Lesson8TitleTrEnglishmajor
08专八听力原文
听力原文2008Part 1, Listening ComprehensionSECTION A MINI-LECTUREThe popularity of EnglishGood morning, everyone. Today's lecture is about the popularity of English.As we all know, English is widely used in the world. Althpugh English is not the language with the largest number of native or first language speakers, it has really become a lingua franca. Then what is a lingua franca? The term refers to a language which is widely adopted for communication be¬tween two speakers whose native languages are different from each others and where one or both speakers are using it as a second language ( Q1). For example, when an Indian talks to a Singapore¬an using English, then English is the lingua franca. Then actually how many people speak English as either a first or a second language? Some re¬searches suggested that a few years ago that between 320 , 000 , 000 to 380 , 000 , 000 people spoke English as a first language. And anyway between 250 , 000 , 000 to 350 , 000 , 000 as a second lan¬guage ( Q2 ) . And of course , if we include people who are learning English as a foreign language all over the world, that number may increase dramatically. Then we may ask a question, how did Eng¬lish get there? That is how did English gain the present status of popularity?There are in fact a number of interlocking reasons for the popularity of English as a lingua fran¬ca. Many of the reasons are historical , but they also include economic and cultural factors that influ¬enced and sustained this spread of the language. Let's go through the reasons one by one.First, it's the historical reason ( Q3) . This is related to the colonial history. As we know, when' the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the Massachusetts coast in 1620 after their journey from England, they brought with them not just a set of religious beliefs, a pioneering spirit or a desire for colonization, but also their language. Although many years later, the Americansbroke away from their colonial master, the language of English remained and still does. It was the same in Australia too. When Commander Philippe planted the British flag in Sydney curve on the 26th of January 1788 , it was not just a bunch of British convicts and their guardians but also a language. In other parts of the former British Empire, English rapidly became a unifying or dominating means of control. For example, it became a lingua franca in India where a variety of indigenous languages made the use of any one of them as a whole country system problematic ( Q4). So the imposition of English as the one language of a ministration helps maintain the colonizers' control and power. Thus English traveled around many parts of the world in those days and long after that colonial empire has faded away. It is too widely used as a main or at least an institutional language in countries as far apart as Jamaica and Pakistan, \ Uganda and New Zealand. That is the first factor.Now the second major factor. in the spread of English has been the spread of commerce through¬out the world. The spread of international commerce has taken English along with it ( Q5 ) . This is the 20111 century phenomenon of globalization. Therefore, one of the first sights many travelers see when arriving in countries as diverse as Brazil, China for example, it's the yellow, twin art sign of a Macdonald's fast food restaurant or some other famous brand's outlets. And without doubt, English is used as the language of communication in the international business community.And the third factor related to the popular use of English is the boom in international travel ( Q6). And you will find that much travel and tourism is carried on around the world in English. Of course this is not always the case. As the multi-lingualism of many tourism workers in different coun¬tries demonstrate. But a visit to most airports on the globe will show signs not only in the language of that country but also in English. Just as many airline announcements are broadcast in English too. Whatever the language of the country the airport is situated in. So far, English is also the preferred language of air-traffic control in many countries and it is used widely in sea travel communication ( Q7 ).Another factor has something to do with the information exchange around the world. As we all know, a great deal of academic discourse around the world takes place in English. It isoften a lingua franca of conferences, for example. And many journal articles in fields as diverse as astronomy, trial psychology and zoology have English as a kind of default language ( Q8).The last factor I cite here concerns popular culture. In the western world at least, English is a dominating language in popular culture. Pop music in English can be heard on many radios ( Q9). Thus many people who are not English speakers can sing words from their favorite English medium songs. And many people who are regular cinema-goers or TV viewers can frequently hear English in sub-titled films coming out of the USA.Now, to sum up, in today's lecture, we have reviewed some of the reasons or factors that lie be¬hind the popular use of English as the NO. 1 world language. Before we finish, I would like to leave a few questions for you to think about. Is the status of English as the NO. 1 world language assured in the future? Will it split into varieties that become less mutually intelligible? Or some other language or languages take the place of English as the world language in future ( Q1 ). These questions are not easy to answer, I know, but they are definitely worth pondering over after the lecture. OK, let's bring us to the end of today's lecture. Thank you for your attention.SECTION B CONVERSATIONW Hello! Freddy.NI: Hello! Marry. How nice to see you again! How is everything going?W Fine. Busy these days?M : Yeah. With lots of things to do. Would you like to join me for a drink?W: Ok! Thanks!M: Any news recently?W Oh! Well , I read in the local paper the other day that the government is planning to build an air¬port here. You knew that?M Afraid not.My real objection to this idea of a new airport is... is that the whole thing is so wasteful. I mean, we know we are currently in a fuel crisis. We know that we've got to conserve oil and fuel and all the rest of it and yet here the government seems quite deliberately to be encouraging people to travel, to use. And these jets use a heck of a lot of oil. I mean it takes a ton of oil, a ton of pet¬rol before one of this big jets even takes off (Q1).M: Hmmm.W: It seems so completely short-sighted to me, quite apart from all the waste of land and so on. I can't see, I can't see the rational behind really wanting an... an airport at all.M: Well, surely you must admit the existing airport nearby are becoming swarmed. I mean, why should people...NV: Well, they are being swarmed.111: be treated like cattle when there's a chance of a new airport here.W: But, but really, people shouldn't be traveling as much. That's, that's why most of the journeys, I mean, they are swarmed, because there is far too much unnecessary tourism and so on. It isn't necessary for people to travel so fast, or still, even so often ( Q2).M: Well. You take the climate here in this country. Now, just before Christmas, there 'was this dreadful cold spell and there was a tremendous increase in the number of people who wanted to leave and spend Christmas and the New Year in a reasonable climate of sun and a certain mild climate. And in summer, the same situation occurs. It is unbearably hot here and people want go somewhere cool.W: Yes, I can sympathize with that. But it is still not really necessary to do or as it is necessary to conserve fuel and it is necessary to ... well not to waste land, I mean, land for new airport could be used for far more important things which would benefit the people here far more ( Q2). I mean, it could be used for farming, for instance.M: True.W: It could also be used for housing, or it could be used for parks, you know. People then, could come and enjoy themselves without having to travel far.Mi But, airports do bring some local advantages. They bring roads, there's obviously extra employ¬ment, for instance, new hotels, shops, restaurants will have to be built, this means, more jobs for the locals and it is good for local economy ( Q3).W: But, you ask the people, you ask those who are now living near the airports, for instance, whether they reckon that airports are bringing them advantages or the airport is bringing noise and vast motorways and the whole area is desolated, isn't it? ( Q2)M: But, the airport infrastructure relies on housing and other facilities for the great number of people who would be employed in the airport, the pilot even, the stewardnesses. They have to live somewhere near the airport, right?W: Yeah, but it's, it's just so damaging to the whole area. I think, airports, from my point of view, the whole concept is outdated really. With modern technology, we're going to make a lot of travel unnecessary, really (Q4). For example, it won't be necessary for businessman to fly out to a foreign country to talk to somebody. They can just lift up telephone in the office, press the but¬ton and see the person they want to do business with. You see, business deals can be made with¬out having to travel back and forth, right?M: Yes, you're right. But, for a lot of people, 'personal contact is important. And this means travel, and means quick travel, air 'travel and we just need a new airport (Q5).SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTNews Item 1 (for question 6)The New Moderates Party began forming the new Swedish government on Monday. In Sunday's Elections , the New Moderates Party defeated the Social Democrats. The Social Democratic Party has controlled Sweden for all but nine years since 1932 , building up the country's generous welfare state. But the New Moderates wants to change it. ( Q6 ) Sweden's welfare system is famed around the world, but the system encourages people to be lazy and unemployment is also high in Sweden. One reason is the high tax on companies which makes it difficult to employ new people.News Item 2 (for questions 7 and 8)Much of the world was watching on television when the command of the Apollo-11 mission NealArmstrong tookthe first steps on the moon in July 1969. The pictures of that historic footstep and •everything else about that and subsequent of Apollo moon landings were recorded on magnetic tape at three NASA ground tracking stations around the world. The tapes were then shipped to a NASA operation centre near Washington—the Goddard Space Flight Centre. ( Q7 ) In late 1969 , the space a¬gency began transferring them and tens of thousands of tapes from other space missions to a nearby U. S. government archives warehouse: NASA says it asked for them back in the 1970s, but now does not know where they are. "I probably am overly sensitive to the word `lost' . I did not feel they are lost. " said Richard Nafzger, a Goddard Space Flight Centre engineer who was in charge of television processing from all of NASA's ground receiving sites. The Space Agency has authorized him to set a¬side his other duties for the foreseeable future and devote his time to the hunt for the tapes. Nafzger says- they are stored somewhere. ( Q8 )News Item 3 (for questions 9 and 10)More than 22 million people who live in the Unite State don't speak or understand English very well and that can be deadly. In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, Doctor Glan Flores highlights some cases where language barriers prevented patients from communicating with health-care providers with serious consequences. ( Q9 ) Doctor Flores records one incident in which English-speaking doctors `thought a Spanish-speaking man was suffering from a drug over-doze. "He was in the hospital basically for two days being worked up for drug abuse " , Flores says. " They finally did a head CT scan and realized he had had a major bleed into his brain. He ended up being paralyzed and he got a 71 million dollars settlement award from the hospital. " Doctor Flores , a pro¬fessor at the Medical College of Wisconsin, says that despite examples like that, the majority of US health-care facilities still do not have trained interpreters on sight, but he acknowledges that increas¬ing numbers of health care workers are bilingual and that more clinics and hospitals do make sure their staff and patients understand each other. ( Q10)。
大学英语 第八课
13
LOGO
Main Idea
words changed to meet new conditions. But more recently parents have worried about songs that encouraged sexual promiscuity and drugs.The FCC is now negotiating with studios n o t to broadcast the most controversial pieces. Where the FCC was unsuccessful parents have formed pressure groups
10
Section A LOGO
Warm-up Questions
Music is also a major part of __6__ experiences. When we fall in love, music is usually a part of that experience. People talk about having “our song.” That means the song that was playing when they met or a song they both liked when they fell in love. When we get married, we play music before and after and sometimes during the__7__. It expresses how we feel. We play music to calm our nerves or to stimulate ourselves to get on with a task. We also play music for the simple enjoyment of listening to the sounds.
新编英语教程7Unit 8
V. Organization of the Text
I. Thesis statement: invisibility of American poor (Paragraphs 1 – 2)
II. The normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of the poor (Paragraphs 3 – 7) 1. Poverty is often off the beaten track. (Paragraph 4) 2. Beauty and myths are masks of poverty. (Paragraph 5) 3. Summary and comment (Paragraphs 6 – 7)
II. Pre-reading Questions
You may have learned A New English Course 5, there is an article named The Invisible Poor in
Unit 5, by Michael Harrington. Can you figure out the main ideas of the text and say something about the background information?
New Concept English lesson8
What nationality is Sophie? She is French. What’s Sophie’s job?
She is a keyboard operator. What’s Robert’s job?
He is an engineer.
Role Play
Swedish It’s a ＿＿＿ ＿＿ car.
句型转换：对划线部分提问 I get up at 6：40. What time do you get up? I go to school at 7:30. What time do you go to school? He has classes at 8:00. What time does he have classes?
What’s his brother’s job?
5.My father is a worker. What does your father do? What is your father?
What’s your father’s job?
academy [ə’kædəmi]n. 专科学校,研究院 sports academy:体育学院
What make is it?
Daewoo It’s a Korean car. It’s a Daewoo.
What make is it?
Ford It’s an American car. It’s a Ford.
What make is it?
Benz It’s a Benz. Mercedes
He has lunch at 11:30. What time does he have lunch? My sister has supper at 6:00. What time does your sister have supper? Bob goes to bed at 9:00. What time does Bob go to bed? Her father watches TV at 7:00. What time does her father watch TV?
牛津深圳版英语八年级上册Unit 8 English Week课件
in
the
speaking
F competition.
slowly
Reading listening grammer speaking writing Practice
Unit 8 English Week
T ④Amy thought it was worth holding the English Week.
Reading listening grammer speaking writing Practice
Unit 8 English Week
Down 1 to exchange information, news, ideas, etc. with sb. 2 the achievement of something that you have been trying to do 3 a person, a team, etc. that wins sth. 4 opportunity Across 4 in a manner that shows you are certain of success 5 a formal talk which someone gives to an audience
Unit 8 English Week
Which activity do you like best? Why?
English singing competition
English book fair
Movie Dubbing Competition (外
语原声电影配音 大赛)
Activities
c. An interview
Reading listening grammer speaking writing Practice
新概念英语第二册lesson8说课稿-文档
Lesson Plan Interpretation of lesson8 the best and theworstGood morning, ladies and gentlemen. It is my honor to stand here and interpret my lesson. This lesson plan I am going to talk about is from NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH 2 lesson8 the best and the worst. I will explain how to teach and why so do from the following 5 parts: the theoretical basis, understanding of the teaching material, teaching methods and studying ways, teaching procedure, blackboard design.Ⅰ.The theoretical basisAccording to the New Teaching Curriculum, Ss play the main roles during the class. So, all the activities applied in class should focus on them. In order to highlight Ss`core-role position, most of the important knowledge should be acquired through their own experience. The teacher won’t talk too much. Instead, he/she will provide practicing opportunities as many as possible.Ⅱ.Understanding of the teaching materialMy understanding of the teaching material includes 3 parts: the state and the function, teaching aims, the important and difficult points.Firstly, let’s focus on the state and the function. This lesson is an interesting reading. By studying the text, the students can improve their reading ability; get know something about garden; and learn the story. At the same time, we should get the students to discuss somethingabout garden to improve their oral ability and understand the passage better. In order to fulfill the teaching task of this lesson, I set the following objects: the knowledge objectives are to make the students know more about garden and to enable the students to master useful words and expressions. And ability objectives are to develop the Ss’reading skills and to make the Ss master the language points and can apply it flexibly. And emotion objectives are to get the students to know the important of the text and to train or motivate the students’ co-study feeling or spirits. So much for the objectives, next, let’s look at the third part the teaching important points and difficult points. The teaching important points are to help the students master the important vocabulary, phrases, and sentences. And to help the students have a good understanding of the passage. And I think the teaching difficult points are how to improve the students’ reading ability and how to help the students express themselves in English.Ⅲ.Teaching methods and studying waysThat is all for my understanding of the teaching material. Now, let’s come to the teaching methods and studying ways. The teaching methods are used in this lesson. There are task-based teaching method, fast reading and careful reading teaching method, question-and-answer teaching method, group work and individual work method and co-operative teaching method. That is my teaching methods. Now, let’smove to the studying way. Students will learn through independent reading, discussing and cooperating. And about the teaching aids, multimedia and blackboard will be need.Ⅳ.Teaching procedureNext, we will go to the most important part---the teaching procedure. It includes 4steps:step1---Lead in; step2---Reading; step3--- Consolidation and homework.StepⅠ. Lead inIn this step, I will show some pictures about garden, such as the pictures(苏州园林、南宁八桂田园和菜园等)，lead in the topic of the lesson that we will learn is about garden, and then take out 4 pictures for students and ask them which one is the best, which one is the worst? StepⅡ. ReadingIn this step, I will arrange 5 tasks. Task1 is learning the new words. I will give 2 mines to learn the new words by themselves, and then ask some students to read them and tell us their meaning. Finally, I will ask the students to read together. Task2 I am going to ask students to read the text fast and match them the main ideas of each part to train the students’ skimming ability and help the students understand the main idea and the structure of the text clearly. And then Task3 I am going to ask students to watch a video about the story, have a discussion and answer the questions below:What does Joe win each year? And why?Task4 I will ask students to read aloud. Firstly, the students read after the teacher. Secondly, the teacher asks them to practice in pair. The last one is show time. And then task5 I am going to ask students to try to retell the story. In this task, I have arranged 5 challenges for students to challenge.StepⅢ. Consolidation and homeworkAfter dealing with the detail information of each paragraph, I will ask my students to read the passage again and answer two questions to consolidate what they have learnt today. The two questions are “what have you learn from this lesson?” and “what….” I want to check whether my students understand the text or not and to consolidate their memory. And then I will give a brief conclusion to help my students have a structure in their mind. It is good for them to make their knowledge systematic and keep the main part of the lesson in heart. Ok, last is the homework, finish the exercise a reading to help them consolidate what they have learned and improve their ability of using the languages.Ⅴ.Blackboard designLesson8 The best and the worstTHANKS !!!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程unit 8
E.g. 1) He would not commit himself in any way. 他不愿作任何承诺。 2) He committed a fatal mistake. 他犯了一个无可挽回的错误。 3) The man who had committed several rapes was arrested. 那个犯了多起强奸案的男人被抓起来了。 4) He was committed to the care of an aunt. 他被托付给一个姨妈照顾。
1. settle To put into order; to settle into a position；to bring to an end 安放；使定居；调停；解决
E.g. 1) She called in a mediator to settle the dispute. 她请了一位调停人来调解这次争执。 2) My ancestors settled in this country a hundred years ago. 我的先辈100年前到这个国家定居下来。 3) The question will be settled tonight. 这个问题将在今晚解决。 4) We‘ve settled that we‘ll stay here three days. 我们已经决定在这里住三天。
conversation with himself. He knows that the old man wanted to stay in the bar because it was clean and well-lighted, and that what the old man feared was not anything particular but rather a nothing. The old waiter emphasizes his own nihilism by reciting the Lord‘s Prayer, in which for certain words he substitutes the Spanish word for nothing--nada: ―Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name....‖ The story is difficult, not only because the dialogue is confusing and the plot minimal, but also because the philosophic idea that underlies the story is a complex existential one. The old waiter knows that nothingness--the sense that there is no God or external value in the world--is the only ultimate reality. The clean, well-lighted cafe is a little island of order in the midst of the nothingness of reality; such concrete actualities constitute the only meaning that remains.
八下英语八单元课件ppt课件ppt
目录
01
Unit Theme Introduction
Provide detailed background information on the course theme
Historical background: Provide historical events and periods related to the theme, explaining their development process and influence.
Identify and explain complex sentence structures, such as compound, complex, and compound compound sentences
Complex sentences
Discuss the use of different verb tensions and voices in the text, their functions, and any patterns observed
Verb tensions and voice
Explain the use of modals and accessories, their meanings, and how they are used in different contexts
Modals and accessories
04
Clarify the learning objectives of the course theme
Ability objective: To cultivate the ability to apply learned knowledge to solve practical problems.
四年级下册英语第八课
四年级下册英语第八课In the eighth lesson of English for the fourth grade, students will learn about different types of festivals celebrated around the world. This lesson aims to broaden their cultural knowledge and enhance their understanding of diverse traditions. The following text will delve into the content covered in this lesson, without repetition of the title or any unnecessary phrases, while maintaining a cohesive flow throughout.In this lesson, students will be introduced to various festivals celebrated in different countries. Festivals are important cultural events that bring people together to celebrate and have fun. They are often characterized by unique traditions, such as special food, music, dances, and customs.The first festival showcased in this lesson is Halloween, which originates from the Celtic festival of Samhain. On October 31st, people in many English-speaking countries, especially the United States, will carve pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, wear costumes, and go trick-or-treating. Halloween is a time when people enjoy dressing up as their favorite characters and indulge in sweets and treats.Moving on, the lesson introduces Diwali, also known as the Festival of Lights. Diwali is widely celebrated in India and marks the victory of light over darkness. During this festival, people light oil lamps, called diyas, in their homes to symbolize the triumph of good over evil. Fireworks, delicious sweets, and exchanging gifts are also common traditions during Diwali.Next, the lesson explores the Japanese festival of Tanabata, which takes place on July 7th. This festival celebrates the reunion of two mythical lovers,represented by the stars Vega and Altair. People write their wishes on colorful pieces of paper and hang them on bamboo trees in the hopes of having them come true. The streets are beautifully decorated with colorful streamers, and vibrant parades and fireworks add to the festive atmosphere.Another festival covered in this lesson is Chinese New Year, also known as Spring Festival. This festival is the most important and longest celebration in Chinese culture, lasting for 15 days. It usually falls between January 21st and February 20th. Chinese New Year is a time for family reunions, feasting, and honoring ancestors. Fireworks, dragon and lion dances, red decorations, and giving out red envelopes containing money as gifts are significant customs observed during this festival.Lastly, the lesson discusses Thanksgiving, a major holiday in the United States and Canada. It is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in the US and the second Monday in October in Canada. Thanksgiving is a time when families come together to give thanks for the blessings in their lives, especially the harvest. Roasted turkey, cranberry sauce, pumpkin pie, and mashed potatoes are traditional foods enjoyed during Thanksgiving dinner. Parades, football games, and expressing gratitude are also part of the festivities.In conclusion, the eighth lesson of the fourth grade English curriculum focuses on various festivals celebrated worldwide. Halloween, Diwali, Tanabata, Chinese New Year, and Thanksgiving were explored in this lesson, allowing students to gain a deeper understanding of different cultures and their unique traditions. Festivals serve as valuable opportunities tostrengthen cultural awareness and appreciation, fostering a sense of unity and respect among people of diverse backgrounds.。
新概念第二册Lesson_8_The_best_and_the_worst
（3）在比较级 + than 的结构前可以加上 某些副词类和表示倍数的词，以对其进行 修饰，如：far （远），even （甚至）， much （许多），still （更，还），a lot （许多），a little / bit （一 点）， rather （相当地），three times … （三倍、……），
•like gardens too, but I do not like hard work
•8. too ,either, also , as well表示“也”的 区别 • too 肯末也 • either 否末也 • also 句中 • as well = too •like 的用法 • 9. hard work 努力工作
必会短语
enter for:报名参加，强调报名 take part in 真正参加 enter for the exam
win:赢 won--won I win. I lose win something I win the book. I win the gold cup win后面往往是奖品 win a prize:赢得了一个奖 win a prize for:因为...而获奖 win不能接对手 defeat+对手 I defeat you.
1）常用的结构是比较级
比较级
+ than 。例如： They worked even harder than they promised. 他们工作得比他们答应的还要卖力。 This street is wider than that one. 这条街比那条街宽一些。
more … than…. e.g. She drank more beer than Jack did. She plays football more often than her sister does.
英语七下8单元ppt课件ppt
Flashcards
Encourage students to create and use flashcards as a memory aid for new vocabulary words, including translations and example sentences
Space Repetition
02
Preview the new vocabulary that will appear in this unit
to help students prepare for learning.
Connecting Activities
03Biblioteka Design some connectivity activities to help students
Synonyms and Antonyms
Example Sentences
Introduce synonyms and Antonyms to enhance vocabulary understanding and usage
Present example Sentences using key vocabulary words in context for students to imitate and understand.
Emphasis on the importance of space repetition for long term vocal retention, and provide guidelines for creating effective review schedules
03
Grammar Analysis and Applicati
八上第八课英语作文
八上第八课英语作文Here is an English essay with more than 1,000 words, without a title, and without any extra punctuation marks in the main body.The English language has become a global phenomenon in the modern world serving as a means of communication across different cultures and countries It is the most widely spoken language in the world with over 1 billion native and non-native speakers The prevalence of English can be attributed to its historical significance as the language of the British Empire which expanded across the globe during the colonial era as well as its current status as the primary language of international business trade diplomacy and academiaOne of the key reasons for the widespread adoption of English is its utility as a lingua franca a common language used by people who do not share a native language English has become the default language for many international organizations and events such as the United Nations the European Union and the Olympic Games This allows for effective communication and collaboration among individuals from diverse linguistic backgroundsFurthermore the dominance of American popular culture in the form of music films television shows and social media has also contributed to the global reach of the English language People around the world are exposed to English through these mediums and may be motivated to learn the language in order to better understand and engage with this content Additionally the prevalence of English in the fields of science technology and academia has made it an essential skill for professionals and students alike who need to stay up-to-date with the latest research and developments in their respective fieldsThe widespread use of English also has significant economic implications As the language of international business and trade fluency in English has become a valuable asset in the job market Multinational corporations often require their employees to have a strong command of the English language in order to effectively communicate with clients partners and colleagues from around the world This has led to a growing demand for English language education and training programs particularly in non-English speaking countriesHowever the dominance of English has also raised concerns about linguistic imperialism and the potential loss of linguistic diversity Around the world many indigenous and minority languages are under threat as English becomes the dominant language in variousspheres of life This has led to efforts to preserve and revitalize these endangered languages through language education programs and policies that promote multilingualismDespite these concerns the continued spread of English is likely to persist in the foreseeable future as globalization and technological advancements continue to bring the world closer together As a result the ability to communicate effectively in English will remain a crucial skill for individuals and organizations alike seeking to participate in the global marketplace and engage with the international communityIn conclusion the English language has become a global phenomenon with far-reaching implications Its widespread use as a lingua franca in various domains such as business trade diplomacy and academia has made it an essential skill for individuals and organizations around the world While the dominance of English has raised concerns about linguistic imperialism the continued importance of the language in the global context is unlikely to diminish in the near future。
英语初级听力lessoneight课件
Dialogue10 He serviced and cleaned the car and took the
family into the country for a picnic.
—Good evening, and how have you spent the day? —I serviced and cleaned the car till lunch time. —And what did you do after lunch? —I took the family into the country for a picnic.
Dialogue4 B
—I'm going to sit on this chair. —But you mustn't. —Why not? —Because it's broken.
Dialogue5 C
—Do you like roast chicken? —Yes. I love it. Thank you. —Do you prefer brown meat or white meat? —I really don't mind. Thank you.
Dialogue6 B
—Did you buy anything when you went to Paris? —Yes. I bought a briefcase. —What's it like? —It's a large, leather one.
Dialogue7 C
—Did you take a bus to the meeting place? —No. I went in Richard's car. —Did Susan go in Richard's car, too? —No. She took a taxi.
8LessonEight(ok)
Lesson EightEstimating Power RequirementsThe power required to propel a new ship is subject to a formidable number of variable items. The family tree of power for propulsion shows these divided into two main groups. One is concerned with the resistance to motion caused by the interaction of the hull of the ship with the surrounding water and the other concerns the efficiency with which the power developed in the engine itself can be used and converted into thrust at the propeller.Before considering the methods used for estimating their combined effect on power requirements, it is necessary to take the items in turn and discuss briefly their significance and nature.Power for propulsionShip resistanceFriction at the hull surface in contact with the water is the major part of the resistance of all merchant vessels. Wave-making resistance does not assume prime importance until a speed/length ratio (V/√L) in excess of unity has been reached. The reason for surface friction is that water is far from being a perfect fluid. Its magnitude depends on the length and area of surface in contact and its degree of roughness, and it varies with the speed of the body through the fluid.By observation and experiment it can be shown that the particles of water in actual contact with the ship adhere to its surface and are carried along by it (it does not seem unreasonable to assume some interlocking of particles). There is no slip. At small distances from the body the velocity imparted to the surrounding fluid is only very small but with a noticeable degree of turbulence. The width of this belt, known as the layer increases somewhat towards the after end of the moving body. Its appearance is one of the most spectacular sights to be seen when a vessel is moving at high speed .from a practical point of view it is assumed that all the fluid shear responsible for skin friction occurs within this belt and also that outside it fluid viscosity can be disregarded. The exact width of the belt is difficult to determine, but an arbitrary assessment is usually accurate enough. If it is now considered that the effective shape of the immersed body is defined by the extremities of the boundary layer, then that body may be assumed to move without friction. However, this does not apply to the transmission of pressure.Part of the energy necessary to move a ship over the surface of the sea is expended in the form of pressure waves. This form of resistance to motion is known as residual resistance, or wave-making. Three such wave systems are created by the passage of a ship: a bow system, a stern system (both of which are divergent), and a transverse system. They occur only in the case of a body moving through two fluids simultaneously. For instance, the residuary resistance of well formed bodies like aircraft or submarines, wholly immersed, is comparatively small. Because of surface waves formed by a floating body the flow pattern varies considerably with speed, butwith an immersed body this flow pattern is the same at all speeds. For this reason the shape of a submarine oraircraft (in consideration of submerged performance only) is more easily related to the constant conditions underwhich it performs ,in the dynamic sense, than is the form of surface vessel.Returning to a consideration of our three wave systems, it can easily be understood that the bow system isinitiated by a crest due to the build-up of pressure necessary to push the water aside and the greater the speedthe greater will be the height of the crest and its distance from the bow. Conversely, the stern system isassociated with a hollow due to filling-in at the stern. If a ship had a sufficient length of parallel middle bodythe bow wave system would die out before it reached the stern, but in practice ships are never long enough forthis to obtain and interference effects have to be taken into account. The transverse wave system becomes ofimportance at high speeds and is responsible for the greater part of wave-making resistance. The net effect ofthe three systems is extremely important from a residuary resistance point of view, and it is necessary toensure that they do not combine to produce a hollow (a through) at the stern.Of course, if the energy produced at the bow could be recovered at the stern then there would be no netenergy loss. But this is not the case as energy is dissipated laterally in order to maintain a wave pattern. Themore developed the wave pattern the more energy is needed to maintain it. Considerations of minimumresistance, therefore, involved a complicated assessment of the interrelation of ship-form characteristics likelyto reduce wave causation.Wave-making resistance follows the laws of dynamic similarity (also known as Froude ’s Law ofComparison), which state that the resistances of geometrically ships will vary as the cube of their lineardimensions provided the speeds are in the ratio of the square root of the linear dimensions. Perhaps the law, which does not apply to frictional resistance, looks more concise if stated symbolically, namely:lL v V provided l L r R t t ==33 The most important cause of eddy-making is the ship. There is sometimes a tendency to think ofeddy-making as being related only to such appendages as rudders, bilge keel, propeller bossings and the like.While it is perfectly true that badly designed appendages can have eddy-making resistances which areexcessive in relation to their size and frictional resistances, the eddy-making of a ship, though relatively small,may be a very large part of the total eddy-making resistance. Eddy making is usually included with thewave-making resistance because it is impracticable to measure the one without the other. However, somedistinction is helpful to an understanding of resistance phenomena. In eddy-making it is the stern of the shipwhich plays the influential part because of the difficulty of maintaining streamline flow even in the mosteasily shaped body.PropulsionIt will be obvious that the total resistance of a ship at any speed and the force necessary to propel it must beequal and opposite. The power that the ship ’s machinery is capable of developing, however, must beconsiderably more than this to overcome the various deficiencies inherent in the system, because engines,transmission arrangements and propellers all waste power before it becomes available as thrust. The totalefficiency of propulsion therefore involves a consideration of the separate efficiencies of individual items theproduct of which is expressed in the form of a propulsive coefficient.The engine efficiency depends upon the type of engine employed and its loading. In the case of areciprocating engine, either diesel or steam, the power developed in the cylinders can be calculated from theeffective pressures recorded on indicator cards. This is known as indicated ., which is naturally more than thehorsepower output when measured by means of a brake at the crankshaft coupling. The ratio is, of coursethe mechanical efficiency of the engine. If the power is measured on the propeller shaft aft of the thrust block and any gearing, then this is known as shaft . and in the case of a turbine is the only place at which it is practicable to measure the power output. There is no such thing as indicated or brake horsepower for a steam or gas turbine, shaft . is almost the same as for a reciprocating engine which drives the propeller directly, but where gearing or special couplings are introduced in the case of high-speed diesel engines or turbines, the transmission losses in these items influence the This is, of course very necessary in order that fair comparisons between the efficiencies of different types of drives can be made. The remainder of the transmission losses are those in the stern tube. When all the engine and transmission losses have been taken into account what is left is a certain amount of the original power which is now delivered at the propeller.We have already noted that a ship in motion drags along with it a large mass of water. This “wake” as it is known (not the popular interpretation of something that is left astern!) has a forward velocity in which the screw operates, so that the speed of the screw through the wake water is less than the speed of the ship. This is beneficial as it involves a gain in efficiency which is referred to as the wake gain. On the pressure distribution at the stern of the vessel which causes some augment of resistance. It is usual to consider this as a thrust deduction effect. These almost separate effects can be combined to give the effective horse-power required. The screw efficiency in the open, . delivering its thrust to an imaginary vessel, is most important. It is only by considering hull resistance and propeller performance as separate entities that any proper assessment can be made of their effect when combined. The mechanism of hull resistance has been fairly well explored, but the theories of propeller action are still incomplete.Power estimatesWhen power estimates are required by a shipbuilder who is tendering for the construction of a new vessel, there is no time to run model tests, nor would the expense normally the justified. The naked is therefore estimated from a published series of methodical tests such as those of Ayre or Taylor. Percentage allowances are made to the naked for appendages and air resistance combined with an estimated lies in the proper selection of the QPC. There are numerous methods of estimating power, but the above is one of the most popular.Some rapid means of evaluating ship power requirements merely from a lines plan and main technical particulars has long been needed. With increasing productivity, faster construction times and fierce international competition for new orders this has become ever more pressing. Detailed power assessments for ship design proposals are needed frequently well in advance of any firm order. Statistical analysis methods are now being applied to resistance and propulsion problems to peed up the process of ship performance prediction.Performance criteria are expressed, in terms of equations based on selected parameters of hull shape, dimensions, propeller characteristics and stern conditions. Performance of a design can be assessed from these regression equations which have been derived from a large number of previous model results for the ship type under review. Comparison of a particular result with established data is obtained by minimization of the regression equations. The big advantage of doing things this way is that the coefficients of the regression equations can be fed into a high-speed digital computer. This means that in less than an hour the results of well over a dozen different combinations of hull characteristics can be calculated. This should then lead to an optimum combination of form parameters. The eventual link up with work now being done on the complete definition of hull shape in mathematical terms should take us one step nearer to the soundly based fully automated shipyard.(From “ Background to Ship Design and Shipbuilding Production” by J. Anthony Hind, 1965).Technical Terms1.resistance 阻力2.thrust 推力3.propeller 推进器4.skin friction resistance 摩擦阻力5.wave-making resistance 兴波阻力6.eddy-making resistance 漩涡阻力7.appendage resistance 附体阻力8.propulsive efficiency 推进效率9.hull efficiency 船身效率10.transmission efficiency 轴系效率11.speed/length ratio 速长比12.perfect fluid 理想流体13.roughness 粗糙度14.turbulence 紊动15.boundary layer 边界层16.spectacular sights 壮观景色17.fluid shear 流体剪力18.fluid viscosity 流体粘性19.immersed body 浸没的船体部分20.residuary resistance 剩余阻力21.bow 船首22.stern 船尾23.divergent 分散的24.submarine 潜水艇25.aircraft 飞机26.crest 波峰27.hollow 凹陷，孔隙，波谷28.parallel middle body 平行中体29.through 波谷30.ship-form characteristics 船型特性ws of dynamics similarity 动力相似定律32.rudder 舵33.bilge keel 舭龙骨34.propeller bossing 推进器箍35.streamline 流线型36．reciprocating engine 往复式发动机37. diesel/steam engine 柴油/蒸汽机38. indicator card 示功图39. indicated . 指示马达40. brake 制动41. crankshaft coupling 曲轴连轴器42. mechanical efficiency 机械效率43. thrust block 推力轴承44. gearing 齿轮45. shaft . 轴马达46. brake . 制动马达47. turbine 汽轮机48. gas turbine 燃气轮机49. stern tube 尾轴管50. wake 伴流51. astern 向（在）船尾52. wake gain 伴流增益53. thrust deduction 推力减额54. effective horse-power 有效马达55. screw efficiency in the open(water) 螺旋桨趟水效率56. imaginary vessel 假想船57. mechanism 作用原理（过程），机构58. proposal 建议59. statistical 统计分析60. criterion 衡准61. ship performance prediction 船舶性能预报62. regression equation 回归方程63. form parameter 形状参数Additional Terms and Expression1.service speed 服务航速2.design speed 设计航速3.cruising speed 巡航速度4.trial speed 试航速度5.endurance 续航力6.admiralty coefficient/constant 海军系数7.fouling 污底8.hydrodynamics 水动力学9.inflow 进流10.angle of attack 攻角11.lift 升力12.circulation 环量13.aspect ratio 展弦比14.Reynolds number 雷诺数15.Froude number 傅汝德数16.momentum theory 动量理论17.impulse theory 冲量理论18.cavitation 空泡现象19.adjustable-pitch propeller 可调螺距螺旋桨controllable-pitch propeller 可调螺距螺旋桨20.reversible propeller 可反转螺旋桨21.coaxial contra-rotating propellers 对转螺旋桨22.ducted propeller, shrouded propeller 导管螺旋桨23.tandem propeller 串列螺旋桨24.jet propeller 喷射推进器25.paddle wheel 明轮26.ship model experiment tank 船模试验水池27.ship model towing tank 船模拖拽试验水池28.wind tunnel 风洞29.cavitation tunnel 空泡试验水筒30.self propulsion test 自航试验31.scale effect 尺度效应32.naked model 裸体模型Notes to the Text1.the family tree of power for propulsion 推进马力族类表2.For this reason the shape of a submarine or aircraft(in consideration of submerged performance only) is moreeasily related to the constant conditions under which it performs, in the dynamic sense, than is the form of a surface vessel.其中的主要句子the shape---is more easily --- than---是一句带有比较状语从句的复合句。
高中英语 Unit 8 Adventure Section Ⅱ Lesson 1—Language
Section ⅡLesson 1—Language Pointsmajor adj．主要的；较重要的；较严重的vi．主修；专攻n．主修课程；专业学生(教材P116)The presenter went round the world visiting all the major capitals．主持人环游世界，参观游览各大首都。
[一词多义]——写出下列句中major的含义(1)Age is a major factor affecting chances of employment．主要的(2) Your major does not matter as much in your first year of college．主修课程(3)The young boy is a political science major．专业学生(1)major in．．．主修/专攻……(2)majority n．大多数be in the majority 占多数(3)minor adj．次要的(4)minority n．少数be in the minority 占少数①Our major concern is how to give everyone a fair chance．我们最关注的是如何给每人一个公平的机会。
②The majority(major) of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health．大多数医生认为，吸烟有害健康。
③Young people are in the majority in this field．在这个领域里年轻人占多数。
④Some minor(minority) changes may be necessary．也许有必要做些小的改动。
⑤Girls are in the minority(minor) in this university．这个大学里女生占少数。
新概念第二册L8
Free talk
• What is the best thing in your mind? • What is the best experience in you life? • Why it is the best? • What is the worst day in you life? • How do you think of the best or the worst day?
• Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's.
• 名词加-’s表示所属关系，构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往 指有生命的东西，特别是人。所有格的语法作用相当亍形容词 ，限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提 到时可以省略，只要丌引起误解。
• He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. • make和build在这里是同义词，“修建，建造” 。make的词义比较笼统、广泛，可解释为“做 、作出、制造”等，而build主要限亍建筑业， 指“建造，建设，盖房子，修筑（桥梁）等” • Have you made the skirt by yourself? • They have made a road along the river.
Winnie’s the best day
New words
competition: a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations ★competition n. 比赛，竞赛（暗地里竞争） race n. 比赛，竞赛 car race match n. 比赛 • football match contest n. 比赛（更广泛） • baby contest 宝宝大赛；beauty contest 选美 • game : 游戏, 运动
八下英语书课件ppt
The course is divided into eight parts, each part focusing on a different aspect of English language learning
Each part of the course includes a series of lessons, with each lesson covering a specific topic or skill
Practice difficulty is high
03
The exercises in the textbook are difficult and require students to have a certain degree of self-learning ability and problem-solving ability.
Unit structure
Cross cultural communication awareness cultivation: The textbook incorporates content on cross-cultural communication, helping students understand the cultural background and social customs of English speaking countries, and improving their cross-cultural communication skills.
Implementation method
Teachers can design various games based on the course content, such as word relay, role-playing, etc., to allow students to learn new knowledge and consolidate old knowledge in the games.