计分录示例：1. 购买可供交易金融资产：借：可供交易金融资产贷：银行存款2. 出售可供出售金融资产：借：银行存款贷：可供出售金融资产3. 计提可供出售金融资产减值准备：借：可供出售金融资产减值准备贷：可供出售金融资产4. 归类为持有至到期投资：借：持有至到期投资贷：可供交易金融资产5. 计提持有至到期投资减值准备：借：持有至到期投资减值准备贷：持有至到期投资IFRS9（国际财务报告准则第9号）是国际会计准则委员会（IASB）于2014年发布的有关金融工具会计处理的新准则，于2018年1月1日起生效。

相较于IAS39，IFRS9对金融工具的分类、计量和减值准备等方面做出了一些重要调整。

根据IFRS9的规定，金融资产应根据其特性和业务模式被分类为债权工具（包括贷款和应收款项）、权益工具（包括股票和基金份额）和合同资产。

下面是几个常见的IFRS9相关会计分录示例：1. 贷款的发放：借：贷款和应收款项贷：银行存款2. 股票投资的购买：借：权益工具贷：银行存款3. 计提贷款减值准备：借：贷款减值准备贷：贷款和应收款项4. 计提权益工具减值准备：借：权益工具减值准备贷：权益工具5. 合同资产的确认：借：合同资产贷：银行存款需要注意的是，IAS39和IFRS9虽然在金融工具会计处理上存在差异，但是它们都要求企业根据金融工具的特性进行分类，并根据实际情况计量和计提减值准备。

l293d工作流程

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新型数字音频接口选件的音频分析仪

新型数字音频接口选件的音频分析仪
佚名
【期刊名称】《电子制作》
【年(卷),期】2011(000)011
【摘要】安捷伦科技公司日前宣布将推出提供最新数字音频接口选件的先进
U8903A音频分析仪。

这些选件通过AES3、SPDIF 和DSI（数字串行接口）格式进一步扩展U8903A功能，以便进行多功能、高性能的模拟与数字音频测试。

【总页数】2页(P4-5)
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP334.7
【相关文献】
1.安捷伦将推出提供最新数字音频接口选件的音频分析仪 [J],
2.适用于MS269xA信号分析仪的硬盘数字化接口选件 [J],
3.安立推出MS269xA信号分析仪的硬盘数字化接口选件 [J],
4.是德科技新一代高性能音频分析仪提供语音质量分析和宽带宽选件 [J],
5.是德科技阻抗分析仪选件可以加快低频阻抗测试新选件让制造商能够快速、经济地执行生产测试 [J],
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

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Derivatives
Forwards / futures Financial options Swaps Caps and collars Financial guarantees Letters of credit
Combinations
– Convertible debt – Exchangeable debt – Dual currency bond
Equity instrument Any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all of its liabilities
Types of Financial Instruments
IAS 32/39 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation Recognition and Measurement
Agenda

Scope and definitions IAS 32
– Liability and equity – Offsetting a financial asset and financial liability
– Other related interpretations

SIC 5 Classification of Financial Instruments – Contingent Settlement Provisions. SIC 16 Share Capital – Reacquired (Treasury Shares).
.
IAS 32
IAS 39
x
x x
Certain loans commitments and financial guarantee contracts (IAS 37 and 18) Contracts for contingent consideration in a business combination for the acquirer (IAS 22/IFRS 3)

Interpretation Guidance issued by IGC.

IAS 32/39 (Revised 2003 and 2004 for Portfolio Hedge of Interest Rate Risk) – Effective for accounting period beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Draft – Amendments to IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement: The Fair Value Option. – Issued on 21 April 2004.
Definition : What is a Financial Instrument?
A contract that gives rise to:
in one enterprise
and
in another enterprise
Definition of Financial Asset
Any asset that is: cash; a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity; a contractual right to exchange financial instruments with another enterprise under conditions that are potentially favourable; an equity instrument of another entity; a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instruments and is:
Contracts that require payment based on climatic, geological or other physical variables (IFRS 4)
x x
x x x x x x x x
Scope : Non-financial item contracts

IAS 39
– Classification of financial instruments – Measurement of financial assets and liabilities – Derivatives and embedded derivatives – Recognition and derecognition – Hedging and hedge accounting

A non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments; A derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity’s own equity instruments.
Definitions of Financial Liability/Equity
Financial Liability Any liability that is a contractual obligation:
– to deliver cash or another financial asset to another enterprise; or – to exchange financial instruments with another enterprise under conditions that are potentially unfavourable – a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instrument and is:
– were entered into and continue to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a nonfinancial item in accordance with the entity’s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements.

IAS 32 – Disclosure requirements
Case study
History and Effective Date

IAS 32
– Effective for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 1996.
IAS 32 - Presentation
IAS 32 – Presentation
•Liability and equity •Offsetting a financial asset and a financial liability
IAS 32 – Liability and Equity
•Classify the instrument, or its component parts, on initial recognition as a financial liability, a financial asset or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement and the definitions of a financial liability, a financial asset and an equity instrument.
Financial Instruments
Primary
– Deposits of cash – Bonds, loans, borrowings – Receivables / payables (including finance leases) – Equity instruments – – – – – –

Objective

IAS 32
– To enhance financial statement users’ understanding of the significance of financial instruments to an entity’s financial position, performance and cash flows.
– A non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments; – A derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity’s own equity instruments.