tunnel
铁路隧道英语专业术语单词
铁路隧道英语专业术语单词铁路隧道railway tunnel山岭隧道mountain tunnel越岭隧道over mountain line tunnel水下隧道；水地隧道subaqueous tunnel；underwater tunnel地铁隧道subway tunne；underground railway tunnel浅埋隧道shallow tunnel；shallow-depth tunnel；shallow burying tunnel 深埋隧道deep tunnel；deep-depth tunnel；deep burying tunnel单线隧道single track tunnel双线隧道double track tunnel多线隧道multiple track tunnel车站隧道station tunnel地铁车站subway station；metro station特长隧道super long tunnel长隧道long tunnel中长隧道medium tunnel短隧道short tunnel隧道群tunnel group地铁工程subway engineering；metro engineering洞口tunne ladit；tunnel opening隧道进口tunnel entrance隧道出口tunnel exit迎坡；正面坡front slope洞门tunnel portal洞门框tunnel portal frame端墙式洞门end wall tunnel portal柱式洞门post tunnel portal翼墙式洞门wing wall tunnel portal耳墙式洞门ear wall tunnel portal台阶式洞门bench tunnel portal正洞门orthonormal tunnel portal；straight tunnel portal斜洞门skew tunnel portal明洞门open-cut-tunnel portal；gallery portal衬砌lining拱圈arch边墙side wall仰拱invert；inverted arch底板floor整体式衬砌integral lining装配式衬砌precast lining；prefabricated lining模筑衬砌moulded lining洞口段衬砌lining of tunnel portal section偏压衬砌unsymmetrically loading lining；eccentrically compressed lining组合衬砌；复合衬砌composite lining初期支护primary support二次衬砌secondary lining隔离层isolation layer喷锚衬砌shorcrete bolt lining下锚段衬砌；接触网锚段衬砌anchor-section lining挤压混凝土衬砌extruding concrete tunnel lining隔热层thermal insulation layer明洞open-cut tunnel；tunnel without cover；gallery拱形明洞arch open cut tunnel；arch tunnel without cover；arch gallery棚洞shed tunnel；shed gallery路堑式明洞cut-type open cut tunnel；cut-type tunnel without cover；cut-type gallery半路堑式明洞part cut-type open cut tunnel；part cut-type tunnel without cover；part cut-type gallery抗滑明洞anti-skid-type open cut tunnel；anti-skid-type tunnel without cover；anti-skid-type gallery盖板式棚洞slab shed tunnel；slab shed gallery刚架式棚洞framed shed tunnel；framed shed gallery悬臂式棚洞cantilever shed tunnel；cantilever shed gallery隧道专家系统expert system of tunnel围岩surrounding rock围岩压力pressure of surrounding rock地层压力ground pressure；stratum pressure松弛压力relaxation pressure形变压力deformation pressure围岩自承能力self-supporting capacity of surrounding rock坑道自稳时间self-stabilization time of tunnel弹性抗力elastic resistance灌浆压力grouting pressure落石冲击力impact force of falling stone隧道埋置深度；埋深buried depth of tunnel地温梯度geothermal dradient地应力crustal stress预留变形量deformation allowance暗挖法subsurface excavation method明挖法open-cut method矿山法mining method；mine tunneling method钻眼爆破法drilling and blasting method新奥法New Austrian Tunnelling Method；NATM喷锚构筑法shotcrete-bolt construction method掘进机法tunnel boring machine method盾构法shield method沉管法immersed tunnelling method地下连续墙法underground diaphragm wall method；underground wall method；diaphragm wall method全断面开挖法full-face tunnelling method分部开挖法partial excavation method台阶法benching tunnelling method正台阶法positive benching tunnelling method反台阶法negative benching tunnelling method导坑heading上下导坑法top and bottom heading method上导坑法top-heading method漏斗棚架法hopper-shed support tunnelling method蘑菇形开挖法mushroom-type tunnelling method侧壁导坑法side heading method单侧导坑法single side heading method双侧导坑法twin-side heading method品字形导坑法top and twin-side bottom heading method眼睛式开挖法spectacles type tunnelling method超前导坑advance heading扩大enlargement拉槽pull trough；trench excavated马口excavation of side wall at intervals控制爆破controlled blasting光面爆破smooth blasting预裂爆破presplit blasting先墙后拱法side wall first lining method先拱后墙法arch first lining method；flying arch method开挖工作面excavated surface；excavated work face超挖overbreak欠挖underbreak找顶top cleaning出碴mucking and removing有轨运输track transportation无规运输trackless transportation拱圈封顶closing the toop of lining墙顶封口seal；seal at the top of wall喷射混凝土回弹rebound of shotcrete隧道贯通tunnel holing-through隧道贯通误差tunnel through error隧道贯通面tunnel through plane临时支护temporary support构件支撑member support钢拱支撑steel arch support喷射混凝土支护shotcrete support锚杆支护anchor bolt support喷锚支护shotcrete and rock bolt support系统锚杆system anchor bolt超前支护advance support超前锚杆advance anchor bolt插板支护inserting plate support；forepoling小导管预注浆pre-grouting with small duct管棚支护pipe-shed support；pipe roofing support格构拱；钢花拱；格棚拱trellis arch；lattice arch喷射混凝土shotcrete；spray concrete干喷混凝土dry shotcreting湿喷混凝土wet shotcreting潮喷混凝土；半湿喷混凝土half set shotcreting喷射钢纤维混凝土steel fiber shotcrete；steel fiber reinforced shotcrete 防水混凝土waterproof concrete预切槽precutting trough辅助坑道service gallery竖井shaft斜井inlined shaft横洞transverse gallery平行导坑parallel heading横通道transverse passage-way调查坑道investigation gallery；survey tunnel竖井联系测量shaft connection survey隧道防水waterproofing of tunnel防水等级classification of waterproof防水层waterproof layer防水板waterproof board；waterproof sheet防水涂层waterproofing coating隧道压浆pressure grouting of tunnel止水带water stop tie盲沟blind ditch泻水洞drain cavern；drain tunnel隧道运营通风permanent ventilation of tunnel自然通风natural ventilation机械通风mechanical ventilation风道式通风ventilation by air passage隧道通风帘幕ventilation curtain列车活塞作用piston action of train隧道射流式通风tunnel efflux ventilation；tunnel injector type ventilation 隧道通风试验tunnel ventilation test隧道施工通风construction ventilation of tunnel风管式通风ventilation by pipes巷道式通风ventilation by ducts隧道照明tunnel illumination；tunnel lighting隧道防灾设施tunnel anti-disaster equipment避车洞refuge hole；refuge recess；refuge niche隧道火灾tunnel fire hazard隧道报警装置tunnel warning equipment隧道消防系统tunnel fire-fighting system隧道瓦斯爆炸tunnel gas explosion隧道监控量测tunnel monitoring measurement隧道地表沉降tunnel ground subsidence隧道拱顶下沉tunnel arch top settlement隧道底鼓tunnel floor heave隧道周边位移tunnel perimeter deflection隧道地中位移tunnel surrounding mass deflection隧道改建tunnel reconstruction隧道落底under cut of tunnel隧道挑顶top picking of tunnel隧道套拱cover arch of tunnel施工调查construction investigation施工准备construction preparation征地expropriation拆迁removing租地rented land交接桩delivery-receiving stake施工复测construction repetition；repetive survey；construction repetition survey测量放样staking out in survey土石方调配cut-fill transition土石方体积图；土积图volume diagram of earth-rock work隐蔽工程hidden project；hidden construction work废弃工程abandoned project；abandoned construction work工程运输engineering transportation冬季施工cold weather construction；winter season construction雨季施工raining season construction；rainy season construction工程招标calling for tenders of project；calling for tending of project工程投标bidding for project工程报价project quoted price工程发包contracting out of project工程承包contracting of project工程监理supervision of construction；supervision of project总预算total budget单项预算individual budget建筑业总产值total output of building industry指导性施工组织设计design for guiding construction organization；guiding design for construction scheme实施性施工组织设计design for practical construction organization；practical design ofr construction scheme；operative construction organization design临时工程temporary project大型临时工程large-scale temporary project小型临时工程small-scale temporary project过渡工程transition project控制工程dominant project关键工程key project辅助设施auxiliary facilities通车期限time limit for opening to traffic施工总工期total time of construction；total construction time施工组织方案construction scheme开工报告report on starting of construction work；commencement report of construction work；construction starting report竣工报告completion repport of construction work施工计划管理planned manangement of construction网络计划技术network planning technique施工工艺流程construction technology process；construction process工法制度construction method system施工产值construction output value施工利润construction profit施工机械利用率utilization ratio of construction machinery施工机械完好率ratio of construction machinery in good condition施工形象进度construction figuue progress；figurative progress of construction work挖掘机excavating machine；excavator单斗挖土机power shovel索铲挖土机dragline反铲挖土机backhoe蛤壳式抓斗clamshell bucket推土机bulldozer铲运机scoper；scraper；carrying scraper装载机loader带式输送机belt conveyer平地机grader振动碾压机vibration compactor vibration roller压路机roller潜孔钻机diving drill凿岩机air hammer drill；rock drill碎石机crusher挖沟机trench cutting machine；trenching machine；trencher塔式起重机tower crane；column crane汽车式起重机automobile crane；autocrane；truck crane轮胎式起重机rubber tired crane；rough-terrain crane履带式起重机crawler crane；caterpiller crane轨道起重机track crane；rail crane浮式起重机；浮吊floating crane缆索起重机cable crane空中索道aerial ropway电动卷扬机electric winch电动吊车；电动葫芦electric hoist千斤顶jack打桩机pile driver蒸汽打桩机steam pile driver；steam pile hammer柴油打桩机diesel pile driver液压打桩机hydraulic pile driver振动打桩机vibrating pile driver；vibratory driver振动沉拨桩机vibro-driver extractor静压力拨桩机static pressure pile extractor；static pressure pile drawing machine履带式桩架crawler pile frame旋转式钻机swiveling drill machine；rotary drill machine灌水钻机diving drill machine套管钻机drill machine with casting冲击式钻机impact-type drill machine；percussion type drill machine离心水泵centrifugal pump真空水泵vacuum pump深井水泵deep well pump轴流水泵axial flow pump清水泵driving pump往复式空气压缩机reciprocating compressor螺杆式空气压缩机screw compressor单转子滑片式空压机single rotary compressor水泥输送泵cement pump混凝土搅拌机concrete mixer鼓筒式混凝土搅拌机drum concrete mixer锥形反转出料混凝土搅拌机tapered reverse tilting concrete mixer锥形倾翻出料混凝土搅拌机tapered tilting concrete mixer强制式混凝土搅拌机forced concrete mixer混凝土搅拌楼concrete mixing plant简易混凝土搅拌站simple concrete mixing plant混凝土搅拌运输车concrete mixing and transporting car；truck mixer；transit mixer混凝土输送泵concrete pump混凝土泵车concrete pump truck混凝土吊斗concrete lifting bucket钢筋调直机bar straightener钢筋切断机bar cutter钢筋弯曲机bar bender钢筋冷拉机bar cold-drawing machine插入式混凝土振捣器immersion type vibrator for concrete附着式混凝土振捣器attached type vibrator for concrete；attached type vibrator平板式混凝土振捣器plate vibrator混凝土振动台concrete vibrating stand长线张拉台座stretching bed for longline production斜撑桅杆式架梁起重机cross stay derrick girder erecting machine全回转式架梁起重机full circle girderr erecting crane双悬臂式架桥机double cantilever girder-erecting machine单梁式架桥机single beam girder-erecting machine双梁式架桥机double beam girder-erecting machine组拼式架桥机assembly type girer-erecting machine造桥机bridge fabrication machine工程船舶engineering ship；engineering vessel舟桥bateau bridge浮箱floating box；pontoon万能杆件fabricated universal steel members模板form组合钢模板combined steel formwork滑动模板slip form爬升模板climbing shuttering砌拱支架；碗扣式脚手架soffit scaffolding风镐air pick；pneumatic pick凿岩台车；钻孔台车rock drilling jumbo立爪式装岩机vertical claw rock loader蟹爪式装岩机crab rock loader梭式矿车shutter car槽式列车bunker train电瓶车storage battery car斗车bucker loader大型矿车large scale ore car装岩机rock loader干喷混凝土机dry shotcreting machine湿喷混凝土机wet shotcreting machine半湿喷混凝土机half wet shotcreting machine喷射混凝土机械手shotcrete manipulator风动凿岩机pneumatic rock drill手持式凿岩机portable rock drill；jack hammer通风机ventilating set；ventilating machine；ventilator注浆机grouting machine；grouter注浆泵grouting pump；injection pump隧道衬砌模板台车working jumbo for tunnel lining；tunnelling shutter jumbo for tunnel lining 隧道掘进机tunnel boring machine；TBM盾构shield接触网架线车installation vehicle for contact wire接触网作业车operation vehicle for contract wire自卸汽车dumping truck斗式提升机bucket elevator安全技术措施safety techincal measures安全教育safety education事故报告accident report灾害性地质disaster geology突泥projecting mud soil突水gushing water冒顶roof fall岩爆rock burst瓦斯突出gas projection瓦斯浓度gas density；gas consistency掏底开挖；挖神仙土cut the vertical earthwork bottom施工防护construction protection线路封锁track blockade；closure of track；traffic interruption 防护音响信号protecting acoustic signal覆盖防护covered protection。
隧道英文-
隧道英文TunnelWhen one thinks of a tunnel, the first image that comes to mind is typically an underground passage used for transportation such as cars, trains, or pedestrians. However, tunnels can also refer to a variety of other underground structures such as mining tunnels, utility tunnels, or even pedestrian walkways.The history of tunnels can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians and Romans who built underground tunnels for various purposes such as water supply or to hide from enemies during war. However, it wasn't until the 18th and 19th centuries that tunnels became widely used for transportation purposes.The construction of tunnels is a complex process that requires careful planning, design, and engineering. Tunnels can be constructed using various techniques such as drill and blast, tunnel boring machines, and cut and cover. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of a specific technique depends on factors such as geology, cost, and time constraints.One of the most challenging aspects of tunnel construction is dealing with the geology of the surrounding terrain. Different types of rock and soil present different challenges, and engineers must carefully evaluate the geology of the area to determine the best approach for tunnel construction. For example, in areas with soft ground, tunnel boring machines may be used,while in areas with hard rock, drill and blast methods may be more appropriate.Tunnels play a vital role in modern transportation infrastructure. They allow for faster and more efficient transportation of people and goods over long distances, and they can also help alleviate traffic congestion in urban areas. However, their construction can also have significant environmental impacts, such as disruption of natural habitats and water resources.In recent years, there has been increased interest in the construction of tunnels for alternative transportation options such as hyperloops and subways. These technologies promise even faster and more efficient transportation, and their development will likely lead to new innovations in tunnel construction techniques.In conclusion, tunnels are fascinating structures that have a long history and continue to be an important part of transportation infrastructure. While their construction can be challenging, the benefits they provide are numerous, and the future of tunnel technology is promising.。
GRE协议简介
GRE协议简介1. 协议简介gre（generic routing encapsulation，通⽤路由封装）协议是对某些⽹络层协议（如ip 和ipx）的数据报进⾏封装，使这些被封装的数据报能够在另⼀个⽹络层协议（如ip）中传输。
gre 是vpn（virtual private network）的第三层隧道协议，在协议层之间采⽤了⼀种被称之为tunnel（隧道）的技术。
tunnel 是⼀个虚拟的点对点的连接，在实际中可以看成仅⽀持点对点连接的虚拟接⼝，这个接⼝提供了⼀条通路使封装的数据报能够在这个通路上传输，并且在⼀个 tunnel 的两端分别对数据报进⾏封装及解封装。
⼀个报⽂要想在tunnel中传输，必须要经过加封装与解封装两个过程，下⾯以图3-1的⽹络为例说明这两个过程：(1) 加封装过程连接novell group1 的接⼝收到ipx 数据报后⾸先交由ipx 协议处理，ipx 协议检查ipx 报头中的⽬的地址域来确定如何路由此包。
若报⽂的⽬的地址被发现要路由经过⽹号为1f 的⽹络（tunnel 的虚拟⽹号），则将此报⽂发给⽹号为1f 的tunnel端⼝。
tunnel ⼝收到此包后进⾏gre 封装，封装完成后交给ip 模块处理，在封装ip 报⽂头后，根据此包的⽬的地址及路由表交由相应的⽹络接⼝处理。
(2) 解封装的过程解封装过程和加封装的过程相反。
从tunnel 接⼝收到的ip 报⽂，通过检查⽬的地址，当发现⽬的地就是此路由器时，系统剥掉此报⽂的ip 报头，交给gre 协议模块处理（进⾏检验密钥、检查校验和及报⽂的序列号等）；gre 协议模块完成相应的处理后，剥掉gre 报头，再交由ipx 协议模块处理，ipx 协议模块象对待⼀般数据报⼀样对此数据报进⾏处理。
系统收到⼀个需要封装和路由的数据报，称之为净荷（payload），这个净荷⾸先被加上gre 封装，成为gre 报⽂；再被封装在ip 报⽂中，这样就可完全由ip 层负责此报⽂的向前传输（forwarded）。
tunnel中文翻译
tunnel中文翻译tunnel的中文翻译是"隧道"。
隧道是一种人工开凿的通道，用于连接两个地点，通常是在山脉、大厦之下或水下建造。
隧道广泛用于交通运输，如铁路、公路和地铁，也用于输送水、电力和通信设施。
例句：1. Please drive carefully through the tunnel.请在隧道里小心驾驶。
2. The train is passing through the tunnel.火车正在通过隧道。
3. We could hear the echo in the tunnel.我们可以在隧道里听到回声。
4. The tunnel is under construction.隧道正在施工中。
5. The tunnel is well-lit for safety reasons.出于安全考虑，隧道内灯光明亮。
6. The tunnel is a shortcut to the other side of the mountain.这条隧道是到山的另一边的捷径。
7. The tunnel provides a passage for pedestrians.这条隧道为行人提供通道。
8. The tunnel was dug through solid rock.这条隧道是在坚硬的岩石中挖掘而成的。
9. The traffic is congested inside the tunnel.隧道内交通堵塞。
10. The tunnel was designed to withstand earthquakes.这条隧道被设计成能抵挡地震。
11. The tunnel is equipped with ventilation systems.隧道配备了通风系统。
12. The construction of the tunnel faced several challenges.隧道的建设面临了几个挑战。
隧道英语词汇
隧道掘进机 tunnel boring machine围岩自稳时间 rock-self stability time松散压力 loosing pressure形变压力 clastic pressure全断面开挖法 full face excavation method正台阶法 bench cut method环形开挖预留核心土法 ring cut method双侧壁导坑法 both side drift method中洞法 center drift excavation method中隔壁法( CD 法) center diagram method交叉中隔壁法( CRD 法) center cross diagram method 岩爆 rock burst浅孔爆破 short hole blasting深孔爆破 long hole blasting光面爆破 smooth blasting预裂爆破 presplitting锚喷支护 shotcrete and rock bolt support钢架 steel frame or beam support超前支护 advanced support管棚 pipe-roof protection小导管预注浆 small pipe-roof protection超前锚杆 pioneer rock bolt预注浆 pioneer grouting回填注浆 back filling grouting干喷 dry shotcrete初喷 first shotcrete ( aplication of first shotcrete )复喷 subsequent shotcrete ( aplication of shotcrete )锚杆 rock bolt中岩墙(中岩柱、中夹岩) wall of rock in neighborhood tunnel 监控量测 monitoring measurement超前地质预报 geological prediction瓦斯 gas瓦斯浓度 gas concentration围岩 surrounding rock围岩压力 surrounding rock pressure围岩分级 surrounding rock classification初始地应力场 initial ground-stress field作用 action荷载 load容许应力设计法 allowable stress design method破损阶段设计法 plastic stage design method概率极限状态设计法 probability limit state design method 可靠性 reliability设计基准期 design relerence period安全等级 safty classes承载能力极限状态 ultimate limit states正常使用极限状态 service-ability limit states可靠指标 reliability index失效概率 probability of structural failure作用代表值 representative value of actions作用标准值 characteristic value of actions作用设计值 design value of actions作用效应 effects of actions作用的组合 combination of actions材料性能标准值 characteristic value of a material property 几何参数标准值 nominal value of geometrical parameter 几何参数设计值 design value of geometrical parameter 分项系数 partial coefficient抗力 reaction地震动参数 seismic ground motion parameter地震动峰值加速度 seismic peak ground acceleration公路隧道 road tunnel山岭隧道 mountain tunnel岩石质量指标 Rock Quality Designation(RQD)岩体分级 rock mass classification环境调查 environmental survey水文调查 hydrological survey地质调查 geological survey隧道涌水 water inflow into tunnel偏压 unsymmetrical pressure新奥法 NATM(New AustrianTunnelingMethod) 净空断面(内轮廓) inner section洞门 portal衬砌 lining仰拱 invert小净距隧道 neighburhood tunnel联拱隧道 multi-arch tunnel竖井 vertical shaft斜井 incline, incline shaft横通道 horizontal adit超前导坑 advancing drift通风 ventilation照明 lighting地铁 metro ，underground railway ， subway 设计使用年限 designed lifetime运营概念 operation concept旅行速度 operation speed限界 gauge正线 main line辅助线 assistant line联络线 connecting line试车线 testing line轨道结构 track structure轨距 gauge of track无缝线路 seamless track整体道床 monolithic track-bed路基 subgrade车站公共区 public zone of station站台计算长度 computed length of platform无缝线路纵向水平力 longitudinal horizontal force of seamless track 无缝线路断轨力 broken rail force of seamless track明挖法 cut and cover盖挖顺筑法盖挖逆筑法 cover andcut-topdown矿山法 mining method盾构法 shield method沉管法 immersed tube method防水等级 grade of waterproof变形缝 deformatio joint刚柔结合的密封区 rigid-flexible joint of sealed zone 开式运行 open made operation闭式运行 close made operation活塞通风 piston action ventilation合流制排放 combined sewer system集中式供电 centralized power supply mode分散式供电 distibuted power supply mode混合式供电 combined power supply mode主变电所 high volyage substation牵引降压混合变电所 combined substation杂散电流 stray current同步数字传输系统 synchronous digital hierarchy transmission system(SDH) 全球定位系统 global position system(GPS)列车自动控制 automatic traincontrol(ATC)列车自动监控 automatic train supervision(ATS)列车自动防护 automatic trainprotection(ATP)列车自动运行 automatic trainoperation(ATO)调度集中 centralized traffic control(CTC)自动人行道 moving pavement自动售检票系统 automatic fare collection火灾自动报警系统 fire alarmsystem(FAS)区域报警系统 local alarm system集中报警系统 remote alarm system环境与设备监控系统 building automatic system (BAS)系统集成 system integration(SI)运营控制中心 operation control center(OCC)集中监控和管理 concentration supervisory control and management 车辆段 depot停车场 stabling yard检修修程 examine and repair program检修周期 examine and repair period湿陷性黄土 collapsible loess非湿陷性黄土 noncollapsible loess自重湿陷性黄土 loess collapsible under overburden pressure非自重湿陷性黄土 loess noncollapsible under overburden pressure 新近堆积黄土 recently deposited loess压缩变形 compression deformation湿陷变形 collapse deformation湿陷起始压力 initial collapse pressure湿陷系数 coefficient of collapsibility自重湿陷系数 coefficient of collapsibility under overburden pressure 自重湿陷量的实测值 measured collapse under overburden presure 自重湿陷量的计算值 computed collapse under overburden湿陷量的计算值 computed collapse剩余湿陷量 remnant collapse防护距离 protection distance防护范围 area of protection隧道工程 tunnel engineering隧道 tunnel铁路隧道；铁道隧道 railway tunnel公路隧道 highway tunnel地铁隧道 subway tunnel;underground railway tunnel;metro tunnel人行隧道 pedestrian tunnel水工隧洞；输水隧道 hydraulic tunnel山岭隧道 mountain tunnel水下隧道 subaqueous tunnel海底隧道 ;水下隧道 submarine tunnel;underwater tunnel土质隧道 earth tunnel岩石隧道 rock tunnel浅埋隧道 shallow tunnel;shallow-depth tunnel;shallow burying tunnel深埋隧道 deep tunnel;deep-depth tunnel;deep burying tunnel偏压隧道 unsymmetrical loading tunnel马蹄形隧道；拱形隧道 horse-shoe tunnel;arch tunnel圆形隧道 circular tunnel矩形隧道 rectangular section tunnel大断面隧道 largecross-section tunnel长隧道 long tunnel双线隧道 twin-track tunnel;double track tunnel曲线隧道 curved tunnel明洞 open tunnel;open cut tunnel;tunnel without cover;gallery 隧道勘测 tunnel survey超前探测 drift boring工程地质勘测；工程地质勘探 engineering geological prospecting隧道测量tunnel survey施工测量construction survey断面测量section survey隧道设计tunnel design隧道断面tunnel section安全系数safety coefficient隧道力学tunnel mechanics隧道结构tunnel structure隧道洞口设施 facilities of tunnel portal 边墙 side wall拱顶 archcrown拱圈 tunnel arch仰拱 inverted arch底板 base plate;floor隧道埋深 depth of tunnel隧道群 tunnel group隧道施工 tunnel construction隧道开挖 tunnel excavation分部开挖 partial excavation大断面开挖 large cross-section excavation全断面开挖 full face tunnelling开挖面 excavated surface隧道施工方法 tunnel construction method钻爆法 drilling and blasting method新奥法 natm;new austrian tunnelling method 盾构法 shield driving method;shield method顶进法 pipe jacking method;jack-in method浅埋暗挖法 sallow buried-tunnelling method明挖法 cut and cover tunneling;open cut method地下连续墙法 underground diaphragm wall method;underground wall method 冻结法 freezing method沉埋法 immersed tube method管棚法 pipe-shed method综合机械化掘进 comprehensive mechanized excavation辅助坑道 auxiliary adit;service gallery平行坑道 parallel adit竖井 shaft斜井 sloping shaft;inclined shaft导坑 heading衬砌工艺 lining process喷锚；锚喷 anchor bolt spray;anchor bolt-spray 管段 tube section接缝joint地层加固 reinforcing of natural ground弃碴 ballast piling施工监控 construction monitor control超挖overbreak欠挖 underbreak施工进度 construction progress隧道贯通 tunnel holing-through工期 work period隧道施工机械 tunnel construction machinery隧道掘进机 tunnelling machine;tunnel boring machine;tbm单臂掘进机 single cantilever tunnelling machine全断面掘进机 full face tunnel boring machine隧道钻眼爆破机械 machine for tunnel drilling and blasting operation 装碴运输机械 loading-conveying ballast equipment衬砌机械 lining mechanism钢模板 steel form模板台车 formworking jumbo混凝土喷射机；砼喷射机 concrete sprayer盾构 shield泥水盾构 slurry shield气压盾构 air pressure shield挤压闭胸盾构 shotcrete closed shield土压平衡盾构 soil pressure balancing shield 注浆机械 grouting machine凿岩机 rock drilling machine;air hammer drill 凿岩台车 drill jumbo;rock drilling jumbo围岩 surrounding rock围岩分类围岩加固围岩稳定围岩应力围岩压力山体压力围岩变形围岩破坏surroundingsurroundingsurroundingsurroundingrock classificationrock consolidationrock stabilityrock stresspressure of surroundingrock;围岩压力 ground pressure;surrounding rock pressure surrounding rock deformationsurrounding rock failure软弱围岩 weak surrounding rock支护 support锚喷支护 anchor bolt-spray support锚杆支护 anchor bolt-support;anchor bolt support喷射混凝土支护；喷射砼支护 shotcrete support;sprayed concrete support 配筋喷射混凝土支护；配筋喷射砼支护 reinforced sprayed concrete support 钢架喷射混凝土支护；钢架喷射砼支护 rigid-frame shotcrete support掘进工作面支护 excavation face support超前支护 advance support管棚支护 pipe-shed support;pipe roofing support胶结型锚杆 adhesive anchor bolt砂浆锚杆 mortar bolt树脂锚杆 resin anchored bolt摩擦型锚杆 friction anchor bolt楔缝式锚杆 slit wedge type rock bolt涨壳式锚杆 expansion type anchor bolt机械型锚杆 mechanical anchor bolt预应力锚杆 prestressed anchor bolt土层锚杆 soil bolt岩石锚杆 rock bolt衬砌 lining整体式衬砌 integral tunnel lining;integral lining拼装式衬砌 precast lining组合衬砌 composite lining挤压混凝土衬砌；挤压砼衬砌 shotcrete tunnel lining;extruding concrete tunnel lining 混凝土衬砌；砼衬砌 concrete lining喷锚衬砌 shotcrete and bolt lining;shotcrete bolt lining隧道通风 tunnel ventilation施工通风 construction ventilation运营通风 operation ventilation机械通风 mechanical ventilation自然通风 natural ventilation隧道射流式通风；隧道射流通风 efflux ventilation for tunnel;tunnel efflux ventilation;tunnel injector type ventilation隧道通风帘幕 curtain for tunnel ventilation;ventilation curtain通风设备 ventilation equipment隧道照明 tunnel illumination;tunnel lighting照明设备 lighting equipment隧道防水 tunnel waterproofing;waterproofing of tunnel防水板 waterproofingboard;waterproof board;waterproof sheet防水材料隧道排水排水设备隧道病害waterproof material tunnel drainage drainage facilites tunnel defect衬砌裂损 lining split;lining **ing隧道漏水 water leakage of tunnel;tunnel leak 坍方 landslide;slip地面塌陷 land yielding涌水 gushing water隧道养护 tunnel maintenance堵漏 leaking stoppage注浆grouting化学注浆 chemical grouting防寒 cold-proof整治 regulation限界检查 clearance examination;checking of clearance;clearance check measurement 隧道管理系统 tunnelling management system隧道环境 tunnel environment隧道试验；隧道实验 tunnel test试验段；实验段 test section隧道监控量测；隧道监控测量 tunnel monitoring measurement收敛 convergence隧道安全 tunnel safety隧道防火 tunnel fire proofing火灾 fire hazard消防 fire fighting隧道防灾设施 tunnel disaster prevention equipment;tunnel anti-disaster equipment 报警装置；报警器 alarming device;warning device通过隧道 passing tunnel避车洞 refuge hole避难洞；避车洞 refuge recess;refuge hole电气化铁道工程；电气化铁路工程 electrified railway construction电气化铁道；电气化铁路 electrified railway直流电气化铁道 dc electrified railway交流电气化铁道 ;交流电气化铁路 a.c.electrification railway低频电气化铁道 low frequency electrified railway工频电气化铁道；工频电气化铁路 industry frequency electrified railway电压制 voltage system电流制 current system。
GRE协议Tunnel
GRE-8
配置GRE—配置Tunnel接口
ip address ip_addr mask 定义Tunnel接口的IP地址 tunnel source source_ip 定义Tunnel通道的源地址
tunnel destination dest_ip
定义Tunnel通道的目的地址
GRE-9
配置GRE—配置Tunnel接口（可选）
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
45 00 00 6C IP Tunnel1:00 -> src=10.1.1.1, dst=20.1.1.1, len=84, gate=100.1.1.2 01 01 02 03 D4 TX 00 FF 2F B3 8A 01 01 01 0101 A#2002-1-1 04:58:07 00 0054 03 D2 0045FF 01 97 D35401 01 0114 01 01 00 FF5D D3 00 1DD300 49 DA 5B01 01 45 00 00 08 00 00 00 00 0A 03 D2 00 01 08 00 01 97 00 0A 01 26 --------从接口发出去的数据包经过GRE封装（协议号47） 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B
GRE-15
举例一（配置B 续）
L0 10.1.1.1 F0/0 1.1.1.1
A
L0 20.1.1.1 F0/0 1.1.1.2 T0 100.1.1.2 B
T0 100.1.1.1
interface Tunnel1 ip address 100.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 tunnel source 1.1.1.2 tunnel destination 1.1.1.1 ! ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 100.1.1.1 !
IPv4、v6互通技术之隧道技术 ( Tunnel)
一：概述:隧道技术提供了一种以现有IPv4路由体系来传递IPv6数据的方法：将IPv6的分组作为无结构意义的数据，封装在IPv4数据报中，被IPv4网络传输。
根据建立方式的不同，隧道可以分成两类：(手工)配置的隧道和自动配置的隧道。
隧道技术巧妙地利用了现有的IPv4网络，它的意义在于提供了一种使 IPv6的节点之间能够在过渡期间通信的方法，但它并不能解决IPv6节点与IPv4节点之间相互通信的问题。
二：实验拓扑:R1(s2/1)-(s2/1)R2(s2/2)-(s2/1)R3(s2/2)-(s2/1)R44台路由,R1,R4运行IPV6R2,R3半边运行IPV4,半边运行IPV6三：配置信息R1#ipv6 unicast-routing //开启IPV6单播路由功能interface Loopback0ip address //配置环回接口做为它的router-idinterface Serial2/1ipv6 address12::1/64 //IPV6地址ipv6 ospf 1 area0 //接口下启用ospfR2#ipv6 unicast-routinginterface Serial2/1ipv6 address 12::2/64interface Serial2/2ip addressinterfaceTunnel0 //在s2/1接口下打隧道ipv6 address10::1/64 //给隧道配置IPV6地址ipv6 ospf 1 area0 //启用ospftunnel source Serial2/2 //申明隧道源端tunnel destination //申明隧道目的端tunnel mode ipv6ip //隧道模式是ipv6到ipv4R3#ipv6 unicast-routinginterface Serial2/1ip addressinterface Serial2/2ipv6 address 34::3/64ipv6 ospf 1 area 0interface Tunnel0ipv6 address 10::2/64tunnel source Serial2/1tunnel destinationtunnel mode ipv6ipR4#ipv6 unicast-routinginterface Loopback0ip addressinterface Serial2/1ipv6 address 34::4/64ipv6 ospf 1 area 0四：调试信息R1#show ipv6 routeIPv6 Routing Table - 6 entriesCodes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGPU - Per-user Static routeI1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summaryO - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2O 10::/64 [110/11175]via FE80::C838:AFF:FE24:0, Serial2/1C 12::/64 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1L 12::1/128 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1O 23::/64 [110/11239] //用隧道模式学习到了隔着ipv4网络的远端ipv6路由via FE80::C838:AFF:FE24:0, Serial2/1L FE80::/10 [0/0]via ::, Null0L FF00::/8 [0/0]via ::, Null0R2#show ipv6 routeIPv6 Routing Table - 7 entriesCodes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGPU - Per-user Static routeI1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summaryO - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2C 10::/64 [0/0]via ::, Tunnel0L 10::1/128 [0/0]via ::, Tunnel0C 12::/64 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1L 12::2/128 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1O 23::/64 [110/11175]via FE80::1700:3, Tunnel0L FE80::/10 [0/0]via ::, Null0L FF00::/8 [0/0]via ::, Null0R1#ping 23::4Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 23::4, timeout is 2 seconds:!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 344/380/420 msR1#trR1#traceroute 23::4Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 23::41 12::2 132 msec 84 msec 104 msec2 10::2 240 msec 352 msec 104 msec//^-^看到是杂过去的了吧?发到ipv6的源端地址上走隧道过去的3 23::4 332 msec 388 msec 356 msecR1#pingType escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to , timeout is 2 seconds:.... //注意这里不通Success rate is 0 percent (0/4)R1#show ip routeis subnetted, 1 subnetsC is directly connected, Loopback0R1#trR1#tracerouteType escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to1 * * *2 * * *3 * * *4 * * *5 * * *6 * * *//traceroute也无路可走//这是ipv6想与ipv4通信,说明它们无法通信.所以隧道技术并不能解决IPv6节点与IPv4节点之间相互通信的问题。
tunnel(GRE隧道)VPN配置过程分析
tunnel(GRE隧道)VPN配置过程分析Tunnel (GRE tunnel) VPN Configuration Process AnalysisIntroduction:Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are widely used to establish secure and private connections over a public network, such as the internet. One common type of VPN is the tunnel (GRE tunnel) VPN, which utilizes Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to encapsulate and transmit data packets between two remote networks. This article will analyze the configuration process of a tunnel VPN, focusing on the steps involved and the key considerations to ensure a successful setup.Configuration Process:1. Requirements analysis:Before starting the configuration process, it is crucial to determine the specific requirements of the VPN. This includes identifying the remote networks that need to be connected, the types of data to be transmitted, and any security measures that must be implemented.2. Network topology design:Based on the requirements analysis, a network topology design needs to be created. This design outlines the physical and logical layout of the network, including the placement and configuration of routers, firewalls, and VPN gateways.3. Selection of VPN gateways:In the case of tunnel VPNs, specific VPN gateways capable of supporting GRE tunneling must be selected. These gateways act as endpoints for the VPN connections, allowing data packets to be encapsulated and securely transmitted through the tunnel.4. Configuration of routers:The next step involves configuring the routers at both ends of the VPN connection. This includes assigning IP addresses to the router interfaces, enabling GRE tunneling, and setting up routing tables to ensure proper forwarding of data packets.5. GRE tunnel creation:Once the routers are configured, the GRE tunnels can be created. This involves specifying the source and destination IP addresses of the tunnel endpoints, as well as assigning a tunnel interface to facilitate the encapsulation and decapsulation of data packets.6. Encryption and authentication configuration:To enhance the security of the VPN connection, encryption and authentication mechanisms should be implemented. Popular protocols like IPsec can be utilized to encrypt the data traffic and establish secure communication between the remote networks.7. Testing and troubleshooting:After completing the configuration steps, it is crucial to test the VPN connection thoroughly. This includes verifying connectivity between the remote networks, testing data transmission, and ensuring that all securitymeasures are working as intended. If any issues are encountered, troubleshooting techniques should be employed to identify and resolve the problems.Key Considerations:1. Security:When configuring a tunnel VPN, it is essential to prioritize security. This includes selecting strong encryption algorithms, implementing authentication mechanisms, and regularly updating the VPN gateways and routers with the latest security patches.2. Scalability:The VPN design should be scalable to accommodate future growth and changes in network requirements. This can be achieved by using dynamic routing protocols, such as OSPF or BGP, which can dynamically adapt to network changes and optimize the routing process.3. Performance:Proper bandwidth planning and traffic prioritization should be considered to ensure optimal performance of the tunnel VPN. Analyzing the expected data volume and bandwidth requirements can help prevent congestion and maintain a high-quality connection.4. Redundancy:To minimize the risk of a single point of failure, redundancy measures, such as implementing redundant VPN gateways and routers, should beconsidered. This can help ensure continuous operation of the tunnel VPN, even in the event of hardware failures or network disruptions.Conclusion:Configuring a tunnel (GRE tunnel) VPN involves a systematic approach that includes requirements analysis, network topology design, selection of VPN gateways, router configuration, GRE tunnel creation, encryption and authentication configuration, as well as testing and troubleshooting. By considering key factors such as security, scalability, performance, and redundancy, a well-designed tunnel VPN can provide secure and reliable connectivity between remote networks.。
tunnel
罗氏公司TUNEL细胞凋亡检测程序（In situ cell death detection kit-POD法）一、原理：TUNEL（TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling）细胞凋亡检测试剂盒是用来检测组织细胞在凋亡早期过程中细胞核DNA的断裂情况。
其原理是荧光素（fluorescein）标记的dUTP在脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶（TdT Enzyme）的作用下，可以连接到凋亡细胞中断裂DNA的3’-OH末端，并与连接辣根过氧化酶（HRP，horse-radish peroxidase）的荧光素抗体特异性结合，后者又与HRP底物二氨基联苯胺（DAB）反应产生很强的颜色反应（呈深棕色），特异准确地定位正在凋亡的细胞，因而在光学显微镜下即可观察凋亡细胞；由于正常的或正在增殖的细胞几乎没有DNA断裂，因而没有3‘-OH形成，很少能够被染色。
本试剂盒适用于组织样本（石蜡包埋、冰冻和超薄切片）和细胞样本（细胞涂片）在单细胞水平上的凋亡原位检测。
还可应用于抗肿瘤药的药效评价，以及通过双色法确定细胞死亡类型和分化阶段。
二、器材与试剂器材：光学显微镜及其成像系统、小型染色缸、湿盒（塑料饭盒与纱布）、塑料盖玻片或封口膜、吸管、各种规格的加样器及枪头等；试剂：试剂盒含TdT 10×、荧光素标记的dUTP 1×、标记荧光素抗体的HRP；自备试剂：PBS、双蒸水、二甲苯、梯度乙醇（100、95、90、80、70%）、DAB工作液（临用前配制，5 μl 20×DAB+1μL 30%H2O2+94 μl PBS）、Proteinase K工作液（10-20 μg/ml in 10 mM Tris/HCl， pH 7.4-8）或细胞通透液（0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.1% sodium citrate，临用前配制）、苏木素或甲基绿、DNase 1（3000 U/ml–3 U/ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl，pH 7.5，10 mM MgCl2，1 mg/ml BSA）等。
路由器配置(tunnel口配置)
12.3.3 Tunnel端口配置
2008-07-08 09:02 李利军/韩小琴/金素梅编著科学出版社我要评论(0)
∙摘要：《中小企业网络管理员实战指南》第12章路由器命令行配置,路由器作为网络互联设备，除了用于借助长途链路将局域网连接在一起构建广域网络外，还被应用于局域网的Internet连接,本节为大家介绍的是Tunnel端口配置。
∙标签：中小企业网络管理实战指南中小企业网络管理员实战指南
∙
Oracle帮您准确洞察各个物流环节
12.3.3 Tunnel端口配置
路由器借助Tunnel端口实现隧道功能，允许利用传输协议（如IP）来传送任意协议的网络数据包。
同其他逻辑端口一样，Tunnel（隧道）端口也是系统虚拟的端口。
Tunnel端口并不特别指定传输协议或者负载协议，它提供的是一个用来实现标准的点对点的传输模式。
由于Tunnel实现的是点对点的传输链路，所以，对于每一个单独的链路都必须设置一个Tunnel端口。
Tunnel传输适用于以下情况：
允许运行非IP协议的本地网络之间通过一个单一网络（IP网络）通信，因为Tunnel支持多种不同的负载协议；
允许通过单一的网络（IP网络）连接间断子网；
允许在广域网上提供VPN（Virtual Private Network）功能。
Tunnel端口配置操作步骤如下。
HttpTunnel说明
第三步：在本地机器上用FTP连接本机的6666端口，现在已经连上对方的机器了。
可是，人家看到的怎么是127.0.0.1而不是192.168.0.4的地址？因为本地机器现在是连接本机的6666端口，防火墙肯定不会有反应，因为没往外发包，当然局域网的防火墙不知道了。现在连接上本机的6666端口以后，FTP的数据包不管是控制信息还是数据信息，都被htc伪装成HTTP数据包然后发过去，在防火墙看来，这都是正常数据，相当于欺骗了防火墙。
HTTPTunnel，Tunnel这个英文单词的意思是隧道，通常HTTPTunnel被称之为HTTP暗道，它的原理就是将数据伪装成 HTTP的数据形式来穿过防火墙，实际上是在HTTP请求中创建了一个双向的虚拟数据连接来穿透防火墙。说得简单点，就是说在防火墙两边都设立一个转换程序，将原来需要发送或接受的数据包封装成HTTP请求的格式骗过防火墙，所以它不需要别的代理服务器而直接穿透防火墙。HTTPTunnel刚开始时只有Unix版本，现在已经有人把它移植到Window平台上了，它包括两个程序，htc和hts，其中htc是客户端，而hts是服务器端，我们现在来看看我是如何用它们的。比如开了FTP的机器的远端机器IP是 192.168.0.3，本地机器的IP是192.168.0.4，现在我本地因为防火墙的原因无法连接到 FTP上，现在用HTTPTunnel的过程如下：
需要说明的是，这一招的使用需要其他机器的配合，就是说要在他的机器上启动所允许的80 端口上，这样才可以成功绕过防火墙！HTTPTunnel还有一个优点，就是他的机器以前80端口开着，现在这么用也不会出现什么问题，正常的Web访问仍然走老路，重定向的隧道服务也畅通无阻！
用Netstat看一下本机现在开放的端口，发现6666端口已在侦听。
IPvv互通技术之隧道技术(Tunnel)
一：概述:隧道技术提供了一种以现有IPv4路由体系来传递IPv6数据的方法：将IPv6的分组作为无结构意义的数据，封装在IPv4数据报中，被IPv4网络传输。
根据建立方式的不同，隧道可以分成两类：(手工>配置的隧道和自动配置的隧道。
隧道技术巧妙地利用了现有的IPv4网络，它的意义在于提供了一种使 IPv6的节点之间能够在过渡期间通信的方法，但它并不能解决IPv6节点与IPv4节点之间相互通信的问题。
二：实验拓扑:R1(s2/1>-(s2/1>R2(s2/2>-(s2/1>R3(s2/2>-(s2/1>R44台路由,R1,R4运行IPV6R2,R3半边运行IPV4,半边运行IPV6三：配置信息R1#ipv6 unicast-routing //开启IPV6单播路由功能interface Loopback0ip address 1.1.1.1255.255.255.0 //配置环回接口做为它的router-idb5E2RGbCAPinterface Serial2/1ipv6 address12::1/64//IPV6地址p1EanqFDPwipv6 ospf 1 area//接口下启用ospfDXDiTa9E3dR2#ipv6 unicast-routinginterface Serial2/1ipv6 address 12::2/64ipv6 ospf 1 area 0interface Serial2/2ip address 23.0.0.2 255.255.255.0interfaceTunnel0 / /在s2/1接口下打隧道RTCrpUDGiTipv6 address10::1/64 //给隧道配置IPV6地址5PCzVD7HxAipv6 ospf 1 area0 //启用ospftunnel sourceSerial2/2 //申明隧道源端tunnel destination 23.0.0.3 //申明隧道目的端tunnel mode ipv6ip //隧道模式是ipv6到ipv4R3#ipv6 unicast-routinginterface Serial2/1ip address 23.0.0.3 255.255.255.0interface Serial2/2ipv6 address 34::3/64ipv6 ospf 1 area 0interface Tunnel0ipv6 address 10::2/64ipv6 ospf 1 area 0tunnel source Serial2/1tunnel destination 23.0.0.2tunnel mode ipv6ipR4#ipv6 unicast-routinginterface Loopback0ip address 4.4.4.4 255.255.255.0 interface Serial2/1ipv6 address 34::4/64ipv6 ospf 1 area 0四：调试信息R1#show ipv6 routeIPv6 Routing Table - 6 entriesCodes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGPjLBHrnAILgU - Per-user Static routeI1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summaryxHAQX74J0XO - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2LDAYtRyKfEON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2O 10::/64 [110/11175]via FE80::C838:AFF:FE24:0, Serial2/1C 12::/64 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1L 12::1/128 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1O 23::/64 [110/11239] //用隧道模式学习到了隔着ipv4网络的远端ipv6路由Zzz6ZB2Ltkvia FE80::C838:AFF:FE24:0, Serial2/1 L FE80::/10 [0/0]via ::, Null0L FF00::/8 [0/0]via ::, Null0R2#show ipv6 routeIPv6 Routing Table - 7 entriesCodes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGPdvzfvkwMI1U - Per-user Static routeI1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summaryrqyn14ZNXIO - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2EmxvxOtOcoON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2C 10::/64 [0/0]via ::, Tunnel0L 10::1/128 [0/0]via ::, Tunnel0C 12::/64 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1L 12::2/128 [0/0]via ::, Serial2/1O 23::/64 [110/11175]via FE80::1700:3, Tunnel0L FE80::/10 [0/0]via ::, Null0L FF00::/8 [0/0]via ::, Null0R1#ping 23::4Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 23::4, timeout is 2 seconds:SixE2yXPq5!!!!!Success rate is 100 percent (5/5>, round-tripmin/avg/max = 344/380/420 ms6ewMyirQFLR1#trR1#traceroute 23::4Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 23::41 12::2 132 msec 84 msec 104 msec2 10::2 240 msec 352 msec 104 msec//^-^看到是杂过去的了吧?发到ipv6的源端地址上走隧道过去的3 23::4 332 msec 388 msec 356 msecR1#ping 23.0.0.3Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 23.0.0.3, timeout is 2 seconds:kavU42VRUs.... //注意这里不通Success rate is 0 percent (0/4>R1#show ip route1.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 1.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback0R1#trR1#traceroute 23.0.0.3Type escape sequence to abort.Tracing the route to 23.0.0.31 * * *2 * * *3 * * *4 * * *5 * * *6 * * *//traceroute也无路可走//这是ipv6想与ipv4通信,说明它们无法通信.所以隧道技术并不能解决IPv6节点与IPv4节点之间相互通信的问题申明：所有资料为本人收集整理，仅限个人学习使用，勿做商业用途。
mobasshtunnel用法
mobasshtunnel用法MobasshTunnel是一种用于建立安全隧道的工具，它可以用于在本地计算机和远程服务器之间建立加密的通信通道。
以下是关于MobasshTunnel用法的详细解释：1. 安装和配置，首先，你需要下载并安装MobasshTunnel软件。
安装完成后，你需要进行配置，包括指定本地和远程主机的IP地址、端口号以及身份验证方式。
2. 建立隧道，使用MobasshTunnel，你可以建立多种类型的隧道，包括本地端口转发和远程端口转发。
本地端口转发，通过将本地计算机的端口转发到远程服务器，可以实现本地服务的远程访问。
你需要指定本地端口和远程服务器的IP地址和端口号来建立本地端口转发隧道。
远程端口转发，通过将远程服务器的端口转发到本地计算机，可以实现远程服务的本地访问。
你需要指定远程服务器的IP地址和端口号以及本地计算机的IP地址和端口号来建立远程端口转发隧道。
3. 配置身份验证，MobasshTunnel支持多种身份验证方式，包括密码、公钥和证书。
你需要根据你的需求选择适合的身份验证方式，并配置相应的认证信息。
4. 启动和管理隧道，在配置完成后，你可以启动MobasshTunnel并建立隧道。
启动后，你可以通过控制台界面或命令行界面来管理已建立的隧道，包括查看隧道状态、停止隧道等操作。
5. 监控和日志记录，MobasshTunnel提供了监控和日志记录功能，可以帮助你跟踪隧道的活动和故障排除。
你可以查看实时的监控信息和访问日志，以便及时发现和解决问题。
总结起来，MobasshTunnel是一个功能强大的工具，可以帮助你建立安全的通信隧道。
通过合理配置和使用，你可以实现本地和远程计算机之间的安全通信和访问。
tunnel词根词缀
tunnel词根词缀
（原创实用版）
目录
1.隧道的英语表达
2.Tunnel 这个词的词根和词缀
3.Tunnel 的词源和演变
4.Tunnel 的相关词汇和用法
正文
隧道在英语中的表达是"tunnel"，这个词由“tunel”和“-el”两个部分组成。
"Tunel"来源于拉丁语"tunnelus"，意为“管子”或“管道”，而"-el"是一个英语后缀，通常用于构成名词。
“Tunnel”这个词的词根是“tunel”，它源自拉丁语，其词源可以追溯到古罗马时期。
最初，这个词主要用于描述在地下或水下开凿的通道。
随着语言的演变，"tunnel"的含义逐渐扩大，开始包括各种类型的地下通道，例如公路隧道、铁路隧道和水利隧道等。
与"tunnel"相关的词汇包括"tunneling"（隧道开挖）和"tunnelier"（隧道工人）等。
此外，"tunnel"这个词还可以用作动词，表示“穿越隧道”或“在隧道中行驶”。
总的来说，“tunnel”这个词的词根和词缀可以追溯到拉丁语，其词源和演变反映了人类在开凿地下通道方面的技术和历史发展。
第1页共1页。
dot1q-tunnel原理
dot1q-tunnel原理
dot1q-tunnel是一种将VLAN隧道化传输的技术，用于在不同的网络设备之间传输VLAN信息。
其原理如下：
1. 建立dot1q-tunnel：
- 首先，两台网络设备之间需要建立一个dot1q-tunnel，其中一个设备作为发送方，另一个设备作为接收方。
- 发送方设备会将需要传输的VLAN信息封装到dot1q-tunnel 的头部，这个头部包含了VLAN ID以及其他相关信息。
- 接收方设备会解析dot1q-tunnel的头部，提取出VLAN信息，并根据相应的配置对该VLAN进行处理。
2. VLAN信息传输：
- 发送方设备将经过封装的dot1q-tunnel数据通过物理链路传输到接收方设备。
- dot1q-tunnel数据可以通过Trunk口（支持多个VLAN）或Access口（只支持一个VLAN）传输，具体传输方式取决于设备的配置。
3. VLAN信息解析和处理：
- 接收方设备接收到dot1q-tunnel数据后，会解析其中的
dot1q头部，提取出VLAN信息。
- 根据接收方设备的配置，可以进行不同的处理，比如将该VLAN继续传输到其他设备，或者对该VLAN进行路由、转发等操作。
通过dot1q-tunnel技术，可以实现在不同的网络设备之间传输
VLAN信息，从而将不同的VLAN隔离开来，增加网络的隔离性和安全性。
GRE协议Tunnel
T0 100.1.1.1
T0 100.1.1.2
A
hostname A ! interface Loopback0 ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 2.2.2.1 255.255.255.0 ! ip route 1.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 2.2.2.2 ! GRE-22
GRE Tunnel
GRE-1
课程学习要求
通过对本课程的学习希望学员能达到以下要求：
• 理解GRE 的原理和应用范围
• 掌握GRE 的功能和配置 • 了解GRE的报文格式
GRE-2
GRE原理
隧道
A协议
B协议
A协议
例如：IPX
例如：IP
例如：IPX
注：A、B协议可以是相同或不同的协议
•GRE（Generic Routing Encapsulation）：通用路由封装协议。 •GRE是VPN的第三层隧道协议，采用了隧道（Tunnel）技术。 •Tunnel是虚拟的点对点连接，即点对点连接的虚拟接口。
45 00 00 54 02 83 00 00 FF 01 99 22 14 01 01 010A 01 01 01 00 00 65 D3 00 1D 00 00 49 DA 5B 26 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B GRE-17
举例二 跨设备间的GRE
L0 192.168.2.1 F0/0 1.1.1.1 F0/0 2.2.2.1 L0 192.168.3.1
GRE-14
举例一（配置B）
L0 10.1.1.1 F0/0 1.1.1.1
tunnell 判否方法
tunnell 判否方法（原创实用版3篇）目录（篇1）1.概述：什么是 Tunnell 判否方法2.原理：Tunnell 判否方法的工作原理3.应用：Tunnell 判否方法在各个领域的应用4.优缺点：Tunnell 判否方法的优点和缺点5.未来发展：Tunnell 判否方法的发展前景正文（篇1）1.概述：什么是 Tunnell 判否方法Tunnell 判否方法是一种用于检测复杂网络中的社区结构的算法。
它的主要思想是通过判断网络中的节点是否属于某个社区来确定社区结构。
该方法在网络科学、社会网络分析、生物信息学等领域有着广泛的应用。
2.原理：Tunnell 判否方法的工作原理Tunnell 判否方法的工作原理可以概括为以下几点：（1）将网络中的节点分为两个部分，一部分是已经确定属于某个社区的节点，另一部分是尚未确定的节点。
（2）对尚未确定的节点进行遍历，判断其与已确定节点的连接关系。
如果一个尚未确定的节点与多个已确定节点相连，且这些已确定节点属于不同的社区，则该节点可以被判否为属于一个新的社区。
（3）将新判断出的社区与已知的社区进行合并，并更新已确定节点的部分。
（4）重复步骤（2）和（3），直到网络中所有的节点都被确定属于某个社区。
3.应用：Tunnell 判否方法在各个领域的应用Tunnell 判否方法在很多领域都有应用，例如：（1）网络科学：用于研究互联网、社交网络等复杂网络的社区结构，帮助我们理解网络的拓扑结构和功能。
（2）社会网络分析：用于分析社交网络中的群体、圈子等社会现象，为社会管理和决策提供依据。
（3）生物信息学：用于研究基因网络、蛋白质相互作用网络等生物网络的结构和功能，为生物学研究提供支持。
4.优缺点：Tunnell 判否方法的优点和缺点Tunnell 判否方法的优点有：（1）能够准确判断网络中的社区结构。
（2）算法较为简单，计算复杂度较低。
缺点有：（1）对于规模较大的网络，计算时间较长。
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Introduction
In 1954, a typhoon sank five ferry boats in Japan's Tsugaru Strait and killed 1,430 people. In response to public outrage, the Japanese government searched for a safer way to cross the dangerous strait. With such unpredictable weather conditions, engineers agreed that a bridge would be too risky to build. A tunnel seemed a perfect solution. Ten years later, work began on what would be the longest and hardest underwater dig ever attempted.
Geographical location
The Seikan Tunnel travels beneath the Tsugaru Strait and connect Aomori Prefecture on the Japanese Island of Ho nshūand the Island of Hokkaidō Chronological story
∙April 24, 1946
Geological surveying commenced
∙September 26, 1954
Toya Maru sank in the Tsugaru Straight
∙March 23, 1964
Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation
established
∙September 28, 1971
Main tunnel construction commenced
∙January 27, 1983
Pilot tunnel holed through
∙March 10, 1985
Main tunnel holed through
∙March 13, 1988
Tunnel opened
Description of the tunnel
∙Longest undersea railway tunnel in the world
∙Total length 53.85km
∙With 23 km underwater
∙30.85 km through mountain
∙100m under the sea bed of the tsugaru strait Conception & design
1.PILOT TUNNEL :
3.6 to 5 metres wide. Sprayed concrete thickness 0.12-0.15 m.
The depth of the pilot tunnel varies between 0 and 118 metres
below the floor of the service tunnel. In the middle of the
Tsugaru Strait the pilot tunnel was not constructed. Horizontally, the pilot tunnel is located 15 m from both the service and main
tunnels (centrelines) - in between.
2.SERVICE TUNNEL :
Service tunnel. 4 to 5 metres wide. Sprayed concrete thickness
0.12 to 0.15 m. Horizontally, the service tunnel is located 30 m
away from the main tunnel (centrelines)
3.CONNECTING GALLEY
Located at intervals of approximately 600m.
4.MAIN TUNNEL
11 to 11.4 metres wide. Horseshoe shape shown, but a circular
cross section was used in areas with difficult geology. MAINTENANCE
2002 GENERAL ASSESSMENT DONE ON THE TUNNEL COVERED:
1.Assessment of ground condition
•Change in the volume of inflow water
•Chemical analysis of inflow water and water inflow
pressure
•Earthquake information
•Chemical analysis of grout materials
2.Assessment of concrete lining
•Measurement of the cross-section
•Measurement of the strain of lining concrete COMPARAISON
Name Location Length Type Year
Delaware
USA137,000 m Water supply 1945 Aqueduct
Päijänne
Finland120,000 m Water supply 1982 Water Tunnel
Seikan Tunnel Japan53,850 m Railway 1988
Channel
UK – France50,450 m Railway 1994 Tunnel
CONCLUSION
•USE OF THE TUNNEL:
Person/year Freight T/year
1988 ~3 100 000
1999 ~1 700 000
2007 >6 500 000 >5 000 000
•EXTENSION WORKS 2015
•FUTUR LONGEST RAILWAY TUNNEL, ON
CONSTRUCTION WILL BE OPENED IN SWITZERLAND
(57Km).。