Novel Chemical Strategy for the Synthesis of RGDCySS Tetrapeptide

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Study_on_the_pharmacological_activities_and_chemic

Study_on_the_pharmacological_activities_and_chemic

ReviewStudy on the pharmacological activities and chemicalstructures of Viburnum dilatatumZhiheng Gao, Yufei Xi, Man Wang, Xiaoxiao Huang*, Shaojiang Song*Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research &Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ShenyangPharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, ChinaAbstractViburnum dilatatum (jiami in Chinese), belonging to the Caprifollaceae family, is widely distributed in Japan and China. Phytochemical investigations of Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum) have resulted in the isolation of triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides essential oil, norisoprenoids, etc. Research results have shown that the chemical constituents of V. dilatatum possess various pharmacological activities, including antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects. This study reviewed the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum to provide practical and useful information for further research and development of this plant.Keywords: Viburnum dilatatum; pharmacological activity; chemical structures1 IntroductionViburnum dilatatum (called jiami in Chinese, gamazumi in Japanese and snowball tree in English), beloinging to family Caprifoliaceae, is a deciduous low tree distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan [1]. There are many types of chemical constituents in Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum), including triterpenoids, * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Address:School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China; Tel.: +86-24-43520793 (Xiaoxiao Huang); +86-24-43520707 (ShaojiangSong);E-mail:*******************(XiaoxiaoHuang); ****************(ShaojiangSong).Received: 2021-04-16 Accepted: 2022-08-28phenolic glycosides and norisoprenoids [2-4]. The leaves have been utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine, and phenolic compounds have been reported as the main active chemical component of the leaves. Many researchers have analyzed the functions of these medicinal components and found that these components have good antioxidant antihyperglycemic and antiulcer effects. For example, the gamazumi crude extract obtained from the squeezed juice of the fruit prevented oxidative injury in rats [5]. This review described the chemical structures and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum, so as to help readers understand comprehensively the research progress of V. dilatatum and provide help for the development of V. dilatatum.2 Chemical constituents and structuresPrevious reports have indicated that the main chemical constituents of V. dilatatum are phenolic glycosides and triterpenoids.2.1 Phenolic glycosidesThirteen phenolic glycosides were isolated and identified from V. dilatatum by extensive spectroscopic methods, namely p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -glucoside (1) [6], p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -alloside (2) [6], 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl-6-O -β-D -apiosyl(1→6)-β-D -glucoside (3) [6], 1-(4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxypheny1)-2-[2’’-hydroxy-4’’-(3’’’-hydroxypropyl)]-1,3-propanediol-l-O -β-D -glucopyranoside (erythro isomer) (4-7) [7], neochlorogenic acid methyl ester (8-9) [7], cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester (10-11) [7], cyanidin-3-sambubioside (Cy-3-sam) (12) [8], cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) (13) [8], 5-O -caffeoyl-4-methoxyl quinic acid (4-MeO-5-CQA) (14) [8], chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) (15) [8], quercetin (16) [8], 2-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl-3-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoate (17) [9] and jiamizioside E (18) [10]. These structures are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 Phenolic glycosides isolated from V . dilatatumContinued fig. 12.2 TriterpenoidsThere were about seventeen triterpenoids isolated and characterized from V. dilatatum , such as viburnols A (19) [11], viburnols B (20) [11], viburnols C (21) [11], viburnols D (22) [11], viburnols E (23) [11], viburnols F (24) [12], viburnols G (25) [12], viburnols H (26) [12], viburnols I (27) [12], viburnols J (28) [12],viburnols K (29) [12], viburnudienone B 2methyl ester (30) [13], viburnenone H 2 (31) [13],v i b u r n e n o n e B 2 m e t h y l e s t e r (32) [13], viburnudienone B 1 methyl ester (33) [13], viburnenone H 1 (34) [13], and viburnenone B 2 methyl ester (35) [13]. The structures are shown in Fig. 2.Continued fig. 23 Pharmacological activities3.1 Antioxidant activityOxidative stress caused by free radicals and their derivatives leads to disturbances in redox homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only endogenously produced during intracellular metabolic processes but also generated by exogenous stimuli such as UV radiation, pollutants, smoke and drugs. The cell triggers its defense systems or undergoes apoptosis when intracellular oxidative status increases. It influences numerous cellular processes including core signaling pathways, which are associated with development of systematic and chronic disorders, such as aging and cancer. Therefore, it is critical to remove cellular oxidants and restore redox balance.solution of V. dilatatum (GSS) had strong antioxidant activity in vivo and prevent stress-induced oxidative damage by the XYZ-dish method and the澳electron spin resonance (ESR) method [14]. The experimental result showed that the concentrations of lipid peroxide in plasma, liver and stomach in the GSS group were reduced. Furthermore, the activities of plasma lactic dehydrogenase, amylase and creatine phosphokinase are ordinarily increased by stress. However, these activities in the GSS group decreased to that in the control group. It was concluded that gastric ulcer formation, increase of lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues and elevation of plasma enzymatic activities were confirmed in rats with water immersion restraint stress. It was also found that intake of GSS could protect the stomach and other tissues from oxidative damage.Kim et al. identified and isolated two major anthocyanins by NMR and LC-ESI-MS/MS, namely, cyanidin 3-sambubioside (I) and kuromanin (II) [15]. By the electron spin resonance method, the superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of I and II were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 17.3 and 69.6 µM, and their activities on hydroxyl radicals were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 4.3 and 53.2 mM. As the positive control, the IC 50 values of ascorbic acid were 74.2 µM on superoxide anion radicals and 3.0 mM on hydroxyl radicals, respectively. The above results suggested that these anthocyanins with radical scavenging properties might be the key compounds contributing to the antioxidant activity and physiological effects of V . dilatatum fruits.Woo et al. determined the free radical scavenging capacity of VD (the leaves of V. dilatatum ) [16]. Anti-oxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, or α-tocopherol, was used as the positive control in these assays. The experimental result showed that VD inducedincrease in radical scavenging activity. In addition, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity was determined via measurement of MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels using mouse liver tissue homogenate treated with various concentrations of the extracts. The concentration-dependent decrease in MDA levels observed was consistent with radical scavenging activities of the extracts. To examine whether VD extracts could protect mam-malian cells from oxidative stress, cultures of a human mammary gland-derived epithelial cell line MCF-7 were treated with each extract prior to challenging them with tBHP. The intracellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production was determined with the relative intensity of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. While intracellular ROS formation was significantly promoted by tBHP treatment, the augmented ROS level was significantly reduced after the treatment with VD extracts.3.2 Antihyperglycemic effectIwai et al. used an oral glucose tolerance test on the diabetic rats [17]. They found that the elevation of plasma glucose level after oral administration of 2 g/kg glucose was suppressed by the repeated administration of the freeze-dried powder of V. dilatatum fruit juice (CEV). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from CEV were also measured. Cyanidin 3-sambubioside and 5-caffeoyl quinic acid A showed inhibitory activity. These results suggested that V. dilatatum fruit had the antihyperglycemic effects.4 ConclusionV. dilatatum is distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan. Currently, the studies on V. dilatatum have been conducted at home and abroad, but few studies focus on its chemical components and pharmacological activities. Previousphytochemical investigations showed that the constituents of V. dilatatum included triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides, norisoprenoids and other compounds. This study describes thirteen phenolic glycosides and seventeen triterpenoids and their different degrees of antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects, aiming to provide a reference for further studies on V. dilatatum and pharmaceutical development.References[1] Jeffrey B, Harborne A. Colour atlas of medicinal plantsof Japan. Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 1467.[2] Miyazawa M, Hashidume S, Takahashi T, et al. Aromaevaluation of gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum) by aroma extract dilution analysis and odour activity value.Phytochem Anal, 2012, 23: 208-213.[3] Kurihara T, Kikuchi M. Studies on the constituentsof flowers. IV. On the components of the flower of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Health Sci, 1975, 95: 1098-1102.[4] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Norisoprenoids from Viburnumdilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1996, 41: 1333-1336. [5] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H. Mechanism of preventiveaction of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb (gamazumi) crude extract on oxidative damage in rats subjected to stress. J Sci Food Agric, 2010, 83: 1593-1599.[6] Machida K, Nakano Y, Kikuchi M. Phenolic glycosidesfrom Viburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30: 2013-2014.[7] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Phenolic compounds fromViburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 3654-3656.[8] Kim MY, Iwai K, Matsue H. Phenolic compositions ofViburnum dilatatum Thunb. fruits and their antiradical properties. J Food Compos Anal, 2005, 18: 789-802. [9] Lu D, Yao S. Phenolic glycoside from the roots ofViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2009, 4: 945-946.[10] Wu B, Zeng X, Zhang Y. New metabolite fromViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2010, 5: 1097-1098.[11] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Novel triterpenoidswith a rearranged dammarane skeleton from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1996, 37: 4157-4160. [12] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Six noveltriterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1997, 38: 571-574.[13] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Studies on the Constituents ofViburnum Species. XIX. Six New Triterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. Chem Pharm Bull, 1999, 47: 692-694.[14] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H, et al. Antioxidant activityand inhibitory effect of Gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum THUNB.) on oxidative damage induced by water immersion restraint stress in rats. Int J. Food Sci Nutr, 2001, 52: 443-451.[15] Kim MY, Iwai K, Onodera A, et al. Identification andAntiradical Properties of Anthocyanins in Fruits of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51: 6173-6177.[16] Woo YJ, Lee HJ, Jeong YS, et al. Antioxidant Potentialof Selected Korean Edible Plant Extracts. Bio Med Res Int, 2017, 2017: 1-9.[17] Iwai K, Kim MY, Akio O, et al. Alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory and antihyperglycemic effects of polyphenols in the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2006, 54: 4588-4592.。

chemicalreactionengineering3ededition作者octavelevenspiel课后习题答案

chemicalreactionengineering3ededition作者octavelevenspiel课后习题答案

Corresponding Solutions for Chemical Reaction EngineeringCHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING .......................................... 错误!未定义书签。

CHAPTER 2 KINETICS OF HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

CHAPTER 3 INTERPRETATION OF BATCH REACTOR DATA ..................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO REACTOR DESIGN ............................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

CHAPTER 5 IDEAL REACTOR FOR A SINGLE REACTOR........................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN FOR SINGLE REACTIONS ....................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

CHAPTER 10 CHOOSING THE RIGHT KIND OF REACTOR ....................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

gre阅读a major chemical

gre阅读a major chemical

gre阅读a major chemicalA Major Chemical and Its Impact on the Environment and Human HealthIn our modern world, the use of chemicals is prevalent in various industries, ranging from agriculture to manufacturing. One such chemical that has gained significant attention is glyphosate. Glyphosate is a major herbicide widely used around the world. However, concerns have been raised regarding its impact on the environment and human health.Glyphosate, commonly known as Roundup, was first introduced in the 1970s as an effective herbicide for weed control. Its popularity soared due to its broad-spectrum activity and low toxicity to mammals. Farmers and gardeners embraced glyphosate as a convenient solution to eliminate unwanted plants. Nonetheless, recent studies have shed light on the potential adverse effects of glyphosate on the environment.One of the main concerns surrounding glyphosate usage is its impact on biodiversity. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide, meaning it targets both weeds and desirable plants. This poses a threat to non-target organisms, such as insects and birds, that rely on these plants for food and habitat. Moreover, studies have shown that glyphosate can persist in soil and water, potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems. The long-term consequences of this chemical on biodiversity are still being researched, but it is clear that its widespread use should be approached with caution.Another critical aspect to consider is the potential health risks associated with glyphosate exposure. Glyphosate has been classified as aprobable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This classification has raised concerns among consumers and health professionals alike. Agricultural workers who come intodirect contact with glyphosate during application are at a higher risk of exposure. Nonetheless, residues of glyphosate have also been detected in food products, such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. This raises concerns about chronic exposure to low levels of glyphosate through the diet.Furthermore, the widespread use of glyphosate has led to the emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds. This phenomenon, known as herbicide resistance, poses a challenge for farmers. To combat these resistant weeds, higher doses of glyphosate or alternative herbicides are often used. This not only increases the overall chemical load in the environment but also contributes to the development of further herbicide resistance. It is a vicious cycle that requires alternative strategies for sustainable weed management.In response to these concerns, some countries have imposed restrictions on glyphosate usage. For instance, the European Union has imposed a ban on the use of glyphosate in public spaces and is considering further restrictions on agricultural use. These measures aim to protect the environment and human health, but they also highlight the need for alternative weed control methods.In conclusion, glyphosate is a major chemical with significant implications for the environment and human health. Its widespread use has raised concerns about its impact on biodiversity, its potential role in carcinogenesis, and the development of herbicide resistance. It isessential to balance the benefits of glyphosate with the potential risks and explore alternative strategies for sustainable weed management. As consumers and active participants in society, it is crucial to stay informed and advocate for responsible chemical usage to protect our environment and well-being.。

酶法酯化脂肪酸与甘油合成1_3_甘油二酯

酶法酯化脂肪酸与甘油合成1_3_甘油二酯
[ 4] Rosu R, Y asui M, Iw asaki Y, et a.l Enzym at ic syn thesis o f symm etrical 1, 3-diacy lg lycerols by d irect esterifica tion of glycero l in so-l ven-t free system [ J] . J Am O il Chem Soc, 1999, 76: 839-843.
第 2期
钟南京等: 酶法酯化脂肪酸与甘油合成 1, 3-甘油二酯
61
物经纯化后均可得到高纯度的 1, 3-DAG, 结果如 表 1所示.
表 1 不同脂肪酸合成 1, 3-DAG的结果
反应时间 脂肪酸
/h
反应温度 纯化方式
/
1, 3-DAG 含量 /%
正辛酸
6
月桂酸
3
棕榈酸
2
硬脂酸
2
油酸
4
40
硅胶柱
参考文献:
[ 1] Y ang T, Zhang H, M u H, et a.l D iacy lg lycerols from bu tterfa:t production by g lycero lysis and shor-t path dist illat ion and ana lysis o f physica l properties[ J] . J Am O il Chem Soc, 2004, 81: 979-987.
[ 6] Ikeda I, Gu X-P, M iyam oto I, et a.l P reparat ion o f 1, 3-d iacy lglycero ls and 1- alky-3acy lg lycerols in the presence o f quaternary amm on ium salt [ J]. J Am O il Chem Soc, 1989, 66: 822-824.

为了进一步研究反应机理 英语

为了进一步研究反应机理 英语

为了进一步研究反应机理英语Delving into the Reaction Mechanism: A Journey into the Unknown.The field of chemistry is vast and ever-evolving, with new discoveries and theories constantly pushing the boundaries of our understanding. At the heart of every chemical reaction lies a complex mechanism, a dance of atoms and molecules that transform one set of substances into another. To further explore these mechanisms is to embark on a journey into the unknown, seeking answers to the fundamental questions of how and why chemical transformations occur.The reaction mechanism is the step-by-step sequence of events that leads to the overall transformation of reactants into products. It involves the breaking and formation of chemical bonds, the transfer of electrons, and the rearrangement of atoms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for a variety of reasons. It can help us predictand control the outcome of reactions, optimize reaction conditions, and even design new reactions and synthetic pathways.To delve into the reaction mechanism, one must first identify the reactants and products involved. This involves a thorough analysis of the chemical structures and properties of the substances involved. Once these are established, the next step is to propose a plausible sequence of events that can lead to the formation of the products from the reactants. This often involves the consideration of intermediate species that may form during the reaction and the various energy barriers that need to be overcome.Experimental techniques play a crucial role in elucidating reaction mechanisms. Techniques such as spectroscopy, kinetic studies, and isotopic labeling can provide valuable insights into the reaction pathway. Spectroscopy, for example, can be used to identify the presence of intermediate species and monitor their evolution over time. Kinetic studies can reveal the rate-determining step of the reaction, providing information about the relative rates of different steps in the mechanism. Isotopic labeling, on the other hand, can be used to track the flow of atoms and molecules within the reaction, providing direct evidence for the proposed mechanism.Computational methods have also emerged as powerful tools for studying reaction mechanisms. Quantum chemical calculations can provide detailed insights into the energetics and electronic structure of the reactants, products, and intermediates involved. These calculations can help us understand the energetics of the reaction, identify potential transition states, and predict the reactivity of different species. While computational methods are becoming increasingly accurate and reliable, they must still be validated and corroborated with experimental data.As we delve deeper into the reaction mechanism, we often encounter surprises and unexpected findings. This is the nature of scientific exploration, and it is what makesthe field of chemistry so exciting and challenging. Each new discovery and understanding adds to our knowledge of the universe and our ability to manipulate and create new materials and compounds.In conclusion, to further study reaction mechanisms is to embark on a journey of discovery and understanding. It requires a combination of experimental techniques, computational methods, and a keen eye for detail. As we continue to delve into the mysteries of chemical reactions, we not only expand our knowledge but also contribute to the progress of science and technology.。

chemistryselect

chemistryselect

chemistryselectTitle: ChemistrySelect: Advancing Chemistry Research and InnovationIntroductionChemistrySelect is a leading scientific journal that aims to showcase the latest advancements in chemistry research and promote innovation in the field. This document seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of ChemistrySelect, highlighting its mission, scope, editorial policies, and contributions to the scientific community. With a commitment to high-quality research, ChemistrySelect plays a crucial role in disseminating valuable knowledge and shaping the future of chemistry.1. Mission and ScopeThe primary mission of ChemistrySelect is to provide a platform for researchers to share their findings and discoveries in the realm of chemistry. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, andbiochemistry. By encompassing these diverse branches, ChemistrySelect fosters interdisciplinary collaborations and encourages the exchange of ideas among scientists.2. Editorial PoliciesChemistrySelect maintains rigorous editorial policies to ensure the quality and integrity of the published articles. All submissions undergo a thorough peer-review process conducted by experts in the respective fields. This system ensures that only groundbreaking research and novel contributions are published. The journal strictly adheres to ethical guidelines and promotes responsible conduct in research.3. Features and Benefits for AuthorsChemistrySelect offers several features and benefits to authors, making it an attractive choice for researchers to publish their work. Firstly, the journal provides an efficient and streamlined submission process. With an easy-to-use online platform, authors can submit their manuscripts conveniently.Additionally, ChemistrySelect offers a rapid publication process, minimizing delays in disseminating vital findings to the scientific community. This swift turnaround time allows researchers to showcase their work promptly and gain recognition for their contributions.Furthermore, ChemistrySelect provides extensive visibility and global reach for published articles. As an open-access journal, all articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring maximum exposure for authors' work. This broad accessibility helps in enhancing the impact and visibility of the research.4. Contributions to the Scientific CommunityChemistrySelect has made significant contributions to the scientific community since its inception. By publishing cutting-edge research, the journal has played a pivotal role in advancing the understanding of various chemical phenomena. The diverse range of topics covered has led to interdisciplinary collaborations and breakthroughs in multiple subfields of chemistry.Moreover, ChemistrySelect has facilitated the dissemination of research from both established scientists and emerging researchers. The journal actively encourages submissionsfrom young scientists, promoting their career development and providing them with a platform to showcase their talent.ChemistrySelect's commitment to open science principles has also contributed to the accessibility of scientific knowledge. Open-access articles enable researchers worldwide to access the latest research, promoting collaboration and the growth of scientific knowledge.5. Future DirectionLooking ahead, ChemistrySelect aims to continue its tradition of excellence by further expanding its scope and reach. The journal will continue to embrace emerging research areas and emerging methodologies in chemistry. The goal is to foster the development of new technologies and approaches that can lead to advancements in various industrial sectors, healthcare, and environmental sustainability.ChemistrySelect also envisions enhancing its collaboration with other scientific disciplines, such as materials science, nanotechnology, and computational chemistry, to encourage multidisciplinary research and address complex challenges.ConclusionChemistrySelect is a prestigious scientific journal committed to advancing chemistry research and fostering innovation in the field. With its wide-ranging scope, rigorous editorial policies, and commitment to open access, the journal has become an essential resource for researchers worldwide. ChemistrySelect's contributions to the scientific community have been substantial, and it continues to pave the way for future breakthroughs in chemistry. As the journal's influence and recognition continue to grow, it remains at the forefront of scientific publishing, driving progress and shaping the future of chemistry.。

药学英语Unit 5 Text B注释及译文

药学英语Unit 5 Text B注释及译文

Lead CompoundsBefore any medicinal chemistry project can get underway, a lead compound is required. A lead compound will have some property considered therapeutically useful. The property sought will depend on the tests used to detect the lead compound, which in turn depends on the drug's target. The level of biological activity may not be particularly high, but that does not matter. The lead compound is not intended to be used as a clinical agent. It is the starting point from which a clinically useful compound can be developed. Similarly, it does not matter whether the lead compound is toxic or has undesirable side effects. Again, drug design aims to improve the desirable effects of the lead compound and to remove the undesirable effects.1.seek [si:k] vt. & vi.寻找; 探寻vi.企图; 试图vt.请求, 征求;2.in turn ①依次, 轮流地;②相应地;转而3.target ['tɑ:ɡit]n. (射击的)靶子;(欲达到的)目[指]标;(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物4.intend [in'tend] vt.意欲, 打算;打算使, 想让…做5.undesirable [,ʌndɪ'zaɪərəbəl] n.不受欢迎的人;不良分子adj.可能招致麻烦或不便的;不想要的;不受大家欢迎的;讨厌的找到先导化合物是开展任何一项药物化学课题研究的前提。

小学上册第11次英语第2单元综合卷[有答案]

小学上册第11次英语第2单元综合卷[有答案]

小学上册英语第2单元综合卷[有答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1 A _____ (鲸鱼) can sing songs underwater.2 The country famous for its cheese is ________ (法国).3 What do you call a baby horse?A. ColtB. FoalC. FillyD. Mare答案: B4 When two or more substances are mixed together, they form a _______. (混合物)5 What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. Meat6 My favorite toy is a ________ (吹泡泡机). I love making bubbles in the ________ (夏天).7 The ______ is a vital part of agriculture.8 The __________ (历史重演) can occur in different forms.9 What do you call the first book of the Bible?A. ExodusB. GenesisC. LeviticusD. Numbers10 I write letters to my ____.11 My friend is a talented __________ (摄影师).12 The turtle is slow but very _______ (智慧).13 The ______ (植物的物种多样性) is crucial for resilience.14 What do we call a series of events that happen one after another?A. CycleB. SequenceC. ProcessD. Pattern15 What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on the periodic table?A. Dmitri MendeleevB. Antoine LavoisierC. Robert BoyleD. Marie Curie答案: A16 My family always goes __________ during summer. (旅行)17 What do we call a scientist who studies the impacts of climate change?a. Climatologistb. Meteorologistc. Environmental scientistd. Ecologist18 Chlorophyll helps plants absorb ________ from sunlight.19 An emulsion is a mixture of two liquids that do not _____.20 A __________ is a reaction that absorbs heat.21 The stars are ___ (twinkling/shining).22 The dog is _____ at the door. (barking)23 Turtles can be found in ________________ (海洋).24 They are _____ (drawing) with chalk.25 The bird is flying in the ______.26 What do you call a house made of ice?A. IglooB. CastleC. HutD. Cabin答案:A27 Every Sunday, I play board games with my _________ (家人).28 What do you call a person who creates art?A. ArtistB. ScientistC. EngineerD. Writer答案:A29 What is the main ingredient in tzatziki?A. YogurtB. CucumberD. All of the above30 What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. SeoulC. TokyoD. Bangkok31 A rabbit's ears are very ______ (灵敏).32 What do you call the person who fixes cars?A. BakerB. MechanicC. TeacherD. Artist33 The ________ (fountain) is in the park.34 Did you see a _______ (小壁虎) climbing on the wall?35 Which instrument has keys?A. DrumB. GuitarC. PianoD. Flute36 What is the largest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn37 The dog digs in the ______.38 The butterfly is ___. (flying)39 I love to celebrate my birthday. Each year, I invite my friends to __________. We have __________ and play games, making it a memorable day!40 My cat loves to chase after ______ (光点).41 The ________ (沙漠) is hot and dry.42 The TESS mission searches for exoplanets using the ______ method.43 My pet is a small ____.44 What is the capital of Norway?A. OsloB. BergenC. StavangerD. Tromsø45 What do you call a tool used to measure length?A. RulerB. ScaleC. ProtractorD. Compass46 Who is the main character in a story?A. HeroB. VillainC. Supporting characterD. Protagonist答案:D47 The girl is very ________.48 The parrot says _______ (鹦鹉说_______).49 What do we call the process of turning a caterpillar into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. TransformationD. Growth答案:A50 My aunt is very _______ (形容词) when it comes to cooking. 她的菜很好吃,真_______ (形容词).51 The chemical formula for sodium chlorite is __________.52 What do you call the person who performs in movies?A. ActorB. DirectorC. ProducerD. Screenwriter53 The _____ (pyramids) in Egypt are one of the oldest structures in the world.54 Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案: B55 The fall of the Berlin Wall happened in __________ (1989).56 What is the name of the famous statue in New York Harbor?A. The ThinkerB. The Statue of LibertyC. Christ the RedeemerD. David57 We have a _____ (运动会) at school.58 A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is called a ______.59 The __________ (冷战) was a period of tension between the USA and USSR.60 Which of these is a type of fish?A. SalmonB. ChickenC. BeefD. Pork61 My favorite dessert to bake is ______.62 Creating a wildlife-friendly garden can support local ______ populations. (创建一个适合野生动物的花园可以支持当地的野生动物种群。

肿瘤可塑性与药物治疗抵抗

肿瘤可塑性与药物治疗抵抗

213·专家述评·肿瘤可塑性与药物治疗抵抗何 丹 成 炜 刘 铭广州医科大学基础医学院(广东广州 511436)刘铭 广州医科大学教授,博士生导师。

博士毕业于香港大学医学院临床肿瘤学系。

国家自然科学基金优秀青年项目获得者(2022),广东省高等学校青年珠江学者(2018),广东省珠江人才计划引进高层次人才(2017),香港青年科学家奖获得者(2014)。

担任中国病理生理学会青年委员、中国药理学会青年委员、美国癌症研究学会会员、香港科学会会员。

近年来致力于借助肿瘤遗传学、分子生物学、生物信息学等研究手段,从胚胎发育角度探索肿瘤发生发展及耐药复发的分子机制。

团队围绕肿瘤可塑性及药物靶点发现展开系列研究,开发创新型抗肿瘤药物及分子诊断标志物,并积极推动其向临床转化。

近年来以通讯作者在Sci Transl Med ,PNAS ,Nat Commun 等高影响力期刊发表多篇代表性论文。

获中国发明专利2项,美国实质审查阶段专利1项,研究成果实现对跨国公司授权转化。

【摘 要】 药物治疗抵抗在临床实践中成为肿瘤治疗失败的主因。

最近的研究指出,肿瘤细胞的耐药性可能源于其内部高度的细胞异质性,而这种异质性的基础则是肿瘤可塑性。

肿瘤细胞可塑性可能引发一系列反应,包括对治疗的耐药性发展、免疫系统逃逸以及对周围组织和血管系统的侵袭和转移等。

本文简要介绍肿瘤细胞可塑性的表现形式以及其在药物治疗抵抗的非遗传适应性机制与靶向治疗新策略。

【关键词】 肿瘤可塑性;药物治疗抵抗;肿瘤异质性;治疗新策略DOI :10. 3969 / j. issn. 1000-8535. 2024. 03. 001Tumor Plasticity and Therapeutic ResistanceHE Dan ,CHENG Wei ,LIU Ming School of Basic Medical Sciences ,Guangzhou Medical University ,Guangzhou 511436,Guangdong ,China【Abstract 】 Drug therapy resistance has emerged as a primary cause of treatment failure in cancer management .Recent research indicates that the resistance of tumor cells may stem from their high degree of intracellular heterogeneity ,with the underlying basis being tumor plasticity .Tumor cell plasticity can trigger a cascade of responses ,including the development of resistance to treatment ,evasion of the immune system ,and invasion and metastasis into surrounding tissues and the vascular system .This article provides a brief overview of the manifestations of tumor cell plasticity and its non-genetic adaptive mechanisms in drug therapy resistance ,along with novel strategies for targeted treatment .【Key words 】 tumor plasticity ;drug therapy resistance ;tumor heterogeneity ;novel treatment strategies基金项目:国家自然科学基金(82122048,82003773,82203380);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2023A1515011416)通信作者:刘铭,E-mail :*****************.cn导致肿瘤治疗失败的主要因素是肿瘤细胞对药物的耐药性。

天然产物全合成–青年学术研讨会_14495

天然产物全合成–青年学术研讨会_14495

2012 年6 月19 - 20日中国•上海天然产物全合成–青年学术研讨会Natural Product Synthesis–Young Investigator Forum 2012中国科学院上海有机化学研究所中科院天然产物有机合成化学重点实验室2012年6月19–20日,中国上海“天然产物全合成-青年学术研讨会”NPS-YI 2012会议主席:姜标、赵刚会议组织秘书处:洪然、余冰、丁凯、魏邦国(复旦)、姜雪峰、高栓虎(华师大)感谢以下单位的大力支持:国家自然科学基金委员会中国化学会中国科学院上海有机化学研究所中国科学院上海高等研究院中国科学院昆明植物研究所中国科学院长春应用化学研究所中国科学院生态环境研究中心中国科学院广州生物医药与健康研究院四川大学中国药科大学北京大学药学院南开大学清华大学天津大学北京理工大学中国海洋大学大连理工大学辽宁石油化工大学哈尔滨工业大学山东大学兰州大学西北大学西安交通大学复旦大学华东师范大学南京大学中国科学技术大学北京大学深圳研究生院浙江大学厦门大学感谢以下公司赞助:北京伊诺凯科技发展有限公司上海分公司梯希爱(上海)化成工业发展有限公司阿法埃莎(天津)化学有限公司梅特勒-托利多国际贸易(上海)有限公司上海翔雅仪器设备有限公司序言近年来,国内高等院校和科研院所引进了一批从事有机化学研究领域的优秀青年人才,致力于开展天然产物全合成方面的研究工作。

国家基金委和科技部等部门也加强了天然产物全合成领域研究的支持。

2009年科技部启动了973项目―具有重要生物活性的天然产物的化学合成‖,今年国家自然科学基金委也设立了重大项目“具有重要药用价值的多环天然产物高效合成”。

天然产物全合成作为有机化学研究的核心和新反应的试验场,一直占有重要地位,代表着一个国家有机化学学科的发展水平。

在具有生理活性的结晶牛胰岛素全合成和青蒿素的结构鉴定和全合成工作中,我国老一辈合成化学家展示了卓越的研究水平,在国际上享有盛誉。

对有机化学实验的期待和计划

对有机化学实验的期待和计划

对有机化学实验的期待和计划英文回答:When it comes to organic chemistry experiments, I have high expectations and a detailed plan in mind. As a chemistry enthusiast, I believe that hands-on experience is crucial for understanding the concepts and principles of organic chemistry. Therefore, I look forward to conducting experiments that allow me to apply the knowledge I have gained in the classroom and textbooks.One of my expectations for organic chemistry experiments is to enhance my practical skills. I hope to improve my ability to handle chemicals, use laboratory equipment, and perform various techniques such as distillation, extraction, and chromatography. By actively participating in experiments, I can develop a better understanding of the procedures involved and gain confidence in my lab skills.Another expectation I have is to observe the reactions and transformations that occur during the experiments. Organic chemistry is known for its intricate reactions and the synthesis of complex molecules. Through experiments, I can witness firsthand how different reactants interact and how products are formed. This allows me to connect the theoretical knowledge with real-life examples, making the subject more tangible and exciting.Furthermore, I expect organic chemistry experiments to provide opportunities for problem-solving and critical thinking. Sometimes, unexpected results or challenges may arise during an experiment. In such situations, I need to think on my feet and come up with alternative approaches or solutions. This not only sharpens my analytical skills but also encourages creativity in the lab.To illustrate these expectations, let me share an example. In one of my previous organic chemistry experiments, I was tasked with synthesizing a specific compound using a multi-step reaction sequence. As I followed the protocol, I encountered a deviation from theexpected results. The product I obtained was different from what was predicted. Instead of becoming frustrated, I took it as an opportunity to troubleshoot and investigate the cause of the unexpected outcome. Through careful analysis and consultation with my lab partners and instructor, we discovered that a side reaction had occurred, leading to the formation of an unintended product. This experience not only taught me the importance of monitoring reaction conditions but also reinforced the idea that experiments don't always go as planned. It required problem-solving skills and critical thinking to identify the issue and propose a solution.In conclusion, my expectations for organic chemistry experiments are to improve my practical skills, observe reactions and transformations, and develop problem-solving abilities. By actively participating in experiments, I hope to enhance my understanding of organic chemistry and its applications. Each experiment presents a unique opportunity for learning and growth, and I am excited to embark on this journey of discovery.中文回答:对于有机化学实验,我有着很高的期望和详细的计划。

关于海洋生物制药的潜力与挑战 英语作文

关于海洋生物制药的潜力与挑战 英语作文

The Potential and Challenges of Marine BiopharmaceuticalsMarine biopharmaceuticals represent a promising frontier in the field of medicine.The vast and diverse marine environment is home to countless species,many of which produce unique bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications.However,despite the immense potential,there are significant challenges that must be addressed to fully harness the benefits of marine biopharmaceuticals.Potential of Marine BiopharmaceuticalsUnique Bioactive CompoundsMarine organisms,including sponges,corals,algae,and microorganisms, produce a wide array of bioactive compounds as part of their defense mechanisms or metabolic processes.These compounds often possess unique chemical structures not found in terrestrial organisms,making them valuable sources for new drugs.For example:Anticancer Agents:Compounds such as bryostatin,derived from marine bryozoans,and trabectedin,from sea squirts,have shown potent anticancer properties and are being investigated for their therapeutic potential.Antibiotics:Marine bacteria and fungi have been found to produce novel antibiotics,which are crucial in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.For instance,the marine bacterium Salinisporatropica produces salinosporamide A,a potent anticancer and antibiotic agent.Anti-inflammatory Compounds:Marine-derived compounds like pseudopterosins,isolated from the sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae,exhibit strong anti-inflammatory properties and are being explored for treating inflammatory diseases.Biodiversity and Chemical DiversityThe marine environment is characterized by immense biodiversity, which translates into a vast reservoir of chemical diversity.This diversity enhances the likelihood of discovering novel compounds with unique mechanisms of action,making marine biopharmaceuticals a rich source of new drugs.The exploration of deep-sea habitats,coral reefs,andhydrothermal vents continues to reveal new species and bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications.Sustainable Drug DevelopmentMarine biopharmaceuticals offer opportunities for sustainable drug development.Advances in biotechnology and synthetic biology enable the sustainable production of marine-derived compounds through microbial fermentation and chemical synthesis.This reduces the need for harvesting large quantities of marine organisms,thereby minimizing environmental impact and ensuring a stable supply of bioactive compounds.Challenges of Marine BiopharmaceuticalsDiscovery and IsolationThe discovery and isolation of bioactive compounds from marine organisms present significant challenges.Marine environments are often difficult to access,requiring specialized equipment and expertise. Additionally,the concentration of bioactive compounds in marine organisms is typically low,necessitating the collection of large quantities of specimens for extraction and analysis.This process is time-consuming and resource-intensive.Complex Chemical StructuresMarine-derived compounds often possess complex chemical structures, making them challenging to synthesize and modify for drug development.The complexity of these structures can hinder the optimization of pharmacokinetic properties and the large-scale production of these compounds.Advanced techniques in synthetic chemistry and biotechnology are required to overcome these challenges.Environmental and Ethical ConsiderationsThe harvesting of marine organisms for biopharmaceutical research raises environmental and ethical concerns.Overexploitation of marine resources can lead to habitat destruction and the depletion of species. Ensuring sustainable practices and adhering to ethical guidelines areessential to protect marine biodiversity and ecosystems.Conservation efforts and regulations must be in place to balance the benefits of marine biopharmaceuticals with the preservation of marine life.Regulatory and Commercialization HurdlesBringing marine-derived drugs to market involves navigating complex regulatory pathways and overcoming commercialization hurdles.The development of marine biopharmaceuticals requires extensive preclinical and clinical testing to ensure safety and efficacy.Additionally, the high costs associated with drug development,coupled with the uncertainty of market success,pose significant challenges for pharmaceutical companies.ConclusionMarine biopharmaceuticals hold immense potential for the development of new and effective drugs,offering solutions to some of the most pressing medical challenges.The unique bioactive compounds produced by marine organisms provide a rich source of novel therapeutics.However,realizing the full potential of marine biopharmaceuticals requires addressing the challenges of discovery, isolation,synthesis,and sustainable development.By overcoming these challenges,we can unlock the vast potential of the marine environment and contribute to the advancement of medicine and human health.。

固体催化材料之构架材料:整体式、骨架金属催化剂 2016

固体催化材料之构架材料:整体式、骨架金属催化剂 2016

整体式催化剂
整体式催化剂通常是指那些具有许多狭窄、直的或 是弯曲的平行通道的整体结构催化剂。由于早期开 发的陶瓷载体催化剂的横截面呈蜂窝结构,故又称 之谓蜂窝状催化剂。该类催化剂的基本特性是通道 内存在有限的径向混合,而相邻通道间几乎无任何 传质作用。整体式催化剂的基本构造是由载体、涂 层和活性组分三部分组成。
床层压降
在床层高度和反应组分流速相同时,整体式催化剂床层压 降要比相应的颗粒状催化剂床层压降低2~3个数量级,甚至 在很高的气体流速下也能保持较低的床层压降,并且不会使 传质转化效率下降。
传热
整体催化剂最重要的特性之一是无气体径向扩散,因而不存在 径向传热。此外透过通道壁的径向热传导也很低,对于热导率很低的 陶瓷整体式载体则更低。由于整体式催化剂的绝热性质,会使放热反 应的温度和反应速度迅速升高,这对汽车冷启动迅速使汽车尾气催化 净化处理装置达到工作状态十分有利。但对吸热反应,整体式催化剂 则比粒状催化剂更易出现反应骤然停止的现象。
整体式块状载体的特点
体相传质
颗粒状催化剂由于受传质限制其转化率不仅取决于颗粒大小,也取决于
反应器高度;一般要求反应器直径应为催化剂颗粒直径的10倍以上,反 应器长径比也应在3~5以上。因此,水平反应器不适合使用颗粒状催化
剂。此外,由于压力波动或运转期间催化剂体积收缩,或其他机械因素 会使催化剂颗粒流动,易产生沟流。通常要求颗粒状催化剂固定床必须 垂直设置,气流要自上而下或自下而上通过来防止催化剂颗粒因流动而 短路。
Novel Concepts in Catalysis and Chemical Reactors: Improving the Efficiency for the Future Andrzej Cybulski, Publisher: Wiley-VCH | ISBN: 3527324690 | 2010 | 392 pages

催化基础知识普及、探讨帖之五:催化期刊及投稿

催化基础知识普及、探讨帖之五:催化期刊及投稿

催化基础知识普及、探讨帖之五:催化期刊及投稿催化基础知识普及、探讨帖之五:催化期刊及投稿催化知识普及、探讨系列帖第 5 帖——催化期刊及投稿此帖主题相信大家平时了解的比较多,恐怕也是大家最为关心的问题之一。

小木虫论文投稿专版关于此方面的介绍比较多也比较详细,且我们催化专版也有几个帖子专门进行了探讨和讨论,而我对这方面了解比较少(主要是没发过什么文章,哈哈),此帖内容主要是对网络上的一些投稿知识进行汇总(加入了少的可怜的自己对催化期刊的认识及投稿经验)。

目的还是办此系列帖的主旨:介绍催化相关基础知识、抛砖引玉、相互学习、分享经验及教训。

催化是一门跨学科、跨专业的科学,按理论上讲化学类,甚至物理等类的期刊都可以收录催化相关的文章,因此本贴并不打算介绍诸如《科学》《自然》《德国应用化学》、、、JACS 等等这些高等次的通用型期刊,此帖只局限于催化专业期刊。

简而言之:只介绍含有“催化”两字的相关期刊。

具体介绍各个催化期刊之前,有必要对现今几大出版社或数据库简要介绍一下(一般催化期刊都是这四个出版社或数据库名下的):(1)Elsevier Science 出版社Elsevier 出版的期刊是世界公认的高品位学术期刊,且大多数为核心期刊,被世界上许多著名的二次文献数据库所收录。

SDOS 目前收录1700 多种数字化期刊,该数据库涵盖了食品、数学、物理、化学、生命科学、商业及经济管理、计算机科学、工程技术、能源科学、环境科学、材料科学和社会科学等众多学科。

该数据库不仅涵盖了以上各个学科的研究成果,还提供了简便易用的智能检索程序。

通过Science Direct Onsite(SDOS)中国集团的数据库支持,用户可以使用Elsevier Science 为其特别定制的科学、技术方面的学术期刊并共享资源。

目前 (截止到 2005 年 11 月 16 日)该数据库已有期刊种数1,734,期刊期数145,078 ,文章篇数2,576,316,最早年份为1995 年。

Novel herbal chemical composition for the treatmen

Novel herbal chemical composition for the treatmen
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
专利名称:Novel herbal chemical composition for the treatment of cancer
发明人:Janaswamy Madhusudana Rao,Pullela Venkata Srinivas,Jhillu Singh Yadav,Kondapuram Vijaya Raghavan,A.K. Saxena,M. Shanmugavel,Himani Kampasi,Gulam Nabi Qazi
申请号:US104 63060 申请日:20030617 公开号:US20030:The present invention relate to a novel synergistic composition of lignans exhibiting anticancer activities for breast, cervix, neuroblastoma, colon, liver, lung, mouth, ovary and prostate cancer obtained from the plant extract of said composition comprising of (−)-Matairesinol in the range of 9 to 13% by weight, (−)-Wikstromol in the range of 75 to 79% by weight, Dibenzylbutyrolactol in the range of 7 to 11% by weight, and Unidentified material in the range of 2.6 to 3% by weight; further, the synergistic composition of lignan is used in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for inhibiting growth of various human cancer cell lines selected from breast, cervix, neuroblastoma, colon, liver, lung, mouth, ovary and prostate tissues.

另一种方法是化学方法英文

另一种方法是化学方法英文

另一种方法是化学方法英文Chemical methods play a vital role in various scientific fields, including medicine, material science, and environmental protection. Through the application of substances and reactions, chemists are able to obtain desired products or carry out specific transformations. In this article, we will explore the significance and versatility of chemical methods in scientific research and everyday life.Chemical methods have proven to be crucial in the field of medicine. Pharmaceutical companies heavily rely on chemical methods to synthesize drugs, conduct drug discovery, and develop new therapeutic approaches. For instance, the development of antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. By understanding the chemical structure of bacteria cell walls and their vulnerability to certain substances, scientists were able to develop antibiotics that selectively target bacteria while leaving human cells unharmed.Moreover, the production of synthetic materials owes its success to chemical methods. By utilizing various reactions and manipulation techniques, chemists are able to design and synthesize materials with specific properties for a wide range of applications. For example, the development of plastics has led to a revolution in packaging, transportation, and technology. Chemical methods allow scientists to control the molecular structure of these materials, resulting in productswith tailored properties such as strength, heat resistance, and flexibility. Environmental protection is another area where chemical methods play a crucial role. From wastewater treatment to air purification, chemical reactions and processes are employed to remove harmful substances and pollutants. For instance, the catalytic convertors in vehicles utilize chemical reactions to convert toxic gases into less harmful substances, reducing air pollution and improving air quality. Chemical methods also contribute to the development of clean energy technologies, such as fuel cells and solar panels, which rely on chemical reactions to generate electricity without harmful emissions.In addition to these specific fields, chemical methods provide valuable tools for research across various disciplines. Analytical chemistry allows scientists to detect and quantify substances in complex mixtures, helping in fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. Organic synthesis enables the production of complex molecules that serve as building blocks for drug discovery and materials science. Physical chemistry provides an understanding of the fundamental principles that govern chemical reactions and their applications. However, it is important to consider the potential risks associated with chemical methods. Certain reactions and substances may pose hazards to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to follow proper safety protocols and conduct thorough risk assessments whenutilizing chemical methods. Additionally, efforts should be made to develop alternative green chemistry methods that minimize the use of hazardous substances and energy-intensive processes.In conclusion, chemical methods are an essential component of scientific research and everyday life. From medicine to material science and environmental protection, chemical reactions and processes drive progress and innovation. By understanding and harnessing the power of chemistry, we can continue to develop new drugs, materials, and technologies that improve our quality of life while minimizing the impact on our planet.。

收录药物合成的书籍 -回复

收录药物合成的书籍 -回复

收录药物合成的书籍-回复药物合成的相关书籍收录了大量关于药物合成的知识和技术。

这些书籍对于药物化学家、药物研发人员以及化学爱好者来说都是非常宝贵的资源。

本文将一步一步回答"[收录药物合成的书籍]" 这个主题,介绍一些权威和经典的药物合成书籍。

1. "[收录药物合成的书籍]"主题的文章首先需要简要介绍药物合成的意义和目的。

药物合成是指通过化学反应对原始化合物或分子进行改变并合成需要的药物。

它是一种关键的技术,用于制备新药物、探索新的疾病治疗方法以及改进现有药物的效果和安全性。

2. 介绍几本具有权威性的药物合成书籍。

其中,一本非常著名的书籍是《药物合成手册》(The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis)。

该书由国际知名的化学家Douglas S. Johnson和Jie Jack Li合著,详细介绍了药物合成的基本原理、方法和实例。

它被广泛认为是药物合成领域的经典教材,既适合学术界的研究人员和学生,也适用于实践工作中的化学专业人员。

3. 介绍更加专业和细致的药物合成书籍。

除了《药物合成手册》之外,一些专业的药物合成书籍也收录了大量的具体合成路线、实验细节和机制解析。

例如,《药物合成策略》(Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis)由国际知名的化学家Kurti和Czako合著,重点介绍了有机合成中常用的具名反应在药物合成中的应用。

该书以机制解析和实例分析为特色,使读者能够更好地了解和掌握这些反应的合成应用。

4. 提及实验室手册和技术参考书籍。

药物合成不仅需要理论知识,还需要实验操作的指导和技术参考。

这方面,《现代有机合成实验教程》(Modern Organic Synthesis Laboratory Manual)是一本非常实用的书籍。

它由郑州大学化学院王杰燕教授主编,收录了大量实验操作、合成路线和技术tips。

海洋药物英文综述

海洋药物英文综述

海洋药物英文综述Overview of Marine DrugsMarine drugs refer to bioactive compounds isolated from various organisms found in the ocean, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and invertebrates. These compounds possess unique chemical structures and exhibit potent biological activities, making them attractive targets for drug discovery and development. This article provides an overview of marine drugs, highlighting their diversity, sources, bioactive properties, and potential therapeutic applications.Diversity of Marine Drugs:Marine organisms have evolved in a highly competitive environment, leading to the production of a wide array of bioactive molecules. These molecules can be classified into several categories, including alkaloids, peptides, polyketides, terpenoids, and nucleosides. The structural diversity of marine drugs is immense, and their chemical complexity often exceeds that of their terrestrial counterparts.Sources of Marine Drugs:Marine drugs can be sourced from various organisms living in different marine habitats. Extracts from marine bacteria have yielded compounds with antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Algae, particularly seaweeds, are rich sources of bioactive polysaccharides, pigments, and terpenoids. Invertebrates such as sponges, corals, and mollusks produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites, many of which exhibitpotent pharmacological activities.Bioactive Properties:Marine drugs have been found to possess a wide range of bioactive properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. Several marine drugs have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies, making them potential candidates for drug development. For example, the marine-derived compound Yondelis® has been approved for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer.Therapeutic Applications:The unique bioactive properties of marine drugs make them suitable for various therapeutic applications. Some marine drugs possess potent antimicrobial activity, which can be utilized in the development of new antibiotics. Others exhibit anticancer properties and have been investigated as potential chemotherapeutic agents. Marine drugs with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties have potential applications in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders.Conclusion:Marine drugs represent a vast resource of bioactive compounds with diverse chemical structures and potent biological activities. Ongoing research on marine organisms has led to the discovery of several promising candidates for drug development. Theexploration of marine habitats and the isolation of novel molecules offer new opportunities for the identification and development of therapeutic agents with unique mechanisms of action. However, further studies are needed to fully explore the potential of marine drugs and translate them into clinically effective treatments.。

合肥2024年01版小学6年级上册第九次英语第四单元期末试卷

合肥2024年01版小学6年级上册第九次英语第四单元期末试卷

合肥2024年01版小学6年级上册英语第四单元期末试卷考试时间:80分钟(总分:110)B卷考试人:_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题:My friend is very ________.2、填空题:The _______ (The Treaty of Versailles) ended WWI and imposed harsh penalties on Germany.3、听力题:The kitten is ___ in the basket. (sleeping)4、听力题:I see my friends at __________.5、听力题:Chemical reactions can be reversible or _____.6、What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?A. MajuroB. EbeyeC. KwajaleinD. Arno答案: A7、f Exploration began in the __________ (15世纪). 填空题:The Age8、What is the capital of the United States?A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. Los Angeles答案:B9、填空题:The __________ was a time of great exploration in the 15th century. (大航海时代)10、What is the main function of a refrigerator?A. To cook foodB. To freeze foodC. To store foodD. To wash food11、What is the name of the famous American singer known as the "King of Pop"?A. Elvis PresleyB. Michael JacksonC. Frank SinatraD. Whitney Houston答案: B. Michael Jackson12、听力题:A battery stores ______ energy.13、填空题:Many people enjoy ______ (种植) flowers.14、What do you call a group of wolves?A. PackB. FlockC. HerdD. School答案:A15、How many hearts does an octopus have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four答案:C16、填空题:The capital of Zimbabwe is ________ (哈拉雷).17、What do you call a person who writes poems?A. PoetB. AuthorD. Writer18、听力题:I want to be a ________.19、What is the capital of Thailand?A. HanoiB. BangkokC. JakartaD. Manila20、What do we call the act of asking someone to join in an activity?A. InvitationB. RequestC. ProposalD. Suggestion答案:A21、听力题:The ______ is a symbol of wisdom.22、填空题:The coyote is known for its ________________ (嚎叫).23、What is the opposite of "rich"?A. WealthyB. PoorC. AffluentD. Lavish答案: B24、What is the largest ocean on Earth?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. Pacific25、听力题:My cousin is a talented ____ (dancer).26、听力题:The __________ is a large area of open fields.27、What do we call the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. TransformationC. EvolutionD. Growth答案:A28、听力题:The ________ (herb) adds flavor to the food.29、听力题:Earth is the ______ planet from the sun.30、听力题:The chemical formula for sodium sulfate is _______.31、pyramid) shape can be seen in some mountains. 填空题:The ____32、What do you call the person who teaches in a school?A. StudentB. TeacherC. PrincipalD. Parent答案:B33、Which day comes after Monday?A. SundayB. TuesdayC. WednesdayD. Thursday34、What do we call the act of enhancing communication skills?A. DevelopmentB. ImprovementC. TrainingD. All of the Above答案:D35、填空题:A playful ___ (小猫) pounces on a toy.36、填空题:The ancient Mayans were known for their ________ and astronomy.37、What is the name of the famous statue in Rio de Janeiro?A. Christ the RedeemerB. Statue of LibertyC. DavidD. Venus de Milo答案:A38、填空题:The _____ (热带植物) thrive in warm climates.39、听力题:The _____ (plaid) pattern is nice.40、听力题:The _______ of a pendulum can be measured with a stopwatch.41、听力题:A substance that absorbs moisture from the air is called a(n) _______.42、填空题:My dad got me a cool toy ____. (玩具名称)43、What is the capital of India?A. MumbaiB. New DelhiC. KolkataD. Chennai答案:B44、填空题:My favorite subject is ______.45、What is the capital of Costa Rica?A. San JoseB. San SalvadorC. ManaguaD. Panama City答案: A. San Jose46、听力题:The process of making biodiesel involves transesterification of _______ oils.47、听力题:The Earth's ______ is made up of different layers.48、填空题:The engineer, ______ (工程师), invents new gadgets.49、填空题:I enjoy planting _______ in my garden (我喜欢在我的花园中种_______).50、选择题:What is the basic unit of life?A. AtomB. MoleculeC. CellD. Organ51、听力题:The antelope runs swiftly, evading predators in the tall ____.52、听力题:My cousin is a ______. She creates beautiful crafts.53、What is the sound a cat makes?A. BarkB. MeowC. RoarD. Chirp54、填空题:My sister is passionate about __________ (音乐).55、Which of these is a fruit?A. LettuceB. CarrotC. PeachD. Onion答案: C56、听力题:A _______ is a reaction that occurs when two solids react.57、填空题:The ancient civilization of ________ is known for its mathematical innovations.58、听力题:I can ___ (whistle) a tune.59、What is the name of the famous American author known for writing "The Great Gatsby"?A. Mark TwainB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. Ernest HemingwayD. John Steinbeck答案:B60、public consultation) gathers citizen input. 填空题:The ____61、选择题:What is the capital of Taiwan?A. TaipeiB. KaohsiungC. TainanD. Taichung62、填空题:The weather is _______ (适合户外活动).63、填空题:The __________ (历史的文化) informs contemporary practices.64、听力题:A ______ is a substance that can donate an electron.65、听力题:We like to have ______ (picnics) in the park.66、听力题:I have a ___ (map) of the city.67、What do you call a young goat?A. LambB. KidC. CalfD. Foal答案:B68、填空题:I like to watch cartoons about my favorite ________ (玩具名称).69、填空题:A _____ (狐狸) has a bushy tail.70、What is the opposite of 'happy'?A. SadB. AngryC. ExcitedD. Tired答案:A71、What is the name of the famous mouse created by Walt Disney?A. Donald DuckB. Mickey MouseC. GoofyD. Bugs Bunny答案: B72、填空题:Certain plants can ______ (帮助) in flood prevention.73、听力题:The girl loves to ________.74、听力题:My grandma enjoys visiting ____ (libraries).75、填空题:_____ (果实成熟) marks the end of the growing season.76、填空题:I love going to the ________ (海滩) during vacation.77、What is the name of the famous ancient structure located in Greece?A. ParthenonB. ColosseumC. PyramidsD. Stonehenge答案:A78、听力题:She has a beautiful ________.79、听力题:My aunt loves to create ____ (crafts).80、听力题:The pH of lemon juice is typically ______.81、填空题:I love to go ________ (露营) in the summer.We go ______ (购物) for groceries every week.83、填空题:My mom is a great __________ (志愿者).84、听力题:A catalyst is not consumed in a chemical ______.85、听力题:The process of ______ can lead to the formation of minerals.86、 Zimbabwe was an important center in ________ (非洲). 填空题:The Gulf87、听力题:We will _______ (make) cookies this afternoon.88、听力题:I sing _____ (歌曲) in the shower.89、听力题:The boiling point of water is affected by ______ (altitude).90、填空题:The first successful vaccine was developed by ________ (爱德华·詹纳).91、听力题:The park is ___ (full/empty) of kids.92、填空题:The __________ (历史的回顾) offers perspective on current events.93、What is the name of the famous ship that sank in 1912?A. TitanicB. LusitaniaC. BritannicD. Queen Mary答案:A94、听力题:I love chocolate ___. (cake)95、听力题:Photosynthesis takes place mainly in the _____ (leaves) of plants.Did you see that _____ (小鸟) in the tree?97、听力题:The ______ can be found in almost every habitat.98、填空题:I have a dream to travel to ______ (国外) and see famous places like ______ (埃菲尔铁塔).99、选择题:What is the opposite of dry?A. WetB. MoistC. DampD. Humid100、Which one is a planet?A. SunB. MoonC. EarthD. Star答案:C。

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