TPO35阅读原文翻译 解析
TPO 阅读中文翻译
TPO 11.1【阅读第一篇】：《山上树带界线的植被》在山坡上，从森林到没树的苔原间的过渡通常是很剧烈的，引人注目的。
仅仅在几十米的垂直距离中，树木这种生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木植物、草本植物和牧草。
这种迅速过渡的区域被称作为上行树带界线或林木线。
在很多半干旱的地区，存在着下行树带界线，在下行树带界线里，森林延伸到干草原或是较低的沙漠，而这种过渡通常是因为缺少水分而导致的好比像万年雪线那样，上行树带界线出现在热带最高区域或在极地最低区域。
从极地地区的海平面到干燥亚热带的海拔4500米处以及潮湿热带地区的3500—4500米处都遍布了上行树带界线。
树带界线中的树木通常是常青树，而四季常青表现出了它们胜于每年落叶树的优势。
然而，在一些地区，树带界线是由落叶阔叶林的树木所组成。
例如，在喜马拉雅的部分地区，桦树的一些物种就在树带界线里。
在上行树带界线上，树木开始扭曲变形。
尤其在中高纬度地区的树木，这些地区的树木往往会在山脊上达到更高，而在热带地区的树木则在山谷里长得更高。
这是因为中高纬度地区树带界线受积雪覆盖时间和深度的影响因素较大。
由于在山谷中，积雪覆盖较厚且持续时间很长，所以树木往往在山脊上长得更高，就算它们会暴露在大风或生长在贫瘠的土地中。
在热带地区的山谷中更有利于生长，因为山谷不太可能干掉的，也少有霜冻，且有更深的土壤。
目前还没有一个完全统一的解释来说明为什么在树带界线上，会出现树木突然停止生长的情况。
可能是由于各种环境因素的影响，比如，过多的积雪让树木窒息，雪崩和雪移伤害或破坏了树木；长时间的积雪将有效的生长季节时间缩短到种子都不够发芽的；另外，风速会随着高度的上升而增加，并且给树木带来更大的压力，在高海拔地区树木的变形就是证据。
一些科学家提出，随着高度的上升而不断增强的紫外线是影响因素之一，而野生山羊等动物的放养是另一个影响因素，这些都是导致树木突然停止生长的因素。
或许最重要的环境因素是温度，因为如果生长季节太短并且温度太低，那么树芽和树苗都无法充分成熟来度过冬季。
托福TPO35阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
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The surface of Mars [1]The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features,including huge volcanoes—the largest known in the solar system—and extensive impact cratering.Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,an enormous geologic area near Mars's equator.Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all:Olympus Mons,with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base.The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller—a“mere”18 ki1ometers high. [2]None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars.Instead,they are shield volcanoes—volcanoes with broad,sloping slides formed by molten rock.All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth.Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes.Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge,but many sma11er ones are found in the northern plains. [3]The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet's low surface gravity.As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano,the volcano's eventual height depends on the new mountain's ability to support its own weight.The lower the gravity,the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height(about10 kilometers)above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity.Mars's surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth,so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high.Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active?Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions,but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago(an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes),some of them may still be at least intermittently lions of years,though,may pass between eruptions. [4]Another prominent feature of Mars's surface is cratering.The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars,as well as that of its two moons,is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space.As on our Moon,the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter—mostly dust—confirming that Mars is a dry desert world.However,Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts.On the Moon,ancient craters less than100 meters across(corresponding to depths of about 20 meters)have been obliterated,primarily by meteoritic erosion.On Mars,there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter.The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent,with Martian windstransporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them. [5]As on the Moon,the extent of large impact cratering(i.e.craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed)serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface.Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars's southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way. [6]The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet's surface.Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta(debris formed as a result of an impact)that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts.A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the(fairly typical)crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences.The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust,,soil,and boulders.■However,the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.■Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water ice,lies just a few meters under the surface.■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice,resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.■ Paragraph 1 Q29 The word“enormous”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Important B.Extremely large C.Highly unusual D.Active 正确答案:B 解析：回到原文题干定位词汇出现的句子，“Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator.”从句型结构来看，这句话的是修饰Tharsis bulge的同位语短语。
托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
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Memphis:United Egypt's First Capital [1]The city of Memphis,located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo,was founded around 3100 B.C.as the first capital of a recently united Egypt.The choice of Memphis by Egypt's first kings reflects the site's strategic importance.■First,and most obvious,the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state's administrative center,standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country.The older predynastic(pre-3100BC)centers of power,This and Hierakonpolis,were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta,which had been incorporated into the united state.■Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out,difficult terrain to the north could provide the necessary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt(roughly 3000-2600 B.C.)required.■ [2]The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications,even before the unification of Egypt.The region probably acted as a conduit for much,if not all,of the river-based trade between northern and southern Egypt.■Moreover,commodities(such as wine,precious oils,and metals)imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south.In short,therefore,the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm,an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods. [3]Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt.The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication,and the national capital was,again,ideally located in this respect.Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times.It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade,transport,and communications than was previously appreciated.Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums.When the floodplain was much lower,as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times,the outwash fans(fan-shaped deposits of sediments)of various wadis(stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods)would have been much more prominent features on the east bank.The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain,forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis.The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers,making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic. [4]Furthermore,the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for thecontrol not only of river-based trade but also of desert trade routes.The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert.In predynastic times,the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East,to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynastic settlement of Maadi.Access to,and control of,trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypt's rulers during the period of state formation.The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behind the political unification of Egypt.The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental.Moreover,the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage.As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab,the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land(land suitable for growing crops)was a particularly attractive one for early settlement;this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times. 1.The word"trivial"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.similar B.inaccurate C.small D.significant Paragraph 1 is marked with? 答案： C选项正确 解析： 本题为词汇题，根据所给单词trivial定位到第一段More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed,which turns out to be trivial compared with the age of Earth,was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features,and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time.本句大致意思为：与地球的年龄相比，Herodotus这个人计算出来的时间量是trivial的，与其相比更重要的是一个概念，这个概念是一个人可以通过估计相应地理特征的某种过程的速度来估计地理特征的年龄……再以Herodotus为关键词定位这个time是什么，找到本段第三句，发现他是推测Nile Delta花了几千年形成的。
北清托福题库-TPO 35-答案
阅读Passage 1第一段：孟菲斯建立于公元前3100年，位于尼罗河上游，靠近现代开罗，是埃及统一后的第一个首都。
埃及的第一任国王选址于此也说明了它位置的战略意义。
首先，最显而易见的是，尼罗河三角洲的顶点位置介于上下埃及的连接位，贯通两个区域，在政治上是定都最合适的位置。
埃及王朝统一之前的政治中心耶拉孔波利斯远离尼罗河三角洲，并没有归入统一王朝。
只有南邻尼罗河河谷，北部地势绵延险要的城市才能满足早期埃及王朝的政治统治需求。
第二段：同时，在埃及王朝统治前后，孟菲斯区域都是交通运输的重要地理节点，它很大程度上疏通了南北埃及的河道贸易。
此外，统一王朝前的上埃及宫廷从近东进口的货品，诸如酒、油和金属之类，也会途径孟菲斯运往南部。
因此，简单来说，孟菲斯的地理条件为统一王朝的早期统治者们提供了绝佳位置，以便对内贸进行管控，对于一个以易货贸易为主导经济的国家来说，这点十分关键。
第三段：对于掌权者来说，同样重要的是掌控埃及交通运输的能力。
尼罗河是交通运输最便捷快速的渠道，而孟菲斯的位置在这一点上也颇具优势。
近期对孟菲斯的古代地质研究表明，当时孟菲斯的地理位置对贸易、运输和交通的掌控比预想得要有利得多。
研究显示，尼罗河平原的水平面在过去五千年中平稳上升，而在统一王朝之前，这一区域的水平面更低，冰水扇形地地形和干谷地形在东部河岸更为显著。
这一扇形区域联通了这些干谷，延伸至尼罗河平原，在孟菲斯附近形成特殊的地形。
河谷的宽度在此区域锐减至三千米，使之拥有了控制内河交通的绝佳地理位置。
第四段：此外，孟菲斯的地理位置不仅利于控制河岸贸易，也包括沙漠贸易。
在这一区域的两块扇形地形联通了广大的干谷，延伸到东部沙漠。
在统一王朝之前，Wadi Digla区域是近东和孟菲斯之间贸易的必经之路，在这里发现了大量阿底的舶来品。
对于国家形成时期的统治者来说，对贸易要道的深入控制有至关重要的意义。
垄断对外贸易权应该是政权统一背后的一个基本要素，所以定都在尼罗河河谷和贸易要道的连接处绝非偶然。
托福TPO35口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO35口语Task4阅读文本： Integrated Farming Many farmers keep animals and raise crops at the same time. While some farmers treat the cultivation of their animals and plants as two separate activities, others integrate the two so that they work together. This is called integrated farming. Integrated farming uses the natural behavior of animals in a way that helps to keep both animals and crops healthy and thriving. By integrating a particular animal with a specific crop, farmers create a system in which both animals and plants provide for each other’s needs. 托福TPO35口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of the lecture from an environmental science class. Okay, so an example of this is when chickens are used to prepare a field for planting. Farmers who do this have a special kind of little house that they keep their chickens in. This little house has four walls and a roof but it doesn't have any floor. And it has wheels attached to it so it can easily be moved from one location to another. So farmers move this little house to a field where something is going to be planted. Say, bean plants. And then the chickens are placed inside the house, now remember there is no floor in this house and what the chickens do is they walk around inside the house and peck up the soil and eat any weeds or wild plants that they find. And then when the chickens are done eating the weeds in that location, the farmers move the house to the next section of the field. And again the chickens peck up the soil and eat the weeds. So the chickens get to eat a lot of weeds which are good for them. Now this activity is also good for the bean plants that'll be growing in the field, because when the chickens eat the weeds they're improving the quality of the soil. Thanks to the chickens when the bean plants start to grow there won't be any weeds there to compete with them for crucial resources, like sunlight and water. 托福TPO35口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the lecture illustrate the concept of integrated farming. 托福TPO35口语Task4满分范文： Integrated farming means farmers treat the cultivation of the animals and the plants together in order to create a system in which both animals and plants providefor each other's needs. The professor illustrates the concept of integrated farming by using an example of farmers using chickens to help grow bean plants. In the example, the farmers move a little house that has no floor to some field preparing for growing bean plants. The farmers put the chicken in the little house and the chickens peck and eat up the weeds or plants in the soil, and when the chickens are done eating, the farmers will move to other places. According to the professor, this system is good for both the chickens and the bean plants because the chickens have enough weeds to feed and the quality of the field for the bean plants is improved since there will be no more competing weeds for crucial resources against the bean plants. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO35口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
tpo35三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo35三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (1)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (17)背景知识 (18)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (36)背景知识 (36)阅读-3 (39)原文 (39)译文 (43)题目 (46)答案 (54)背景知识 (55)阅读-1原文Earth’ s Age①One of the first recorded observers to surmise a long age for Earth was the Greek historian Herodotus, who lived from approximately 480 B.C. to 425 B.C. He observed that the Nile River Delta was in fact a series of sediment deposits built up in successive floods. By noting that individual floods deposit only thin layers of sediment, he was able to conclude that the Nile Delta had taken many thousands of years to build up. More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed, which turns out to be trivial compared with the age of Earth, was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features, and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time. Similar applications of this concept were to be used again and again in later centuries to estimate the ages of rock formations and, in particular, of layers of sediment that had compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.②It was not until the seventeenth century that attempts were madeagain to understand clues to Earth's history through the rock record. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686) was the first to work out principles of the progressive depositing of sediment in Tuscany. However, James Hutton (1726-1797), known as the founder of modern geology, was the first to have the important insight that geologic processes are cyclic in nature. Forces associated with subterranean heat cause land to be uplifted into plateaus and mountain ranges. The effects of wind and water then break down the masses of uplifted rock, producing sediment that is transported by water downward to ultimately form layers in lakes, seashores, or even oceans. Over time, the layers become sedimentary rock. These rocks are then uplifted sometime in the future to form new mountain ranges, which exhibit the sedimentary layers (and the remains of life within those layers) of the earlier episodes of erosion and deposition.③Hutton's concept represented a remarkable insight because it unified many individual phenomena and observations into a conceptual picture of Earth’s history. With the further assumption that these geologic processes were generally no more or less vigorous than they are today, Hutton's examination of sedimentary layers led him to realize that Earth's history must be enormous, that geologic time is anabyss and human history a speck by comparison.④After Hutton, geologists tried to determine rates of sedimentation so as to estimate the age of Earth from the total length of the sedimentary or stratigraphic record. Typical numbers produced at the turn of the twentieth century were 100 million to 400 million years. These underestimated the actual age by factors of 10 to 50 because much of the sedimentary record is missing in various locations and because there is a long rock sequence that is older than half a billion years that is far less well defined in terms of fossils and less well preserved.⑤Various other techniques to estimate Earth's age fell short, and particularly noteworthy in this regard were flawed determinations of the Sun's age. It had been recognized by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) that chemical reactions could not supply the tremendous amount of energy flowing from the Sun for more than about a millennium. Two physicists during the nineteenth century both came up with ages for the Sun based on the Sun's energy coming from gravitational contraction. Under the force of gravity, the compressionresulting from a collapse of the object must release energy. Ages for Earth were derived that were in the tens of millions of years, much less than the geologic estimates of the lime.⑥It was the discovery of radioactivity at the end of the nineteenth century that opened the door to determining both the Sun’s energy source and the age of Earth. From the initial work came a suite of discoveries leading to radio isotopic dating, which quickly led to the realization that Earth must be billions of years old, and to the discovery of nuclear fusion as an energy source capable of sustaining the Sun's luminosity for that amount of time. By the 1960s, both analysis of meteorites and refinements of solar evolution models converged on an age for the solar system, and hence for Earth, of 4.5 billion years.译文地球的年龄①希腊历史学家希罗多德是最早有记录的推测地球年龄的观察家之一，他生活在大约公元前480年到公元前425年。
托福TPO35阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe [1]Because of industrialization,but also because of a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible,Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer,healthier lives than most of the world's peoples.In Europe as a whole,the population rose from188 million in 1800 to 400 million in1900.By 1900,virtually every area of Europe had contributed to the tremendous surge of population,but each major region was at a different stage of demographic change. [2]Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.New lands were put under cultivation,while the use of crops of American origin,particularly the potato,continued to expand.Setbacks did occur.Regional agricultural failures were the most common cause of economic recessions until 1850,and they could lead to localized famine as well.A major potato blight(disease)in1846-1847 led to the deaths of at least one million persons in Ireland and the emigration of another million,and Ireland never recovered the population levels the potato had sustained to that point.Bad grain harvests at the same time led to increased hardship throughout much of Europe. [3]After 1850,however,the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth,though the poorer classes remained malnourished.Two developments were crucial.First,the application of science and new technology to agriculture increased.Led by German universities,increasing research was devoted to improving seeds,developing chemical fertilizers,and advancing livestock.After 1861,with the development of land-grant universities in the United States that had huge agricultural programs,American crop-production research added to this mix.Mechanization included the use of horse-drawn harvesters and seed drills,many developed initially in the United States.It also included mechanical cream separators and other food-processing devices that improved supply. [4]The second development involved industrially based transportation.With trains and steam shipping,it became possible to move foods to needy regions within Western Europe quickly.Famine(as opposed to malnutrition)became a thing of the past.Many Western European countries,headed by Britain,began also to import increasing amounts of food,not only from Eastern Europe,a traditional source,but also from the Americas,Australia,and New Zealand.Steam shipping,which improved speed and capacity,as well as new procedures for canning and refrigerating foods(particularly after 1870),was fundamental to these developments. [5]Europe's population growth included one additional innovation by the nineteenth century:it combined with rapid urbanization.More and more Western Europeans moved from countryside to city,and big cities grew most rapidly of all.By1850,over half of all the people in England lived in cities,a first in human history.In one sense,this pattern seems inevitable:growing numbers of people pressed available resources on the land,even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing,so people crowded into cities seeking work or other resources.Traditionally,however,death rates in cities surpassed those in the countryside by a large margin;cities had maintained population only through steady in-migration.Thus rapid urbanization should have reduced overall population growth,but by the middle of the nineteenth century this was no longer the case.Urban death rates remained high,particularly in the lower-class slums,but they began to decline rapidly. [6]The greater reliability of food supplies was a factor in the decline of urban death rates.Even more important were the gains in urban sanitation,as well as measures such as inspection of housing.■Reformers,including enlightened doctors,began to study the causes of high death rates and to urge remediation.■Even before the discovery of germs,beliefs that disease spread by“miasmas”(noxious forms of bad air)prompted attention to sewers and open garbage;■Edwin Chadwick led an exemplary urban crusade for underground sewers in England in the1830s.■Gradually,public health provisions began to cut into customary urban mortality rates.By 1900,in some parts of Western,Europe life expectancy in the cities began to surpass that of the rural areas.Industrial societies had figured out ways to combine large and growing cities with population growth,a development that would soon spread to other parts of the world. Paragraph 1 Q15 The phrase kept pace with in the passage is closest in meaning to A.exceeded B.matched the increase in C.increased the rate of D.caused 正确答案:B 解析：回到原文“After 1850,however,the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth,though the poorer classes remained malnourished”，这句话主句和从句是转折的关系，从句中的意思是“穷苦阶级在营养方面仍然跟不上”，所以转折之。
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (20)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26) TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27) TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28) TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29) TPO11 (30) 1. 阅读部分 (30) 3. 范文赏析 (30) TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34) TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38) TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41) TPO15 (43) 1. 阅读部分 (43)3. 范文赏析 (45) TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49) TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54) TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55) TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56) TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57) TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58) TPO22 (59) 1. 阅读部分 (59) 3. 范文赏析 (59) TPO23 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60) TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61) TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62) TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63) TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64) TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65) TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66) TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
托福阅读真题第135篇CostsofQuittingaJob（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第135篇CostsofQuittingaJob（答案文章最后）Economic theory predicts that when the costs of quitting one’s job are relatively low, mobility is more likely. This observation underlines the analysis of the rise in quit rates during periods of prosperity, and the effects of mobility costs can be seen when looking at residential location and job turnover. Industries with high concentrations of employment in urban areas, where a worker’s change of employer does not necessarily require investing in a change of residence, appear to have higher rates of job turnover than industries concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas do.Beyond the costs that can be associated with such measurable characteristics as age and residential location are those that are psychic in nature. These latter costs, though unobservable to the researcher, are very likely to differ widely across individuals. Some people adapt more quickly to new surroundings than others do, for example. Recent studies have found considerable heterogeneity among workers in their propensity to change jobs, with one study reporting that almost half of all permanent separations that took place over a three-year period involved a small number (13 percent) of workers who had three or more separations during the period (in contrast, 31 percent of workers had no separations at all during the period).It is also possible that the costs of job changing by employees vary internationally. Data suggest that workers in the United States may well be more likely to change employers than workers elsewhere may be. Indeed, data confirm that, on average, American workers have been with their current employers feweryears than workers in most other developed countries, particularly workers in Europe and Japan, have been with theirs. It is not known why Americans are more mobile than most others are, but one possibility relates to the lower levels of company training received by American workers. Another possibility, however, is that the costs of mobility are lower in the United States (despite the fact that Japan and Europe are more densely populated and hence more urban). What would create these lower costs?One hypothesis that has received at least some investigation is that housing policies in Europe and Japan increase the costs of residential, and therefore job, mobility, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan, for example, have controls on the rent increases that proprietors can charge to existing renters while tending to allow proprietors the freedom to negotiates any mutually agreeable rent on their initial lease with the renter. Thus, it is argued that renters who move typically face very large rent increases in these countries. Similarly, subsidized housing is much more common in these countries than in the United States, but since it is limited relative to the demand for it, those British, German, or Japanese workers fortunate enough to live in subsidized units are reluctant (it is argued) to give them up. The empirical evidence on the implications of housing policy for job mobility, however, is both limited and mixed.It could also be hypothesized that the United States, Australia, and Canada, all of which exhibit shorter job tenures than do most European countries or Japan, are large, sparsely populated countries that historically have attracted people willing to emigrate from abroad or resettle internally over long distances. In a country of “movers,” moving may not be seenby either worker or employer as an unusual or especially traumatic event.While questions remain about the causes of different job mobility rates across countries, the social desirability of job mobility can also be debated. On one hand, mobility can be seen as socially useful because it promotes both individual well-being and the quality of job matches. Moreover, the greater the number of workers and employers “in the market” at any given time, the more flexibility an economy has in making job matches that best adapt to a changing environment. Indeed, when focusing on this aspect of job mobility, economists have long worried whether economies have enough mobility. On the other hand, lower mobility costs (and therefore greater mobility) among workers may well serve to reduce the incentives of their employers to provide job training. Whether the presence of job changing costs is a social boon or bane, these costs and the mobility associated with them are factors with which all employers must contend.【Paragraph 1】Economic theory predicts that when the costs of quitting one’s job are relatively low, mobility is more likely. This observation underlines the analysis of the rise in quit rates during periods of prosperity, and the effects of mobility costs can be seen when looking at residential location and job turnover. Industries with high concentrations of employment in urban areas, where a worker’s change of employer does not necessarily require investing in a change of residence, appear to have higher rates of job turnover than industries concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas do.1. According to paragraph 1, people are more likely to quit their jobs in which TWO of the following situations? T o receivecredit, you must select TWO answers.A. They are living in good economic times.B. They are moving from urban areas to non-urban areas.C. They are living in urban areas.D. They do not like their employers.2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Workers in urban areas change jobs less frequently than do those in nonmetropolitan areas because the costs associated with a change of residence are higher in urban areas.B. Industries located in urban areas experience higher rates of job turnover than do those in nonmetropolitan areas because workers can often change employers without having to change where they live.C. Industries located in urban areas tend to have lower rates of job turnover than do those in nonmetropolitan areas because they are more likely to invest in residences for workers.D. Workers in urban industries are likely to change jobs more frequently than are those in nonmetropolitan industries because it is less costly for workers to change residences in urban than in nonmetropolitan areas.【Paragraph 2】Beyond the costs that can be associated with such measurable characteristics as age and residential location are those that are psychic in nature. These latter costs, though unobservable to the researcher, are very likely to differ widely across individuals. Some people adapt more quickly to new surroundings than others do, for example. Recent studies have found considerable heterogeneity among workers in theirpropensity to change jobs, with one study reporting that almost half of all permanent separations that took place over a three-year period involved a small number (13 percent) of workers who had three or more separations during the period (in contrast, 31 percent of workers had no separations at all during the period).3. Why does the author note that “Some people adapt more quickly to new surroundings than others do”？A. To argue that some people experience little psychic cost when they change jobsB. To support the claim that the psychic cost of changing jobs is likely to differ widely between individualsC. To illustrate why some psychic costs are unobservable to researchersD. To argue that psychic costs alone cannot fully explain changes in mobility rates【Paragraph 4】One hypothesis that has received at least some investigation is that housing policies in Europe and Japan increase the costs of residential, and therefore job, mobility, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan, for example, have controls on the rent increases that proprietors can charge to existing renters while tending to allow proprietors the freedom to negotiates any mutually agreeable rent on their initial lease with the renter. Thus, it is argued that renters who move typically face very large rent increases in these countries. Similarly, subsidized housing is much more common in these countries than in the United States, but since it is limited relative to the demand for it, those British, German, or Japanese workers fortunate enough to live in subsidized units are reluctant (it is argued) to give them up. The empirical evidence on the implications of housing policy for job mobility, however, is bothlimited and mixed.4. According to paragraph 4, what may contribute to high mobility costs in Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan?A. Rent control does not apply to a renter’s first lease on a property.B. Governments have significantly reduced housing subsidies.C. There is little control on the rent increases that can be charged after the initial agreement.D. When a renter leaves a housing unit that has been subsidized, the unit will not be subsidized for the next renter.5. What is the author’s purpose in using the parenthetical phrases “it is argued” ？A. To indicate that the view that workers are reluctant to leave subsidized housing is widely acceptedB. To suggest that the view that workers are reluctant to leave subsidized housing has not been proved trueC. To emphasize that the view that workers are reluctant to leave subsidized housing was based on careful reasoningD. To oppose the view that workers are reluctant to leave subsidized housing【Paragraph 5】It could also be hypothesized that the United States, Australia, and Canada, all of which exhibit shorter job tenures than do most European countries or Japan, are large, sparsely populated countries that historically have attracted people willing to emigrate from abroad or resettle internally over long distances. In a country of “movers,” moving may not be seen by either worker or employer as an unusual or especially traumatic event.6. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following ideas about mobility costs for American workers compared with mobilitycosts for workers in most European countries?A. Mobility costs are higher for American workers because they have shorter job tenures.B. American workers get more help from employers in covering the costs of moving to a new job.C. The psychic costs of resulting internally to take a job are lower for American workersD. The economic costs of emigrating to take a job are higher for American workers7. The word “traumatic” in the pa ssage is closet in meaning toA. importantB. unreasonableC. expensiveD. upsetting【Paragraph 6】While questions remain about the causes of different job mobility rates across countries, the social desirability of job mobility can also be debated. On one hand, mobility can be seen as socially useful because it promotes both individual well-being and the quality of job matches. Moreover, the greater the number of workers and employers “in the market” at any given time, the more flexibility an economy has in making job matches that best adapt to a changing environment. Indeed, when focusing on this aspect of job mobility, economists have long worried whether economies have enough mobility. On the other hand, lower mobility costs (and therefore greater mobility) among workers may well serve to reduce the incentives of their employers to provide job training. Whether the presence of job changing costs is a social boon or bane, these costs and the mobility associated with them are factors with which allemployers must contend.8. According to paragraph 6, high job mobility rates may benefit an economy byA. making it more likely that the economic environment will change significantlyB. encouraging employers to increase the sizes of their workforcesC. making it more likely that jobs will be filled by people who are suited to themD. encouraging workers to improve their skills【Paragraph 6】While questions remain about the causes of different job mobility rates across countries, the social desirability of job mobility can also be debated. On one hand, mobility can be seen as socially useful because it promotes both individual well-being and the quality of job matches. ■ Moreover, the greater the number of workers and employers “in the market” at any given time, the more flexibility an economy has in making job matches that best adapt to a changing environment. ■Indeed, when focusing on this aspect of job mobility, economists have long worried whether economies have enough mobility. ■On the other hand, lower mobility costs (and therefore greater mobility) among workers may well serve to reduce the incentives of their employers to provide job training. ■Whether the presence of job changing costs is a social boon or bane, these costs and the mobility associated with them are factors with which all employers must contend.9. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage According to this view, greater mobility could result in a less skilled workforce.Where would the sentence best fit?10. 【Directions】An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.According to economic theory, workers are more likely to change jobs when the associated costs are low.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Since job changes by a minority of workers can radically alter overall job mobility rates, job mobility rates tell us little about the mobility costs facing the average workerB. Residential location and individual psychic factors could account for some differences in job mobility among workersC. Economists argue strongly for job mobility despite the social and economic costs associated with it.D. Outside of the United States, subsidized housing and controls on rent increases explain why there is less job mobility in urban areas than in nonmetropolitan areas.E. Possibly due to housing and other differences, mobility costs may be lower in the United States than in most other developing nations, which could help account for differences in job mobility.F. High job mobility arguably has both benefits, in terms of individual well-being and economic flexibility, and economic costs.。
托福阅读tpo35R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读tpo35R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文The Development of Social Complexity①For most of human history,we have foraged(hunted,fished,and collected wild plants)for food.Small nomadic groups could easily supply the necessities for their families.No one needed more,and providing for more than one’s needs made little sense.The organization of such societies could be rather simple,revolving around age and gender categories.Such societies likely were largely egalitarian, beyond distinctions based on age and gender,virtually all people had equivalent rights,status,and access to resources.②Archaeologist Donald Henry suggests that the combination of a rich habitat and sedentism(permanent,year-round settlement)led to a dramatic increase in human population.In his view,nomadic,simple foragers have relatively low levels of fertility.Their high-protein,low-carbohydrate diets result in low body-fat levels, which are commonly associated with low fertility in women.High levels of physical activity and long periods of nursing,which are common among modern simple foragers,probably also contributed to low levels of female fertility if they were likewise common among ancient foragers.③In Henry's view,the adoption of a more settled existence in areas with abundant food resources would have contributed to higher fertility levels among the sedentary foragers.A diet higher in wild cereals produces proportionally more body fat,leading to higher fertility among women.Cereals,which are easy to digest,would have supplemented and then replaced mother's milk as the primary food for older infants.Since women are less fertile when they are breast-feeding, substituting cereals for mother's milk would have resulted in closer spacing of births and the potential for a greater number of live births for each woman.A more sedentary existence may also have lowered infant mortality and perhaps increased longevity among the aged.These more vulnerable members of society could safely stay in a fixed village rather than be forced regularly to move great distances as part of a nomadic existence,with its greater risk of accidents and trauma.④All of these factors may have resulted in a trend of increasing size among some local human populations in the Holocene(since9600B C E).Given sufficient time, even in very rich habitats,human population size can reach carrying capacity,the maximum population an area can sustain within the context of a given subsistence system.And human population growth is like a runaway tram once it picks up speed,it is difficult to control.So even after reaching an area’s carrying capacity, Holocene human populations probably continued to grow in food-rich regions, overshooting the ability of the territory to feed the population,again within the context of the same subsistence strategy.In some areas,small changes in climate or minor changes in plant characteristics may have further destabilized local economies.⑤One possible response to surpassing the carrying capacity of a region is for a group to exploit adjoining land.However,good land may itself be limited—for example,within the confines of a river valley where neighbors are in the same position,having filled up the whole of the desirable habitat available in their home territories,expansion is also problematic.Impinging on the neighbors'territory can lead to conflict,especially when they too are up against the capacity of the land to provide enough food.⑥Another option is to stay in the same area but to shift and intensify the food quest there.The impulse to produce more food to feed a growing population was satisfied in some areas by the development of more-complex subsistence strategies involving intensive labor and requiring more cooperation and greater coordination among the increasing numbers of people.This development resulted in a change in the social and economic equations that defined those societies. Hierarchies that did not exist in earlier foraging groups but that were helpful in structuring cooperative labor and in organizing more-complex technologies probably became established,even before domestication and agriculture,as pre-Neolithic societies(before the tenth millennium B C E)reacted to the population increase.译文社会复杂性的发展①在人类历史的大部分时间里，我们四处觅食（狩猎、捕鱼以及采集野生植物）。
托福TPO35口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO35口语Task3阅读文本： University Should Allow Students to Audit Classes Many universities allow students to audit classes. That is, students may attend lectures and discussions for a particular class without completing the assignments, receiving a grade, or earning credit for the class. I think our university should allow this. Auditing classes would be good for interested students, since they would be able to learn more and experience a variety of different classes that they would not otherwise be able to take. Furthermore, it shouldn't create any difficulties or additional obligations for professors, because these students wouldn't take tests or white papers that need to be graded. Sincerely, Samuel Stuart 托福TPO35口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the letter. Man: Did you see this letter Molly? Woman: Yeah, but I don't agree with him. Man: Why not? Woman: Well it might have some educational benefit for the people doing it, but overall for the other students who are actually taking the classes, it wouldn't be good. Man: How come? Woman: Because anyone who is taking the class for a grade, for credit, puts in a lot of time preparing for it, doing the reading and assignments; whereas people who aren’t, they might not be as well prepared. And that would have affected the quality of class discussion. Man: You mean the discussions wouldn’t be on very high level? Woman: Right. Because people who aren't taking the class for a grade would beasking really basic questions. They’ll be slowing down the class discussion by taking time to discuss basic stuff that is already covered in reading assignments. Man: That’s a good point. I can see how that might happen. Woman: Plus, he’s wrong about the work required about the professor. Man: But it’s true that the professor doesn't need to grade anything. Woman: Sure, but there are a lot of other little things that can add up to more work. Like they have to prepare for extra handouts for the class, learn extra names, and, well, possibly stay after class to answer those students’ questions. Man: Yeah, I guess that’s extra work. Woman: Absolutely. All these little things add up and require the professor’s attention. 托福TPO35口语Task3题目： The woman expresses her opinion about the letter writer's proposal. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state her opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO35口语Task3满分范文： Well, according to the proposal, the university should allow the students to audit classes, which means the students won't need to finish their assignments for some particular classes. However, the woman is against the proposal for two main reasons. First, she thinks that it is unfair for the students who are taking the classes for credits because those auditing students might slow down the classes by asking really basic questions that are covered in the reading assignments, which will affect the quantity of the class discussions. Secondly, the woman is worried about some trivial things that could distract the professors' attention. For example, if there were auditing students in the classes, the professors would have to prepare extra handouts and stay after class to answer some basic questions from them. So the woman disagrees with the proposal for the reasons stated above. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO35口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福听力TPO35原文以及解析
Conversation 1 Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and a faculty advisor for the university newspaper. Student: Hi, I am sorry to bother you, but…
of rural, and you know, not cosmopolitan. Student: Well, none of us thought it was very funny. Faculty Advisor: Well, sometimes it’s best just to roll with it. It is just a cliché; everybody knows it is not true. Student: But I thought we could expect better than that here. Faculty Advisor: Well, I am certainly in favor of getting a variety of viewpoints. [so why don’t you go talk to the editor, Jennifer Hamilton, and tell her you want equal time? You or Sally could write a response.] Student: [Really? She would let us do that? ] Didn’t she write it? Faculty Advisor: I’ll let Jennifer know you are coming, she feels the same way I do. She is journalism major. She would be happy to publish another point of view. 1. 4，原文说到她来是 about the newspaper，说 the editor used the situation to say some really
托福TPO35综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO35综合写作阅读原文文本： In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book's content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham's book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550. According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text. Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich's plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer. 托福TPO35综合写作听力原文文本： None of the three people mentioned in the reading was probably the author of the Voynich manuscript. According to the first theory, whoever wrote the Voynich manuscript thought they were conveying information so important, or so powerful that they used the special code to keep it secret. That doesn’t fit what we know about Anthony Ascham. Ascham was just an ordinary physician and scientist whose books didn’t contain any original ideas. For instance, the little herbal mentioned in the reading was a description of common plants based on other well-known sources. So given what we know about Ascham, his books and the kind of knowledge he had, it seems unlikely he was the author of such an elaborately coded secret document. Second, although Edward Kelley was notoriously good at tricking people, it seems unlikely that he created the Voynich manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to some rich people. You see, the creator the Voynich manuscript took a lot of care to make it look like real code. The people in the 16th century were quite easy to fool,so it was not necessary to make something this complex. If Kelly wanted to create a fake for money, there’s no reason he would put so much work into creating a manuscript like this, when a much simpler book would have suited his purpose just as well. Third, we’ve been able to date the manuscript material using modern methods. Both the vellum pages and the ink on the pages—both the vellum and the ink are at least 400 years old. That ruled out Voynich was the author. If Voynich wanted to create a fake, maybe he could use vellum pages taken from some old manuscript, but where would he get 400-year-old ink? So it seems the manuscript was created centuries before Voynich obtained it. 托福TPO35综合写作满分范文： In the passage, the author introduces the Voynich manuscript and lists three theories to exploit its source. However, the speaker holds opposite ideas and he rebuts each of these three ideas one by one. First, the essay assumes that the Voynich manuscript is an authentic product which used sophisticated code to convey some significant scientific or magical materials. Nevertheless, the man in the script thinks that Anthony Ascham himself was just a common scientist with no special talent. His script is also about some knowledge taken from other sources which is not important at all. So there is no need for him to use these complicated codes. Second, the writer supposes that maybe the manuscript is a fake one containing totally useless contents. In the listening material, the man also admits that Edward Kelley had a bad fame of tricking people. But he immediately states that citizens living in Voynich’s century was easy to deceive so it was not necessary to make such complicated effort in order to fool them. Thus refutes the second theory in the written material. In addition, he reckons that if Voynich wanted to fake his manuscript for money, he could make it with a less elaborate one. Third, that the manuscript is a modern fake produced by Voynich himself is the last theory the author comes up with in his passage. The speaker opposes this idea because the pages and inks used to make this script can be dated back to at least four hundred years. Although Voynich could get ancient pages from old books to make this fake one, it is still impossible for him to find four hundred years old ink. Therefore, the last idea in this passage is proved unconvincing. (275 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO35综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 35 试题及答案
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 35试题及答案PASSAGE 35The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.The physical attributes of the site allow its use as a natural calendar/clock. The "hole" at Hole in the Rock is formed by two large overhanging rocks coming together at a point, creating a shelter with an opening large enough for several persons to pass through. The northeast-facing overhang has a smaller opening in its roof. It is this smaller hole that produces the attributes that may have been used as a calendar/clock. Because of its location in the shelter's roof, a beam of sunlight can pass through this second hole and cast a spot onto the shelter's wall and floor. This spot of light travels from west to east as the sun moves across the sky. It also moves from north to south and back again as the Earth travels around the Sun, the west-to-east movement could have been used to establish a daily clock, much like a sundial, while the north-to-south movement could have been used to establish a seasonal calendar.The spot first appears and starts down the surface of the wall of the shelter at different times of the morning depending on the time of the year. The spot grows in size from its first appearance until its maximum size is achieved roughly at midday. It then continues its downward movement until it reaches a point where it jumps to the floor of the shelter. As the Sun continues to move to the west, the spot continues to move across the shelter floor and down the butte, or hill, toward a group of small boulders. If a person is seated on a certain one of these rocks as the spot reaches it, the Sun can be viewed through the calendar hole. This occurs at different times in the afternoon depending on the time of year.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) observations of the stars by ancient people(B) rock formations of Arizona(C) a site used by ancient people to measure time(D) the movement of the earth around the Sun2. The word "obtained" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) acquired(B) transported(C) covered(D) removed3. The word "attributes" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) changes(B) characteristics(C) locations(D) dimensions4. The word "its" in line 10 refers to(A) roof(B) beam(C) hole(D) spot5. The word "establish" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) create(B) locate(C) consult(D) choose6. Which of the following is NOT true of the spot of light?(A) It is caused by sunlight passing through a hole.(B) It travels across the roof of the shelter.(C) Its movement is affected by the position of the Sun.(D) It movement could have been used to estimate the time of day.7. From which of the following can be the time of year be determined?(A) The movement of the spot of light from west to east(B) The speed with which the spot of light moves(C) The movement of the spot of light from north to south(D) The size of the sport of light at midday8. The word "roughly" in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) finally(B) harshly(C) uneasily(D) approximately9. The passage mentions that the Hole in the Rock was used as all of the following EXCEPT(A) a calendar(B) a home(C) a clock(D) an observatory10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?(A) The boulders are located below the rock shelter.(B) The person seated on the rock cannot see the shelter.(C) After it passes the boulders, the spot of light disappears.(D) The spot of light is largest when it first appears.ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA。
TPO35-3SeasonalSuccessioninPhytoplankton
TPO-X5Seasonal Succession in PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton are minute, free-floating aquatic plants. In addition to the marked changes in abundance observed in phytoplankton over the course of a year, there is also a marked change in species composition. This change in the dominant species from season to season is called seasonal succession, and it occurs in a wide variety of locations. Under seasonal succession, one or more species dominate the phytoplankton for a shorter or longer period of time and then are replaced by another set of species. This pattern is repeated yearly. This succession is different from typical terrestrial ecological succession in which various plants replace one another until finally a so-called climax community develops, which persists for many years.What are the factors causing this phenomenon? Considering that seasonal succession is most often and clearly seen in temperate seas, which have a marked change in temperature during a year, temperature has been suggested as a cause. This may be one of the factors, but it is unlikely to be the sole cause because there are species that become dominant species at various temperatures. Furthermore, temperature changes rather slowly in seawater, and the replacement of dominant species often is much more rapid.Another suggested reason is the change in nutrient level over the year, with differing concentrations favoring different phytoplankton species. While this factor may also contribute, observations suggest that phytoplankton populations rise and fall much more quickly than nutrient concentrations change.Y et another explanation is that species succession is a consequence of changes in seawater brought about by the phytoplankton living in it. Each species of phytoplankton secretes or excretes organic molecules into the seawater. These metabolites can have an effect on the organisms living in the seawater, either inhibiting or promoting their growth. For any individual organism, the amount of metabolite secreted is small. But the effect of secretions by all the individuals of the dominant species can be significant both for themselves and for other species.These organic metabolites could, and probably do, include a number of different classes of organic compounds. Some are likely toxins, such as those released by the dinoflagellates (a species of plankton) during red tides, which inhibit growth of other photosynthetic organisms. In such cases, the population explosion of dinoflagellates is so great that the water becomes brownish red in color from the billions of dinoflagellate cells. Although each cell secretes a minute amount of toxin, the massive dinoflagellate numbers cause the toxin to reach concentrations that kill many creatures. This toxin can be concentrated in such filter-feeding organisms as clams and mussels, rendering them toxic to humans.Another class of metabolite is the vitamins. It is now known that certain phytoplankton species have requirements for certain vitamins, and that there are considerable differences among species as to requirements. The B vitamins, especially vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin, seem to be the most generally required. Some species may be unable to thrive until a particular vitamin, or group of vitamins, is present in the water. These vitamins are produced only by another species; hence, a succession of species could occur whereby first the vitamin-producing species is present and then the vitamin-requiring species follows.Other organic compounds that may inhibit or promote various species include amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. Although it is suspected that these organic metabolites may have an important role in species succession and it has been demonstrated in the laboratory that phytoplankton species succession and it has been demonstrated in the laboratory that phytoplankton species vary both in their ability to produce necessary vitamins and in their requirements for such in order to grow, evidence is still inadequate as to their real role in the sea.There is also evidence to suggest that grazers (animals that feed on plants or stationary animals), particularly selective grazers, can influence the phytoplankton species composition. Many copepods (small, herbivorous crustaceans) and invertebrate larvae pick out selected phytoplankton species from mixed groups, changing the species composition.A growing body of evidence now suggests that all of the factors considered here are operating simultaneously to produce species succession. The importance of any factor will vary with the particular phytoplankton species and the environmental conditions.Paragraph 1：Phytoplankton arethe marked changes in abundance observed in phytoplankton over the course of a year, there is also a marked change in species composition. This change in the dominant species from season to season is called seasonal succession, and it occurs in a wide variety of locations. Under seasonal succession, one or more species dominate the phytoplankton for a shorter or longer period of time and then are replaced by another set of species. This pattern is repeated yearly. This succession is different from typical terrestrial ecological succession in which various plants replace one another until finally a so-called climax community develops, which persists for many years.1. est in meaning to○ light○ common○ tiny○ simpleParagraph 2:What are the factors causing this phenomenon? Considering that seasonal succession is most often and clearly seen in temperate seas, which have a marked change in temperature during a year, temperature has been suggested as a cause. This may be one of the factors, but it is unlikely to be the sole cause because there are species that become dominant species at various temperatures. Furthermore, temperature changes rather slowly in seawater, and the replacement of dominant species often is much more rapid.2. According to paragraph 2, one reason temperature is not likely to be the sole cause of seasonal succession in phytoplankton is○ the temperature of seawater changes too often○ seasonal succession usually occurs only in temperate seas○ the rate of replacement of dominant species is slower than that of temperature change○ certain dominant species have been observed at different temperaturesParagraph 3:Another suggested reason is the change in nutrient level over the year, with differing concentrations favoring different phytoplankton species. While this factor may also contribute, observations suggest that phytoplankton populations rise and fall much more quickly than nutrient concentrations change.3.○ increasing○ necessary○ varying○ high4. Why does the author provide the information that “phytoplankton populations rise and fall much more quickly than nutrient concentrations change”?○To argue that the nutrient level does not determine phytoplankton succession ○ To argue that the succession of phytoplankton is actually the cause of changes in the nutrient level○ To indicate that phytoplankton populations are very sensitive to changes in the nutrient level○ To imply that changes in the nutrient level explain the succession of phytoplanktonParagraph 4:Yet another explanation is that species succession is a consequence of changes in seawater brought about by the phytoplankton living in it. Each species of phytoplankton secretes or excretes organic molecules into the seawater. These metabolites can have an effect on the organisms living in the seawater, either inhibiting or promoting their growth. For any individual organism, the amount of metabolite secreted is small. But the effect of secretions by all the individuals of the dominant species can be significant both for themselves and for other species.5. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true about metabolites secreted by phytoplankton EXCEPT:○ They have a less significant effect on the dominant species of phytoplankton than they do on other species of phytoplankton.○ They affect the growth of phytoplankton living in seawater.○ They are secreted in small amounts by individual phytoplankton.○ They cause changes in seawater that result in species succession of phytoplankton.Paragraph 5:These organic metabolites could, and probably do, include a number of different classes of organic compounds. Some are likely toxins, such as those released by the dinoflagellates (a species of plankton) during red tides, which inhibit growth of other photosynthetic organisms. In such cases, the population explosion of dinoflagellates is so great that the water becomes brownish red in color from theeach cell secretes a minute amount of toxin,many creatures. This toxin can be concentrated in such toxin to reach concentrations that kill many creatures. This toxin can be concentrated in such filter-feeding organisms as clams and mussels, rendering them toxic to humans.6. According to paragraph 5, all of the following statements are true about dinoflagellates EXCEPT?○They produce toxins that inhibit the growth of other organisms.○ Each produces a very little amount of toxin.○ Their toxins can concentrate in clams and mussels.○ Their toxins are dangerous only to other photosynthetic organisms.7. The word “massive” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ enormous○ total○ observed○ increasingParagraph 6:Another class of metabolite is the vitamins. It is now known that certain phytoplankton species have requirements for certain vitamins, and that there are considerable differences among species as to requirements. The B vitamins,especially vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin, seem to be the most generally required. Some species may be unable to thrive until a particular vitamin, or group of vitamins, is present in the water. These vitamins are produced only by another species; hence, a succession of species could occur whereby first the vitamin-producing species is present and then the vitamin-requiring species follows.8. The word “considerable” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ often○ a few○ basic○ significant9. Paragraph 6 supports which of the following statements about a phytoplankton species that cannot produce thiamine?○ It can be followed in a seasonal succession only by another phytoplankton species that cannot produce thiamine.○ It can never become the dominant species in a seasonal succession.○ It can preceded in a seasonal succession only by a phytoplankton species that produces thiamine.○ It is able to produce B vitamins other than thiamine.Paragraph 8:There is also evidence to suggest that grazers (animals that feed on plants or stationary animals), particularly selective grazers, can influence the phytoplankton species composition. Many copepods (small, herbivorous crustaceans) and invertebrate larvae pick out selected phytoplankton species from mixed groups, changing the species composition.10. The copepods mentioned in paragraph 8 are○ one type of phytoplankton○ stationary animals○ selective grazers○ invertebrate larvaParagraph 9:A growing body of evidence now suggests that all of the factorsimportance of any factor will vary with the particular phytoplankton species and the environmental conditions.11.○ without limits○ at the same time○ merely○ spontaneously12. Which of the following statements best describes how the passage is organized? ○ A description of a phenomenon is provided, and the rest of the passage puts forward hypotheses as to the phenomenon’s cause.○ Two phenomena are introduced, and the rest of the passage provides reasons as to why the first is more common than the second.○ A group of species is discussed, and the rest of the passage explains the environmental factors threatening it.○ A phenomenon is described, and the rest of the passage discusses effects of that phenomenon on the environment.Paragraph 4:Phytoplankton aremarked changes in abundance observed in phytoplankton over the course of a year, there is also a marked change in species composition. █This change in the dominant species from season to season is called seasonal succession, and it occurs in a wide variety of locations. █Under seasonal succession, one or more species dominate the phytoplankton for a shorter or longer period of time and then are replaced by another set of species. █This pattern is repeated yearly. █This succession is different from typical terrestrial ecological succession in which various plants replace one another until finally a so-called climax community develops, which persists for many years.13.Look at the four squares [█]that indicat e where the following sentence could be added to the passageIn fact, seasonal succession has been observed all over the globe, from the A rctic to the Tropics.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Phytoplankton are free-floating plants that can be found in seawater.●●●Answer Choices○At any given place and time a particular group of phytoplankton species dominates, but the group that has dominance changes in a pattern of seasonal succession that is repeated on an annual basis.○Organic chemicals released by the dominant phytoplankton species, including toxins and vitamins, may influence successions by inhibiting or promoting the populations ofother phytoplankton species.○Certain species of phytoplankton release concentrated toxins that can kill other species of phytoplankton.○The seasonal succession among phytoplankton populations are influenced by a number of factors including water temperature, nutrient levels, and the activities of selective grazers.○Seasonal succession, unlike terrestrial ecological succession, results in a climax community, which can last indefinitely provided the right environmental conditions persist.○Laboratory experiments have shown that, in temperature seas, temperature is the primary factor in phytoplankton species composition.参考答案：1. C2. D3. C4. A5. A6. D7. A8. D9. C10. C11. B12. A13. B14. At any given place…The seasonal succession…Organic Chemicals released…。
TPO35 Reading passage 3答案解析
TPO35 Reading KeysPassage 3The surface of MarsParagraph 1→The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller—a “mere” 18 kilometers high.Q29 The word “enormous” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ImportantB.Extremely largeC.Highly unusualD.Active正确答案: B解析：回到原文题干定位词汇出现的句子，“Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator.”从句型结构来看，这句话的是修饰Tharsis bulge的同位语短语。
托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Memphis:United Egypt's First Capital[1]The city of Memphis,located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo,was founded around 3100 B.C.as the first capital of a recently united Egypt.The choice of Memphis by Egypt's first kings reflects the site's strategic importance.■First,and most obvious,the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state's administrative center,standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country.The older predynastic(pre-3100BC)centers of power,This and Hierakonpolis,were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta,which had been incorporated into the united state.■Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out,difficult terrain to the north could provide the necessary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt(roughly 3000-2600 B.C.)required.■[2]The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications,even before the unification of Egypt.The region probably acted as a conduit for much,if not all,of the river-based trade between northern and southern Egypt.■Moreover,commodities(such as wine,precious oils,and metals)imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south.In short,therefore,the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm,anessential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods.[3]Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt.The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication,and the national capital was,again,ideally located in this respect.Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times.It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade,transport,and communications than was previously appreciated.Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums.When the floodplain was much lower,as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times,the outwash fans(fan-shaped deposits of sediments)of various wadis(stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods)would have been much more prominent features on the east bank.The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain,forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis.The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers,making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic.[4]Furthermore,the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for thecontrol not only of river-based trade but also of desert trade routes.The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert.In predynastic times,the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East,to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynasticsettlement of Maadi.Access to,and control of,trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypt's rulers during the period of state formation.The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behind the political unification of Egypt.The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental.Moreover,the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage.As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab,the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land(land suitable for growing crops)was a particularly attractive one for early settlement;this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times.1.The word"trivial"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.similarB.inaccurateC.smallD.significantParagraph 1 is marked with?答案：C选项正确解析：本题为词汇题，根据所给单词trivial定位到第一段More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed,which turns out to be trivial compared with the age of Earth,was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features,and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant overtime.本句大致意思为：与地球的年龄相比，Herodotus这个人计算出来的时间量是trivial的，与其相比更重要的是一个概念，这个概念是一个人可以通过估计相应地理特征的某种过程的速度来估计地理特征的年龄……再以Herodotus为关键词定位这个time是什么，找到本段第三句，发现他是推测Nile Delta花了几千年形成的。
tpo35阅读答案
tpo35阅读答案【篇一：托福tpo口语35题目+参考答案+mp3音频下载】更多下载：托福tpo口语大全（1-35文本+题目+参考答案+mp3音频下载，目前只更新到35！）tpo听力下载：请点击：托福tpo听力大全(1-48下载，含听力mp3音频文件，听力文本、题目及答案) tpo阅读下载，请点击：托福tpo阅读大全(1-48,含阅读题目、阅读文本和阅读参考答案)tpo写作下载，请点击：托福tpo写作大全(1-48，综合写作和独立写作都更新到48)托福tpo口语35题目which technology has made the greatest impact on peoples life in your country: airplane, computer or television? 参考答案 while airplane and television are surely very important inventions, i believe computer is probably more helpful in peoples life. for one thing, computer helps people so much in their studies since it allows people to write research papers and create powerpoint presentations. you know, in the past, students had to rewrite their paper which costs them bunches of time. but now they only need to do some minor edit on the computer. for another, computer can be used as a convenient and efficient tool to communicate with others. people now have been accustomed to chat through online communication tools such as skype, qq and so forth. furthermore, computer can meet all our needs of entertainment, including music, movies and video games.up in big cities. others believe that it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. what is your opinion?参考答案personally speaking, children will definitely benefit more from living in big cities, especially metropolis. first of all, big cities provide children with high-quality education resources and facilities, which are not available in rural areas. you know, most of the prestigious schools are located in big cities which are of advanced facilities likeprojectors, computers and so on. on the other hand, children can receive better medical insurance since medical and healthcare technology is better in big cities. rural areas usually lack doctors with formal license, not even mention some checking machines. the myriad life of metropolis is indispensable to the all-round and harmonious development of childrens character.the woman expresses her opinion about the university?s plan. briefly summarize the plan. then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.参考答案the student proposes that the university should build a parking lot, as it’s hard to find a parking place on campus and there’s a wood area suitable for the need. the speaker disagrees with the statement. there are two reasons. firstly, there are some places for parking near the dining hall and the library, several blocks away. and she doesnt think there should always be a parking spot outside the building they are visiting. moreover, the green area is the only place on campus where there is plenty of trees and students enjoy studying and reading there. school should leave the area alone instead of eliminating it for something they dont need.using the example from the lecture, explain the use of image advertising to sell products.参考答案in order to advertise a product, companies tend to link a positive image with their product and the image should be easy to remember. the professor talks about an example of a cookie company. the company uses a big bear as the image on the box of their cookies and the character is also shown on tv commercials. the image of big bear is easy to remember and when it dances and says something funny on tv, the children like it very much. therefore, year by year, the company sells more cookies than any of its competitors.briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. then state which of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. explain the reasons for your recommendation.参考答案the speaker volunteers in an elementary school and she is supposed to take the kids for picnic in the weekends. but it’s going to rain the whole day that day. there are two solutionsfor her. firstly, she can reschedule the picnic next week andcall every family tonight, but someone may miss out. secondly, she can arrange the activity in a restaurant, but it’ll be less fun and cannot be called a picnic. compared with the solutions, i prefer the second, and at least children will not bedisappointed with the activity cancellation and they can rearrange the picnic next time.using the example of baboons from the lecture, explain two ways in which display behavior can help animals maintaingroup unity.参考答案group life provides animals with protection from predators and social companies. there are two kinds of display behaviors animal use to avoid conflicts and resolve conflicts within a group. the first is threatening. the behavior doesnt aim to harm, but send a signal of warning. take a kind of monkey for example. when two monkeys see food at the same time, one may threaten the other and after receiving the warning message, the other may leave without fighting. the second isto hug each other after punching. if two monkeys does fightwith each other over the food they found, they may hug afterthe physical attack, and the conflict is resolved.【篇二：托福阅读tpo1-35文本 mp3【整套】】xt>托福阅读tpo1-35文本+mp3【整套】摘要：备考托福使用tpo是考生在平时不过的事情了，备考托福阅读必备的资料就是托福阅读tpo，今天小编为大家带来托福阅读tpo1-35文本+mp3【整套】下载，小编是不是很贴心呢?不多说了，赶紧来看看学习吧。
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Passage 1第一段：孟菲斯建立于公元前3100年，位于尼罗河上游，靠近现代开罗，是埃及统一后的第一个首都。
埃及的第一任国王选址于此也说明了它位置的战略意义。
首先，最显而易见的是，尼罗河三角洲的顶点位置介于上下埃及的连接位，贯通两个区域，在政治上是定都最合适的位置。
埃及王朝统一之前的政治中心耶拉孔波利斯远离尼罗河三角洲，并没有归入统一王朝。
只有南邻尼罗河河谷，北部地势绵延险要的城市才能满足早期埃及王朝的政治统治需求。
第二段：同时，在埃及王朝统治前后，孟菲斯区域都是交通运输的重要地理节点，它很大程度上疏通了南北埃及的河道贸易。
此外，统一王朝前的上埃及宫廷从近东进口的货品，诸如酒、油和金属之类，也会途径孟菲斯运往南部。
因此，简单来说，孟菲斯的地理条件为统一王朝的早期统治者们提供了绝佳位置，以便对内贸进行管控，对于一个以易货贸易为主导经济的国家来说，这点十分关键。
第三段：对于掌权者来说，同样重要的是掌控埃及交通运输的能力。
尼罗河是交通运输最便捷快速的渠道，而孟菲斯的位置在这一点上也颇具优势。
近期对孟菲斯的古代地质研究表明，当时孟菲斯的地理位置对贸易、运输和交通的掌控比预想得要有利得多。
研究显示，尼罗河平原的水平面在过去五千年中平稳上升，而在统一王朝之前，这一区域的水平面更低，冰水扇形地地形和干谷地形在东部河岸更为显著。
这一扇形区域联通了这些干谷，延伸至尼罗河平原，在孟菲斯附近形成特殊的地形。
河谷的宽度在此区域锐减至三千米，使之拥有了控制内河交通的绝佳地理位置。
第四段：此外，孟菲斯的地理位置不仅利于控制河岸贸易，也包括沙漠贸易。
在这一区域的两块扇形地形联通了广大的干谷，延伸到东部沙漠。
在统一王朝之前，Wadi Digla区域是近东和孟菲斯之间贸易的必经之路，在这里发现了大量阿底的舶来品。
对于国家形成时期的统治者来说，对贸易要道的深入控制有至关重要的意义。
垄断对外贸易权应该是政权统一背后的一个基本要素，所以定都在尼罗河河谷和贸易要道的连接处绝非偶然。
此外，Wadis Hof 和Digla为孟菲斯提供了丰富的沙漠草场。
与Hierakonpolis和Elkab情况一致，沙漠草场和冲积平原的汇聚地吸引力最早期的人口驻扎。
1. 2，vast巨大，浩瀚的意思2. 2，appreciated，根据文意是理解领会的意思3. 4，vicinity，邻近的意思4. 1，定位到the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state’s administrative center5. 4，因为第一段先提及Memphis作为首都，并解释了原因，因此选decision+motivation6. 3，定位到commodities (such as wine, precious oils, and metals) imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would …7. 1，highlight的句子说孟菲斯的地理条件为统一王朝的早期统治者们提供了绝佳位置，以便对内贸进行管控，对于一个以易货贸易为主导经济的国家来说，这点十分关键。
2的错误在于，trade with nearby countries，3错在a single location，4错在因果颠倒8. 3，1错在higher，2错在wadis在predynastic时期更显著，4错在wadis说明是雨水量少9. 4，文中提到Maadi用来说明Memphis早前就有对外贸易10. 3，accidental，意外的11. 1，第一段提到This and Hierakonpolis，说距离delta区域很远，所以其political power不及Memphis12. 2，Hierakonpolis和Elkab是沙漠草场和冲积平原的汇聚地，Memphis同理13. 3，这句句子承上启下，先总结political power和ease of administration，前两个句子已经解释，后启other advantages，下文提到transport和communication14. River-based trade from …Recent geological surveys suggest that …While the location of Memphis …Passage 2第一段：工业化，特别是促进工业化发展的农产值增加，使西欧在19世纪后半叶拥有超过世界其他区域的生活质量和健康水平。
而就整个欧洲而言，人口数从1800年的1.88亿人口增长到1900年的四亿人口，至1900年，基本上欧洲每个区域的人口都在增长，但是各个主要区域的增长趋势又不尽相同。
第二段：食物供给的增加助长了17世纪人口增长趋势，一方面，新的土地被开垦出来建设农地，另一方面，增加了美洲引进作物的耕种量，特别是土豆。
但是情况发生逆转，区域性农业失收造成了经济萧条，这一萧条持续到1850年，造成了饥荒。
同时，1846年至1847年间，马铃薯晚疫病使至少一百万爱尔兰人口丧生，另外一百万人口迁居他处，爱尔兰的人口再没有回升到疫病肆虐前的水平。
而同时期的谷物失收更是让整个欧洲雪上加霜。
第三段：1850年后，食物的充裕使人口数再一次增长起来，但贫下阶级的食物供给仍旧不足。
在这一期间，有两个重要的发展，一是科学和新技术的使用使农产量增加。
一些德国的大学致力于研究如何提高种子数，发展化肥，提升家畜。
在1861年后，由于美国一些大家得到政府批地，得以开展大型农耕项目，美国在谷物耕作方面的研究也为作出了贡献。
此外，美国在农业中引入机械化，包括利用牲口收割和播种，农业得以进一步发展。
还有机械乳油分离器和其他粮食加工装置，也提高了食物产量。
第四段：第二个发展是工业化的交通。
由于引入了火车和蒸汽船，在西欧境内快速将食物转运到急需的地区成为可能，饥荒和营养不良成为过去。
许多以英国为首的西欧国家开始大量进口食物，从东欧这一传统的食品进口渠道，以及美洲、澳洲和新西兰。
蒸汽船不断提速和扩容，加之1870年后食物的罐装和冷冻技术，都是促成这一发展的重要因素。
第五段：欧洲的人口增加还包括19世纪的一大创新——高速的城市化。
越来越多的西欧人从乡村来到城市，城市于是不断壮大规模。
到1850年，超过一半的英国人住在城市，这在人类历史上是第一次。
从某种意义上来说，这种趋势是不可避免的：农耕行业不断压缩资源，引入机械化，所以人们不得不进入城市寻求工作和其他生活资料。
传统上来说，城市的死亡率是远超乡村的，城市仅靠稳定的迁入率来维持人口数量。
因此，告诉的城市化从整体上来说应该是减少了总人口数。
但是在19世纪中期，这一情况得到改变。
城市的死亡率还是很高，特别是在贫民窟，但是死亡率开始迅速下降。
第六段：其中一大原因就是食物来源的保证。
另一个更重要的原因就是城市卫生的提升，以及其他诸如住宿监察举措的实施。
维新派们，包括进步的医生们，开始研究高死亡率的原因并寻求补救方法。
在发现细菌前，人们普遍认为疾病是通过瘴气传播的，所以开始关注下水道和露天垃圾场。
Edwin Chadwick在19世纪30年代时领导了一场拯救下水道运动，值得效仿。
逐渐地，公共卫生方面的举措降低了死亡率，到1900年，在西欧的部分区域，城市平均寿命开始超过农村。
工业社会不断寻求方法将不断壮大的城市和人口增长相结合，而这一趋势也会很快波及到世界的其他地方。
15. 2，keep pace with与…保持一致16. 4，capacity，容量17. 1，定位到because of a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible18. 4，定位到New lands were put under cultivation19. 3，potato blight是造成人口下降的一个原因20. 3，inevitable不可避免地21. 2，除了2，其他在文中都有提到22. 3，定位到With trains and steam shipping, it became possible to move foods to needy regions within Western Europe quickly.23. 4，定位到growing numbers of people pressed available resources on the land, even when farmwork was combined with a bit of manufacturing24. 3，除了3其他都有提到25. 1，surpass超过26. 1，2意思相反，因为主语是underground sewers，3与前文不符，4未提及27. 4，such提示是上述这些，所以放在所以举措之后28. Agricultural failures became …Although agricultural failures …High death rates in the cities …Passage 3第一段：火星表面展示了很多种地理特征，包括巨大的火山——太阳系中已知的最大火山——以及覆盖范围很广的陨石坑。
在塔尔西斯隆起——火星赤道附近的广阔地质区域——发现了三座非常大的火山。
位于塔尔西斯西北的奥林帕斯山是其中最大的一座火山：25千米高，测得其基部直径大约有700千米。
位于塔尔西斯隆起的三座大火山则略矮，高度“仅”达18千米。
第二段：这些火山都不是因火星表面的板块碰撞而形成的——火星上并无板块运动。
这些火山其实是盾状火山——一种由熔岩形成的斜面宽阔并且坡度平缓的火山。
上述4座火山都具有非常明显的熔岩隧道以及其他流动特征，这与地球上的盾状火山相似。
火星表面的图像显示那里存在成百上千的火山。
那些最大的火山中的大部分都与塔尔西斯隆起有关，但是很多稍小的火山都分布在北部平原地区。
第三段：火星上火山的可观的高度是该行星（相对）较低的地表重力导致的直接结果。
当熔岩流淌和蔓延以形成盾状火山时，这座火山的最终高度取决于这座新生的山承载自身重量的能力。
重力越低，重量就越小，山的高度就越高。
如金星上的麦克斯韦山与地球上的夏威夷盾状火山从它们各自的基部算起海拔高度相同（大约10千米高）就不是什么巧合——地球与金星的地表重力相当。