跨文化交际5
跨文化交际复习unit-5
Linguistic evidence of cultural differences: a. Color words b. Metaphor and Association c. Euphemism& taboos d. Terms of address …
4. Linguistic evidence of cultural differences ---culturally loaded words
1) Color words --- “Colorful” language 2) Metaphor and Association 3) Euphemisms 4) Taboos 5) Kinship terms and terms of address
The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
Language most shows a man. Speak, that I may see thee. ---Ben Johnson
The sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension. --- Ezra Pound
other people say. The children were as busy as bees, making preparations
【资料】跨文化交际(unit-5)汇编
Supplement: Verbal Communication
Supplement: Verbal Communication
Verbal communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
Supplement: Verbal Communication
1. Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles ▪ In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the
speaker’s intentions. Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request. ▪ In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions. Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.
Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”
Supplement: Verbal Communication
跨文化交际Unit 5
munication between Men and Women
The differences do exist in the way males and females communicate, and the more significant differences are cultural. In other words, there are social expectations of how to be male or female. Women tend to speak and hear a language of connection and intimacy, whereas men speak and hear a language of status and independence. (Deborah Tannen, “You Just Don’t Understand”)
跨文化交际(UNIT 5)
Supplement: Verbal Communication
5. Instrumental and Affective Style An instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker. An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.
Intercultural Communication Unit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication Nhomakorabeaarm Up
Please read the story on page 156. What may have been the factors contributing to the failure of the presentation? What can we learn from the story? It is often customary for Americans to start their talk with some jokes or humorous anecdotes, but Germans have different ideas and they tend to consider telling jokes inappropriate in talks on serious matters. And in German culture, executives who occupy important positions are usually senior in age, and they had not expected the American manufacturer to send a young man as their representative to start business with them, a reputable German distributor. They may have found it difficult to trust such a young person.
跨文化交际(UNIT 5) PPT
Supplement: Verbal Communication
Verbal communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.
Supplement: Verbal Communication
Verbal Communication Styles (p179-183) : Direct / Indirect Self-enhancement / Self-effacement Elaborate / Exacting / Succinct Personal / Contextual Instrumental / Affective
Review of Unit 4
1. What is the relationship between language and culture according to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
2. Translate the following terms: housewarming disinterested Mind one’s p’s and q’s A nine days wonder 红糖 红茶 眼红 青天
Intercultural Communication
Unit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication
Warm Up
▪ Please read the story on page 156. What may have been the factors contributing to the failure of the presentation? What can we learn from the story?
跨文化交际实用教程unit-5
Body distance, body touch
Time language / chronemics
Puctuality, promptness, time orientation, long or short, etc.
Paralanguage (voice modulation)
Body distance
• Four major types of distances in American
social and business circumstances (Edward Hall,1959)
• Cultural variation of body distance
Body touch
People express their appreciation “well done” with a clap or apology “I’m sorry” with a serious look.
In a Chinese classroom, if the teacher notices a student’s attention begins to wander, he usually would give him / her a glance or a stare without interrupting the lecture.
4
Functions of nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication can serve a variety of purposes for the verbal messages, such as:
跨文化交际-Unit 5
Projected Cultural Similarity
The tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more or less the same way we do. There are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to make communication easy. Once you get used to their different (dress, manners, style) they are just like us. Denial, defense, minimization, acceptance, adaptation, and integration. (Ethnocentrism)
Projected Cultural Similarity
The Golden Rule: Do unto others what you would have them do unto you./ Do as you would be done by. Do not unto others what you would not be done by. 己所不欲勿施于人 Expecting others to be the same as we are/do the same as we do Culture shock Frustration Wince Other Obstacles: Stereotype, ethnocentrism
Low context communication
跨文化交际第五单元
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The high considerateness style, on the other hand, consists of slower speech, slower turn-taking, longer pauses between turns, and an avoidance of simultaneous speech. According to Tannen, high involvement speakers use simultaneous speech to build rapport(默契） and signal involvement, whereas high considerateness speakers avoid simultaneous speech to honor the principle not to impose. 3
students wrote English with different organizational patterns depending on their first-language backgrounds.
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English: straightforward semitic(阿拉伯或以色列人） Chinese: circular; definitive summary statements of main arguments are delayed till the end
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To a high-involvement speaker, interruptions simply indicate intense interest or passion. But to a high-considerateness speaker, interruptions feel intrusive, almost like assaults. Refer to P 165
跨文化交际unit 5 课件
Unit 5 成语，谚语和典故Section 1. Definitions1. Idiom :•Definition: an idiom is a construction or expression which has a meaning different from the literal one or not according to the usual patterns of the language.•成语是语言中经过长期使用、锤炼而形成的固定短语。
•它是比词的含义更丰富而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位，而且富有深刻的思想内涵，简短精辟易记易用。
•常常附带有感情色彩,包括贬义和褒义。
•Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧Section 1. Definitions2. Proverb :•Definition: proverbs are short sayings of folk wisdom--of well-known facts or truths--expressed briefly and in a way that makes them easy to remember.•谚语是熟语的一种。
是流传于民间的比较简练而且言简意赅的话语。
多数反映了劳动人民的生活实践经验，而且一般都是经过口头传下来的。
它多是口语形式的通俗易懂的短句或韵语。
•Once bitten, twice shy.Section 1. Definitions3. Allusion典故•Definition：Allusions are implied or indirect references to characters or events from culture: literature, legends, history, religion, sports, etc.•诗文等作品中引用的古书中的故事或有出处的词句。
胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》课后习题详解(第5章 语言交际)【圣才出品】
第5章语言交际1．请你举3个例子说明文化对于汉语的影响。
答：语言与文化有着密切的关系。
由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。
不存在没有语言的文化，也不存在没有文化的语言。
（1）在我国个别地区的亲属称谓中，只有男性称谓，没有女性称谓，爸爸是爸，妈妈也是爸，分别男女的办法只是在前面加“大”或“细”，爸爸是大爸，妈妈是细爸。
哥哥叫哥哥，姐姐也叫哥哥，弟弟称老弟，妹妹也称老弟。
叔叔是细爷，阿姨也是细爷。
这种女性称谓用男性代替的例子，除湖南岳阳临湘一带，其他地方也存在。
这可能是古代父系社会的残余影响。
（2）云南丽江地区宁蒗县永宁乡的纳西族方言的亲属称谓反映了这个地区纳西族的家庭结构和婚姻制度。
他们实行一种称作阿注婚姻的对偶婚姻制。
其特点是男女相识，彼此有意，互赠礼品就结成阿注关系。
与这种婚姻制度相适应的有一些奇特的称谓。
母亲的阿注、自己的生父和舅舅用一个词表示，母亲和母亲的直系、旁系的姐妹也只用一个词表示，同样，自己的儿子和兄弟的所有儿子在称谓上没有区别。
这种称谓方法反映永宁纳西族母系社会的性质。
（3）中国人的辩证思维方法与崇尚对称和谐的文化心理也大量反映在汉语词语中。
汉语中有许多由意义相反或相对立的词构成的成语，如：山高水长，同床异梦，水深火热，小题大作，男盗女娼，花天酒地，因祸得福，眼高手低，无中生有，得不偿失，公而忘私，新陈代谢，悲喜交集，赏罚分明，权衡利弊，明辨是非，无足轻重，人心向背，自相矛盾等。
2．你同意萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说吗？为什么？答：（1）萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说美国语言学家萨丕尔和沃尔夫认为语言不仅反映文化的形态，而且语言结构部分地或全部地决定人们对于世界的看法。
这种观点由于未经验证，所以称为假说。
通常人们称为萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说。
（2）不同意萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说①从那些语言素材难以下结论说，不同语言的使用者对世界观察不同。
②很难下结论说，语言使用造成观察上的不同。
③在过去二三十年中，学者们对于不同文化中的亲属称谓、颜色名称、数词、疾病名称、称呼方式等进行调查研究，企图验证萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说，但都无法证实。
大学英语跨文化交际U5课文翻译、词汇、习语整理
Unit 5Nonverbal communication课前谚语+名言：1、I’s not what he said, but the way he said it.——English saying2、There is a language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lips.——William Shakespeare案例一：个人空间马克最近从丹麦搬到了悉尼，在一家澳大利亚公司当销售员。
他被邀请加入当地的一个俱乐部。
有一天在一个晚会上，一个女成员走近他，马克立即通过谈论展现出了他的兴趣。
起初聊天进行的很顺利，但随着谈话的进行，马克逐渐的向她靠近，而那位女士似乎离他越来越远，并显得很不自在。
当马克正要问她有关于澳大利亚习俗的问题时，站在旁边的一个男士往这边瞟了一眼，她找了个借口离开，去和那个男人说话。
留下马克傻傻的站在那里，他不知道为什么他们的交谈如此突然地停止了。
Question：Why did that women suddenly stop talking with mark and turned to another man?注释：这是一个对身体距离理解不同造成的误会。
在丹麦，正式场合中，个人空间大概在20厘米-30厘米之间。
而在澳大利亚，这样的场合需要40厘米-50厘米的身体距离。
所以丹麦人习惯近距离交谈，澳大利亚人习惯远距离交谈。
在这个情况下，马克尝试去建立自己正常的个人亲密空间，侵犯了澳大利亚女士的空间，正因如此，她感到了某种威胁，失去了舒适感。
就在那时，身旁的男人给了她一个离开的机会。
如果马克对于澳大利亚人所期待的个人空间有所了解的话，或许这个谈话会有所不同。
案例二：使用当地语言的问题。
弗兰克为了做研究的目的从澳大利亚来到中国，为此，他在大学里刻苦学习中文，并且能用中文很方便的和人交流。
而当他到达北京以后，他开始和当地人交谈，询问方向和建议。
尽管他几乎都是用中文和他们交流，但是他发现周围的人有时候会笑着用英语回答他，尽管他们对英语知之甚少。
跨文化交际中英文化对比5
The Zhongshan Suit
Different parts and their symbolic meanings
The three smaller cuff-buttons on either
sleeve represent “the Three People‘s Principles”(三民主义): nationalism,
A number of versions of Zhongshan suits have been launched in recent years, embroidered (刺绣) with various patterns including dragons, phoenixes (凤凰), plum blossoms, orchids (兰花), bamboos (竹子) and chrysanthemums (菊花).
Favored by the Chinese and foreigners alike
Distinguishing Traditional Chinese Clothes
The origin, features and cultural meanings of the three representative traditional Chinese costumes Actually there are many other distinguishing traditional Chinese clothes and ethnic clothes.
满族旗装
Qipao
Features of Qipao
Body-hugging one-piece female dress With a frog ([frɑːɡ]盘花钮扣) and two big openings (开气) at either side of the hems for convenient movement
跨文化交际--Unit-5-verbal-communication
Idioms习惯用语
• It’s raining cats and dogs. - It’s raining heavily.
• put one’s foot in one’s mouth - someone blunders by saying something he should not have.
的
– never-ending: everlasting 不停的
Synonyms
• 区分下列同义词：
同义词
– job
– vocation: job的正式用语
– profession: 脑力劳动者的职业
– field: 广义的职业“领域”
– occupation: 与vocation意思相近
– specialization: 具体的一个专长
UNIT 5
Verbal Communication
在全球化时代，要达到更高的成功几率，须努 力成为具有全球视野的国际化人才。学好至少一 门外语是必要的，但国际化人才最基本的素质是 跨文化沟通能力。 这是一种能够超越本族文化， 跨越不同文化鸿沟，穿透不同文化壁垒，在多元 文化的环境中游刃有余的能力。因此，你的外语 语言能力必须建立在理解不同文化的价值观体系 和行为规范模式之上， 其最终表现是能够适应、 掌控和化解多元文化环境中的矛盾和冲突。
• keep one’s hand in: • do activity in order to remain skilled at
it. • within arm’s reach; • sth.which you can reach easily. • ask for a woman’s hand; • to propose marriage. • put one’s finger on sth.: • to identify an error, or cause of a
大学英语跨文化交际chapter5 Intercultural Communication
Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication
1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Eg. In Arabic, the camel plays significant roles in people’s life, so there are more than 40 words for “camel”. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢” and “铁饭 碗”.
Navajo do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks.
One of the problems in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations. Eg. For Americans “tomorrow” means midnight to midnight,
跨文化交际_第五章_第二节_言语行为文化差异
（3）诚意规则：说话人真心实意地想施行这一行为。
（4）根本规则：说话人所说的话使他自己承担了施 行某一行为的义务。
2、言语行为的“五分法”
类别
阐述类
“言外之的”
“适从向” 心理状态 行事动词
从话语到客 观现实 客观现实适 从话语 从客观现实 到话语 不存在 相信 state、assert、claim、 swear guess、hypothesis beg、request、advise、 invite、suggest、insist order、demand promise、undertake、 vow Apologize、 congratulation thank 、sympathy、 condole
5.称谓泛化的差异 • 中国人习惯于将大量亲属称谓引入社交场合，甚至用于不相 识者。常常故意抬高别人的辈分，降低自己的辈分，随其子 女或孙辈称呼。 • 西方家庭中，常常将社交称谓引入家庭，直呼其名很正常。
• 思考：不同称呼方法与人际关系的体现。 • 西方人认为有些中国人不愿以名称呼他们，表明中 国人不愿与外国人交朋友，也有的中国人认为外国 人常常以名相称，说明他们关系密切。
A: 殷院长。 B: 不用客气，我们都是朋友，你们年纪又 比我大，别叫我殷院长了，就叫我小殷吧？ A: 小殷……
三、言语行为的文化差异分析
言语行为的种类：
称呼、介绍、问候、告别、致谢、 答谢、道歉、恭维、请求、同意、 批准、拒绝、建议、劝告、警告、 邀请、介绍、承诺、批评、祝贺、 说服、命令、指示、推荐、威胁、 禁止等。
中国人的称呼
• “父子有亲，君臣有义，夫妇有别， 长幼有序，朋友有信” • “上下有异，贵贱有分，长幼有序” •中国人的称呼方式受血亲（长有尊卑 及疏密程度）、社会地位、职位高低、
《跨文化交际学》第5章
《跨文化交际学》第5章第5章第2节主要介绍跨文化交际中的语言和非语言交际，探讨了语言和非语言的定义、特点以及在跨文化交际中的重要性。
本节内容共涉及四个方面：语言交际的定义和特点、语言交际的跨文化差异、非语言交际的定义和特点以及非语言交际的跨文化差异。
第一部分，语言交际的定义和特点。
语言交际是指通过语言进行的交际活动，是人类沟通交流的基础工具之一、语言交际具有以下特点：可见性、有规则性、可用性、可学性等。
语言交际的可见性指的是语言交际是通过听觉、视觉等感觉器官进行的，可被感知和观察；有规则性指的是语言交际具有一定的语法、词汇和语用规则，遵循这些规则能够让交际双方能更好地理解和表达信息；可用性指的是语言是一种功能强大、广泛使用的交际工具，能够满足各种不同的交际需求；可学性指的是语言是可学习和教授的，人们可以通过学习和练习来提高自己的语言交际能力。
第二部分，语言交际的跨文化差异。
语言交际在不同的文化背景下存在一定的差异，主要表现在词汇、语法、语用等方面。
在词汇方面，不同语言中的词汇系统存在差异，有些概念在其中一种语言中有对应的词汇，而在另一种语言中可能没有直接的对应词汇；在语法方面，不同语言中的语序、时态、语态等语法规则可能不同，造成了对于同样一个事件或对象的描述方式不同；在语用方面，不同语言存在不同的语用习惯和规则，如面子文化、礼貌用语、直接与间接表达等。
第三部分，非语言交际的定义和特点。
非语言交际是指通过非语言方式进行的交际活动，包括身体语言、面部表情、手势、眼神交流等。
非语言交际具有以下特点：全球性、情境性、复合性和强调非语言信息等。
非语言交际具有全球性的特点，即不同文化和语言背景下，人们普遍都会使用非语言交际来进行表达和交流；非语言交际还具有情境性的特点，即非语言交际的意义和效果会受到交际场景、双方关系、文化背景等因素的影响；此外，非语言交际还是复合性的，即不同的非语言符号可以组合使用，形成更加丰富和准确的交际信息；最后，非语言交际强调非语言信息的重要性，非语言信息可以传递更多的细节、情感和意义，有助于准确理解交际双方的意图和感受。
unit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication 跨文化交际 大学教学课件
密苏里的商人很精明从不吃亏heeats英国历史上新旧教派之间的争斗一度十分激烈旧教的教规规定斋日里只能吃鱼而新教徒推翻旧教以后拒绝在斋日吃鱼以示终于旧教game遵守比赛规则行动光明正大
Unit 5
Culture and Verbal Communication
1. Two Japanese who knew some Chinese were one day at a Beijing subway station. They saw a warning sign which read: Xiaoxin di hua! (小心地滑）They were very much surprised to see that nobody around them was skating, though the floor was really very smooth.
• What she meant to was: Tina was upset/in pain when her boyfriend left her.
• I was sick in the head. • (Really? You seem like a normal
person to me.) • 我曾是个神经病。 • I had a headache.
• How do you think about it? 你是怎么想 的？