SAS课件2
第2课时 全等三角形的判定—SAS
∴△AOD≌△BOC(SAS), ∴AD=BC,∠C=∠D,∴AD∥BC, 故选项 A,B,C 正确,D 错误.
第2章
三角形
2.如图所示,已知∠1=∠2,若用“SAS”证明△ACB≌△BDA,还需加上条件 ( B )
(A)BC=AD
(B)AC=BD
(C)∠C=∠D
(D)OA=OB
解析:在△ACB和△BDA中,AB=BA,∠1=∠2,添加条件AC=BD,可用“SAS”证 明△ACB≌△BDA.故选B.
第2章
三角形
)
5.如图,AC=AB,AD平分∠CAB,E在AD上,则图中能全等的三角形( D (A)一对也没有 (B)只有△ACD≌△ABD (C)只有△ACD≌△ABD和△AEC≌△AEB (D)有△ACD≌△ABD,△AEC≌△AEB, △EDC≌△EDB三对
第2章
三角形
AC AB, 解析:在△ACD 与△ABD 中, CAD BAD, ∴△ACD≌△ABD(SAS). AD AD,
第2章
三角形
第2课时 全等三角形的判定——SAS
“边角边”判定法 内容: 两边 及其 夹角 分别相等的两个三角形全等.简记为“边角边”或
“SAS”. 【预习诊断】 (对的打“√”,错的打“×”) 1.有两边对应相等的两个三角形全等.( × ) 2.两条直角边对应相等的两个直角三角形全等.( √ )
第2章
题号 2、4、6、7、10、12 1、3、5、8、9、11、12
第2章
三角形
D )
1.如图,若线段AB、CD互相平分交于点O,则下列结论错误的是( (A)AD=BC (C)AD∥BC (B)∠C=∠D (D)OB=OC
解析:由题意 OA=OB,OC=OD,
三角形全等(2)(SAS)PPT_2
画△ABC,使AB=3cm，AC=4cm，∠A=45° 。 画法： 1. 画∠MAN= 45° 2. 在射线AM上截取AB= 3cm 3. 在射线AN上截取AC=4cm 4.连接BC ∴△ABC就是所求的三角形 把你们所画的三角形剪下来与同桌所画的三角 形进行比较，它们能互相重合吗？
如图△ABC和△ DEF 中，
C F
A 40°Βιβλιοθήκη BD40°
E
结论：两边及其一边所对的角相等，两
个三角形不一定全等
课堂小结:
1. 三角形全等的条件,两边和它们的夹角对应相等的两 个三角形全等 (边角边或SAS) 注意：两边和其中一边的对角对应相等的两个三角形 A 不一定全等 (边边角或SSA)
B
C
D
2. 用尺规作图：已知两边及其夹角的三角形画三角 形
∠ AOB = ___ ∠DOC（ 对顶角相等 ___ ) BO=CO(已知）
∴△ABC≌△DEF（ SAS ）
AO=DO（已知）
2.在下列推理中填写需要补充的条件，使结论 成立：如图，在△AEC和△ADB中，
∠A = ∠A （公共角) AC AB 已知） ____=____(
A
E
F
三边对应相等的两个三角形全等（可以简写 为“边边边”或“SSS”）。
用 数学语言表述：
在△ABC和△ DEF中 AB=DE BC=EF CA=FD ∴ △ABC ≌△ DEF（SSS）
A
B
D
C
E
F
画一画：作一个角等于已知角
作法 （1）作射线O′A′：
作法与示范
示范
（2）以点O为圆心，以OC长为半径 画弧，交OA于点C，交OB于点D； （3）以点O′为圆心，以OC长为半径 画弧，交O′ A′于点C′； （4）以点C′为圆心，以CD长为半径 画弧，交前面的弧于点D ′ ； （5）过点D ′作射线O ′ B ′ .
《SAS基础教程》课件
THANKS
感谢观看
点图
用于展示大量数据 点，常用于散点图 和热力图等。
柱状图
用于比较不同类别 之间的数据，直观 展示数据差异。
饼图
用于展示各部分在 整体中所占的比例 。
箱线图
用于展示数据的分 布和异常值。
图表制作与美化
01
色彩搭配
选择合适的颜色，使图表更加美观 和易于理解。
图表布局
合理安排图表元素的位置，使其更 加紧凑和有序。
03
02
字体和标签
使用清晰易读的字体，添加必要的 标签和说明。
数据标记和提示
使用数据标记和提示，帮助读者更 好地理解数据。
04
动态图表与交互式图表
动态图表
通过动画效果展示数据随时间或其他变量的 变化过程。
交互式图表
允许用户通过交互操作来筛选和查看特定数 据。
可视化交互性
提供交互式控件，使用户能够与图表进行互 动，探索数据。
SAS的发展历程
总结词
SAS经历了从简单统计分析工具到复杂数据管理、分析平台的演变。
详细描述
SAS最初是一个简单的统计分析工具，用于处理和分析数据。随着技术的发展和用户需求的增加，SAS不断扩展 和改进，逐渐发展成为一个功能强大的数据管理、分析和可视化平台。
SAS的应用领域
总结词
SAS广泛应用于各个领域，如金融、医疗 、市场调研等。
数据驱动的动态可视化பைடு நூலகம்
根据实时数据动态更新图表，展示数据的实 时变化。
05
SAS编程基础
SAS编程语言简介
要点一
总结词
SAS编程语言是一种用于数据管理、分析和报表生成的高 级编程语言。
全等三角形的判定(SAS) (2)ppt课件
C
A
B
结论 有两边和其中一边的对角分别
相等的两个三角形不一定全等.
15
当堂练习
1.在下列图中找出全等三角形进行连线.
30º
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
ⅣⅣ ⅢⅢ
5 cm
30º
Ⅴ
Ⅵ
30º
Ⅶ
Ⅷ
16
2.如图，AB=DB，BC=BE，欲证
△ABE≌△DBC，则需要增加的条D 件
是
()
A.∠A＝∠D C.∠A=∠C
B.∠E＝∠C D.∠ABD＝∠EBC
17
3.如图，点E、F在AC上，AD//BC，
AD=CB，AE=CF.
证求明证：∵△ADFD//B≌△CEAB.
∴C，
E
∠∵AA=E∠=CCF，，
∴AE+EF=CF+EF，
D F
即 AF=CE.
B
C
在△AFD和△CEB中，
AD=C (已
B∠A= (知已）证，），
例2：如图，有一池塘，要测池塘两端A、B的
距离，可先在平地上取一个可以直接到达A和B
的点C，连接AC并延长到点D，使CD＝CA，
连接BC并延长到点E，使CE＝CB．连接DE，
那证么明量：出在D△EA的B长C 就和是A、B的距离A，为什么? B
△ADCEC= 中DC，（已知），
∠ACB =∠DCE （对顶
CAAED=A (公共
19
E 边），
能力
5提.如升图，已知CA=CB,AD=BD, M，N分别
是CA，CB的中点，求证：DM=DN.
·C
角相等），
∴C△B=AEBCC（≌已△知D）EC，
苏科版数学八年级上册第2课时探索三角形全等的条件SAS(二)课件
思考 (1)根据上面已证得的两个三角形全等，你能否说明
AC∥BD？
(2)想一想证明两直线平行需要什么条件？
(3)从三角形全等中你能得到什么结论？
答:证明两直线平行可以从同位角相等，内错角相等，同旁
内角互补这三个方面去进行思考，由全等可知∠D＝∠C(或∠A
＝∠B)，可以得到AC∥BD.
预习导学
·导学建议·
从学生已会解的问题入手，设计问题把条件逐步变化，使
问题分析能力的要求越来越高，实质是促使学生主动地从所要
得的结论出发，倒推得出这个结论所需要具备什么条件，要具
备这些条件，又可以从哪些已知条件推导出……在经历这样一
步一推的探索中，学生渐渐掌握运用全等三角形的判定解决基
应用，要先结合题干将图形补全，然后根据已知条件证明三角
形全等得出答案.
D，E在同一条直线上，∠1＝22°，∠2＝30°，则∠3的度数
为(
B )
A.42°
B.52°
C.62°
D.72°
合作探究
变式演练
如图，点A在BE上，AD＝AE，AB＝AC，∠1＝
∠2＝30°，则∠3的度数为 30 度.
方法归纳交流 证明两个三角形全等时，常见的隐含“等
角”有(1)对顶角相等；(2)等角加(或减)等角，等角仍相等.
预习导学
利用“SAS”证明两个三角形全等(旋转平移变化全
等)
阅读课本“讨论”及“例3”部分的内容，回答下列问题.
思考 根据例3中的已知条件，你还能证得其他新的结论
吗？
(1)想一想由CE＝DF可以得到什么结论？
答:(1)由CE＝DF可得CF＝DE.
Chapter2 SAS软件入门PPT课件
2020/11/24
第7页，共37页
Data LearnSAS.exam2;
input name $ 1-11 sex $12-17 year 24-27 month 28-29 day
30-31;
date=MDY(month,day,year);
如有空白则被忽略； ④ 在Input语句中必须列出观测中每一项数据对应的变量名，而
不能省略中间的某一个。
2020/11/24
第5页，共37页
Data LearnSAS.exam1;
input var1 var2;
var3=dif1(var2);
time=intnx('month','01jul2005'd,_n_-1);
第10页，共37页
2. 读入其他微机文件 如“读入D盘--->Teaching文件夹--->课 程讲义文件夹--->金融建模与计算2010 文件夹---> SAS基础程序文件夹下的 stud.xls文件”
2020/11/24
第11页，共37页
Proc Import out=LearnSAS.Exam4 DataFile='D:\Teaching\课程讲义\金融建模与计算 2010\SAS基础程序\stud.xls'
/*InFile语句应该放在Input语句前面*/ DBMS=Excel2000 Replace; GetNames=Yes; Run;
2020/11/24
第12页，共37页
3. 与大型数据库接口 如在数据库服务器Server_SFS中有一个数据 库 Finance ， 其 中 有 一 个 表 Sales ， 用 户 名 Guest，密码anyone
《全等三角形的判定2(SAS)》PPT课件 冀教版八年级数学上
探究新知
通过以上活动，你能得到什么结论，试着用语言描述出来。
探究新知
三角形全等的基本事实二： 两边和它们的夹角分别相等的两个三角形全等 简写："边角边"或者"SAS"
探究新知 图形语言
符号语言
在△ABC和△DEF中， AB=DE ∠B=∠E BC=EF
∴△ABC≌△DEF （SAS）
学以致用
回顾反思
(1)用“SAS”判定三角形全等应注意对应角为夹角？ (2)证明三角形全等时，常常用到图中的公共边、公共角、 对顶角等隐含条件 (3)证明两条线段和两个角相等时，可以通过它们所在的两个 三角形全等而得到
当堂训练
当堂训练
第十三章 全等三角形
13.3 全等三角形的判定
第2课时 全等三角形的判定2（SAS）
学习目标
1. 掌握“边角边”基本事实的内容. 2. 能初步应用“边角边”判定两个三角形全等. 3. 探索三角形全等的过程,体验操作、归纳得出数学
结论的过程.
回顾复习
上一节课给出三个条件
三条边 三个角 两边一角 两角一边
探究新知
理由：∵点B与点B ' 重合，边BC落在边B′C′上，BC=B ' C ' ∴边BC与边B ' C ' 重合。 ∴点C与点C ' 重合。 ∵∠B=∠B ', ∴边AB落在边A ' B ' 上。 ∵AB=A ' B ', ∴边AB与边A ' B ' 重合。 ∴点A与点A ' 重合. 由两点确定一条直线可得AC与A ' C ' 重合。 ∴ △ABC≌△A′B′C′
结论：两个三角形的两条边和其中一边的对 角对应相等时，这两个三角形不一定全等。
SAS教程第二章常用试验设计
02 随机区组设计
定义与特点
定义
随机区组设计是一种将受试对象按照一定特征进行区组随机化，然后 对每个区组内的受试对象进行不同处理的试验设计方法。
区组随机化
将受试对象按照一定特征进行分组，每组称为一个区组，每个区组内 的受试对象具有相似性。
区组内的受试对象进行不同处理
每个区组内的受试对象可以接受不同的处理，以比较不同处理之间的 差异。
03 拉丁方设计
定义与特点
定义
拉丁方设计是一种用于多因素试验设计的统计方法，它通过将试验单元按照拉丁字母的排列顺序进行分组，使得 每个因素在每个水平上只出现一次。
特点
拉丁方设计具有均衡性和代表性，能够有效地减少试验次数，提高试验效率，并且能够避免因试验顺序或处理顺 序对试验结果的影响。
适用范围
通过比较不同组之间的产量差异，我们可以分析施肥和灌溉 对农作物产量的影响，并得出相应的结论。
04 正交设计
定义与特点
定义
正交设计是一种试验设计方法，它通过正交表来安排多因素、多水平的试验，以最小试验次数获得尽 可能多的信息。
特点
正交设计具有均衡分散、整齐可比的特点，能够有效地控制试验误差，提高试验精度和可靠性。
当处理因素之间存在 交互作用时，可以采 用交叉设计。
实例分析
在研究药物对治疗不同疾病的效果时，可以采用交叉设计，将受试者随机分配到 不同的药物组，每个受试者接受所有药物的处理，处理顺序在不同受试者之间进 行交叉。
在研究不同运动方式对减肥效果的影响时，可以采用交叉设计，将受试者随机分 配到不同的运动方式组，每个受试者接受所有运动方式的处理，处理顺序在不同 受试者之间进行交叉。
在农业试验中，可以将不同品种的作 物按照生长环境、土壤肥力等特征进 行区组随机化，然后对每个区组内的 作物进行不同的施肥处理，比较不同 施肥处理对作物生长的影响。
湘教版初中八年级数学上册2-5全等三角形第2课时SAS课件
7.(2023广东广州中考)如图,B是AD的中点,BC∥DE,BC=DE. 求证:∠C=∠E.
证明 ∵B是AD的中点, ∴AB=BD, ∵BC∥DE,∴∠ABC=∠D,
AB BD,
在△ABC和△BDE中,ABC D,
BC DE,
∴△ABC≌△BDE(SAS), ∴∠C=∠E.
AB DE,
在△ABC和△DEF中,B E,
BC EF,
∴△ABC≌△DEF(SAS).
4.如图,点A,F,C,D在一条直线上,且BC=EF,BC∥EF,AF=CD. 求证:△ABC≌△DEF.
证明 ∵AF=CD,点A,F,C,D在一条直线上, ∴AF+FC=DC+FC,即AC=DF. ∵BC∥EF,∴∠ACB=∠DFE,
解析 △ADB≌△AEC.理由如下:
∵∠BAE=∠CAD,∴∠BAE+∠EAD=∠CAD+∠EAD,∴
∠BAD=∠CAE,
AB AC,
在△ADB和△AEC中, BAD CAE,
AD AE,
∴△ADB≌△AEC(SAS).
能力提升全练
9.(2024湖南永州东安期中,13,★★☆)如图,已知方格纸中有 4个相同的正方形,则∠1+∠DAB= 90° .
DE FE,
在△NED和△BEF中,DEN FEB,
EN EB,
∴△NED≌△BEF(SAS), ∴∠EBF=∠END=120°,
∴∠FBD=∠EBF-∠EBD=60°. 综上所述,∠FBD为120°或60°.
(2)①如图1所示,当E点从C点运动到BC中点之前时,线段BF
在线段AB上方,则∠FBD=∠FBE+∠EBD,过点E作EM∥AC 交AB于点M, ∵△ABC,△DEF都是等边三角形, ∴∠A=∠ACB=∠ABC=∠DEF=60°,DE=EF, ∵EM∥AC,∴∠A=∠EMB=∠MEB=∠ACE=60°,∴△MEB是 等边三角形, ∴ME=EB,∠MED+∠DEB=∠DEB+∠BEF=60°,∴∠MED= ∠BEF.
SAS 2
5
Reading Files with the Import Wizard
Start the Import Wizard Choosing Import Data… from the File menu Select the type of file you are importing by choosing
Using Column input – have no spaces (or other delimiters)
between all the values or periods for missing data—so the files can’t be read using list input. But if each of the variable’s values is always found in the same place in the data line, then you can use column input as long as all the values are character or standard numeric.
Column INPUT statement form-
INPUT Name $ 1-10 Age 11-13 Height 14-18; Variable’s name space character range of columns
12
Reading Raw Data Arranged in Columns
The DATALINES statement must be the last statement in the DATA step.
INPUT statement- tells SAS how to read the data.
人教初中数学八上 《三角形全等的判定SAS(第2课时)》课件 (高效课堂)获奖 人教数学20221
课堂小结
（1）本节课学习了哪些主要内容？ （2）我们是怎么探究出“SAS”判定方法的？用
“SAS”判定三角形全等应注意什么问题？ （3）到现在为止，你学到了几种证明两个三角形
全等的方法？
轴对称
引出新知
引言 对称现象无处不在，从自然景观到艺术作 品，从建筑物到交通标志，甚至日常生活用品，都可
以找到对称的例子，对称给我们带来美的感受！
直线（成轴）对称．
追问 你能举出一些轴对称图形的例子吗？
探索新知
问题2 观察下面每对图形（如图），你能类比前 面的内容概括出它们的共同特征吗？
共同特征： 每一对图形沿着虚线折叠，左边的图形都能与右边
的图形重合．
探索新知
把一个图形沿着某一条直线折叠，如果它能够与另 一个图形重合，那么就说这两个图形关于这条直线（成 轴）对称，这条直线叫做对称轴，折叠后重合的点是对
课堂小结
（1）本节课学习了哪些主要内容？ （2）轴对称图形和两个图形成轴对称的区别与联系是
什么？ （3）成轴对称的两个图形有什么性质？轴对称图形有
什么性质？我们是怎么探究这些性质的？
布置作业
教科书习题13.1第1、2、3、4、5题．
应点，叫做对称点．
追问1 你能再举出一些两个图形成轴对称的例子吗？
探索新知
追问2 你能结合具体的图形说明轴对称图形和两个 图形成轴对称有什么区别与联系吗？
两者的区别： 轴对称图形指的是一个图形沿对称轴折叠后这个图 形的两部分能完全重合，而两个图形成轴对称指的是两 个图形之间的位置关系，这两个图形沿对称轴折叠后能
例题讲解，学会运用
例 如图，有一池塘，要测池塘两端A、B的距离，
可先在平地上取一个不经过池塘可以直接到达点A 和B
SAS统计分析(第二讲)
分位数： MEDIA|P50 （中位数）、 Q3|P75 （上四分位数）、 Q1|P25 （下四分位数）、QRANGE（四分位间距）、P1、P5、P10、P90、P95、 P99。
分布度量：SKEW（偏度系数）、KURT（峰度系数）。
可信区间： CLM （ 95% 可信区间）、 LCLM （ 95% 可信区间下限）、 UCLM（95%可信区间上限）。
1 1 2 2
1.20 1.87 0.64 1.34
1 1 2 2
1.20 2.07 0.75 1.35
1 1 2 2
1.39 1 1.53 2.11 0.76 2 0.81 1.48 2 1.58 2 1.87
output out=b1 mean=mean std=sd stderr=se cv=cv min=min max=max t=t prt=p; run;
禁止统计结果在output窗输出 详细的频数表 进行正态性检验 生成统计图：茎叶图，盒状图，正态概率图
mu0=总体均值 指定要比较的总体均值,缺省时总体均值为0。
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HISTOGRAM 语句的[绘图选择项]
vscale=count /* 纵轴用频数绘制直方图, 缺省时用频率绘
制直方图*/
蓝色。*/
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例2-3
data ex2_3;
infile 'e:\sasx\sas2\ex2_3.txt'; input x @@; proc univariate normal plot; var x ;
run;
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The UNIVARIATE Procedure Variable: x Moments N (样本含量) 101 Mean (均数) 119.537624 Std Deviation (标准差) 4.77359092 Skewness (偏度 g1) 0.18165194 Uncorrected SS (平方和) 1445492.31 Coeff Variation (变异系数) 3.99337947 Sum Weights (总权重） 101 Sum Observations (合计） 12073.3 Variance （方差） 22.7871703 Kurtosis （峰度 g2) 0.03146705 Corrected SS (离均差平方和) 2278.71703 Std Error Mean (标准误) 0.47499005
SAS-2
Part-WegenerHigh-Throughput Screening allows a researcher to quickly conduct millions of chemical, genetic or pharmacological tests. Through this process one can rapidly identify active compounds, antibodies or genes which modulate a particular biomolecular pathway. The results of these experiments provide starting points for drug design and for understanding the interaction or role of a particular biochemical process in biology.High content screening (HCS) is a method that is used in biological research and drug discovery to identify substances such as small molecules, peptides, or RNAi that alter the phenotype of a cell in a desired manneIn biology, a subculture is a new cell or microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium. This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculture is used to prolong the life and/or expand the number of cells or microorganisms in the culture.Dye Exclusion Assays: the dye exclusion test is used to determine the number of viable cells present in a cell suspension. It is based on the principle that live cells possess intact cell membranes that exclude certain dyes, such as trypan blue, eosin, or propidium, whereas dead cells do not. In this test, a cell suspension is simply mixed with dye and then visually examined to determine whether cells take up or exclude dye. A viable cell will have a clear cytoplasm whereas a nonviable cell will have a blue cytoplasm. (nonviable cell => higher membrane permeability)MTT assay is a colorimetric assay for assessing cell viability.NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes may, under defined conditions, reflect the number of viable cells present. These enzymes are capable of reducing the tetrazolium dye MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to its insoluble formazan, which has a purple color.Intermediate electron acceptor => 1-methoxy PMSMTT, a yellow tetrazole, is reduced to purple formazan in living cells. A solubilization solution (usually either dimethyl sulfoxide, an acidified ethanol solution, or a solution of thedetergent sodium dodecyl sulfate in diluted hydrochloric acid) is added to dissolve the insoluble purple formazan product into a colored solution. The absorbance of this colored solution can be quantified by measuring at a certain wavelength (usually between 500 and 600 nm) by a spectrophotometer. The absorption maximum is dependent on the solvent employed.XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) has been proposed to replace MTT, yielding higher sensitivity and a higher dynamic range. The formed formazan dye is water soluble, avoiding a final solubilization step.MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-t etrazolium), in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS), produces a formazanproduct that has an absorbance maximum at 490-500 nm in phosphate-buffered saline.WSTs (Water soluble Tetrazolium salts) are a series of other water soluble dyes for MTT Assays, developed to give different absorption spectra of the formed formazans. WST-1 and in particular WST-8 (2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium), are advantageous over MTT in that they are reduced outside cells, combined with PMS electron mediator, and yield a water-soluble formazan. Finally, WST assays can be read directly (unlike MTT that needs a solubilization step), give a more effective signal than MTT, and decrease toxicity to cells (unlike cell-permeable MTT, and its insoluble formazan that accumulate inside cells).Colorimetric LDH Assays: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a cytosolic enzyme present in many different types of cells. When the plasma membrane is damaged, LDH is released into cell culture media. The released LDH can be quantified by a coupled enzymatic reaction. First, LDH catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate via reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Second, diaphorase uses NADH to reduce a tetrazolium salt (INT) to a red formazan product. Therefore, the level of formazan formation is directly proportional to the amount of released LDH in the medium.Metabolic and chemical basis of the LDH cytotoxicity assayThe assay is performed by transferring cell culture media from treated cells into a new microplate and adding the kit reagents. After incubation at room temperature for 30 minutes, reactions are stopped and LDH activity is determined by spectrophotometric absorbance at 490nm.BrdU-Assay: BrdU is a uridine derivative and a structural analog of thymidine, and it can be incorporated into DNA during the synthesis-phase of the cell cycle as a substitute for thymidine, thereby serving as a marker for proliferation. Cells marked by BrdU incorporation may be detected by multiple detection methods using fluorescently-labeled or enzyme-linked anti-BrdU antibodies.The assay is based on the detection of BrdU incorporated into the genomic DNA of proliferating cells. Cells grown in 96-well tissue-culture microplates are labeled by the addition of BrdU for 2 - 24 hours. During this labeling period, BrdU is incorporated in place of thymidine into the DNA of cycling cells. Cells are fixed and the DNA is denatured with fixing/denaturing solution. (The denaturing of DNA is necessary to improve the accessibility of the incorporated BrdU to the detection antibody). Then aBrdU mouse mAb is added to detect the incorporated BrdU. Anti-mouse IgG, HRP-linked antibody is then used to recognize the bound detection antibody. HRP substrate TMB is added to develop color. The absorbance for the developed color is proportional to the quantity of BrdU incorporated into cells, which is a direct indication of cell proliferation.3H-Thy Assay: In a typical thymidine incorporation assay the lymphocytes are cultured a couple of days in the presence of a suitable stimulating agent (growth factor) and tritiated thymidine (3H-Thy). When the cells proliferate, 3H-Thy incorporates into the new DNA that is synthesized. In earlier methods the cell material was separated from free label with TCA-precipitation. This allowed good washing of free 3 H-Thy, followed by solubilization with 1 M NaOH and neutralization with HCl. The sample was then transferred into a scintillation vial for measurement.Tritiated thymidine is commonly used in cell proliferation assays. The thymidine is incorporated into dividing cells and the level of this incorporation, measured using a liquid scintillation counter, is proportional to the amount of cell proliferation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is another thymidine analog that is often used for the detection of proliferating cells in living tissues.Flow Cytometer1. Here we see how the sample is transported through the interrogation point. For accurate data collection, it is important that particles or cells are passed through the laser beam one at a time. Most flow cytometers accomplish this by injecting the sample stream containing the cells into a flowing stream of sheath fluid or saline solution. As you can see, the sample stream becomes compressed to roughly one cell in diameter. This is called hydrodynamic focusing.2. As a cell passes through the laser, it will refract or scatter light at all angles. Forward scatter, or low-angle light scatter, is the amount of light that’s scattered in the forward direction as laser light strikes the cell. The magnitude of forward scatter is roughly proportional to the size of the cell, and this data can be used to quantify that parameter. Light is quantified by a detector that converts intensity into voltage.(detect)3. Light scattering at larger angles, for example to the side, is caused by granularity and structural complexity inside the cell. This side-scattered light is focused through a lens system and is collected by a separate detector, usually located 90 degrees from the laser’s path.4. One of the most common ways to study cellular characteristics using flow cytometry involves the use of fluorescent molecules such as fluorophore-labeled antibodies. In these experiments, the labeled antibody is added to the cell sample. The antibody then binds to a specific molecule on the cell surface or inside the cell. Finally, when laser light of the right wavelength strikes the fluorophore, a fluorescent signal is emitted and detected by the flow cytometer.5. How is this fluorescence information collected? The fluorescent light coming from labeled cells as they pass through the laser travels along the same path as the sidescatter signal. As the light travels along this path, it is directed through a series of filters and mirrors, so that particular wavelength ranges are delivered to the appropriate detectors.6. Fluorescence data is collected in generally the same way as forward and side scatter data. In a population of labeled cells, some will be brighter than others. As each cell crosses the path of the laser, a fluorescence signal is generated. The fluorescent light is then directed to the appropriate detector where it is translated into a voltage pulse proportional to the amount of fluorescence emitted. All of the voltage pulses are recorded and can be presented graphically.7. Fluorescence activated cell sorting: The cell suspension is entrained in the center of a narrow, rapidly flowing stream of liquid. The flow is arranged so that there is a large separation between cells relative to their diameter.A vibrating mechanism causes the stream of cells to break into individual droplets. The system is adjusted so that there is a low probability of more than one cell per droplet.Just before the stream breaks into droplets, the flow passes through a fluorescence measuring station where the fluorescent character of interest of each cell is measured. An electrical charging ring is placed just at the point where the stream breaks into droplets.A charge is placed on the ring based on the immediately-prior fluorescence intensity measurement, and the opposite charge is trapped on the droplet as it breaks from the stream. The charged droplets then fall through an electrostatic deflection system that diverts droplets into containers based upon their charge.Patch Clamp:"Patch" refers to a small piece of cell membrane and "clamp" has an electro-technical connotation. Patch-clamp means imposing on a membrane patch a defined voltage ("voltage-clamp") with the purpose to measure the resulting current for the calculation of the patch conductance. Clamping could also mean forcing a defined current through a membrane patch ("current-clamp") with the purpose to measure the voltage across the patch, but this application is rarely used for small patches of membrane.size enclosing a membrane surface area or "patch" that often contains just one or a few ion channel molecules.The micropipette is pressed against a cell membrane and suction is applied to assist in the formation of a high resistance seal between the glass and the cell membrane (a "giga-ohm seal" or "gigaseal," since the electrical resistance of that seal is in excess of a gigaohm). The high resistance of this seal makes it possible to electronically isolate the currents measured across the membrane patch with little competing noise, as well as providing some mechanical stability to the recording.Automated patch clamp systems have recently been developed, in order to inexpensively collect large amounts of data in a shorter period of time. Such systems typically include a single-use microfluidic device, either an injection molded or a PDMS cast chip, to capture a cell or cells, and an integrated electrode.Planar patch clamp: More common automation systems for suspensions cultures use microchips with tiny (1-2μm) holes in a plate instead of pipettes to create the gigaseal and record from single cells.Impendence-based Cellular Assay1. ECIS (Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing) is a real-time, label-free, impedance-based method to study the activities of cells grown in tissue culture. These include morphological changes, cell locomotion, and other behaviors directed by the cell’s cytoskeleton.2. The ECIS approach has been applied to numerous investigations including measurements of the invasive nature of cancer cells, the barrier function of endothelial cells, in vitro toxicity testing as an alternative to animal testing, and signal transduction involving GPCR’s for modern drug discovery.3. Cell function modulates cell morphology. ECIS is capable of detecting and quantifying morphology changes in the sub-nanometer to micrometer range. In ECIS a small alternating current (I) is applied across the electrode pattern at the bottom of the ECIS arrays (direct current cannot be used). This results in a potential (V) across the electrodes which is measured by the ECIS instrument. The impedance (Z) is determined by Ohm’s law Z = V/I.4. When cells are added to the ECIS Arrays and attach to the electrodes, they act as insulators increasing the impedance. As cells grow and cover the electrodes, the current is impeded in a manner related to the number of cells covering the electrode, the morphology of the cells and the nature of the cell attachment. When cells are stimulated to change their function, the accompanying changes in cell morphology alter the impedance. The data generated is impedance versus time.5. Why are multiple AC frequencies important? The total current is maintained constant and voltage changes are measured. At relatively low frequencies (< 2,000Hz) most of the current flows in the solution channels under and between adjacent cells. At higher frequencies (> 40,000 Hz) more current now capacitively couples directly through the insulating cell membranes.The Process of metastasis1. The steps of metastasis include:separation from the primary tumor=>invasion through tissues around the initial lesion and penetration of their basement membranes=>entry into the blood vessels and survival within blood - spread via blood vessels is called hematogenous spread=>entry into lymphatics or peritoneal cavity - spread via lymph channels is called lymphatic spread=>reaching the distant organ like lungs, liver, brain bone etc. =>formation of a new lesion along with new blood vessels feeding the tumor - formation of new blood vessels is termed angiogenesis.All this while, the cancer cells have to avoid being killed by the body’s natural immune system.2. Metastasis is of great importance since most of the cancer deaths are caused by spread of the primary cancer to distant sites. In most cases, cancer patients withlocalized tumors have a better chance at survival than those with metastasis tumors.3. The in vitro scratch assay is an easy, low-cost and well-developed method to measure cell migration in vitro. The basic steps involve creating a "scratch" in a cell monolayer, capturing the images at the beginning and at regular intervals during cell migration to close the scratch, and comparing the images to quantify the migration rate of the cells. Compared to other methods, the in vitro scratch assay is particularly suitable for studies on the effects of cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions on cell migration, mimic cell migration during wound healing in vivo and are compatible with imaging of live cells during migration to monitor intracellular events if desired.4. Calcein AM Assay Calcein AM provides a simple, rapid, and accurate method to measure cell viability and/or cytotoxicity. Calcein AM is a non-fluorescent, hydrophobic compound that easily permeates intact, live cells. The hydrolysis of Calcein AM by intracellular esterases produces Calcein, a hydrophilic, strongly fluorescent compound that is well-retained in the cell cytoplasm. Cells grown in black-walled plates can be quantified in less than two hours using a fluorescence plate reader with excitation at 490 nm and emission at 520 nm.4. An ethidium homodimer assay can be used to detect dead or dying cells. Ethidium homodimer is a membrane-impermeable fluorescentdye which binds to DNA. After a cell sample has been stained with ethidium homodimer, the dead cells may be viewed and counted under a UV-light microscope.When cells die, the plasma membranes of those cells become disrupted. Because of this, ethidium homodimer may enter those cells and bind to DNA within those cells. Because live cells don't have a compromised membrane, the ethidium homodimer can't enter.One reason for doing an ethidium homodimer assay instead of using a TUNEL assay to measure cell death is that ethidium homodimer stains all of the dead or dying cells, while TUNEL only stains cells that have undergone programmed cell death.。
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（2）选择标准化方法的选项 MEAN=（均值） ①MEAN=（均值） STD=（标准差） ②STD=（标准差） ③REPLACE （3）规定方差除数 VARDEF=DF∣WEIGHT∣WGT∣ VARDEF=DF∣WEIGHT∣WGT∣N∣WDF
（4）控制打印输出选项 PRINT
2. VAR语句 VAR语句 格式： variable-list； 格式：VAR variable-list； 3. FREQ语句 FREQ语句 格式： variable； 格式：VAR variable； 4. WEIGHT语句 WEIGHT语句 格式： variable； 格式：WEIGHT variable；
data a； a； input num section test1-test3 @@； test1@@； newtest1=test1；newtest2=test2；newtest3=test3； newtest1=test1；newtest2=test2；newtest3=test3； cards； cards； 222545 1 94 91 87 222546 1 95 96 97 222547 2 91 86 94 222548 2 80 76 78 222549 1 92 40 85 222550 2 75 76 80 222551 2 66 69 72 222552 1 82 84 80 222553 1 75 76 70 222554 2 51 66 91 ； proc sort； sort； by section； section； proc standard mean=80 std=5 out=new print；by section； print； section； var newtest1-newtest3； newtest1-newtest3； title‘PROC STANDARD过程产生的输出’； STANDARD过程产生的输出’； proc print data=new；by section； data=new； section； title‘标准化成绩的得分’； title‘标准化成绩的得分’； run； run；
（1）用DATA步创建数据集a DATA步创建数据集 步创建数据集a SORT过程排序 （2）用SORT过程排序 STANDARD过程对三门功课的成 （3）用STANDARD过程对三门功课的成 绩按阶段进行标准化 PRINT过程输出标准化后的数据 （4）用PRINT过程输出标准化后的数据 （5）用MEANS过程计算描述统计量（可 MEANS过程计算描述统计量（ 过程计算描述统计量 用于检验标准化过程的结果） 用于检验标准化过程的结果）
第三章 STANDARD（标准化）过程 STANDARD（标准化）
一. 语句说明 控制PROC STANDARD的语句有： 控制PROC STANDARD的语句有： 的语句有 PROC STANDARD standardizationstandardizationoption-list〈option-list〉 option-list〈option-list〉； VAR variable-list； variable-list； BY variable-list； variable-list； FREQ variable； variable； WEIGHT variable； variable；
三. 举例说明
今有10名学生在某学期二个阶段中三 今有10名学生在某学期二个阶段中三 门功课的考试成绩。要求按每个阶段将三 门功课的成绩标准化为均值为80，标准差 门功课的成绩标准化为均值为80，标准差 为5的新成绩，并把原考试成绩和标准化 后的新成绩存放在新的SAS数据集中。 后的新成绩存放在新的SAS数据集中。 SAS程序如下： SAS语句 STANDARD语句
PROC STANDARD standardization-option-list standardization-option〈option-list〉； option-list〉 可以出现在该语句中的任选项有以下四类共七 项。 （1）规定数据集选项 ①DATA=SAS-data-set（SAS数据集） DATA=SAS-data-set（SAS数据集） ②OUT=SAS-data-set（SAS数据集） OUT=SAS-data-set（SAS数据集）
5. BY语句 BY语句 格式：BY variable-list； 格式：BY variable-list；
二. 输出结果
1. 输出数据集 标准化值由以下公式计算： 标准化值由以下公式计算：
S ∗ ( xi − x) xi′ = +M Sx
2. 打印输出选项print 打印输出选项print 如果规定选项PRINT， 如果规定选项PRINT，该过程产生下列 输出： 变量名； 均值； 标准差； 输出：①变量名；②均值；③标准差； ④对每个被标准化的变量打印输入的频 数。