中山大学2000年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中大博士面试英语题
中大博士面试英语题Here is an essay on the topic "PhD Interview Questions in English" with a word count over 1000 words, written in English without any extra punctuation marks.The journey to earning a PhD is a challenging and rewarding one that requires immense dedication, intellect, and perseverance. As an aspiring doctoral candidate, the interview process plays a crucial role in determining one's suitability for the program. The PhD interview questions can delve into various aspects of the applicant's academic background, research interests, and personal qualities, all of which contribute to the selection of the most qualified individuals.One of the fundamental areas that is often explored during the PhD interview is the applicant's research experience and interests. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide a detailed overview of their previous research projects, the methodology employed, the findings, and the potential implications of the work. This allows the panel to assess the candidate's depth of understanding, critical thinking abilities, and their ability to effectively communicate complex ideas. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their research interests in a concise and coherent manner, highlighting therelevance and significance of their proposed area of study within the broader academic landscape.Another crucial aspect that is commonly evaluated during the PhD interview is the applicant's academic background and qualifications. Interviewers may delve into the candidate's educational history, including their academic achievements, awards, and any relevant publications or presentations. This information helps the panel to gauge the applicant's intellectual capabilities, their commitment to academic excellence, and their potential to thrive in the rigorous doctoral program. Candidates should be ready to discuss their academic journey, the challenges they have faced, and the strategies they have employed to overcome them, demonstrating their resilience and adaptability.In addition to the academic and research-focused questions, the PhD interview may also explore the applicant's personal qualities and motivations for pursuing a doctoral degree. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's long-term career goals, their passion for the field of study, and their ability to work independently as well as collaboratively. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their reasons for choosing the particular program and institution, highlighting how their personal and professional aspirations align with the program's objectives and the university's research focus.Furthermore, the PhD interview may assess the applicant's problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and their capacity to think creatively and innovatively. Interviewers may present the candidate with hypothetical scenarios or challenges related to the field of study and gauge their responses. Candidates should be ready to demonstrate their analytical skills, their ability to think outside the box, and their willingness to tackle complex problems with a systematic and thoughtful approach.The PhD interview may also delve into the applicant's time management skills, their ability to handle multiple tasks and deadlines, and their resilience in the face of setbacks. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's strategies for managing their research, coursework, and other responsibilities, as well as their ability to cope with the demands of a doctoral program. Candidates should be prepared to discuss their organizational skills, their approach to prioritizing tasks, and their strategies for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.Finally, the PhD interview may explore the applicant's communication skills, both written and verbal, as these are essential for success in a doctoral program. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide writing samples, such as research proposals or academic papers, and assess their ability to articulate their ideas clearly and effectively. Candidates should be ready to demonstratetheir proficiency in English, their ability to engage in intellectual discourse, and their capacity to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences.Throughout the PhD interview process, it is crucial for the applicant to remain composed, confident, and engaging. Candidates should be prepared to provide thoughtful and well-reasoned responses, while also demonstrating their enthusiasm for the field of study and their commitment to the doctoral program. By understanding the key areas of focus and preparing thoroughly, aspiring doctoral candidates can navigate the interview process with poise and increase their chances of securing a coveted position in a prestigious PhD program.。
中山大学考博历年真题分析
2000年中大博士英语真题1 custodian [kʌs'təudiən] n. 管理人；监护人；保管人reputation [,repju'teiʃən] n. 声望；名声，名誉averse [ə'və:s] adj. 不愿意的；反对的reluctant[ri'lʌktənt] adj. 勉强的；不情愿的；［罕］顽抗的entrepreneur [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家；承包人；主办者faith [feiθ] n. 信任；信念；信仰；忠实capital ['kæpitəl] n. 首都，省会；大写字母；资金；资本家;adj. 重要的；大写的；首都的venture capital风险资本，风险投资['ventʃə]fortune ['fɔ:tʃən, -tʃu:n]n. 运气；财富；命运vt. 给予财富vi. 偶然发生pooling n. 联营，合并；池化v. 积水成池；淤积（pool的ing形式）pound [paund]n. 英镑；loan [ləun]n. 贷款；借款vi. 借出firm['fə:m]n. 商号；公司adj. 坚定的；结实的；牢固的；严格的handsome salary可观的薪水customer ['kʌstəmə] n. 顾客restrict [ri'strikt]vt. 限制；限定；约束single handed单枪匹马； a share of：一部分2 crush [krʌʃ]vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入brutal ['bru:təl]adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的aggression [ə'ɡreʃən]n. 进攻；侵略；侵犯；侵害invade [in'veid]vt. 侵略；侵袭；vi.侵犯remorse [ri'mɔ:s]n. 懊悔；同情sincerity [sin'serəti, -'siərəti]n. 真实，诚挚sorrow ['sɔrəu, 'sɔ:-]n. 悲伤；vt. 为…悲痛tremendous [tri'mendəs]adj. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的sponsored ['spɔnsəd]v. 赞助（sponsor的过去分词）；发起adj. 赞助的；发起的ceremony ['seriməuni]n. 典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪；客套surrender [sə'rendə]n. 投降；交出；vt. 放弃；交出；bills n.议案（bill的复数）；账单guideline ['ɡaidlain]n. 指导方针defense [di'fens]n. 防卫，防护；防御措施；防守；vt. 谋划抵御parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt]n. 议会，国会militarism ['militə,rizəm]n. 军国主义；尚武精神，好战态度；haunt [hɔ:nt]vt. 常出没于…；萦绕于…；n. 栖息地；常去的地vi. 出没；作祟perpetrate ['pə:pitreit]vt. 犯（罪）；做（恶）solemn ['sɔləm]adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的ultra- ['ʌltrə]comb. 表示“极端，过度”pref. 极端；在……之外emerge [i'mə:dʒ]vi. 浮现；暴露；摆脱brandish ['brændiʃ]vt. 挥舞；炫耀prime minister首相，总理savage ['sævidʒ]adj. 残酷的；野蛮的；狂怒的；荒凉n. 未开化的；粗鲁的人；vt. 乱咬permanent ['pə:mənənt]adj. 永久的，永恒的；sidestep history 回避历史emperor ['empərə]n. 皇帝，君主3 monitor ['mɔnitə]n 监控器vt.监控cosmetic [kɔz'metik]adj. 美容的；化妆用的n. 化妆品；装饰品toiletries ['tɔilətriz] n. 化妆品；化妆用具via ['vaiə]prep. 取道，通过；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist]n. 心理学家，心理学者finalist ['fainəlist]n. 参加决赛的选手participant [pɑ:'tisipənt]adj. 参与的；有关系的ministry ['ministri]n. （政府的）部门turn down 拒绝，关小4 smooth [smu:ð] vi. 变平静；adj. 光滑的；顺利的portuguese [,pɔ:tju'ɡi:z, -'ɡi:s]adj. 葡萄牙的；n. 葡萄牙人；lisbon n. 里斯本（葡萄牙首都counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物prospect ['prɔspekt]n. 前途；预期；vi. 勘探degree [di'ɡri:]n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权state [steit]adj. 正式的；国家的；州的；n. 情形；国家；vt. 陈述；规定；声明reiterate [ri:'itəreit]vt. 重申；反复地做consult [kɔn'sʌlt, 'kɔnsʌlt]vt. 商量；查阅；serve as担任…，充当…；起…的作用announce [ə'nauns]vt. 宣布；述说；预示；vi. 宣布参加竞选；当播音员secretary ['sekrətəri]n. 秘书；书记；大臣；部长retain vt. 保持；雇；记住sovereign ['sɔvərin, 'sʌv-]adj. 至高无上的；有主权的；n.独立国diplomatic [,diplə'mætik]adj. 外交的；老练的；territorial [,teri'tɔ:riəl]adj. 领土的；土地的；5 annual ['ænjuəl]adj. 年度的；n. 年刊，年鉴；forum ['fɔ:rəm]n. 论坛，讨论会；法庭；humble ['hʌmbl]adj. 谦卑的，低下的edition [i'diʃən]n. 版本summit ['sʌmit]n. 顶点；最高级会议；adj. 最高级的；prominent ['prɔminənt]adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；常去之地；vi. 求助，诉诸；ski resort滑雪胜地ministerial [,mini'stiəriəl]adj. 部长的；内阁的；公使的；牧师的confrontation [,kɔnfrʌn'teiʃən]n. 对抗；对质；面对site [sait]n. 地点；场所intention [in'tenʃən]n. 意图；目的；意向；[医]愈合overlapping [,əuvə'læpiŋ]adj. 重叠；覆盖v. 与…重叠；盖过（overlap的ing形式6 contact lenses['kɔntækt, kən'tækt]lenses ['lensiz]隐形眼镜cornea ['kɔ:niə]n. [解]角膜misshape [,mis'ʃeip]vt. 使造型不佳；弄成畸形satisfactory [,sætis'fæktəri]adj. 满意的；符合要求的；赎罪的comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成avocation [,ævəu'keiʃən]n. 副业；嗜好；业余爱好vocation [vəu'keiʃən]n. 职业；天职；天命；aviator ['eivieitə]n. 飞行员endanger [in'deindʒə]vt. 危及；使遭到危险handicap ['hændikæp]n. 障碍；不利条件，vt. 妨碍，阻碍；descendant [di'sendənt]adj. 下降的；祖传的n. 后裔；子孙assembly [ə'sembli]n. 装配；集会，集合Terra-cotta Warrior['wɔriə, 'wɔ:-]秦始皇兵马俑Terra-cotta['terə'kɔtə]n. 赤土陶器；赤陶土；Warrior战士former name曾用名impressive [im'presiv]adj. 感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的aggregate ['æɡriɡət, 'æɡriɡeit]vi. 集合；聚集；adj. 聚合的；集合的Although QuY uan has passed away for more than 2000 years, but he has left us with preciousheritage. His poems have been translated into various languages and published all over the world. In 1953when it is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan, the World Peace Congress listed him as one of the four world cultural celebrit ies for commemoration. Qu Yuan will live in world people’s heart forever.旅游业对环境的损害Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. Many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism. But what these people fail to see is that tourism may bring about a disastrous impact(灾难性影响) on our environment. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that(深信不疑)too much tourists bring harm to the environment.The bad impact of tourism on the environment has mainly expressed itself in various ways. One way is the process of exploiting a new scenic spot.( 开发风景区) In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities(人造设施) have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects (不利影响)on the environment. This process usually breaks the ecological balance(破坏生态平衡) of the area. In some mountainous places, trees are being cut down to build hotels for others to see and explore the beauty of the mountains. Then land slides(滑坡，土崩) and mud-rock flows (泥石流)come up. Another way the development of tourism has damaged the environment occurs when tourists go to scenic spots. Some tourists don't have the awareness to protect the environment, and ignorantly(无知地)throw their garbage here and there(乱丢垃圾). Some people even kill the local wildlife to eat, which badly damages the balance of the natural environment.It is wrong to sacrifice the environment for the growth of tourism. We must keep in mind that too much tourists bring harm to the environment. We need to find a balance between satisfying the needs of tourists and reducing to a minimum the pollution they cause.2002年中大博士英语真题1 at no time adv. 决不，从不infrastructure ['infrə,strʌktʃə] n. 基础设施；公共建设；additional [ə'diʃənəl]adj. 附加的，额外的enlarge [in'lɑ:dʒ]vi. 扩大；放大；steam engine 蒸汽机railway line 铁路线modernization [,mɔdənai'zeiʃən, -ni'z-]n. 现代化staff [stɑ:f, stæf]n. 职员；参谋；commuter [kə'mju:tə]n. 通勤者，经常乘公共车辆往返者；proportion [prəˈpɔːʃ(ə)n]n. 比例；部分；面积；urgent ['ə:dʒənt]adj. 紧急的；急迫的convenient [kən'vi:njənt]adj. 方便的2 divorcee [divɔ:'si:, -'sei]n. 离了婚的人contact with与……联系fixes bag 修复包organize ['ɔ:ɡənaiz]vi. 组织起来；vt. 组织；使有系统化；laundry ['lɔ:ndri, 'lɑ:n-]n. 洗衣店，洗衣房snack [snæk]n. 小吃，快餐；bake [beik]vt. 烤，烘resent [ri'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨tardiness ['tɑ:dinis]n. 缓慢，迟延terminate ['tə:mineit]vt. 使终止；使结束；3 constantly ['kɔnstəntli]adv. 不断地；时常地probing ['prəubiŋ]adj. 好探索的；atmosphere ['ætmə,sfiə]n. 气氛；大气；vigor ['viɡə]n. [生物] 活力planetary ['plænitəri ]adj. 行星的assurance [ə'ʃuərəns]n. 保证；保险；确信；断言tribe [traib]n. 部落；族；marvel ['mɑ:vəl]n. 奇迹dwell [dwel]vi. 居住；存在于；altitude ['æltitju:d]n. 高地；高度slope [sləup]n. 斜坡；倾斜；vegetation [,vedʒi'teiʃən]n. 植被；植物，草木；delicately ['delikət] adv. 微妙地；精致地chill [tʃil]n. 寒冷；寒意；shelter ['ʃeltə]n. 庇护；避难所；crevice ['krevis]n. 裂缝；burrow ['bə:rəu]n. （兔、狐等的）洞穴，地道；anthill ['ænthil]n.人群密集的地方；蚁冢desolate ['desələt, 'desəleit]adj. 荒凉的；无人烟drafty ['drɑ:fti, 'dræfti]adj. 通风良好的eagle ['i:ɡl]n. 老鹰乐队，鹰；老鹰soaring ['sɔ:riŋ]adj. 翱翔的；高耸的；cavern ['kævən]n. 洞穴；rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；vigorous ['viɡərəs]adj. 有力的；establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt. 建立；创办；hostile ['hɔstail, -təl]adj. 敌对的，敌方的4 radiator ['reidieitə]n. 散热器；暖气片；ounce [auns]n. 盎司；少量；cubic ['kju:bik]adj. 立方体的centimeter ['senti,mi:tə ]n. [计量] 厘米gram [ɡræm]n. 克；鹰嘴豆tiny ['taini]adj. 微小的；shrew [ʃru:]n. 泼妇，悍妇mammal ['mæməl]n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物starve [stɑ:v]vi. 饿死；挨饿give off 发出（光等）；长出（枝、杈等5 criticism ['krɪtɪsɪzəm]n. 批评；考证；validity [və'lidəti]n. [计] 有效性；正确；rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的，严厉的；elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的；易忘的；逃避的；难捉摸demonstration [,demən'streiʃən]n. 示范；证明；示威游行submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；objective [əb'dʒektiv, ɔb-]adj. 客观的；目标的；formulation [,fɔ:mju'leiʃən]n. 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述subtle ['sʌtl]adj. 微妙的；精细的；frustrating [frʌ'streitiŋ]v. 使沮丧attempted [ə'temptid]adj. 企图的；currently ['kʌrəntli]adv. 当前；一般地excess [ik'ses]n. 超过，超额；过度，过量；react [ri'ækt, ri:-]vi. 反应；影响；反抗；budget ['bʌdʒit]n. 预算6 marine [mə'ri:n]adj. 船舶的；海生的n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；tenant ['tenənt]n. 承租人；房客；ingenuus n. 自由人telescopic [,teli'skɔpik]adj. 望远镜的owl [aul]n. 猫头鹰；枭；惯于晚上活动的人feeler ['fi:lə]n. [动] 触角；试探；试探者；stray [strei]vi. 流浪；迷路；radius ['reidiəs]n. 半径，半径范围inhabitant [in'hæbitənt]n. 居民；居住者torch [tɔ:tʃ]n. 火把，火炬；手电筒spots n. 斑点（spot的复数）；squid [skwid]n. 鱿鱼；乌贼；squirt [skwə:t]n. 喷射；luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；fluid ['flu(:)id]adj. 流动的；流畅的；vicinity [vɪ'sɪnɪtɪ]n. 邻近，附近；neat [ni:t]adj. 灵巧的；整洁的；优雅的；未搀水的cousin ['kʌzən]n. 堂兄弟姊妹；表兄弟becloud [bi'klaud]vt. 蒙蔽；使变暗darken ['dɑ:kən]vt. 使变暗；varieties n. 品种；种类（variety的复数）；illumination [i,lju:mi'neiʃən]n. 照明；[光] 照度；启发；灯饰（需用复数）；阐明luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；I wish back to the era when life is simple and all you know is just about colors, multiplication and nursery rhymes, but you don’t feel regretful and needn’t to care what you don’t know. Being unware towards all the anxieties and sadness, what you care is all about happiness. I would like to think that the world is with justice and every is honest and kind, for I want to believe that everything is possible.How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic?Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. It has seriously influenced peoples daily life and economic development.To solve the problem, some pieces of advice are put forward. Some people suggest that more streets and roads should be built. In this way, the traffic density can be redncedi hence speeding up the flow of buses and cars.But the new roads and streets will be filled with many cars and buses soon.Some people advise to limit the number of bikes and cars. This can decrease the traffic flow. But on the other haad, this will affect the consumption and make buses more crowded.In my opinion, the number of private cars should be put under control. And at the same time, buses should have their own special routes which cannot be used by other vehicles. Besides, underground train and city train should be developed quickly. ( 151 words)20031 taxas tech探讨科技brick wall 砖壁，砖墙circus ['sə:kəs]n. 马戏；马戏团circus boards马戏团董事会hire [haiə] n. 雇用，租用；test equipment测试设备fellowship ['feləuʃip]n. 友谊；奖学金；congressman ['kɔŋɡresmən]n. 国会议员；众议院议员movement ['mu:vmənt]n. 运动；活动；运转；乐章occupationsn. 职业；行业；politician [,pɔli'tiʃən]n. 政治家，政客calculus ['kælkjuləs]n.结石；微积分学2 mathematical [,mæθi'mætikəl]adj. 数学的，数学上的；精确的philosophy [fi'lɔsəfi, fə-]n. 哲学；哲理；人生观sought [sɔ:t]v. 寻找（seek的过去式和过去分词）fulfil [ful'fil]vt. 履行；完成；实践；满足intrinsic [in'trinsik,-kəl]adj. 本质的，固有的consubstantial [,kɔnsəb'stænʃəl]adj. 同质的；同体的；三位一体的permit [pə'mit]vi. 许可；允许autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权foreseeable ['fɔ:si:əbl]adj. 可预知的；能预测的scope [skəup] n. 范围；余地；视野revolutionary [,revə'lju:ʃənəri] adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革apply to适用于；应用于conic section圆锥曲线navigate ['næviɡeit] vt. 驾驶，操纵；shore [ʃɔ:]vt. 支撑，使稳住；mere [miə]adj. 仅仅的；只不过intellectual curiosity求知欲scarcely ['skεəsli]adv. 几乎不，简直不；conceive [kən'si:v]vt. 怀孕；构思；以为resign [ri'zain]vt. 辞职；放弃；委托；contemporary [kən'tempərəri]n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西ignorance ['iɡnərəns]n. 无知，愚昧；不知disinterestedly [dis'intristidli]adv. 公正地；无私地；advances [əd'va:nsiz]n. 前进astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi]n. 天文学anthropology [,ænθrə'pɔlədʒi]n. 人类学sake [seik]n. 目的；利益；理由；3 psychologists [sai'kɔledʒist]n. 心理学家symphonic [sim'fɔnik]adj. 交响乐的；concert [kən'sə:t, 'kɔnsə:t]n. 音乐会；一致；tempted ['temptid]adj. 有兴趣v. 诱惑；冒…的险orchestra ['ɔ:kistrə, -kes-]n. 管弦乐队；conductor [kən'dʌktə] n.乐队指挥，售票员；competent ['kɔmpitənt]adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的derive [di'raiv]vt. 源于；motion ['məuʃən]n. 动作；移动；手势；4 brilliant ['briljənt]adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气poorly off贫困的；没钱的tuition [tju:'iʃən]n. 学费；讲授guard [ɡɑ:d]n. 守卫；警戒；near-bankrupt濒临破产的stationsn. 车站；位置（station的复数形式）；extraordinary [ik'strɔ:dənəri, ,ekstrə'ɔ:di-]adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；prodigious [prəu'didʒəs]adj. 惊人的，异常的，奇妙的tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；embrace [im'breis]vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依5 composed [kəm'pəuzd]adj. 镇静的；沉着v. 组成；作曲myriad ['miriəd]adj. 无数的；n. 无数，极大数量public utility 公用事业randomly ['rændəmli]adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的，胡乱地valid ['vælid]adj. 有效的priviledgen. 特权；专用权comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成inherent adj. 固有的；内在的allocation [,æləu'keiʃən]n. 分配，配置；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，insurance [in'ʃuərəns]n. 保险；保险费；6 grueling ['ɡruəliŋ]n. 惩罚；adj. 累垮人的；rough [rʌf]. 艰苦；adj. 粗糙的；exhaustion [iɡ'zɔ:stʃən]n. 枯竭；耗尽；精疲力竭contestant [kən'testənt]n. 竞争者pack [pæk]背包respectably [ri'spektəbli]adv. 相当好地；体面地；可敬地split [split]vt. 分离；使分离；slamming ['slæmiŋ]v. 砰地关上（门、窗等）；猛烈抨击rocky dicth岩石substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的；spectator [spek'teitə, 'spekt-]n. 观众；旁观者Madurese [,mædju'ri:z]adj. 马都拉人的counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；endurance [in'djuərəns]n. 忍耐力；忍耐；giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人rebound n. 回弹device [di'vais]n. 装置；策略；20071 justly ['dﾊstli]adv. 公正地；正当地；恰当地；touch with 接触possessive [pə'zesiv] adj. 占有的；所有的；所有格的crises ['kraisi:z] n. 危机，紧要关头（crisis的复数形式）underestimate [,ʌndə'estimeit]vt. 低估；irritate ['iriteit]vt. 刺激，使兴奋；entertainer [,entə'teinə]n. 演艺人员，表演者cut off中断；使死亡；剥夺继承权resistant [ri'zistənt]adj. 抵抗的，反抗的；assuming [ə'sju:miŋ]adj. 傲慢的；不逊的；v. 假设underdog ['ʌndədɔɡ]失败者；受压迫者；passive ['pæsiv]adj. 被动的，消极的；charm [tʃɑ:m]n. 魅力，吸引力initiative [i'niʃiətiv, -ʃətiv] n. 主动权；adj. 自发的；dominance ['dɔminəns,-nənsi]n. 优势；统治obedient [əu'bi:diənt]adj. 顺从的，服从的；2 condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪；corrupt [kə'rʌpt]adj. 腐败的，贪污的；堕落charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]n. 费用；电荷；掌管；控告；命令；负载penalty ['penəlti]n. 罚款，罚金；press sb into doing sth迫使某人做某事unsurpassed ['ʌnsə(:)'pa:st]adj. 非常卓越的；未被超越conservative [kən'sə:vətiv]n. 保守派，守旧previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；vi. 提交；sentence ['sentəns]宣判，判决hemlock ['hemlɔk]n. 铁杉；毒芹属植物；presence ['prezəns]n. 存在；出席；参加；风度；grief - stricken 极度悲伤grief [ɡri:f] 悲伤的stricken ['strikən]adj. 患病的；受挫折的；sequence ['si:kwəns]顺序；续发事件radical ['rædikəl]adj. 激进的；根本的；unequalled adj. 无与伦比的；不等同的reputed [ri'pju:tid]adj. 名誉好的；3 tolerant ['tɔlərənt]adj. 宽容的；容忍的weigh [wei]vt. 权衡；考虑；voter ['vəutə]n. 选举人，投票人；district ['distrikt]n. 区域；地方；operator ['ɔpəreitə]n. 经营者；操作员；话务员；content n. 内容，目录；满足；historian [his'tɔ:riən]n. 历史学家misled [mis'led]v. 把…带错方向inference ['infərəns]n. 推理；推论；推断frame [freim]n. 框架；结构；5 fluctuate ['flﾊtjueit]vi. 波动；涨落；动摇intriguing [in'tri:ɡiŋ]adj. 有趣的；迷人的interglacial [,intə'ɡleisjəl]adj. 间冰期的geologic [,dʒiəu'lɔdʒik] adj. 地质的；holocene ['hɔləsi:n]adj. 全新世的；epoch ['i:pɔk, 'epək]n. [地质] 世；新纪元glacial ['ɡleisjəl adj. 冰的；冰冷的；Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n]n. 更新世；Wisconsin [wis'kosin]n. 威斯康星州（美国州名）impend [im'pend]vi. 迫近；即将发生amount [ə'maunt]vi. 总计，合计；moisture ['mosi tʃən. 水分；湿度；潮湿；region n. 地区；范围；snowfall ['snəufɔ:l]n. 降雪；melting ['melting adj. 融化的；溶解的；polar ['pəulə]adj. 极地的；两极的accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit]vi. 累积；unanticipated ['ʌnæn'tisipeitid adj. 意料之外的；implication [,impli'keition n. 含义；暗示；6 shrank v. 收缩（shrink的过去式）；缩小acute [ə'kju:t]adj. 严重的，[医] 急性的；respiratory ['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-]adj. 呼吸的syndrome ['sindrəum, -drəm-]n. [临床] 综合征；hospitality [,hɔspi'tæləti]n. 好客；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，扇区；rolling ['rəuliŋ] n. 旋转；动摇expansion[ik'spænʃən]n. 膨胀；阐述；snap up抢购，匆匆吃下manufacturing [,mænju'fæktʃəriŋ] adj. 制造业的生产vehicle ['viːɪk(ə)l]n. [车辆] 车辆；工具；传播媒介；domestic [dəu'mestik]adj. 国内的；家庭stalled [stɔ:ld]失速的residential [,rezi'denʃəl]adj. 住宅的；与居住有关retailing ['ri:teiling v. 零售（retail的ing形式isolate ['aisəleit, -lit]vt. 使隔离；使孤立；crude [kru:d]adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；durable ['djuərəbl]adj. 耐用的，持久的翻译：brutality [bru:'tæləti]n. 无情；残忍；暴行（需用复数形式hatred ['heitrid]n. 憎恨；怨恨；beastliness ['bi:stli:nis]n. 淫猥；兽性barbarianadj. 野蛮的；未开化的20081 giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人adj. 巨大的；enterprise ['entəpraiz]n. 企业；事业；进取心；bureaucratic [,bjurəu'krætik]adj. 官僚的；官僚政治cog [kog]vt. 给…装配齿轮；well-oiled ['wel'oild]adj. 谄媚的；平滑的；烂醉的machinery [mə'ʃi:nəri]n. 机械；机器；机构；wages ['weidʒis]n. [劳经] 工资；报酬ventilate ['ventileit]vt. 使通风；给…装通风设备；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist] n. 心理学家puppet ['pʌpit]n. 木偶；傀儡；受他人操纵的人automate ['ɔ:təmeit]vt. 使自动化，使自动操作confront [kən'frʌnt]vt. 面对；遭遇；比较emotionally [i'məuʃənli]adv. 感情上；情绪上；令人激动地；intellectually [inti'lektʃjuəli]adv. 智力上；理智地；知性上tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；Subordinate[sə'bɔ:dineit]n. 下属，下级；部属，insecure [,insi'kujə]adj. 不安全的；不稳定的promote [prəu'məut]vt. 促进；提升；推销intelligence [in'telidʒəns]n. 智力；情报工作；mixture ['mikstʃə] n. 混合；混合物；submissiveness [səb'misivnis]n. 柔顺；服从get along（勉强）生活；进展；（使）前进；与…和睦相处constant['kɔnstənt]恒定的；经常的consumption [kən'sʌmpʃən]n. 消费；消耗；arrangements [ə'rendʒmənts]n. 安排；准备；整理serve [sə:v]vt. 招待，供应；为…服务；ruling ['ru:liŋ] adj. 统治的；主要的；支配的；流行negligible ['neɡlidʒəbl]adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略harmony ['hɑ:məni]n. 协调；和睦；融洽comparison [kəm'pærisən]n. 比较；对照；比喻；humble ['hʌmbl]谦卑的，谦虚的，谦恭的，component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的，构成的granted ['gra:ntid]conj. 算是如此，但是resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；度假胜地；vi. 求助，诉诸；常去；approval [ə'pru:vəl]n. 批准；认可；赞成2 decade ['dekeid]n. 十年，十年期veterans ['vetərənz]n. 老兵；退伍军人atmospheric [,ætməs'ferik,-kəl]adj. 大气的，大气层的exposure [ik'spəuʒə] n. 暴露；曝光；leukemia [lju'ki:miə]n. 白血病atomic [ə'tɔmik]adj. 原子的definitive [di'finitiv]adj. 决定性的；最后的elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的，易忘难捉摸marines [mə'ri:ns]n. 海军陆战队intensive [in'tensiv]adj. 加强的；集中的；3 hall [hɔ:l]n. 门厅，会堂；食堂；学生宿舍line with按照，与…一致；沿着…排列Vending v. 贩卖，出售obesity [əu'bi:səti, -'be-]n. 肥大lucrative ['lju:krətiv]adj. 有利可图的，赚钱的；contract with承包；与…订有合约steering ['stiəriŋ] n. 操纵；指导；beverage ['bevəridʒ]n. 饮料stock [stɔk]vt. 进货；备有；n. 股份，股票；库存dispense [dis'pens]vt. 分配，分发；demonstrate ['demənstreit]vt. 证明；展示；access to接近；有权使用motivator ['məutiveitə]n. 动力；激励因素surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生institute ['institjut, -tu:t]vt. 开始（调查）；制定；创立；n. 学会，协会implement ['implimənt, 'impliment]vt. 实施，执行；实现n. 工具，器具mandated [mæn'deitid]adj. 委托统治的v. 托管；强制执行congress ['kɔŋɡres, kən'ɡres] n. 国会；代表大会professionals [prə'feʃənl]n. 专业人员pessimistic [,pesi'mistik]adj. 悲观的，厌世的；condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪4 crumbling ['krʌmbliŋv. 破碎；崩溃ruins n. 遗迹graveyard ['ɡreivjɑ:d]n. 墓地glimpse [ɡlimps]n. 一瞥，一看domes [dəumz]n. 穹顶；拱形结构；mosque [mɔsk]n. 清真寺tomb [tu:m]n. 坟墓；死亡glitter ['ɡlitə]vi. 闪光；闪烁evocative [i'v iv]adj. 唤起的；唤出的thrill [θril]n. 激动；震颤；orchard ['ɔ:tʃəd]n. 果园；果树林prophet ['prɔfit]n. 先知；预言者；overawe [,auvə'rɔ:]vt. 威慑；吓住；使大感敬畏elm tree n. 榆树flock [flɔk]n. 群；棉束minaret ['minəret, ,minə'ret]n. 尖塔donkey ['dɔŋki]n. 驴子；傻瓜；dismount [,dis'maunt]vt. 下车；使下马；possessed [pə'zest]adj. 疯狂的；着魔的drew [dru:]v. 牵引（draw的过去式）；描绘；adventure [əd'ventʃə, æd-]n. 冒险；冒险精神；trinket ['triŋkit]n. 小装饰品fizzy ['fizi]adj. 起泡沫的5 component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的manifestation [,mænife'steiʃən]n. 表现；显示；infant ['infənt]n. 婴儿；幼儿；shortcut ['ʃɔ:tkʌt]n. 捷径；被切短的东西convey [kən'vei] vt. 传达；运输；observation [,ɔbzə:'veiʃən]n. 观察；监视；grossly ['grəusli]adv. 很；非常element ['elimənt]n. 元素；要素；原理；abuse [ə'bju:z, ə'bju:s]n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂；infancy ['infənsi]n. 初期；婴儿期；unfavourable [,ʌn'feivərəbl]adj. 不利的；不适宜的；反对的inadequate [in'ædikwit]adj. 不充分的，不适当facilitiesn. 设施；工具feature ['fi:tʃə]n. 特色，特征；容貌immobility [i,məu'biləti]n. 不动，固定quietness ['kwaiətnis]n. 平静，安静investigation [in,vesti'ɡeiʃən]n. 调查；substitute ['sʌbstitju:t, -tu:t]n. 代用品；代替者climax ['klaimæks]n. 高潮；顶点；significant [sig'nifikənt]adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的n. 象征；perceive [pə'si:v]vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知shatter ['ʃætə]vt. 粉碎；打碎；fondle ['fɔndl]vt. 爱抚；ministration [,mini'streiʃən] n. 援助；服侍；职务spontaneous [spɔn'teiniəs]adj. 自发的；无意识的wholeheartedly adv. 全心全意地，全神贯注exaggerate [iɡ'zædʒəreit]vt. 使扩大；vi. 夸大sensory ['sensəri]adj. 感觉的；知觉的employ [im'plɔi]vt. 使用，采用；雇用；master ['mɑ:stə, 'mæstə]vt. 控制；精通；n. 硕士；主人；6 monopoly [mə'nɔpəli]n. 垄断；垄断者rail [reil]n. 铁轨；扶手；vi. 抱怨freight [freit]vt. 运送；装货；supporter [sə'pɔ:tə]n. 支持者；拥护者merger ['mə:dʒə]n. （企业等的）合并；并购；吸收fierce [fiəs]adj. 凶猛的；猛烈的substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的reduction [ri'dʌkʃən]n. 减少；下降；bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积，容量；vt. 使扩大commodity [kə'mɔditi]n. 商品，货物；grain [ɡrein]n. 粮食；颗粒；throat [θrəut]n. 喉咙；consolidation [kən,sɔli'deiʃən]n. 巩固；合并captive ['kæptiv]adj. 被俘虏的；被迷住的appeal [ə'pi:l]vi. 呼吁，恳求；上诉relief [ri'li:f]n. 救济；减轻，解除；discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；option ['ɔpʃən]n. [计] 选项；选择权switch [switʃ] vt. 转换；subscribe [səb'skraib]vi. 订阅；捐款；认购vt. 签署；赞成；flourish ['flauriʃ]n. 兴旺；茂盛arbiter ['ɑ:bitə]n. [法] 仲裁者Brightening v. 擦亮；照明invest [in'vest]vt. 投资；覆盖；surging ['sə:dʒiŋ]v. 冲击（surge的ing形式）；transaction [træn'zækʃən]n. 交易；事务；办理；Grip n. 紧握；柄；支配coordination [kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən]n. 协调，调和；indifferent [in'difərənt]adj. 漠不关心的；indignant [in'diɡnənt]adj. 愤愤不平的；apprehensive [,æpri'hensiv]adj. 忧虑的；不安的rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；作文：University mergence is a new trend in university development. As a hot topic on and off campus,(校内和校外)it has received much of public attention. People's attitudes towards it vary 变化greatly.People who against it see it as a hasty轻率的decision, which has some potential problems. They claim, for instance, located far away from each other, universities involved with mergence are usually faced with the tough problem of management.Other people who favor it see it as a step that universities take towards the goal of first-rate world university. They argue that, only through mergence can university take full play of advantages and make up their disadvantages. Like the mergence between Tsinghua University and the Institude of Applied Arts. The university's strengths in the field of high techonology complement补足the latter university that has a reputation名声for art. They also point out that by mergence the Chinese universities will increase their competitie power in the world.In my opinion, the university mergence has more advantages than disadvantages, but the university should take into account考虑the potential dangers resulting from the mergence.。
(NEW)中山大学外国语学院《638基础英语》历年考研真题及详解
目 录2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2004年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2005年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2006年中山大学外国语学院348基础英语考研真题及详解2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解2008年中山大学外国语学院616基础英语考研真题及详解2009年中山大学外国语学院628基础英语考研真题及详解2010年中山大学外国语学院622基础英语考研真题及详解2011年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2012年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2013年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2014年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2015年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2016年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2017年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2018年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading (30%)Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group among shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.A report from Mintel, the market research organization, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a “green wave” has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with “ethical” concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 percent in 1990 to around 60 percent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 percent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44.Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spender among older people and manual workers has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not “gone off the boil”. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations.Mintel’s 1994 survey found that 13 percent of consumers are “very dark green”, nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 percent are “dark green”, trying “as far as possible” to buy such products, and 21 percent are “pale green” tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 percent are “armchair greens”; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 percent say they do not care about green issues.Four in ten people are “ethical spenders”, buying goods which do not, for example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of “armchair ethicals” has risen from 28 to 35 percent and only 22 percent say they are, unconcerned now, against 30 percent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers.Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue—48 percent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals—followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factor farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of the passage? In your answer booklet write YES, NO, or NOT GIVEN for each statement.1. The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.2. Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying ‘green’.3. The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according to the research findings.4. Consumers’ green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel’s findings.5. Mintel has limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups.6. Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.【答案与解析】1. YES(文章通篇没有多提政治，除了第一段“politicians claims environmentalism is yesterday’s issue”，本文更多的是从消费者的角度来讨论这一问题的。
社科院2000考博英语试题+答案
中国社会科学院研究生院2000博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part Ⅰ V ocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that is closest in meaning to theunderlined word ．1．The cultural life of a social group ，qua social group ，may be said to depend upon its cognitive level ．A ．perditionB ．perceptionC ．pertinenceD ．permanent2．The article insinuates that the crime did not take place ．A ．states flatlyB ．argues convincinglyC ．positively deniesD ．suggests indirectly3．The international committee ，at its annual general meeting ，finally waived the rule about the 12-month qualifying period ．A ．ratifiedB ．agreed in principle withC ．modifiedD ．dropped4．The Bulletin ，noted for its impartial advice ，recommends in a recent issue that GPs and nurses learn a variety of skills transmittable to patients ．A ．influentialB ．judiciousC ．unprejudicedD ．medical5．She is an amiable member of the committee ．A ．conventionalB ．congenialC ．cogentD ．congenital6．When a careful individual speaks or writes there are usually nuances of meaning that need to be recognized ．A ．slight annoyancesB ．slight differencesC ．slight preferencesD ．slight shades7．Civilian oversight of the police means ，among other things ，that suspects will probably not be coerced into confessing ．A ．bribedB ．persuadedC ．deceivedD ．forced8．She told her niece she would leave her a small legacy ．A ．noteB ．articleC ．giftD ．inheritance9．Because his inattention was responsible for the accident ，he was rebuked ．A ．criticizedB ．punishedC ．delayedD ．disturbed10．The emperor ，in establishing the archbishopric in 968，revealed his interest in both religious and pastoral considerations ．A ．bucolicB ．churchlyC ．agriculturalD ．rural11．Among the requisites of polite society figures a basic politeness to everyone ．A ．demandsB ．stepsC ．awarenessD ．doings12．Quacks rely on the anguish of cancer sufferers ，as well as their credulity ，for their financial success ．A ．grimacesB ．wrathC ．irritationD ．torment13．The debris from the crash was strewn over the countryside for miles around ． 考博家园A ．trapsB ．remainsC ．resultsD ．weapons14．If the Minnesota Vikings continue to confound their critics ，their entry into the playoffs will be assured ．A ．confusingB ．confuse byC ．confuseD ．confuse with15．Older writers are frequently patronizing towards young writers ．A ．supportiveB ．criticalC ．kindD ．condescendingSection BDirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that best completes the sentence ．16．Disruptive behavior at meetings governed by Robert's Rules of Order usually results in________．A ．electionB ．erectionC ．ejaculationD ．ejection17．In 1981，the two factors of conservation measures and world recession resulted in a________ of the demand for oil ．A ．curbingB ．invertingC ．spreadD ．scotching18．The new budgetary constraints forbid the allocation of supplementary funds if it can be established that the original allotment had been________．A ．dispelledB ．dissipatedC ．dispatchedD ．dispirited19．When a room is supplied with an adequate amount of flesh air ，people usually say it is________．A ．well-modulatedB ．well-simulatedC ．well-ventilatedD ．well-stimulated20．You don't want a proctoscope if you hope to________ an image ；you want a telescope ．A ．displaceB ．distortC ．replaceD ．magnify21．Among the________ components of contemporary construction figure steel ，concrete ，and glass ．A ．requitedB ．integralC ．topicalD ．ornamental22．Zero or even negative growth ，a soaring budgetary deficit ，a________ in inflation—the government report paints a dismal picture ．A ．surplusB ．survivalC ．surgeD ．survey23．The eye tends to see distance as________．In painting ，this is sometimes called “the vanishing point ．”A ．conformingB ．comfortingC ．contrivingD ．converging24．Many an underdeveloped country ，faced with crippling national debt ，rums to________ a greater harvest from its timber resources ．A ．extractingB ．extrapolatingC ．excavatingD ．exfoliating25．The Court has been castigated for a steady________ of minority rights and women's fights ．A ．instigationB ．infringementC ．involvementD ．inquisition26．He became a legend as an opera singer ，not so much because of his voice range or emotive ability ，but rather because of his fiery________．A ．mannersB ．dispositionC ．altitudeD ．approach27．In America ，moon—lighting is an attempt to________ one's income ．A ．diluteB ．affectC ．augmentD ．offset28．The reports coming from the site________ that all the hostages have been killed ． 考博家园A ．allegeB ．inferC ．evokeD ．promise29．It is less to skill than to hard work that he________ his continuing success ．A ．ascribesB ．subscribesC ．prescribesD ．describes30．The lad was quite fortunate in finding a________ to aid him financially in his studies ．A ．patroonB ．pauonC ．platoonD ．poltroonPart Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that is the best choice of word tofill in the blank ．1．As with any isolated and largely self-contained community the agricultural village was often________ fierce loyalty among its inhabitants ．A ．the objection ofB ．objective fromC ．the object ofD ．objective2．From its customs and traditions the village________ a strong sense of identity and morality ，which ，looking back ，may easily be mourned in a more impersonal ，amoral ，and uncertain modern world ．A ．could draw inB ．could draw uponC ．would draw fromD ．would draw in3．What this galloping advance in analytical acuity means is that scientists can now isolate the tiniest amounts of harmful substances in foods which ，________，have always been considered safe ，or in some cases beneficial ．A ．from thenB ．whenceC ．hithertoD ．hence4．Possibly because there are few bare patches of gravel on that continent ，________ because of an innately gregarious habit of mind ，their rookeries number almost millions of individuals ．A ．though most possiblyB ．probablyC ．but more probablyD ．most possibly5．She observed quite unashamedly that though they had been married for 8 years ，she knew nothing about________ in the army ．A ．he servedB ．him having servedC ．him to serveD ．his having been served6．The Mary Rose was a remarkable ship ，________ have rarely been seen ．A ．the likes of whichB ．like whichC ．which the likesD ．which of the likes7．________ can be seen by the results of the study ，the principle seems to require the active involvement of the patient in the modification of his condition ．A ．AsB ．WhatC ．ThatD ．It8．Test scores do not improve by magic ．Improving your test scores ，especially________ it comes to classroom tests ，depends on doing the assignments ．A ．whenB ．beforeC ．asD ．since9．I would not take his claim to being an authority very seriously ．________ he knows about his area is either inaccurate or outdated ．A ．How muchB ．That muchC ．How littleD ．What little10．For the purposes of the study ，it was at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade 2 that observations were made________ the children ． 考博家园A ．ofB ．towardsC ．onD ．with11．Half________，the number of participants registering for this year's marathon was disappointing ．A ．of them for last year'sB ．that of last year'sC ．of those of last yearD ．those of last years12．Attentiveness and involvement are prerequisites for there________ successful communication ．A ．isB ．to beC ．will beD ．are13．Who has the time to read or listen to an account of everything currently going on in the world?A ．that isB ．as isC ．there isD ．it is14．After turning the whole room inside out ，she eventually found the magazine ，________ were either torn or dog-eared ．A ．many of whose pagesB ．many of its pagesC ．many of which pagesD ．whose many pages15．Professor Li's hook will show you________ can be used in other contexts ．A ．that you have observedB ．how what you have observedC ．you have observed whatD ．how that you have observedSection BDirections ：Each sentence below contains one error ．On your Answer Sheet ，circle and blacken theletter that represents the error ．16．Tornadoes—actually miniscule storms which paths are not usually over a quarter mileA B in width—are nonetheless extremely violent ．C D17．Not only did various ancient civilizations cremate their dead ，but they also cremated along withA B the dead person every which object he might possibly use in the afterlife ．C D18．T o say that Ferdinand Magellan ，the first European to discover ，the Philippines ，did not actually circumnavigateA B the earth because he was killed before his famous voyage was completed ．C D19．Only in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century in Great Britain did it begin to be likelyA B that a resolution that women to be allowed to join a previously all-male organization C would be carried ．D20．Not had she lived virtually next door to the police station ，the burglars would have escapedA B C scot-free ． 考博家园D21．Cannibalism or humans eating other humans ，has ，throughout the history ，exerted both morbidA B C Dfascination and extremes of repulsion ．22．Some enthusiasts claim that the humble Hawaiian ukulele is the most versatility of all musical A B C D instruments ．23．It is to the skillful utilization of voice range ，the chief emphasizing in speech-making ，thatA B C success as an orator may be attributed ．D24．It is the predetermined ability of the shell of a variety of marine animals to develop only withinA B certain limits that prevents themselves from growing past a specific size ．C D25．Absent any convinced link between the quantity or the so-called quality of the brain cells ，one A B C is able to state whatever one chooses ．D26．Early missionaries discovered that their converts would backslide if left to their own devices ，A B and would charge them with guilty of so doing upon their return ．C D27．When in childhood ，Wagner seems to have had few interests apart from music ，about which heA B C D exhibited an insatiable curiosity ．28．It is the general level of comfort of the average citizen that determines whether or not a countryA considers wars rendered uselessly as a means of settling a disagreement with a neighboringB C DCoantry ．29．The government's new economic policies have as a goal the reducing down of the rate of A B inflation from its peak of three months ago ．C D30．In Victorian England ，many a respective and very rich older man had ，as a youth ，been involvedA B Cin at least foolish ，if not downright criminal ，acts ．D 考博家园Part Ⅲ Cloze (10 points)Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter for the word that best fits in thesentences below ．The rest of the afternoon passed slowly ．I wasn't able to 1 on the brief I 2 submit for the sodomy case I was scheduled to 3 4 ，and I was desperate to 5 ，unnecessary phone conversations ．The only phone call 6 interest was from Mercer ．He was pleased ．“Katherine's Fryer's 7 is the best 8 ．She's really good on 9characteristics ．She's 10 about the 11 and shape of the mustache ．I never had an illustrator as a victim 12 but it sure helps the sketch take on some 13 ．”I knew exactly what he 14 ．The 15 description started with witnesses saying they're 16 at doing this ，and that the guy was average height ，average weight ，average-looking ， 17 distinctive about his appearance ，and so on ．I had a folder full of 18 of wanted rapists who looked like everybody and 19 ．Try and display one to a jury and claim a resemblance to the defendant on trial and it was mom likely to look like three of the 20 ．Not guilty ．1．A ．conglomerate B ．concentrate C ．concentric D ．commiserate2．A ．must B ．ought to C ．had to D ．could3．A ．attempt B ．try C ．write D ．analyze4．A ．three weeks ago B ．three weeks beforeC ．after three weeksD ．in three weeks5．A ．avert B ．abort C ．avoid D ．annul6．A ．of B ．with C ．responding D ．evincing7．A ．outgo B ．outcome C ．intake D ．input8．A ．still B ．to come C ．before D ．yet9．A ．facial B ．face C ．personal D ．personality10．A ．dubious B ．decided C ．firm D ．strong11．A ．position B ．location C ．size D ．magnitude12．A ．ago B ．before C ．then D ．once13．A ．verisimilitude B ．exactitude C ．meaning D ．definition14．A ．described B ．inferred C ．defined D ．meant15．A ．average B ．median C ．typical D ．general16．A ．lousy B ．representative C ．partial D ．lousy17．A ．anything B ．nothing C ．something D ．everything18．A ．sketches B ．photos C ．paintings D ．etchings19．A ．somebody B ．else C ．nobody D ．me20．A ．defendants B ．jurors C ．same D ．people Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that best answers the questionsbelow ．Passage 1Obviously ，the per capita income of a country depends on many things ，and any statistical test that does not take account of all important determinants is misspeeified ，and thus must be used only for descriptive and heuristic purposes ．It is nonetheless interesting—and for many people surprising—to find that there is a positive and even a statistically significant relationship between 考博家园these two variables ：the greater the number of people per square kilometer the higher the per capita income ．The law of diminishing returns is not invariably mae ：it would be absurd to suppose that a larger endowment of land ipso facto makes a country poorer ．This consideration by itself would ，of course ，call for a negative sign on population density ．Thus ，it is interesting to ask what might account for the “wrong” sign and think of what statistical tests should ultimately be done ．Clearly there is a simultaneous two-way relationship between population density and per capita income ：the level of per capita income affects population growth just as population ；by increasing the labor force ，affects per capita income ．The argument offered here suggests that perhaps countries with better economic policies and institutions come to have higher per capita incomes than countries with inferior policies and institutions ，and that these higher incomes bring about a higher population growth through more immigration and lower death rates ．In this way ，the effects of better institutions and policies in raising per capita income swamps the tendency of diminishing returns to labor to reduce it ．This hypothesis may also explain why many empirical studies have not been able to show a negative association between the rate of population growth and increases in per capita income ．One reason why the ratio of natural resources to population does not account for variations in per capita income is that most economic activity can now readily be separated from deposits of raw material and arable land ．Over time ，transportation technologies have certainly improved ，and products that have a high value in relation to their weight ，such as most services and manufactured goods like computers and airplanes ，may have become more important ．The Silicon Valley is not important for the manufacture of computers because of the deposits of silicon ，and London and Zurich are not great banking centers because of fertile land ．Even casual observation suggests that most modern manufacturing and service exports are not closely fled to natural resources ．Western Europe does not now have a high ratio of natural resources to population ，but it is very important in the export of manufactures and services ．In a parallel way ，the striking success of Japan ，HongKong ，and Singapore ，with relatively few natural resources per capita ，cannot be explained by reliance thereon ．1．In paragraph 1，three words are in italics________ ?A ．for reasons of English language styleB ．because of personal reason of styleC ．in order to highlight their importanceD ．to help the reader avoid confusion2．The people who are surprised are so because they have assumed that________．A ．there is a positive correlation between the two variablesB ．the higher the per capita income the lower the population densityC ．the greater the number of people the greater the per capita incomeD ．the relationship between the variables is statistically insignificant3．With which of the following statements would the author agree?A ．One would not ordinarily suppose that a large country would be poor ．B ．A negative sign on population density may be a wrong sign ．C ．Per capita income depends on the size of the labor force ． 考博家园D ．The author would agree with all of the above statements ．4．The word “here” in paragraph 3，line 1 means________．A ．supraB ．at this very momentC ．in this articleD ．in this country5．The population growth in countries with higher per capita income________．A ．comes not from the birth rate of the citizens but rather from the influx of othersB ．is a natural result because the citizens have more money for childrenC ．is only an artifact based on a declining birth rateD ．does not invalidate the population growth of poorer countries6．Which of the following statements is true?A ．None of the following statements is true ．B ．Silicon Valley has great deposits of silicon ．C ．London and Zurich have vast amounts of arable land ．D ．Western Europe has always depended on services ．Passage 2The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory ：the control over a cognitive project as a whole is often lost ．The literary scholar seems to be collecting data—which is a preliminary operation—without making use of them ．Like a diligent ant gathering food it will never eat ，the contemporary literary scholar seems intent upon writing footnotes of a books he will never try to read ．I propose that at the outset of a research project it is necessary to render explicit the questions the scholar will try to answer ，what methods will be used and why and the reason why s ／he thinks that it may be worthwhile answering such questions ．More ，the work of the people concerned with the study of literature seems casual ．For instance ，much research is devoted to one author ，often on the occasion of an anniversary ．Now there is no reason to think that our observations will be more valid ，urgent ，appropriate ，useful ，or interesting if the author of the texts we are concerned with was born or died or the texts were written fifty ，one hundred ，or two hundred years ago ．This seems to be celebration and not research producing knowledge ．It does not seem to make any sense to determine one's research program by looking at the calendar ．The widespread habit of limiting thescope of a research project to a single author often leads to a confined understanding of the author and the texts ，which ，in turn ，offers marginal results ．The average literary scholar considers these results satisfactory ．But for what purpose are they satisfactory?Often the research strategies and methods of the literary scholar are repetitive ．A new operation that is analogous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile ：it is on these premises that many texts concerning literature are produced and accepted ．I propose instead that in a concrete project that tries to produce knowledge ，any statement needs verification ．But there is a point where it is unnecessary to repeat the same operation on new data ，because the result has already been established ：rather than additional confirmation of what is already known ，it is the exploration of what is still unknown that deserves priority ．Contemporary literary research seems to be based on habits that originated in the past and that bear little resemblance to research projects as they are intended now in other fields ．If our main aim were the proposal of some objects as cultural models ，then it would be useful to our purpose to try to attract our society's 考博家园attention toward these objects and the persons who produced them ．It would be reasonable to perform our actions on the occasion of anniversaries ，because we would not be doing research ，but celebration and propaganda ．Celebration aims at confirming certitudes and strengthening bonds of solidarity among the participants ．It does not produce knowledge ，but it confirms what is already known ．Legitimating by means of the power of words has been for many centuries the main job of the man of letters ．7．In the view of the writer ，scholars studying literature need to________．A ．research more diligentlyB ．establish a clear purpose before commencing researchC ．decrease the number of footnotesD ．avoid writing special works to celebrate anniversaries8．The writer of this article is critical of modern literary research because________．A ．it uses too many analogiesB ．it is not concrete writingC ．it relies on established methods that have not changed muchD ．it is too subjective9．According to the writer ，writing about an author on their anniversary________．A ．is useful because it creates stronger ties with the authorB ．is useful because it strengthens the cultural informationC ．is useful because it is celebration and celebration confirms certitudesD ．is not useful since it does not add much to the pool of established information10．In paragraph 3，sentence 2，the words “to previous ones” refers to________．A ．previous authors written about by othersB ．earlier scholars who wrote comparative literary worksC ．earlier methods for researchD ．repeats of research11．This article________．A ．criticizes the limited approach taken by many literary scholars in their researchB ．criticizes the approach taken to footnotes in literary researchC ．supports the idea that literary scholars must remain a cohesive groupD ．maintains that more careful personal data needs to be collected about authors12．In the writer's opinion________．A ．repetition over a period of time can provide proofB ．evidence in research is criticalC ．celebratory research does not require proofD ．research concerning an author from antiquity does not require evidence Passage 3After a run of several thousand years ，it is entirely fitting that 2000 will be marked as the year the tide tuned against taxation ．Clay tablets recall the taxes of Hammurabi in the Babylon of 2000BC ，but the practice is certainly older ．People in power have always tried to divert some of the proceeds of economic activity in their own direction ．Lords took feudal dues from their vassals ；landowners took tolls from merchants ；gangsters took protection money from small businesses ；governments took taxes from their citizens ．Despite the different names ，the principle 考博家园has remained constant ：those who do not produce take resources from those who do ，and spend it on altogether different things ．The tide is turning because of the convergence of several factors ．In the first place ，taxes are becoming harder to collect ．Capital is more mobile than ever ，and inclined to fly from places that tax to places that do not ．Governments do not move their boundaries and jurisdictions as rapidly as companies can change locations ．Attempts to establish trans-national tax powers are almost certainly ，ably doomed by international competition to attract economic activity ．Many businesses will choose to stay out of reach ．The global economy and the internet mean that purchases can now cross frontiers ．People buy books ，clothes ，and cars from abroad ，and any finance minister who likes to tax these items find his tax base diminishing ．It is not only capital and goods which are harder to pin down ．Even wages are crossing frontiers ．The rise of the service sector means that many income-generating activities can take place across frontiers ，causing yet more headaches for over-stretched public treasuries ．Farther more ，the pace of electronic ，hard-to-trace activity is accelerating ．No less important has been the rise of political resistance ．The past quarter-century has been marked by a movement led in Britain and America itself in California's famous tax-cutting referendum proposition 13，but saw its fullest expression in the Thatcher and Reagan tax cuts of the 1980's ．Britain's Tories entered office in 1979 with the top rate of income tax at 98％，and left office 18 years later with a top rate of 40％．Indeed ，their Labour Opponents became electable only after a firm promise not to raise it again ．The plain fact is that electmates these days will not stand for it ．They recognize ，correctly ，that governments spend their money less carefully and less efficiently than they can spend it themselves ．One of the greatest uses of tax money is to provide pensions ．And here a revolution—as important and pervasive as privatization—is sweeping the world ．Fully-funded personal pension plans ，based on individual savings ，are sweeping away the poorly funded public pensions promised by governments ．The latter take taxes from the young to support the old ．The former invest savings from the young to support themselves when old ．13．The main idea of this text is that________．A ．taxation is changing and will continue to changeB ．ways of collecting tax have changedC ．pensions are increasingly being paid out of taxpayer's moneyD ．public money is being misspent in most western countries14．Taxes are more difficult to collect because________．A ．it is almost impossible to tax transnational companiesB ．of the increase in buying goods through the internetC ．some burgeoning areas of employment have activities that are not easily taxedD ．all of the above15．The biggest change in taxation________．A ．is in provident accountsB ．is privatization of companiesC ．is in individual pension plans which are replacing government pensionsD ．is the increased tax on personal investment16．From this article it is evident that________． 考博家园A ．small business will continue to be heavily taxedB ．in England ，personal income tax will rise to a top rate of 40％C ．many large companies can still avoid paying high taxesD ．globalization is making tax-collection easier17．According to this article ，the people who have many problems relating to tax are________．A ．the oldB ．the youngC ．the bankD ．the finance ministers of various countries18．Trans-national companies________．A ．do not have to pay taxB ．are often encouraged by a country to pay less taxC ．are finding it difficult to pay taxes because of the significant increasesD ．all of the abovePassage 4Handwriting analysis (graphology) circumvents the law by frying to determine an employee's traits (e. g. ，stability) according to some handwriting group stereotype to which he or she belongs ，(Indeed ，some graphologists have so little respect for the law and so much confidence in their stereotyping that they have proposed using the technique in lieu of court proceedings to identify and prosecute criminals!) The analysis works by comparing the speed ，size ，slant ，form ，pressure ，layout ，and continuity of an individual's handwriting with various patterns and typologies ，and assimilating this person's script into these types ．As a result the individual judged ceases to be an individual and becomes little more than a composite of traits ．This end result differs little from judgements based on race ，sex ，religion ，etc ．Granted ，no individual is totally unique ．Any evaluation of character ，or for that matter ，skills ，turns ，in some measure ，on employing generic ideas about virtue ，vice ，and technical competence ．Still ，there is a human individuality which manifests itself in our imagination and in the innovative arguments we choose to advance ．Standardized handwriting analysis is far less respectful of individuality in this latter sense than other modes of screening ．Individuals who are asked to write a personal essay describing their qualifications in their own terms ；and who are given an opportunity in an interview to describe their motivations in seeking a particular job retain far more of what makes them distinctive ．This more personalized format gives the individual an opportunity to express unusual or provocative opinions the employer may not have previously considered ．Upon reflection ，the employer may think these comments so pertinent that s ／he awards the job to this candidate ．Handwriting analysis ，though ，is ostensibly purely ：formal ．It does not provide the candidate with any opportunity to distinguish himself or herself in this substantive fashion ．At best ，graphology will yield some vague assessment such as “the candidate is highly creative”．It is worth remembering what the driving force is behind graphological testing ．Handwriting analysis ，like automated telephone screening ，is increasingly being used early in the hiring process because it purports to deliver salient ，accurate information cheaply ．Yet precisely because these techniques are standardized ，the data has reduced value ．Judgements about the precise relevance of some perceived character traits to a job are rarely ：straightforward ．Good interviewers learn through training and through interaction itself to qualify previous judgements ．Perhaps the candidate who fails to make eye contact has a guilty conscience (as it is standardly assumed)．On 考博家园。
中科院考博英语真题200203
中国科学院2002年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PAPT Ⅱ STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (25 minutes, 15 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.16. Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no__________ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative17. Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______regret.A. teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has aglorious future before him and the old one has a __________future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only __________necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it__________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. __________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until mostof the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22. Banks shall be unable to__________, or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan orbankrupted debt left with them.A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over23. I am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectorsdiscretion state your case __________or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24. In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being__________,”being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25. In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the lstgrade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26. Desert plants __________two categories according to the way they deal with the problem ofsurviving drought.A. break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27. In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _____all othersounds.A. dwarfedB. diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28. Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not __________and should be avoidedif possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the__________of investigations.A. caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30. Since neither side was ready to _____what was necessary for peace, hostility was resumed in1980.A. precedeB. recedeC. concedeD. intercede31. Such an __________act of hostility can only lead to war.A. overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32. __________both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, andexpectations places a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33. It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would __________be replaced bya permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34. Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______with those awful riding-about bicycleboys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply________every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofPART Ⅲ CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious__46__has occurred in the roles that women__47__. Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena,__48__maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a (n)__49__that is a haven for all family members.__50__many women experience strain from trying to “do it all,” they often enjoy t he increased__51__that can result from playing multiple roles. As women's roles have changed, changing expectations about men's roles have become more__52__. Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility__53__the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional__54__of family life. Men are increasingly__55__to meet the emotional needs of their families,__56__their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on__57__marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationships and the importance of sharing in the “emotion work”__58__to nourish marriages and other famil y relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent,__59__both partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeingmarriages in which men's and women's roles are becoming increasingly more__60__.46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. play D. show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as will as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C. why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageablePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question square brackets on your Machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1883 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who,during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca—Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a botch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886—year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty—Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola” was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to thefresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61. What does the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A. He was highly respected by Atlantans.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton'sCompany?A. Skills to make French wine.B. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. Ability to work with numbers.63. Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B. He brought a quite profitable product into being.C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64. One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________.A. used beer bottles were chosen as containersB. the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC. it was blended with oils instead of waterD. Cola nut extract was added to taste65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for__________.A. the young as a soft drinkB. a replacement of French Wine CocaC. the relief of a hangoverD. a cure for the common headache66. The last paragraph mainly tells__________.A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB. a real test of Coca-Cola as a headache cureC. the mediocre service of the drugstoreD. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage 2Between 1883 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press” proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest storiesovershadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York sun in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the Sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1836) and the Baltimore Sun (1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67. What does the first p aragraph say about the “penny press?”A. It was known for its in-depth news reporting.B. It had an involvement with some political parties.C. It depended on the business community for survival.D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.68. In its early days, a penny paper often__________.A. paid much attention to political partiesB. provided stories that hit the pubic tasteC. offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD. covered important news with inaccuracy69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper__________.A. improved its contentB. changed its writing styleC. developed a more sensational styleD. became a tool for political parties70. The underlined word “ventures” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by__________.A. editorsB. reportersC. newspapersD. companies71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun?A. They turned out to be failures.B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72. This passage is probably taken from a book on__________.A. the work ethics of the American mediaB. the technique in news reportingC. the history of sensationalism in American mediaD. the impact of mass media on American societyPassage 3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one‟s own. The writer she has in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, charming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika—his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron isn't just a story. It's an online narrative(grammatron. com) that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. IN the four years it took to produce—it was completed in 1997—each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,” jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That's unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the …technology‟is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual“city” in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron's 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get ca ught up in mere plot,” he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino-have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author's control. “But what makes the Net so exciting,” says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly ge nerated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73. The passage is mainly to tell__________.A. differences between conventional and modern novelsB. how Mark Amerika composed his novel GrammatronC. common features of all modern electronic novelsD. why mark Amerika took on a new way of writing74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities ofa writer?A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D. It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75. As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it__________.A. provides potentials for the story developmentB. is one of the novels at grammatron. comC. can be downloaded free of chargeD. boasts of the best among cyber stories76. By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant that ______.A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial RevolutionB. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD. he couldn't care less new advance in computer software77. As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers to__________.A. adapt the story for a video versionB. “walk in” the story and interact with itC. develop the plots within the author's controlD. steal the show and become the main character78. Amerika told his students not to__________.A. immerse themselves only in creating the plotB. be captivated by the plot alone while readingC. be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD. let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage 4In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading much smaller boy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2,away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoon.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English madia outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks art also prohibited.In the U. S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We're clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,” says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U. S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U. S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever-eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?” asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables or Thompson move in next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins：“It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passpor to a completely new life.”79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80. According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson__________.A. have been treated as juvenile delinquentsB. have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC. were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD. have already served out their 10 years in prison81. The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would__________.A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB. be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC. still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD. be inclined to commit a recurring crime82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be__________.A. banned from any kind of press interviewB. kept under constant surveillance by policeC. shielded from being identified as killersD. ordered to report to police their whereabouts83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Vanables or Thompson would__________.A. have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB. serve a life imprisoment for the crimeC. be forbidden to join many of his relativesD. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U. S.84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that__________.A. it is controversial as it goes without precedentB. the British media are sure to do the contraryC. Bulger's family would enter all appeal against itD. conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage 5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits” between doctors at three big local medical groups about and 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won't have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. “Which our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time,” says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so,according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. “We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting paid is a critical p iece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $ 20 per online consultation, obout what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif—based start-up. Healinx's “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require stethoscope to discover what's wrong-and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experi ment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx”, notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85. The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of__________.A. rewarding their employeesB. gratifying the local hospitalsC. boosting worker productivityD. testing a sophisticated technology86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A. They are a quite promising business.B. They are funded by the local government.C. They are welcomed by all the patients.D. They are very much under experimentation.87. Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A. Cisco System employees.B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C. Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle at three local hospitals.88. According to Paragraph 2, doctors are__________.A. reluctant to serve online for nothingB. not interested in Web consultationC. too tired to talk to the patients onlineD. content with $ 20 paid per Web visit89. “Smart Symptom Wizard” is capable of__________.A. making diagnosesB. producing prescriptionsC. profiling patients's illnessD. offering a treatment plan90. It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend onwhether__________.A. the employers would remain confident in themB. they could effectively replace office visitsC. HMOs would cover the cost of the serviceD. new technologies would be available to improve the E-health projectPAPER TWOPART ⅤTRANSLATION (25 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。
2000年博士生入学考试试题(英语)改
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2000年3月）THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2000PAPER ONEPART ⅡSTRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.16. Much I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her for thoroughness, whatever the job.A. whenB. moreC. fartherD. as17. To support the general statement in the first sentence, each sentence in the paragraph provides adifferent example.A. relevantB. subsequentC. coherentD. antecedent18. A hefty 50% of those from ages 18 to 34 told the pollsters in the TIME/CNN survey that they“feminist” values.A. shareB. regardC. attachD. dominate19. I was not alone in my knowledge; the woman had also seen my father’s eyes gleaming withpride.A. contractedB. contestedC. contentedD. contrasted20. the writer’s craft through a consideration of rhetorical patterns is a useful way to study writing.A. ExploringB. ExploitingC. EmployingD. Embodying21. The first two assumptions made about the of TV were dead wrong: that it would bury radio and itwould be threat to movies.A. recessionB. adventC. diversityD. bias22. An education should enable a student to get a better job than be would be able to find or fill.A. consequentlyB. neverthelessC. otherwiseD. anyhow23. In addition to being physically sick, may dad was in the midst of a nervous , through none of us knew tocall it that at the time.A. breakupB. breakdownC. breakthroughD. breakout24. Although they are very succinct-that is why they caught on-cliches are wasted words because they are expression rather than fresh ones.A. staleB. stainlessC. stableD. spotted25. Though Americans do not currently abortions directly, costs are carried by other Americans through higher insurance premiums.A. implementB. terminateC. prohibitD. subsidize26. There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in completein a single country for long periods.A. successB. revengeC. harmonyD. conscience27. In the last century and a half, scientific development has been breathtaking, but the understanding of thisprogress has changed.A. incidentallyB. dramaticallyC. rigorouslyD. temporarily28. It is always useful to have savings to .A. come out inB. live up toC. make a fuss ofD. fall back on29. We seek a society that has a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. at its endB. at its handC. at its coreD. at its best30. Modern man is careless when disposing his garbage.A. ofB. toC. atD. about31. Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all .A. concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns32. To cry over spilled milk is to cry .A. in a vainB. in the vainC. in vainD. in no vain33. “Do you want to see my driver’s license or my passport?”“Oh, ”.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine34. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over35. A 50-ft, wave travels at speeds 20 m.p.h., and anyone who’s too slow at the approach risks beingsmashed.A. in excess ofB. in the reach ofC. in exchange forD. in relation toSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.36. Applicants will be considered provided that their files are complete due to theA B C Ddeadline.37. Elizabeth B. Browning, who has remembered for her love poems, published herA B Cfirst work at the age of twelve.D38.O n l y i f t e n m o r e s t u d e n t s r e g i s t e r t h i s a f t e r n o o n w i l l a n o t h e r p r o n u n c i a t i o nA B Csection be opening.D39.T h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s a c t u a l l y g i v e a m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o fA BA individuals are questioned by some eminent.C D40. Track lighting is one of the most popular types, if not the most popular type, ofA B Clighting on market todary.D41. In fact, there is perhaps only one human being in a thousand who are passionatelyA Binterested in his job for the job’s sake.C D42. Watching films of what hate turned those people into made me choose to reject it,A Bto deal with people individual and not to spot all whites with the same obscene images.C D43. After a grueling review session, some confusing students asked the teaching assistant forA B Cstill more help.D44. Flourish in the thirteenth century, traveling musicians, called minstrels, played anA B Cimportant part in the cultural life of the time.D45.T h e r e w a s h a r d l y s o me b o d y i n t h e r o o m w h o p a i d a n y a t t e n t i o n t o h i m e v e nA B Cthough everyone knew who he was.C DPART ⅢCLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 . For centuries the progress of civilization has been 47 by the rigid growth of cities. Now the world is 48 to pass a milestone: more people will live in urban areas than in the countryside.Explosive population growth 49 a torrent of migration from the countryside are creating cities that dwarf the great capitals of the past. By the 50 of the century, there will be fifty-one “megacities” with populations of ten million or more. Of these, eighteen will be in 51 countries, including some of the poorest nations in the world. Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, the swiftest 54of urbanization ever recorded.Is the trend good or bad? Can the cities cope? No one know 55 . Without question, urbanization has produced 56 so ghastly that they are difficult to comprehend. In Cairo, children who 57 might be in kindergarten can be found digging through clots of ox waste, looking for 58 kernels of corn to eat. Young, homeless thieves in Papua New Moresby may not 59 their last names or the names of the villages where they were born. In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.46. A. way B. life C. area D. people47. A. defined B. estimated C. created D. expected48. A. about B. up C. like D. already49. A. of B. like C. and D. or50. A. change B. wake C. beginning D. turn51. A. developing B. developed C. develop D. development52. A. makes B. has C. comes D. lives53. A. none B. few C. any D. some54. A. event B. work C. level D. rate55. A for good B. with clarity C. for sure D. in doubt56. A. miracles B. miseries C. mysteries D. misunderstandings57. A. elsewhere B. anywhere C. somewhere D. nowhere58. A. unrefined B. undigested C. unpolished D. unspoiled59. A. ask B. find C. have D. know60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D. dropsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneG ordon Shaw the physicist, 66, and colleagues have discovered what’s known as the “Mozart effect”, the ability of a Mozart sonata, under the right circumstances, to improve the listener’s mathematical and reasoning abilities. But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hand.But first, the essence: Is there something about the brain cells work to explain the effect? In 1978 the neuroscientist Ver non Mountcastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain’s gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work, it represents the firing patterns of groups of neurons. Building on Mountcastle, Shaw and his team constructed a model of t heir own. On a lark, Xiaodan Leng, who was Shaw’s colleague at the time, used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into music. What came out of the speakers wasn’t exactly toe-tapping, but it was music. Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of patterns.“Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking”, says his longtime friend, Nobel Prize-winning Stanford physicist Martin Perl. “That’s important. In new areas of science, such as brain research, nobody knows how to do it.”What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw’s findings? They haven’t condemned it, but neither have they confirmed it. Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing. In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27% on a test of ratios and proportions. The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment courses-minus the music. The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers, Shaw claims.Proof of all this, of course, is necessarily elusive because it can be difficult to do a double-blind experiment of educational techniques. In a double-blind trial of an arthritis drug, neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the test treatment and which a dummy pill. How do you keep the participants from knowing it’s Mozart on the CD?61. In the first paragraph Gordon Shaw’s concern is shown overA.the open hostility by the media towards his findings.B.his strength to keep trying out the “Mozart effect”.C.a widespread misunderstanding of his findings.D.the sharp disagreement about his discovery.62. Shaw and Leng’s experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis thatA.listening to Mozart could change the brain’s hardware.B.brain-waves could be invariably translated into music.C.listening to music could stimulate brain development.D.Toe-tapping could be very close to something musical.63. The remarks made by Martin Perl in Paragraph 3 about Gordon Shaw could be taken asA.neuroscientists and psychologists.B. Shaw and his colleagues.C. Shaw and his colleagues.D. the experiments by Shaw and his teamE. Shaw’s findings.66. According to the author, proof of what Shaw claims is difficult becauseA.the control group will also enjoy the same kind of Mozart.B.some educational techniques need re-evaluation.C.the double-blind experiment is not reliable and thus rejected by Shaw.D.participants cannot be kept from knowing what is used in the test.Passage TwoSometimes opponents of capital punishment horrify with tales of lingering death on the gallows, of faulty electric chairs, or of agony in the gas chamber. Partly in response to such protests, several states such as North Carolina and Texas switched to execution by lethal injection. The condemned person is put to death painlessly, without ropes, voltage, bullets, or gas. Did this answer the objections of death penalty opponents? Of course not. On June 22, 1984, The New York Times published an editorial that sarcastically attacked the new “hygienic” method of death by injection, and stated that “execution can never be made humane through science”. So it's not the method that really troubles opponents. It’s the death itself they consider barbaric.Admittedly, capital punishment is not a pleasant topic. However, one does not have to like the death penalty in order to support it any more than one must like radical surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in order to find necessary these attempts at curing cancer. Ultimately we may learn how to cure cancer with a simple pill. Unfortunately, that day has not yet arrived. Today we are faced with the choice of letting the cancer spread or trying to cure it with the methods available, method that one day will almost certainly and would certainly delay the discovery of an eventual cure. We may not like the death penalty, but it must be available to punish crimes of cold-blooded murder, cases in which any other form of punishment would be inadequate and, therefore, unjust. If we create a society in which injustice is not tolerated, incidents of murder-the most flagrant form of justice-will diminish.67. How did Texas respond to the protests mentiond in Paragraph 1?A.No one was ever executed there later on.B.The criminal there was put to death in the gas chamber instead.C.Life of the condemned person there was terminated with a shot of drug.D.The murderer there was punished with life imprisonment instead.68. What is the main idea of Paragraph?A.The objections of death penalty have become less severe.B.The death itself is considered inhumane and unacceptable.C.Death penalty opponents only care about how one is put to death.D.The “hygienic” was of execution is even more barbaric.69. It can be safely inferred that the authorA.supports capital punishment.B.Is trying to learn how to cure cancer.C.Fears that someone might be punished by mistake.D.Likes radical surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.70. The author’s analogy between cancer and murder is made in order to showA.the lack of perfect solution to the present problems.B.the new discovery of modern science.C.the necessity of doing nothing till an ultimate cure is available.D.the availability of adequate punishment.71. Which of the following stands for the author’s attitude?A.Letting the injustice spread if we don't want to be barbarous.B.Minimizing incidents of murder by means of death penalty.C.Being tolerant of people’s choice of not having any medical treatment.D.Looking for a better form of punishment than death penalty.72. What type of writing is mostly adopted in this passage?A.Narration.B.Classification.C.Exemplification.D.Persuasion.Passage ThreeShyness is a nearly universal human trait. Almost everyone has bouts of it, and half of those surveyed describe themselves as shy. Perhaps because it’s so widespread, and because it suggests vulnerability, shyness is often an endearing trait: Princess Dian a, for example, won millions of admirers with her “Shy Di” manner. The human species might not even exist if not for an instinctive wariness of other creatures. In fact, the ability to sense a threat and a desire to flee are lodged in the most primitive regions of the brain.But at some life juncture, roughly 1 out of every 8 people becomes so timid that encounters with others turn into a source of overwhelming dread. The heart races, palms sweat, mouth grows dry, words vanish, thoughts become cluttered, an d an urge to escape takes over. This is the face of social phobia (also known as “social anxiety disorder”), the third most common mental disorder in the United States, behind depression and alcoholism. Some social phobics can hardly utter a sentence without obsession over the impression they are making. Others refuse to use public restrooms or talk on the telephone. Sometimes they go mute in front of the boss or a member of the opposite sex. At the extreme, they built a hermitic life, avoiding contact with others.Though social anxiety’s symptoms have been noted since the time of Hippocrates, the disorder was a nameless affliction until the late 1960s and didn’t make it way into psychiatry manuals until 1980. As it became better known, patients previously thought to suffer panic disorder were recognized as being anxious only in social settings. A decade ago, 40 percent of people said they were shy, but in today’s “nation of strangers” – in which computers and ATMs make face-to-face relations less and less common – that often favored by those who fear human interaction, greases the slope from shyness to social anxiety. If people were slightly shy to begin with, they can now interact less and less, and that will make the shyness much worse.73. According to Paragraph One, shyness isA.against human nature.B. completely an endearing trait.C. so widespread that a problem may arise.D. essential to the survival of the human species.74. The author suggests that our ability to sense a threat and desire to fleeA.are connected with types of shyness.B.make us more timid and less successfulC.distinguish humans from other creatures.D.are the results of the influence of our environment.75. Which is NOT mentioned as a sign of social anxiety disorder?A.Speechl ess in front of one’s supervisor.B.Unwilling to go to the public toilets.C.Getting drunk in social settings.D.The heart pumping fast.76. The term “social anxiety disorder” was coinedA. at the time of ancient meditation.B. in the 1960s.C. in 1980.D. a decade ago.77. It is shown that the most common mental disorder in the U.S. isA. depression.B. alcoholism.C. social phobia.D. panic disorder.78. What is the cited attitude of some psychologists towards the Internet culture?A.It is the main cause of social phobia.B.It is destructive and thus should be kept away from the youth.C.It encourages peple who are rather inhibited to communicate more freely.D.It helps accelerate the degradation from shyness to social phobia.Passage FourBenjamin Day was only 22 years old when he developed the idea of a newspaper for the masses and launched his New York Sun in 1833, which would profoundly alter journalism by his new approach. Yet, several conditions had to exist before a mass press could come into existence. It was impossible to launch a mass-appeal newspaper without invention of a printing press able to produce extremely cheap newspaper affordable almost to everyone. The second element that led to the growth of the mass newspaper was the increased level of literacy in the population. The then increased emphasis on education led to a concurrent growth of literacy as many people in the middle and lower economic groups acquired reading skills. The trend toward “democratization” of business and politics fostered the creation of a mass audience responsive to a mass press.Having seen others fail in their attempts to market a mass-appeal newspaper, he forged ahead with his New York Sun, which would be a daily and sell for a penny, as compared to the other dailies that went for six cents a copy. Local happenings, sex, violence, features, and human-interest stories would constitute his content. Conspicuously absent were the dull political debates t hat still characterized many of the six-cent papers. Within six months the Sun achieved a circulation approximately 8,000 issues, far ahead of its nearest competitor. Day’s gamble had paid off, and the penny press was launched.James Gordon Bennett, perhaps the most significant and certainly the most colorful of the individuals imitating Day’s paper, launched his New York Herald in 1835, even more of a rapid success than the Sun. Part of Bennett’s success can be attributed to his skillful reporting of crime news, the institution of a financial page, sports reporting, and an aggressive editorial policy. He looked upon himself a reformer, and wrote in one of his editorials: “I go for a general reformation of morals. … I mean to begin a new movement in the progress of civilization.”Horace Greeley was another important pioneer of the era. He launched his New York Tribune in 1841 and would rank third behind the Sun and Herald in daily circulation, but his weekly edition was circulated nationally and proved to be a great success. Greeley’s Tribune was not as sensational as its competitors. He used his editorial page for crusades and causes. He opposed capital punishment, alcohol, gambling and tobacco. Greeley also favored women’s rights. Greeley never talked down to the mass audience and attracted his readers by appealing to their intellect more than to their emotions.The last of the major newspapers of the penny-press era began in 1851. The New York Times,edited by Henry Raymond, promised to be less sensational than the Sun or Herald and less impassioned than Greeley. The paper soon established a reputation for objective and reasoned journalism. Raymond stressed the gathering of foreign news and served as foreign correspondent himself in 1859. The Times circulation reached more than 40,000 before the Civil war.79. Which is NOT mentioned as the contributing element in the launch of the mass press?A.The upgraded educational level of the masses.B.The increased wealth of the population as a whole.C.The democratic background and drive of the general publicD.The lowered cost of newspaper production.80. The New York Sun rarely featuredA.business newsB.women’s pages.C.lengthy discussion about politics.D.local shipment information.81. Which of the following papers issued a nationally circulated edition?A. The New York Tribune.B.The New York Sun.C.The New York Herald.D.The New York Times.82. Which of the following papers is viewed as the most dispassionate one?A The New York Tribune.B. The New York Sun.C. The New York Herald.D. The New York Times.83. The penny-press approach was pioneered byA.Henry Raymond.B. James Gordon Bennett.C. Benjamin day.D. Joseph Pulitzer84. It can be inferred thatA.the New York Times had the largest daily circulation at that time.B.the papers before the penny-press era only appealed to a small circle of readers.C.the success of the four papers lies in their endeavor to improve peple’s literacy.D.the paper’s being sensational was not favored by a majority of American readers.85. The main purpose of the passage is toA.give a brief introduction to the growth of the mass newspaper.B.trace the cause of the failures of the six-cent papers.C.find out which was the most significant newspaper of that time.D.show how a mass-appeal newspaper made a great fortune.Passage FiveInstead of advancing the public discussion of biotechnology, David Shenk succeeds merely in displaying his general ignorance and unfounded fears in his recent article “Biocapitalism”. His claim that “no living creature has ever before been able to upgrade its own operating system” ignores transduction (the act or process of transferring genetic material or characteristics from one bacterial cell to another) and bacterial conjugation (the temporary union of two bacterial cells), which are ways organisms have “upgraded” their own genomes with novel DNA f or hundreds of millions of years. A first-year biology major could have told him that. For Shenk to suggest that his daughter may someday use a before-birth genetic test for “quick-wittedness” is extremely dull-witted, ignoring the complexity of polygenetic traits while embracing a shallow genetic determinism. Nurture-utterly absent from his discussion-really does matter.Finally, worrying about the effects on the gene pool of a “culture in which millions choose the same desirable genes” is worse than point less. The United Nations projects an approximate human population of eight billion by the year 2020. Even if Shenk’s worst fears are realized, and the wealthy parents of 100 million children can and do select for a polygenetic trait-say, blue eyes-this would represent only a modest shift in the gene pool of 1 in 80, or 1.25 percent, assuming that none of those children would otherwise have been born with blue eyes. But what truly matters for the gene pool in the 1,000-year-long run is the capacity of this trait to grant reproductive success in subsequent generations. Whatever advantage blue eyes currently grant in acquiring a mate presumably derives in part from the trait’s relative scarcity. Elementary economics shows that if you flood the market with an asset, you diminish the relative value of that asset: more blue eyes will make blue eyes less sexy. Is it really too much to expect familiarity with either biology or economics from an essay entitled “Biocapitalism”?86. The purpose of David Shenk’s writing is most probably toA.draw the public’s attention to “biocapitalism”.B.cover his general ignorance about “biocapitalism”.C.show his approval of the advancement in biotechnology.D.Report his success in biotechnological research.87. According to the author, Dav id Shenk’s claim about the upgrading of living creaturesA.is obviously a fault.B. is comprehensible to college students.C. is identical to his own argument.D. will be testified by his daughter.88. What does David Shenk worry about?A.The capacity of the gene pool.B.The nurture of subsequent generations.C.The dramatic increase of world population.D.The consequences of excessive genetic shifts.89. The author’s explanation of people’s preference to blue eyes is thatA.blue eyes are purely inherited.B.few people have blue eyes.C.blue eyes are less sexy.D.people with blue eyes are usually wealthy.90. The tone of this passage is mainlyA. humorous.B. matter-of-fact.C. bitter and ruthless.D. emotional.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (10 points, 25 minutes)Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.世界先进水平的一流大学应该是培养和造就高素质创造性人才的摇篮，应该是认识世界、探求客观真理、为人类解决面临的重大课题提供科学依据的前沿，应该是知识创新、推动科学技术成果向现实生产力转化的重要力量，应该是民族优秀文化与世界先进文明成果交流借鉴的桥梁。
中山大学2002,2005,2007,2011,2015--2019年考博真题+资料
2).呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）是指因CO2排出障碍或CO2吸入过多，导致血浆H2CO3浓度升高、PH值呈降低趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3).代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）指细胞外液碱增多和/或H+丢失而引起的以血浆HCO3-增多、PH值呈上升趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学考博病理生理学名词解释总结
1.septic shock=感染性休克：在sepsis的基础上病情持续加重，虽大量补液但仍发生低血压或需要应用血管活性药物，存在灌注异常表现；但如合并使用影响肌收缩的药物或血管加压药，可以不出现低血压。
中山大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
00细胞生物学真题 中山大学研究生入学考试
3、微管蛋白由两个亚基组成，即α亚基和β亚基。在这两个亚基上各有一
个GTP结合位点，但α亚基的是不可交换的，β亚基上的是可以交换的
4、动植物细胞纺锤体的中心体里都有一对中心粒，并以L形排列．
5、膜脂是在内质网上合成的，它的运送也是靠小泡运输的方式完
成的．
6、M6P受体蛋白是高尔基复合体TGN系统特有的蛋白质，它的作用是进
生的能量要多．
15、在线粒体内膜进行的氧化磷酸化过程中，氢和电子都是靠各复合物的
作用将它们从一个复合物传递到另一个复合物。
16、线粒体内膜的电化学梯度就是膜两侧的电位梯度．
17、DNA复制时不需要核小体解体，但是在DNA进行转录时，核小体一定要被解体
18、联会复合体的装配亚单位的主要成分是蛋白质，它是在细胞质中合成
中山大学2000年研究生入学考试细胞生物学试题
一、填空题
1、细胞核内不能合成蛋白质，因此，构成细胞核的蛋白质（包括酶）由合成，然后
由引导进入细胞核。
2、信号识别颗粒（SRP）是由一个和——个蛋白亚基组成的复合体。
3、减数分裂过程中发生的两个重组事件分别是和。
4、动粒和着丝粒在化学组成上的是不同的，动粒主要是，着丝粒主要是。
4、在下列事件中与核膜解体有关的是．：( )．
A.核纤层蛋白的磷酸化；B．Weel使MPF磷酸化；
C．HI的磷酸化； D．核纤层蛋白的去磷酸化，
5、有丝分裂过程中，姐妹染色单体着丝粒的分开发生在( )。
A．前期；B．中期；C．后期；D．未期
6、肝细胞的解毒作用主要是通过( )的氧化酶系进行的．
A．线粒体：B．粗面内质网；C．细胞质膜；D．光面内质网
9、在下列G蛋白中能够被霍乱毒素抑制GTP酶活性的是( )．
中山大学考研考博人类学历年真题
中山大学考研考博人类学历年真题读书破万卷下笔如有神中山大学1998年试题科目：人类学概论专业：民族学一．名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1.系谱分类法2.民族共同语3.游群（band）4.参与观察5.交表婚6.双系继嗣二．简答题（每题10分，共30分）1．谈谈语言发展的原因？2．为什么说语言是一种社会现象？3．请评述你读过的一本人类学论著三．问答题（每题20分，共40分）1.你为什么报考本专业的研究生，入学后的学习计划怎样？2.试论宗教的社会功能？科目：中国民族学概论专业：民族学一．名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1.萨满2.俚人3.瑶老制4.民族学5.女书6.姑爷种和丈人种二．论述（共70分）1．请分别说明人类六种生产类型的特点（15分）2．试述中国民族的主要丧葬形式。
（20分）3．试论中国民族识别的原则和意义。
（35分）中山大学1999年试题科目：中国民族学概论专业：人类学一．名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．图腾崇拜 2.蛋民 3.瑶老制 4.民族区域自治 5.凿齿 6.家长奴隶制二．论述（共70分）1．试论述小乘佛教（12分）2．以汉民族的形成为例，评述民族的四个基本特征（23分）分）30试论述我国民族婚姻家庭的发展（．3．读书破万卷下笔如有神科目：人类学概论专业：人类学一．名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1.民族共同语2.语义3.文化区4.毕摩二．简答题（每题10分，共40分）1．简述克罗式亲属称谓制。
2．简述文化人类学的参与观察法。
3．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象。
4．怎么样理解劳动创造了语言？三．论述题（每小题20分，共40分）1．结合中国改革开放以来的实际，论述你对涵化的理解。
2．试论语言与文化的关系。
中山大学2000年试题科目：中国民族学概论专业：人类学一．名词解释（每题6分，共36分）1．田野调查方法 2.死文字 3.萨满教 4.民族间事实上的不平等5.百越6.图腾崇拜二．问答题（共64分）1．简述民族学研究婚姻家庭的意义（10分）2．以中国民族志资料来说明古代农业从刀耕火种、锄耕到犁耕的发展。
中山大学考博英语说明
中山大学2011年非医学博士研究生英语（科目代码：1101）入学考试说明1．英语考试为水平测试，着重考核基础英语实际运用能力。
主观题占55%，客观题占45%。
文理学科共用一份考试试卷。
考试时间为180分钟。
2．考试共有六大题型。
具体的题型、题量及分值如下：3．试题有以下几个特点：(1)第一题是阅读理解题，主要考查考生的英语阅读能力。
共有6篇短文，每篇约350单词，每篇有5个问题，每个问题1分，共30分。
阅读理解题的内容涉及文理科的各种通识性内容。
(2)第二题是完型填空题，主要是检查考生的英语综合运用能力。
其类型属于“无选项填空”题。
试题为一篇短文，内含20处填空，在需要填空的地方不提供选择答案，考生必须根据上下文的逻辑关系自己填上一个词性、意义和词形都合适的单词。
每个填空0.5分，共10分。
(3) 第三题是“选择搭配题”。
形式为一篇阅读文章，里面有5处句子留空。
考生需根据上下文的逻辑关系，从给出的10个句子中分别选择5个句子来填空，每句3分，共15分。
(4) 第四题是“英译汉”翻译题。
要求考生把在一段文章中指定的5个英文句子翻译成汉语。
每个句子3分，共15分。
(5) 第五题是“汉译英”翻译题。
要求考生把一段汉语文章中被指定的5个句子翻译成英语。
每个句子2分，共10分。
(6) 第六题是作文题，共有两道题，考生可任选其中一题进行写作，写两题者不得分。
文体一般为议论文，要求写200至250个英语单词。
文章要求审题准确，语句通顺连贯，思路清晰，内容充实。
本题共20分。
中山大学研究生招生办公室2011年1月10日（注：素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。
请预览后才下载，期待你的好评与关注！）。
中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷
中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷详解一、文章类型本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面。
文章结构清晰，逻辑性强，对于准备参加中山大学考博英语考试的学生具有很高的参考价值。
二、思路梳理1、引言：简述中山大学考博英语考试的意义和重要性。
2、试题构成：详细介绍中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成，包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等部分。
3、考试形式：阐述各部分考试形式的安排和特点。
4、难度分析：对不同部分的难度进行深入分析，为学生提供备考建议。
5、应对策略：提出有效的应对策略，帮助学生顺利通过中山大学考博英语考试。
三、展开论述1、引言中山大学考博英语考试是面向博士生申请者的重要英语水平测试，旨在评估申请者的英语综合应用能力和学术交流能力。
该考试对于申请者的重要性不言而喻，因此本文将详细介绍其试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面，为学生提供参考和指导。
2、试题构成中山大学考博英语考试主要包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等四个部分。
其中，听力部分主要测试考生在听力理解方面的能力，包括听力和填空两个题型；阅读部分主要测试考生在阅读理解方面的能力，包括单项选择和多项选择两个题型；翻译部分主要测试考生在英语翻译方面的能力，包括中译英和英译中两个题型；写作部分主要测试考生在学术写作方面的能力，包括议论文和说明文两个题型。
3、考试形式中山大学考博英语考试采用闭卷、笔试形式，考试时间为180分钟。
听力部分通过录音设备播放，考试时间为30分钟；阅读部分考试时间为40分钟；翻译部分考试时间为60分钟；写作部分考试时间为50分钟。
整个考试过程中，考生需在规定时间内完成相应题型的答题，并在考试结束前将答案填涂在答题卡上。
4、难度分析听力部分的难度主要集中在听力和填空题型上，其中填空题需要考生在理解听力材料的基础上进行填空，难度较大。
阅读部分的难度主要集中在单项选择和多项选择题型上，其中多项选择题容易出现模棱两可的选项，难度较大。
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
中国科学院水生生物研究所——植物生理学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国科学院遥感所——RS，GIS试题2000～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——动物营养学1997～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——饲料学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
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北京大学——比较文学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——古代文学魏晋隋唐方向2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——汉语言文字学部分小综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——中文当代文学专业1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学——古代文学魏晋南北朝方向2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学——金融学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学经济学院——经济学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
浙江大学——政治经济学2003年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
同济大学——诊断学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
同济大学——专业基础病理2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
武汉大学——分子生物学（专业基础）2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
2000~2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解Paper OnePart ⅠListeningSection A Listening Comprehension (10%)Directions:In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read onlyonce. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. For example:Talk One1. A. Heart attacks.B. Strokes.C. Drug addiction.D. Cerebral haemorrhage.2. A. About 860,000.B. About 1.5 million.C. About 1/2 of the total population.D. About 2/3 of the total population.3. A. Easy to use.B. Safe.C. Economical.D. Fast acting.【答案与解析】1.D 录音讲到很多医生都在使用一种叫做“streptokinase”的药，这种药剂有时会带来一些问题，甚至会引起“bleeding in the brain”。
cerebral haemorrhage的意思是“脑溢血”。
2.B 录音中明确指出“About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year”。
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(回忆版)
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（回忆版）阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happenedmore than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating pictureof the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet‟s environmentfrom hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the humanbrain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endingsof Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to mostEnglish-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevita ble one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA is inevitable in radical education reforms.B is but all too natural in language development.C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty.B. personality.C. liveliness.D. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author'sA. interest in their language.B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory.D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”.B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”.D. “humble” is to “noble”阅读3Massive changes in all of the world‟s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it‟s one of London‟s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irishriders.The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here,one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Cola or Budweiser as well The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $ 10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting thatsoccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of asport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Tide” fight, and this mean s that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!1. Globalization of sporting culture means that ___.A. more people are taking up sports.B. traditional sports are getting popular.C. many local sports are becoming internationalD. foreigners are more interested in local sports2. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?A. Good economic returns.B. Revival of sports.C. Communications technology.D. Marketing strategies.3.What is the author‟s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?A. Favourable.B. Unclear.C. Reserved.D. Critical.4. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because___.A. they become more professional than ever.B. they regard sports as consumer goods.C. there exist few world-class championshipsD. sports events are exciting and stimulating阅读4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they havenot said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world‟s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.1.What is the author‟s opinion of housing p roblems in the first paragraph?A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.B.a new building material will have been invented.C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.A.is difficult to foresee.B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.D.is the question of finding enough ground space.4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.A.standards of building are low.B.only minimum shelter will be possible.C.there is not enough ground space.D.the population growth will be the greatest.5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C.Hong Kong‟s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.阅读5Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleepresearcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events —until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.11. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA.can be modified in their coursesB.are susceptible to emotional changesC.reflect our innermost desires and fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA it's function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of dreams to emotionsD its difference from the prefrontal cortex13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend toA aggravate in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC persist till the time we fall asleepD show up in dreams early at night14. Cartwright seems to suggest thatA waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC dreams should be left to their natural progressionD dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?A Lead your life as usual B.Seek professional helpC Exercise conscious controlD Avoid anxiety in the daytime完型填空：Celebrities (名人)lead very stressful lives, for no matter how fascinating or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.For one thing，celebrities don‟t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed on the front pages of the National Enquirer and the Globe so that bored supermarket shoppers can read about "Leonardo DiCaprio"s Awful Secret" or "The Heartbreak behind Winona Ryder's Smile." Even a celebrity's family is made public. A teenage son's arrest for using drug or a wife's drinking problem becomes the subject of headlines. Photographers chase celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and on the street, hoping to get a picture of Halle Berry in curlers (卷发器)or Jim Carrey drinking beer. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat out or attend a football game, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless photographers.Celebrities must also cope with the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from public attention, inviting remarks like "She really looks old" or "Boy, has she put on weight." Embarrassing pictures of celebrities are sold at high prices, which increases the pressure on celebrities to look good at all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act claim and collected under any circumstances. Because they are constantly observed, they have no freedom to be angry or to do something just a little crazy.Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly behaviors such as kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity‟s hai r, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers bear some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s-Princess Diana. Whether or not their pursuit caused the accident that took her life, it‟s clear she was chased by reporters like an escaped prisoner chased by police dogs. And celebrities can even fall victim to deliberately deadly attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people could not get these world-famous figures off their minds. As a result, famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game-and never out of season.排序段落：In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation. The problem for the governors is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality of their colleges and universities helps drive the economic engines of their states. And they are constantly beingtold by everyone from college administrators to editorial writers that the only way to make their state universities better is to spend more money.So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but on how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy in the 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, the study could produce a push for higher standards, more efficiency and greater accountability. “When it comes to higher education, we talk a lot about money, but we don‟t often talk of standards and accountability. With tuition ri sing faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say, …Enough!‟” Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.Such proposals would be sure to shake up those who protect the status quo and trigger a major public debate. Education establishments that often believe that they know best tend to get nervous when elected officials seek to become involved. Utah GOP Gov. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion represented a “major shift” in the way governors address higher education and signaled their desire for greater direct involvement by the state chief executives in the oversight of their state university systems. While the governors were quick to note that American higher education still is the best in the world, they say adjustments that reflect the changing realities of the global economy might be needed to keep it that way.英译汉：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist‟s intellectual preparation for his or her career.But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.1. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Part B 选择搭配Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps.remain a huge strength, bring together students and researchers from all disciplines and all parts of the world, and guarantee a human scale of values within a big university.1) Above everything else will still rise the questioning, tough-minded hunger for learning, for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever outwards. That has characterized this university.2) . Not in the heart of the city: the colleges, the river and the commons and meadows that cluster around it. The。