Chapter 1-2 Colonial Period
美国文学复习大纲
• • • •
* Second stage: Transcedentalism (p.56-59) Raph Waldo Emerson: Nature Henry David Thoreau: Walden
• Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter • Herman Melville: Moby Dick • Edgar Allan Poe: Gothic novels • “Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque” • Poe’s position in the world literature (P.114-115)
The first peak of literature in US
• Two stages of Romanticism in the first half of 19th century of US: • * First stage: • Washing Irving: Father of American literature; the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame • A History of New York • The Sketch Book: “Rip Van Winkle” “Sleepy Hollow” • James F. Cooper: • Leather-stocking Tales: The Pioneer • The Last of the Mohicans • The Prairie • The Pathfinder • The Deerslayer
• American Movement of Enlightenment (P.27-28) Writers of enlightenment Benjamin Franklin: The Authobiography; Poor Richard’s Amanack The Importance of Benjamin Franklin’s “The Autobiography”. (P. 35-37) Thomas Paine: Common Sense; Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence
exercise 7-12
Exercises for First Chapters 1 and 2I. Filling the blamks.1. At last early in the ___17______ century, the English settlements in ___Virgina________ and __Massachusetts_____________ began the main strems of what we recognize as the American national history.2. The earliest settlers in US, includes __duch_______ , Swedes, __germans_______,French ，_Spaniards_________，Italians and __ Portuguese___.3. The Puritans had come to New Land for the sake of _________________, while Virginia hadbeen plantedmainly as a ____________________.4. Hard work, _________, piety, and _________ were the Puritan values that dominated muchof the earliest American writing.5. Most Puritan verse was decidedly plodding, but the work of the two writers, Anne Bradstreetand Edward Taylor, rose to the level of ____________________.6. __________ was , probably, at once the first modern American and the country's lastmedieval man.7. The Puritans were opposed to _______________ and _______________.8. _______________ was the only American to sign the four documents that created theUnited States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance, the treaty peace with England and the constitution9. Franklin's main literature achievement relys on his ___________________________ and___________________________.II. Define the following literary terms:1. American Puritanism2. Puritan writing stylesIII. Answer the following questions:1. give a description of Franklin.2. what does Franklin's Autobiography reflect?3. Why do people think Franklin is the embodiment of American Dream?Chapter 3I. Filling the blanks.1. The American Romanticism lasted from the end of 18th century to the __________________.2. As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American Romanticism was both ______________ and ______________________.3. Through the first half of 19th century the persuit of _____________, utility, and _________________ remained an American characteristic.4. Irving's _______________ became the first work by an American writeer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.5. ______________ values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War..6. Romantic writers placed increasing value on the _______________ expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the _______________ states of their characters.7. __________ was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism, and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporariess as Scott and Cooper.8. Irvinf was the first great ____________, writing always for _____________, and to produce ___________________.9. Cooper lanuched two kinds of novels, _________________ and _______________.10. _________________ was the father of Short story in American.11. As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American Romanticism was both ______________ and __________________. (imitative, independent)12. _______________ marked the beginning of Ameican Romantisim. (The Sketch Book)13. The Leatherstocking Tales was written by __________. (James Fenimore Cooper.)II. Answer the followings briefly.1. American Romanticism2. Features of American RomanticismIII. State the followingsConflict thoughts in Leatherstocking TalesChapter 4I. Filling the blanks.1. ____________________________ is called the summit of American Romanticism.2 Transcedentalism is also called ________________.3. Transcedentlists formed a club ___________________________ and published their own journal ________.4. New England Transcedentlism was the product of a combination of _____________ and ____________. (foreign influence, American Puritan tradition)5. ________ is regarded as the Bible of Transcedentalism. (Nature)6 ______________ has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. (The American Scholar)7. In the book, “The American Scholar”, Emerson advocated the Americans should write about _____________. (American itself.)8. Henry David Thoreau wrote his masterpiece, __________. (Walden)II. Answer the following question briefly.TranscedentalismThe sources of TranscedentalismIII. What are the thought sources of Transcedentalism?IV. Emerson’s aethetics.V. Emerson’s ideas in his literature career.How to interpret the INDIVIDUAL in Nature?Chapter 5 to 6I. Filiing the blanks1. with the book, _____________, Hawthorne became famous as the greatest writer in America.(The Scarlet Letter.)2. The letter “A” in the book stands for ____________, ____________ and ______________.(adultery, able, angel)3. Melsille wrote his famous book _______________, which fully presented the Sybolism.(Moby Dick)4.Hawthorne was haunted in his life by his sense of sin and evil.5.Hawthorne’s most of books revealed the social “ blackness”.6. Whitman wrote about ______ poems, which were collected in _________________. (400,Leaves of Grass)7. the last poem in Whitman’s life is _____________________. (Goodbye, My Fancy)8. _________ first wrote about the common people and daily event in poems. (Whitman)9. Dickinson’s themes in poems is about __________, __________, and ___________. (love,suffering, death)10. Dickinson worte altogether ____________. (1175)11. Dickinson’s basic tone in her poems is __________. (tragic)II. Short answer to the followings.1. Hawthorne’s main thoughts in his writing.2. State three subsections of Whitman’s poems briefly.3. Compare two poets Dickinson and Whitman.III. Give an account of Whitman’s contribution to American literature.Give an account of characters of Dickinson’s poems.Analyze the structural patterns in Dickinson’s poems.7到十二I. Filling the blanks1. ____________ is the father of the detective story in America. (Allan Poe)2. ____________ dorminated American literature for 50 years. (Howells)3. The Rise of Silas Lapham was ______________’s masterpiece. (Howells)4. Henry James was concerned with “___________________”which is the center of hisaesthetics of the novel. ( point of view)5. The appearrance of Bret;s Harte’s “_______________________________-“in 1868 markeda significant development in the brief history of local color fiction. (The Luck of RoaringCamp)6. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the ______________________ 0of their region. (local character)7. Local Colorism lasted from _________ to _____________. (1860s ,the end of the century).II. Define the literatural terms listed below.RealismIn American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to the end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of Romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward the ordinary and a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for the common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realist literature finds the drama and the tension beneath the ordinary surface of life. A realist writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths.Mark TwainMark Twain is one of the great artists of all time, he was and an authentic giant of American national. He is the main representative of Local Colorism. His satire and humor are as popular today as at any time in American history. Mark Twain’s significant contribution to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literature medium in the literary history of the country. His masterpiece is the Adventure of Tom Sawyer and the Adventure of Huckberry Finn.Local colorismIt refers to a literature which has local texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native. It is characterized with a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and mores peculiar to one particular place. It is also concerned with ite local background including the physical setting and landscape which condition human thought and behavior.Local colorists concerned with themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tend to idealize and glorify, but they never forget to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.II. State the following briefly.1.Evalute Poe in the histroy of American literature.Poe remained the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature. He was for and against by American. Ironically, in Europe, Poe enjoyed respect and welcome. Swinburne, Bernard Shaw, D. H. Lawrence and W. H. Auden all admired and spoke highly of him.2.State Henry James’ three writing periods.His tree distinctive periods was: the first is from 1865 to 1882 which he wrote a number of novels such as American. He won the international fame in the period; the second is from 1882 to 189, which he wrote his tales of subtle studies of inter-personal relations; the third is from 1895 to 1900, which he wrote some novels tand tales dealing with childrenhood and adolescence. He won his fame again3.State Pound’s poetic principles.1)direct treatment of the thing;2)to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3)as regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of a metronome.IV. Statementpare three realist writers: Howells, James and Twain.They all worked for realism. But they are quite different. On theme, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society. On techniques, Howells wrote in the vein of genteel realism, but Mark Twain’s contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction.课文内容➢Introduction➢Brief Outline of American Literature➢Chapter I Colonial Period➢Chapter II Revolutionary PeriodBenjamin FranklinPhilip Freneau➢Chapter III American RomanticismWashington IrvingJames Fenimore CooperWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan PoeNathaniel Hawthorne第一章➢Introduction➢Brief Outline of American Literature➢Chapter I Colonial Period➢Chapter II Revolutionary PeriodBenjamin FranklinPhilip Freneau➢Chapter III American RomanticismWashington IrvingJames Fenimore CooperWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan PoeNathaniel Hawthorne➢4Why did Puritans come to America?- to reform the Church of England- to have an entirely new church- to escape religious persecution* God’s chosen people* To seek a new Garden of Eden* To build “City of God on earth”➢5Influence- Puritanism can be compared with Chinese Confucianism- American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.- American literature is based on a myth, i.e. the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.- Simplicity in writing skillsThree major poets in colonial period Three major poets in colonial period1.Michael Wigglesworth ，Anne Bradstreet ，Edward TaylorAnne Bradstreet (1612-1672)1.Anne Bradstreet’s Works“contemplation”《沉思录》“The Spirit and the Flesh”《灵与肉》The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《北美洲最近出现的第十个缪斯》2.Anne Bradstreet’s Life* She was born and educated in England.* At the age of 18, she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband.* She had 8 children.* She became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.二Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)the most popular poet in American Colonial PeriodWork: “The Day of Doom” (1662三Edward Taylor (1642?-1729)the finest poet in colonial periodWork: Preparaory Meditation 《自省录》metaphysical poets/thoughts四Other writers in colonial period:Roger williams (1720-1772 Thomas Paine (1737-1809) philip Freneau 91752-1832Charles Brown (1771-1810五Features of Colonial Poets and Works1.They were servants of God.2.They faithfully imitated and transplanted English literary traditions.Chapter2Revolutionary Period (1775-1783)The Age of Reason”“American Enlightenment”•Splendid thoughts in this period in the world:Newton's gravity Rousseau in FranceAlexander Pope in England Daniel Defoe in England？？？•In the 18th century, people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human reason.With Franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century America experienced an age of reason.•Words had never been so useful and so important in human history. People wrote a lot of political writings. Numerous pamphlets and printings were published. These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the world.•The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy.•Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.•The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reason;they were ambitious, inquisitive, optimistic, practical, politically astute, and self-reliant. Leading writers and their works•Edwards(1703-1758) The Freedom of the Will; The Nature of True Virtue; The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Definended•Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826): The Declaration of Independence (1776)•Thomas Paine(1737-1809): Common Sense (1776)•Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography•Philip Freneau: “The Wild Honey Suckle”Edwards (1703-1758)His Works: The Freedom of the Will; The Nature of True Virtue; The Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefinendedHis Thoughts: to reveal the mind of the man;to believe in the regeneration of man;to hold the belief that God is the Master of the nature and souls.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)•Woks The Autobiography 自传Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷查理历书》•Life：Benjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.•He was born into a poor candle-maker’s family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.•At 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.•At 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .•At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.•He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club•Franklin’s Contributions to Society•He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.•He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.•And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.•Franklin’s Contributions to Sci ence He was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.•And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”•Frankl in’s Contributions to the U.S.•He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: •The Declaration of Independence,•The Treaty of Alliance with France,•The Treaty of Peace with England,•The Constitution•Evaluation•The Autobiography is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.•Benjamin Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of the 18th century enlightenment •The Autobiography is a how-to-do-it book, a book on the art of self-improvement. (for example, Franklin’s 13 virtues)•Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.•The Autobiography is in the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision••Crevecoeur (克里夫古尔）(1752-1832•the new man of American•Pioneer of the comments on literature works•his works: Letters from American Farmer (1775•Philip Freneau•“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”•“Pioneer of the New Romanticism”“A gifted and versatile lyric poet”•Life He was born in New York. At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entitled “The Rising Glory of America。
美国文学简史常耀信版Chapter_1and_2
两次世界大战之间
现实主义文学的发展
小说（德莱塞 ；辛· 刘易斯 ；薇拉· 凯瑟 ） “哈莱姆文艺复兴” （休斯；卡伦；理查德· 赖特 ） 左翼文学与反法西斯文学 （约翰· 里德 ；多斯· 帕索
斯 ；斯坦贝克 ；海明威；海尔曼 ） “南方文艺复兴” （威廉· 福克纳 ） 戏剧的“黄金时代” （奥尼尔 ） “新批评” （注重对文学作品本身进行精密分析， 在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们摆脱了过 去仅仅介绍背景知识与发挥个人印象的批评方式。 但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义， 割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系）
American Puritanism
Puritanism
was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World– a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual and social order of New England.
Puritanism
Puritanism
is a highly strict religious doctrine. The Puritans were determined to find a place on the new continent where they could worship God in the way they thought true Christians should. also has its practical aspect. The Puritans had to work hard in order to make a living and be ready for any misfortunes and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.
美国文学史及选读1.1
The origin of American Indians
• They were divided into a great number of tribes who spoke different languages. By the 15th century there were 15 to 20 million inhabitants in the Americas, some of them were quite primitive, while others were among the most advanced cultures in the world. But when the Europeans arrived in great numbers in the 16th and 17th centuries, the cultures of the American Indians began to change as they came into contact with Western culture and technology.
&
Mark Twain
SelecteEdarRneesat Hdeimnignsgwiany American Literature
Outline of American Literature ( 6 periods )
[1] Colonial Period ----Puritanism (1607-1775) Chapter 1
?这些英国人在安顿好新家以后为感谢在危难之时帮助支援过他们的印第安人同时也感谢上帝对他们的恩赐是年年11月第四星期四将猎获的火鸡制成美味佳肴盛情款待印第安人并与他们进行联欢庆祝活动持续了三天
chapter1 colonial period
2) Life
She was born and educated in England. At the age of 18, she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband. She had 8 children. She became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.
Appreciation
To My Dear and Loving Husband
by Anne Bradstreet
If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee; If ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me, ye women, if you can.
masterpiece
Some Verses on the Burning of Our House
often
When by the ruins oft I past My sorrowing eyes aside did cast, And here and there the places spy Where oft I sat and long did lie:
1) Works
a) “Some
verses on the Burning of Our House” b) “The Spirit and the Flesh”
c) The
Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
Colonial Period
Colonial Period:17th century literatual,Puritanism Enlightenmen t:eighteenth century,American Revolution, Elightenment,the transition from Puritanism to the Enliten-ment.Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard Almanac，Autobiography. Transcendentalism,Romantic:New England,Washington Irving,The Sketch Book-Rip Van Winkle,The Legeng of Sleepy Hollow.E.D Poe,first American author who formalilized thetechnique of the short story,invented the story of detection, divided nature,To Helen,The Raven.R.W Emerson,The American Schoolar,Nature,H.D Thoreau,Walden Pond,high idealism,Civil Disobedience, Modern concept paciful.Nathaniel Hawthorne,moralistic trat of dition,problem of guilt, The Scarlet Letter,first symbolic novel,human soul,skeptical attitude,probe into the nature of manwWalt Whitman,Leaves of Grass,marked the birth of truly Americanpoety,林肯之死，Song of Myself(freedom)H.B Stowe,Uncle Tom’s CabinEmily Dickinson,house wife,shy new England Recluse,Distills amazing sense fromOrdinary meanings.expresslove,friendship,nature,death,immoetality.Idiosyncratic.Realism:end of civil War-beginning of the First World War definition:nothing more and less than the truthful treatmenof material,Mark Tawin,S.L Clemens,first and foremost realist and humorists,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn/Tom Sawyer, stupidity.Naturalism:term of French,The Origin of Species,complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces,pessimistic form of realism. Theodore Dreiser,Sister Carrie,Drouet,Hurstwood,经济压力，本质冲动.R.B Frost:the unofficial laureate of American,New England poet, Mending Wall,indenpence and depence,The Rode Not Taken,人生选择很重要Modernism:War,Lost Generation,E.M Hemingway:The Sun Also Rises,A Farewell to Arms, Frederic,Catherine Barkley,For Whom the Bell Tolls,TheOld Man and the Young Man,Nobel Prize for Literature,Iceberg,F.S Fitzgerald；Lost、Jazz Age,Joseph Heller:Black Humor,Catch-22.。
美国历史文化期末复习资料
美国历史文化期末复习资料
Review Exercises (2013 spring ) Understanding the United States Chapter 1 A General Survey I. Gap-filling Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1)___1492____ The United States covers the central part of 2）___america____. The United States today is the 3）__4th___ largest country in size in the world with a total area of about 4）____9.3 million__ square kilometers. 5）___Washington D.C___ is the capital and economic center of the United States. 6）__New Y ork_____is the largest and the most populous city of the United States. 7）____Oak___ is the national tree of the US ; 8）___Rose____ is the national flower . The United States is a 9）__federal_____republic consisting of 10）___50____states. In the year 11）__1776_____, the United States declared its independence from 12）__Britain _____. Spanish speaking Americans are called 13）__ Hispanics_____. 14）
1_Colonial_Period
Discuss
Exercises
1. The term “puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of _________.
England 2. Puritan thought, mode of perception, and literary practice have contributed much to the development symbolism which is of a literary _____________ distinctly American.
The
6. Thomas Paine
Woks:
Common Sense American Crisis
7. Philip Freneau
Woks:
The Wild Honey Suckle
Great revolutionist struggling for American independence
4. Anne Bradstreet (1617-1672)
1). Life and Works
Her first volume: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
She was known as the “Tenth Muse”
《美洲最近出现的第十个谬斯》
5. Edward Taylor
His
poetic style: In his elaborate metaphors, he is like the English metaphysical poets. poetic content: He was a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God.
美国国家概况The United States of America(英文)
The United States of America1.plain 平原2.plateaus 高原3.predominant 占优势4.glacier 冰川5.tropical 热带的6.borough 行政区7.refine 提炼8.census 人口普查9.immigrant 移民10.ethnic 种/民族的11.amalgamate 同化12.strait 海峡13.reservation 居留地14.famine 饥荒15.assimilation 吸收16.Great Plain 大平原17.Arctic Ocean 北冰洋d subtropical zone 温和的亚热带气候19.Statue of Liberty 自由女神像20.center of oil-refining 炼油中心U.S.Census Bureau 美国人口普查局21.nation of immigrant 移民国家22.Bering Strait 百令海峡23.Great Famine 大饥荒24.melting pot 大熔炉25.Immigration Act 移民法案26．Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾27. New Deal 新政28.abolition of slavery 废奴29.Emancipation of proclamatio解放宣言30.the Allies 同盟国31.the U.S.hegemony 美国霸权Chapter 1. Geography & PeopleI.Geography1.Location. In the central part of North of America,It’s bordered by Canada on the north,Nexicoon the south.2.Area, 95000000 square kilometers3.Three geographical ares: the eastern partThe western partThe Great Plain4.Ist mountain: the Rocky Mountains落基山5.Ist river: The Mississippi River,3780kilometers6.Ist lake: lake Superior 苏必利尔湖7.Ist fall: Niagara Fall尼亚加拉大瀑布8.Climate:mild subtropical zone（温和的亚热带气候）9.Major cities: Ist. New York2nd. Los Angeles3rd. Chicago10.Capital: Washington D.C.11.Religions:Christian(Protestant新教徒57%)Catholic 28%IslamBuddist 佛教II.People1.Population: 300million (in 2006)2.Race: white people 74.7%Blacks 12,1%Asians 4.3%Others 6%3.Nation of immigrantsChapter 2. HistoryI.America in the Colonial Era（1607-1776）In 1492,Christopher Columbus,who was financed by the Spanish King and Queen, is believed to have discovered America.Since then,many Europeans set food on this large continent, they called it “the New World”.1)Jamestown 詹姆斯城:The 1st successful English colony was found at Jamestown,Virginia,in 1607 bya team from the London Company.2)Pilgrim Father清教徒前辈移民:in 1620,a group of Puritans including poor farmers amd workers,who were later called the Pilgrim Father,sailed for Virginia on a ship called the Mayflower. They had been persecuted in England because they refused to abide the rules of the Church of England(英国教会)。
colonialperiod
colonialperiod美国⽂学American Literature◆The four main categories of literature:1.fiction: novel, novella, short stories, myth, legend, folktale…2. poetry: epic, ballad, free verse, lyrics, psalm, eulogy , sonnet…3. drama: play , opera, radio/TV/film scripts…4. prose: essay , criticism, literary theory ,(auto)biography…◆How to Approach a Literary Work?Analyticale.g. the elements of fiction: plot, character, setting, point of view, theme, symbol, allegory , style, tone, etc.ThematicWhat is it about? e.g. love, freedom, courage, alienation, etc.HistoricalThe historical development of literature, e.g. romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism, post-modernism.◆Some Basic Characteristics of American Literature:Short history but great achievementBegan with oral myths, legends, talesPoetry , fiction, drama, essay all highly developedFemale, ethnic literature came into the centreDrawn immense interest from Chinese readers◆Brief Introduction of American History殖民时期以前(1607以前) →殖民时期(1607～1753) →独⽴运动(1754～1783) →组成新政府(1784～1819) →向西扩张(1820～1849) →南北冲突(1850～1869) →⼯业化与改⾰(1870～1916) 世界的新地位(1917～1929) →不景⽓时代和第⼆次世界⼤战(1930～1959) → 1960年以来1.The Colonial Period: 1609—1776 2.The Revolutionary Period: 1776—1820 3.The Romantic Period: 1820—1865 4.The Realism and Naturalism: 1865—1920 5.The Modern Period: 1920—1960 6. The Post-modern Period: since 1960⼀、The Colonial Period: 1609—1776 (Puritan writing)◆ 1. (1) Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred. (2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3) Total depravity (4) Limited atonement: Only the ―elect‖ can be saved.◆Influence1、A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influencedAmerican literature.2 It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.3 Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perc eption was chiefly instrumentalin calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.4 With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest,not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.◆Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the Church should be restored to the ―purity‖ of the first-century Church as established by Jesus Christ Himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were God’s chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in heaven.◆清教徒的想法：①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.③look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted.④Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.◆清教徒在美国的写作内容：①their voyage to the new land ②adapting themselves to unfamiliarclimates and crops ③about dealing with Indians ④guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit◆早期的六个州：缅新佛康马罗Maine 缅因New Hampshire 新罕布什尔V ermont 佛蒙特Connecticut 康涅狄格Massachusetts 马萨诸塞Rhode Island 罗德岛◆John Smith (the first American writer)―A True Relation of Such Occurences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”; “A Map of Virginia: with a Descriotion of the Country”; “General History of Virginia”; “New England Trialss”.◆典型的清教徒：John Cotton and Roger Williams他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy.Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America.Williams的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.⾏为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何⼈强迫别⼈该如何⾏事的权利。
美国文学 诗人 埃米莉 狄金森 Dickinson 生平及作品介绍(精排版)
Being rooted in the puritanical Massachusetts of the 1800's, the Dickinson children were raised in the Christian tradition, and they were expected to take up their father's religious beliefs and values without argument.
Emily Dickinson (1830—1886)
“The Belle of Amherst”
Amherst, Massachusetts was an Emily was born there.
Amherst is now known for the very fine Amherst College that is located there.
she seldom left her house and visitors were scarce; she lived in almost total physical isolation from the
outside world, but actively maintained many correspondences(通信) and read widely.
美国文学教案
课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页课后总结年月日课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页◆Puritans wanted to “purify the church”to its original state, because they thought the church was corrupted and had too many rituals◆To be a Puritan: taking religion as the most important thing; living for glorifying God; believing predestination（命运天定）, original sin（原罪，人生下来就是有罪的，因为人类的祖先亚当和夏娃是有罪的）, total depravity（人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝）, limited atonement（有限救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救）◆Life style of Puritans: pious, austerity of taste, diligence and thrift, rigid sense of morality, self-reliance (John Milton is a typical Puritan.)⑵American Puritan◆On the one hand, American Puritans were all idealist as their European brothers. They came to the new continent with the dream that they would built the new land to an Eden on earth.◆On the other hand, American Puritans were more practical maybe because the severe conditions they faced.⑶Influence on literature◆Optimism（乐观主义）: Basis of American literature: the dream of building an Eden of Garden on earth (Early American literature were mainly optimistic because they believed that God sent them to the new continent to fulfill the sacred task so they would overcome all the difficulties they met at last. Gradually Americans found that their dreams would not be successful, so lots of pessimistic literary works were produced.)◆Symbolism（象征主义）: lots of American writers liked to employ symbolism in their works. (typical way of Puritans who thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connoted deep meaning.) Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning.◆Style: simplicity—simple, fresh and direct (just as the style of the Authorized Version of Holy Bible)3. Colonial Literature⑴Theme: Idealism; Pragmatism(2) General features◆Humble origins: diaries, histories, letters etc.◆In content: serving either God or colonial expansion or both (about voyage, adapt, deal with the relationship with Indian, and about region)◆In form: imitating English literary traditions⑵Captain John Smith: the first American Writer (P16) A Description of New England⑶Anne Bradstreet: first American woman poet; a Puritan poet; once called “Tenth Muse”; her poems mainly about religious experience, family life and early settlers’lives; her most famous poems—“Contemplations”(P17)⑷Philip Freneau (1752-1832)◆He is the most important poet in the 18th century.◆He was entitled “Father of American Poetry”.◆He was born in New York and graduated from Princeton University.◆He wrote lots of poems supporting American Revolution and human liberty.◆He was the most notable representative of dawning American nationalism in literature.◆His poems presented Romantic spirits but his form and taste were mainly influenced by Classicism.◆Most famous poems: “The Wild Honey Suckle”and “The Indian Burying Ground”◆Analyze and discuss the theme, rhyme scheme and some difficult dictions in “The Wild Honey Suckle”.课后总结年月日课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页◆Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson etc.◆Influence on literatureIn form: imitating English classical（古典主义）writersIn content: utilitarian tendency (for political or educational purpose)2. Jonathan Edwards (1703—1758) (last important figure in Puritan tradition)⑴Life◆Born in a very religious New England family◆Graduated from Yale◆Worked as a minister and was an important figure in “Great Awakening”(a serious of religious revivals which occurred in the 1730s and 1740s on North America continent)◆Dismissed from his position because of fierce religious controversy at that time◆Lived and meditated in solitude; wrote some books (P29)⑵Analysis◆Influenced by the new ideas of Enlightenment, such as empiricism◆Still a pious Puritan◆His sense of God’s overwhelming presence in nature and in soul anticipated the Transcendentalism. (P32)◆First modern American and the country’s last medieval man3. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)⑴Life—Jack of all trades◆Born in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston◆No regular education◆Became a apprentice of a printer when he was 12◆A editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16◆Went to Philadelphia when he was 17◆A successful printer and publisher◆Retired when he was 42◆A scientist with lots of inventions and a famous experiment (kite, electricity, thunderstorm) ◆A famous statesman (the only America who once signed all the four documents that created the new country) (P33)◆An example who made American Dream come true⑵Literary works◆Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理的年历》Modeled on farmers’ annual calendar; kept publishing for many years; includes many classical sayin gs, such as ―A penny saved is a penny earned.‖ (P34)◆The Autobiography—first of its kind in literatureWriting when he was 65An introduction of his life to his own sonIncluding four parts written in different timePuritanism’s influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement (timetable, thirteen virtues, life style)Enlightenment spirits (man’s nature good, rights of liberty, virtues includes ―order‖)Style: simple, clear in order, direct and concise (―Nothing should be expressed in two words tha t can as well be expressed in one.‖) (Puritanism’s influence)Popular, still well-read today, his values and style influenced lots of Americans课后总结年月日课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页(5) Two periods and representativesA. 1770s to 1830s Early periodRepresentatives: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper and New England poetsTwo famous poets: William Cullen Bryant (first distinctive American lyric poet; writing about nature, religion and life; famous poems - "Thanatopsis" and "To a Waterfowl")and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (balancing Romantic spirits with classical andChristian taste; famous poem - "A Psalm of Life")B. 1830s to 1860s Late periodFlowering of American literatureRepresentatives: Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman, Dickinson, Poe etc.(6) SignificanceCreative period of a native American culture and literature2. Washington Irving (1783 - 1859)(1) LifeA. Born in a rich merchant familyB. Learned law but more interested in writingC. Went to England for family businessD. Wrote to support himself after business failureE. Diplomatic work for a period(2) Major worksThe Sketch Book (a collection of essays and short stories)Two famous short stories in the collection: "Rip Van Winkle" (Read the plot on P48-P49) and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (Read the plot on P49)(3) FeaturesA. Conservative (e.g. Rip felt into sleep before American Independence and woke after it.)(love of old world's tradition) ("an old gentleman speaking English not American)B. Style: gentle, refined, lucid, beautiful (classical in form though romantic in subjects)C. Aim of writing: entertainment, not moralizingD. Good at creating atmosphereE. Thin plotF. HumorG. Finished and musical languageH. vivid characters(4) ContributionsA. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.B. The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving's The Sketch Book.3. James Fenimore Cooper (1789 - 1851)(1) Life storyA. born in a rich familyB. attended Yale but expelledC. five years at seaD. inherited fortune then a comfortable lifeE. wrote lots of novels because he oneday was disgusted by one novel(2) Major works Precaution"Leatherstocking Tales" (a series of five novels about the frontier life): The Pioneers, The Prairie, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The DeerslayerCentral character: Natty Bumppo (several names for same character: Hawk-eye, the Pathfinder, the Deerslayer, Leatherstocking) (a typical frontier man: honest, simple, innocent, generous) (represents brotherhood of man, nature and freedom)Theme: modern civilization advancing on the wilderness and the contradiction between them(3) FeaturesA. Good at inventing plots (Cooper had never been to the frontier area personally.)B. Style: powerful, yet clumsy and dreadfulC. Wooden CharactersD. Use of dialect, but not authentic (criticized by Mark Twain)(4) ContributionsFinding "the West" and "the frontier life" as materials for literary works Introducing Western tradition into American literature4. HomeworkPreview chapter 4.课后总结年月日课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页Against ―total depravity‖ in Old Puritan doctrinesAgainst dehumanization of capitalist worldC. Taking nature as the symbol of the Spirit (Oversoul)Encouraging people to find goodness and beauty from natureAgainst materialism in the society and the actions which broke the harmony between human and nature only for profitsD. Brotherhood of man (equal and liberty)Interested in social reforms; endeavor to create an ideal society; against ―everything for money‖ in the capitalist world(3) SignificanceA. influenced a large group of writersB. summit of American RomanticismC. marked the independence of American literature2. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)(1) LifeA. born in a clergyman’s family in New EnglandB. graduated from HarvardC. a Unitarian ministerD. abandoned Unitarianism and went to Europe searching for truthE. founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journal DialF. traveled and gave lectures; quite influential(2) Major worksNature (1836) (a book which declared the birth of Transcendentalism)Some other essays preaching his thoughts: "The Poet", "Self-reliance" and "The American Scholar" (America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence)(3) Aesthetics and significanceA. AestheticsAbout poet, poetry, true art, writer.a. In Emerson's opinion, poets should function as preachers who gave directions to the mass.b. True poetry should serve as a moral purificationc. The argument (or his thought or experience) should decide the form of the poem instead of traditional techniques.d. The poets should express his thought in symbols.e. Poets should use words for their pictorial and imaginative meaning.f. As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to writer about peculiar American matters.B. Significance/ contributionEmerson's aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular. It marked the birth of true American poetry and true American poets.(4)LimitationHis reputation fell in the 20th century because he firmly believed human and human society could be better. It seemed that he had no sense of evil and too optimistic about human nature and the society. Somebody once called this kind of optimism "Transcendental folly".3. Henry David Thoreau (1817- 1862)(1) LifeA. Born in a common family in New EnglandB. Graduated from Harvard, but only stayed at home and helped family businessC. A friend of EmersonD. Active in social life and had a strong sense of justice (Example: He once refused to pay a poll-tax of 2 dollars because he felt the tax was unfair, and thus he was jailed. And later he wrote an essay named "Civil Disobedience" which advocated passive resistance to unjustlaws and influenced Gandhi in India.)F. not successful as a writer and lived in obscurity all his life(2) Works1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River2) Walden3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)(3) point of view1) He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.2) He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.4) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.5) He was very critical of modern civilization.6) ―Simplicity…simplify!‖7) He was sorely disgusted with ―the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society‖.8) He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men. Comment on课后总结年月日课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页Arthur Dimmesdale (a handsome and admirable young priest, contraditionary on the sin hemade with Hester, being a brave man at last)Theme: (Ask students: Is this a love story? No) The theme of the story should be the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin on people.Scarlet Letter is a cultural allegory, in which the author indirectly tells the future of Puritanism. Scarlet Letter is a sample in which American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritanism.(Because of the strong influence of Puritanism in American society, Hawthorne only expressed his ideas on the sin indirectly by employing symbolism.)(3) FeaturesA. sense of sin and evil (sin and punishment)B. tension between head (intellect) and heart (emotion)(Hawthorne held negative attitude towards science. Mostly, his intellectual characters are vallains.)C. ambiguity（复义性）D. good at depicting psychologyE. symbolismF. supernatural elementsG. excellent craftsmanship (delicate structure; refined language)3. point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life, ―that blackness in Hawthorne‖(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).(3) He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science.(4) aesthetic ideasA. He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which hismind grows to fruition.B. He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.(5) style – typical romantic writerA. the use of symbolsB. revelation of characters’ psychologyC. the use of supernatural mixed with the actualD. his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lessonE. use of ambiguity terrorr in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of view2. Herman Melville (1819 - 1891)1. life2. works(1) Typee(2) Omio(3) Mardi(4) Redburn(5) White Jacket(6) Moby Dick(7) Pierre(8) Billy Budd3. point of view(1) He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ (negative attitude towards life).(2) One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea ofprogress4. style(1) Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2) He tends to write periodic chapters.(3) His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.(4) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5) He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)课后总结年月日课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页4. style: ―free verse‖(1) no fixed rhyme or scheme(2) parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3) phonetic recurrence(4) the habit of using snapshots(5) the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7) use of conventional image(8) strong tendency to use oral English(9) vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(10) sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. influence(1) His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2) He took over Whitman’s vision of the p oet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood.(3) He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4) Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.II. Emily Dickenson1. life2. works(1) My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2) Because I Can’t Stop for Death(3) I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died(4) Mine – by the Right of the White Election(5) Wild Nights – Wild Nights3. themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1) religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2) death and immortality(3) love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4) physical aspect of desire(5) nature – kind and cruel(6) free will and human responsibility4. style(1) poems without titles(2) severe economy of expression(3) directness, brevity(4) musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5) capital letters – emphasis(6) short poems, mainly two stanzas(7) rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividIII. Comparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1. Similarities:(1) Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of ―American Renaissance‖.(2) Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.2. differences:(1) Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2) Whereas Whitman is ―national‖ in his outlook, Dickinson is ―regional‖.(3) Dickinson has the ―catalogue technique‖ (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t have.课后总结年月日课时授课计划年月日教案年月日第页课后总结年月日。
殖民地时期美国文学
Chapter One
Colonial Period (1607-1775)
I. Historical Introduction
1. people: ▪ Indians were native inhabitants. Now Americans are mainly immigrants mostly
War of Independent period
Introduction
I. Brief Introduction of American Literature Course
II. How to define American Literature
1. American literature is the literature produced in American English by American citizens. 2. Basic qualities of American Writers:
Englishmen across the ocean (Jamestown, Virginia) ▪ 3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflower across the sea and settled on the new continent “New England”. (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
They devoted themselves to the reform of the Church of England
and meant to clear away the rituals (n. 宗教等的仪式)of the Roman
Catholic Church in it. In reality, only this part of them were true
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间：2011年2月使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: “Model of Christian Charity”（〈基督慈善之典范〉）The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeurthe 18th century: Age of Reason and EnlightenmentJonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic ph ilosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, CooperWashington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowJames Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, MelvilleNathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman BrownHerman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, DickinsonWalt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of MyselfEmily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, JamesWilliam Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and FictionHenry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark TwainHamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring CampMark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial styleHarriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, RobinsonStephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow SkyFrank Norris: The Octopus, McTeagueTheodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The GeniusEdwin Arlington Robinson: Richard CoryJack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin EdenO. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, PoundThe first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th centuryThe second Renaissance: the 1920sThe three principles of the Imagist Poetry熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, WilliamsT. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlativeWilliam Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetryHart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great GatsbyErnest H emingway: Hemingway hero with “grace under pressure”, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
美国文学史之填空题
填空题Part 1 Early American Literature: Colonial Period to 1815Chapter 1 The Literature of the New World1. Origin stories are those dramatizing ______of how the earth originated or of how people established relationships with plants, ______ and the cosmos.(tribal interpretations, animal)2. Trickster tales are humorous tales featuring______. (trickster characters)3. Historical narratives are diverse in kinds. Some of them are tribal records of historical events. Many other narratives feature ______ that move in recognizable historical settings. (legendary figures)4. The name of Captain John Smith is now associated with the English expedition that founded the ______ in 1607. (Jamestown colony)Chapter 2 The Literature of Colonial America: 1620-17631.The colonial period covers almost the entirety of ______ and a great portion of ______. (the 17th century,the 18th century)2.The year 1620 saw the Pilgrims settling in the tiny colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts which, due toWilliam Bradford’s influential work ______, is now regarded as a symbol for Puritan culture during colonial settlement. (Of Plymouth Plantation)3.In the earlier colonial period, much of the literature was produced by ______ and ______. (Puritan,Pilgrim writers)4.The term “Puritan” was first applied to those ______ who rejected Queen Elizabeth’s religious settlementsof 1560 because they were determined to “purify” their religion. (Protestant reformers)5.Calvinism is a specific and rather rigid brand of Puritanism. Calvinists are those who follow the teachingsof ______, a religious reformer in France. (John Calvin)6.Anne Bradstreet’s “domestic” poems and ______ are today recognized as her best literary achievement. Inthem, she conveyed her personal feelings for New England and ______. (the Contemplations, family life) 7.In general, meditative poetry is a contemplation of self and expression of hoped-for union with God orwith a ______. But Edward Taylor’s poetry also shows an anguished search for God, an intense personal struggle with his ______ and with ______. (transcendent reality, spirituality, Satan)8.Cotton Mather’s most important book is ______. (Magnalia Christi American a)9.Of the quarrels with Puritan beliefs in the 17th century, the cases of Anne Hutchinson and ______ are ofparticular significance. (Roger Williams)10.Jonathan Edward was a complex theologian in whom the fervor of the ______ and the thinking of ______converged, if not coexisted, in contradiction. (Great Awakening, Enlightenment)11.Today, Jonathan Edward is generally regarded as a pioneering philosopher and the greatest mind of the______ period. (colonial)12.The Middle colonies are ______ and ______ more diverse. (culturally, ethnically)Chapter 3 Literature and the American Revolution: 1764-18151.Literature in the period of American Revolution (before, during and after) was predominantly public and______. (utilitarian)2.The emergence of Deism in the 18th century America came directly from the ______. (Enlightenment)3.In his lifetime, Benjamin Franklin was an inventor, scientist, ______, ______, ______, an exemplaryself-made man, a revolutionary hero, and, of course, an ______. (printer, political statesman, diplomat, author)4.With his restless energy, his optimism and his innovative spirit, Franklin exemplifies the Age of ______ orwhat Franklin himself called the Age of Experiment. (Enlightenment)5.Partly because he was very good at promoting himself, Franklin established for the public the image of a______ man, and an archetypal American success story that has since become part of American popular culture. (self-made)6.Although Poor Richard’s Almanacs are not really in the vein of fiction, ______ could be the earliestcharacter of fiction created by an American author. (Poor Richard)7.Perhaps the best-known portion of Franklin’s Autobiography is where he speaks of the ______ heembraced and how he translated them into daily practices. (13 virtues)8.______, drafted in June, 1776, is at once a national symbol of liberty and a monument to Jefferson as astatesman and author. (The Declaration of Independence)9.William Hill Brown’s novel ______ followed the sentimental mode and its characteristic theme ofseduction. (The Power of Sympathy)Part 2 American Romanticism: 1815-186Chapter 1 The Age of American Romanticism1.Nationalism often goes hand in hand with ______. But the special psychological make-up of Americannationalism also gave American ______ its own particular characteristics. (romanticism, romanticism) 2.American romanticism was influenced by European romanticism, particularly German, ______ and______. While showing characteristics of European romanticism, American romantic writers differed from their European counterparts in that they did not show the kind of ______ as seen in European romanticism. (English, French, political radicalism)Chapter 2 Early Romanticism1.______ was the first American storyteller created in a literary text, and as a storyteller he resembles hisauthor, Washington Irving. (Rip)2.______ and ______ are today two of Irving’s best known stories. Both are included in ______, acollection of sketches and stories. (Rip Van Winkle, The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. )3.The Leather-stocking Series consists of five novels which, in the order of publications, are: ______,______, ______, ______, and ______. (The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslaye r)4.“Leather-stocking”is the nickname for ______ who is in the habit of wearing long deerskin leggings.(Natty Bumppo)5.Natty Bumpoo is both the friend and foe of ______. He seems to respect them, but he retains his ______superiority while living with them. (American Indians, Christian)6.Starting with ______, Copper wrote 11 sea stories. Among them, ______ is a tale of the adventure ofCaptain Heidegger who gives up privacy in order to aid the Americans. (The Pilot, Red Revor)7.______, one of Bryant’s best poems, served as a bridge over which the young poet moved towards hisfather’s religious liberalism (Deism and Unitarianism) and towards Wordsworth’s nature.(“Thanatopsis”)Chapter 3 Transcendentalism and Symbolic Representation1.The transcendental Club sponsored two major activities. First, they published 16 issues of ______, aquarterly, between 1840 ad 1844. ______ was the first editor. (The Dial, Margaret Fuller)2.______ is today regarded as the “Father” of American literature. (Emerson)3.As the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism, Emerson once explained that this philosophy meant______. (a little beyond)4.“The Over-Soul” presents the more mystical side of Emerson ad the basis of ______. The “Over-Soul”refers to the profound and all-encompassing ______ to which each individual soul should lie upon.(Transcendentalism, spiritual nature)5.Today Thoreau is primarily remembered by two of his works: ______ and the essay ______. (Walden,Civil Disobedience)Chapter 4 Hawthorne, Melville and Poe1.Hawthorne wrote well over a hundred stories, essays and sketches, and is the author of four remarkablenovels: ______, ______, ______and ______. (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun)2.In Hawthorne’s writings there is a consistent concern with the psychological currents beneath the ______.______ is a typical Hawthornian metaphor for this concern. (conscious, A dream-like journey at night) 3.Hawthorne depicts “sin” not for its own sake. He allows us to study the effects of sin on the ______ andon people related to them. (sinners)4.Many of Hawthorne’s male characters live in ______. It seems extraordinarily difficult for them to knowsomeone else and to disclose themselves to another person. (isolation)5.If there was anything in the 19th century close to being the American epic, it was ______, published oneyear after The Scarlet Letter. (Moby Dick)6.The novel Moby Dick tells the strange story of the possessed and implacable Captain ______ risking hislife, those of his crew and his ship on the rough seas in search of a monstrous ______. (Ahab, white whale)7.Poe is a critic, poet and short story writer, and he is important in all three aspects. His contribution toFrench symbolist poetry was made not primarily through his ______ but his ______. (poetry, stories andcriticism)8.“The Raven” captures the mourning of the narrator for the loss of his beloved when a raven monotonouslyrepeats the word ______. (Nevermore)Chapter 8 Whitman and Dickinson1.______ and ______ were two major poets in the late 19th century. (Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson)2.Technically speaking, Whitman’s poetry is “free verse” in that the lack of ______ and ______ is known ashis major technical innovation. (meter, rhyme)3.The speaker in many of Dickinson’s poems is in ______ and ______. Frequently, the speaker speaks of a______. (anguish, pain, recurring pain)4.______ is the longest and one of the best in Whitman’s canon. (“Song of Myself”)5.Emily Dickinson wrote nearly ______ poems, although fewer than 20 of them were printed in her lifetime.(2000)Chapter 9 A House Divided: Writing Against Slavery1.______ boosted abolitionist sentiments and shook the conscience of the South. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)2.the novel’s appeal comes from the extreme sentimentality that derives from the deaths of little Eva St.Clare and ______ as well as from melodramatic events such as ______’s escape across the ice of the Ohio River. (Uncle Tom, Eliza)3.Frederick Douglass wrote the powerful autobiography ______. (Narrative of the Life of FrederickDouglass, an American Slave)4.Harriet Ann Jacob’s first-person account, ______, is the only slave narrative written by a woman.(Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl)Part 3 American Realism: 1865-1914Chapter 1 The Age of Realism1.Realism reacts against romanticism’s emphasis on intuition, ______, a dreary (or innocent) sense ofwonder, ______, ______, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things. (imagination, idealism, faith in nature )Chapter 2 Regional and Local Color Writings1. ______ and ______ writings may be considered the early stage of literary realism. They were instances of realism insofar as they depicted contemporary life, used the speech of ______ and avoided, in general, fantastic plotlines. (Regional, local, the common people)2.Ernest Hemingway once remarked: “All modern literature comes from on Book by Mark Twain called______.” (Huckleberry Finn)3.As an ironist, Mark Twain allows us to see the adult through the eyes of a ______, and to see the childthrough an ______’s perspective. (child, adult)4.Tom Sawyer is the story of the boy Tom Sawyer and his friends ______ and ______. (Huckleberry Finn,Joe Harper)5.“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavera County” is a “tall tale” filled with the kind of exaggerationand comedy that characterize ______life. (the frontier)6.There were many other regionalists and local colorists. Some of the prominent ones include _____ in NewEngland, ______ and ______ in the deep South, and ______ who wrote of the far West mining camps.(Sarah Orne, George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin, Brett Harte)Chapter 3 Henry James and William Dean Howells1.In Henry James’s texts, ______ and ______ are two different societies and cultural forces brought intocontact. (Europe, America)2.Henry James wrote 36 volumes of fictional works. A dozen or so are longer novels. The more completeversions of three of the best--______, ______, The Golden Bowl—were published posthumously. (The Wings of Dove, The Ambassadors)3.Henry James had a liking for the short-story form. However, his elaboration on details often led to theexpression of short story themes into short novels or novellas. The two best-known novellas are: ______ and ______. (Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw)4.While William Dean Howells was a journalist for the Ohio State Journal he wrote ______, a book whichhelped Lincoln become elected and which brought Howells recognition and an appointment as American Counsel in Venice. (The Campaign Life of Abraham Lincoln)5.In The Rise of Silas Lapham, Lapham is a sturdy country-bred man who becomes successful as a paintmanufacturer and has an opportunity to rise in ______ society. (Boston)Chapter 4 Literary Naturalism1.Under the influence of European writers such as Emile Zola, Thomas Hardy, George Eliot, Americanliterary ______ emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism. (naturalism)2.In naturalist fiction, the characters are often ______ in the social stratum. (the lowest)3.The naturalist stories are often about those rendered helpless by uncontrollable forces. The mood is darkand _____. (pessimistic)4.Jack London’s masterpiece ______ is somewhat autobiographical. (Martin Eden)5.Norris’s novel ______ has been called “the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel”and “aconsciously naturalistic manifesto”. (McTeague)6.The first novel of Theodore Dreiser was ______. (Sister Carrie)7.The protagonist of Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire is ______. (Frank Cowperwood)Chapter 5 Women Writing on the “Woman Question”1.In literature, writing on the “woman question” mostly meant critiquing the Victorianist cultural code andpromoting ______. (women’s liberation)2.The Awakening presents the story of ______’s doomed attempt to find her own fulfillment through passion.(Edna Pontellier)3.The Awakening is simultaneously a ______ novel, a ______novel, a ______ novel, and a ______ novel.(local color, realist, romantic, feminist)4.Like Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Kate Chopin’s______was condemned not because it was sexy butbecause it deviates from the sexual codes of “good society.”(The Awakening)5.As a fictionalized version of “rest cure,”“The Yellow Wallpaper” is a powerful feminist indictment of thenorms in a ______ culture. (patriarchal)6.Thematically, Edith Wharton’s novels reflect the struggles of the individual members of ______in theirattempts to actualize themselves within the rigid behavioral mores of their______. (elite societies, class)Part 4 American Modernism: 1914-1945Chapter 15 Modernism in the American Grain1.In its most apparent sense, “modernism”indicates an impulse towards creating something ______.(new)2.In modern fiction, ______ point of view—representing a given perspective—is used more often. (the firstperson)3.If American Romanticism was the first flowering of American literature, American ______ was the secondflowering. (modernism)4.Freud boldly and naturalistically explained that human behavior is largely the result of instinctual drives,such as______ and ______ urges. If the individual wished to enjoy the benefits of civilization, he/ she must control these urges. (sexual, aggressive)Chapter 16 The Evolution of Modernism1.Edwin Arlington Robinson created the ______ and ______ characters who believe they have failed. Hismain theme seems to be the agony of life and a hopeless wish for ______. (alienated, disillusioned, happiness)2.______ is the most popular modern poet in America. Towards the end of his life, he received more literaryawards, government recognitions, and institutional honors than any other poet of the 20th century. (Robert Frost)3.It was in England that Robert Frost published his first collection of poetry ______ in 1913. Ezra Pound,whom he met in England, helped him publish his second volume ______ which contains some of Frost’s most stunning poems, including ______, ______, ______and ______. (A Boy’s Will, North of Boston, “Mending Wall,”“Home Burial,”“The Road Not Taken,”“Apple-Picking.”)4.Willa Cather’s major novels fall into three groups. In three of her novels--______, ______ and ______--Cather explores the pioneer experience in the landscape of Nebraska, the Midwest and Colorado. (O Pioneers! The Song of the Lark, My Antonia )5.We can get better acquainted with Cather’s literary style by reviewing ______, and it was with this novelthat Cather made craft. (My Antonia)6.Sherwood Anderson is primarily remembered as the author of ______, Gathered into a loosely connectednovel are stories of ______ or ______ characters. (Winesburg, Ohio, grotesque, twisted)Chapter 17 American Modernism in Europe1.In 1936, Gertrude Stein remarked, “America is my country and Paris is my hometown and it is as it hascome to be.” She spoke not just for herself but also for a generation of _____. (American expatriates) 2.As evidence of her originality, Stein was the first American writer to try to transcribe banal daily speechinto literature. Specifically, in ______ and in ______, she used this kind of “natural” conversation in prose narrative. (Three Lives, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas)3.______ is so far the only writer in the Western culture who has been able to turn the characteristics of theChinese language into a specific and “new” component in English/ American poetry. (Pound)4.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the ______ movement. (Imagist)5.Ezra Pound’s major work of poetry is the long poem called ______. (The Cantos)6.Hilda Doolittle always signed her name ______. (H.D.)Chapter 18 Modern Fiction between the Wars1.It is generally believed that the modernist innovativeness in American poetry was exemplified by ______,______ and a few others whose paradigmatic texts exerted a powerful influence on fiction writers. (T. S.Eliot, Wallace Stevens)2.Under Anderson’s guidance, William Faulkner published his first novel ______, but his first major successwas ______. (Soldier’s Pay, The Sound and the Fury)3.The first three sections of The Sound and the Fury are narrated by three Compson brothers: ______,______, ______. (Benjy, Quentin, Jason)4.As I Lay Dying is a comedy with a profoundly ______. The novel is also Faulkner’s attempt to translate______ in painting into a fictional form. (tragic center, cubism)5.In Light in August Faulkner makes an indictment of racism in the South by offering a profound analysis ofthe “truths”in a cultural discourse that mingles religious fanaticism, ______ and ______, a discourse shared by Southerners at various levels. (sexism, racism)6.“A Rose for Emily” seems to be a ______ story, at least initially. (detective)7.Hemingway’s trip to Africa on a hunting expedition in 1933-14 became the basis for ______. He went toSpain twice to cover the Civil War in 1936-37, which provided material for his novel ______. (Green Hills of Africa, For Whom the Bell Tolls)8.“The Big Two-Hearted River”, included in ______, shows ______who, bearing traumas of the war withinhim, has returned to a small town where he finds the river and trout as he remembers them. (In Our Time, Nick Adams)9.______ is the most important work Fitzgerald wrote. The title character, ______ is a very rich man whofought in World War I. (The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby)10.Tender is the Night is Fitzgerald’s ______ novel and it is a novel about ______. (mature, maturity)11.The best-known work by Dos Passos is ______, a trilogy consisting of ______, ______, and ______.(U.S.A. The Forty-Second Parallel, 1919, The Big Money)12.John Steinbeck is a modern writer, no doubt, but he can also be regarded as a ______ and a ______.(regionalist, naturalist)13.Today, Steinbeck is primarily remembered by three of his many novels: ______, ______, and ______.( In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, The Grapes of Wrath )14.Steinbeck consciously uses stylistic devices of the ______ and attempts to create his new ______.(folk tale, folklore)Chapter 19 Modern American Poetry1.The charm of Eliot’s poetry lies not only in the ______ but also in the ______ he has created. (images,mellow cadence)2.The “waste” in the title is not only a reference to the devastation and bloodshed of ______, but also to theemotional and spiritual sterility of the ______. (World War I, Western man)3.Eliot wrote seven plays, the best of which is ______, a verse play on an ancient historical subject, writtenin 1935. (Murder in the Cathedral)4.Eliot’s last important work was ______, a profound meditation on time and timelessness, written in fourparts. (Four Quartets)5.“Sunday Morning” is one of the best-known poems by Stevens. The poem introduces a woman who doesnot go to church on Sunday morning but stays at home to enjoy ______ and to contemplate ______.(the sunshine, what divinity is )6.The themes of William Carlos Williams’s poems are broad ranging, including the emergence of life,______, ______ in its many guises, sexuality and the erotic, the richness of everyday experience, and, last but not least, the realities of industrial America. (the nature of poetry, the unfortunate humanity)7.The odd appearance of E.E. Cummings’ verses on the page is meant as an aid to oral reading or, morespecifically, as a guide to timing, accentuation, syllabus stresses. To indicate stress, for example, he would ______ or _______. (break lines, capitalize key words)Chapter 20 African American Literature and Modernism1.Jean Toomer, poet and novelist, was for some time regarded as the most talented writer in the _______.(Harlem Renaissance)2.Between 1922 and 1929, Toomer wrote several plays in which he experienced with _______ techniques.(impressionist)3.The most important stage in Langston Hughes’s development was when he discovered Harlem, New York,and the cultural and literary circle of the ______ writers. (“New Negro”)4.Their Eyes were Watching God, Hurston’s best work, tells of Janie’s story, a young black woman’s searchfor ______. (self-knowledge)5.Native Son is a novel that explores the complex ______and ______ factors involved in a black boy’shorrendous crimes. (social, psychological)6.Black Boy is subtitled ______. This is an autobiographical novel that begins with ______’s Childhood andstops at the point when he leaves the South to head for the North. (“A Record of Childhood and Youth”, Wright)7.The Men Who Lived Underground appeared in its final form in a collection of short stories, ______.(Eight Men)Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New MillenniumChapter 21 Literature Diversified Under New Conditions1.Contemporary American literature is inclusive of ______, ______ and what is covered under the broadtitle “postmodern literature.” (ethnic literature, postcolonial literature)2.Existentialism is, strictly speaking, a philosophy formulated in the first half of the 20th century, with______, ______ and ______ being the three main representatives. (Heidegger, Sartre, Camus)3.In general, the distinction between postmodernism and modernism is perhaps less a matter of stylisticdifferences than a matter of attitude towards ______ and ______. (culture, literature)4.Derrida cites three thinkers as the precursors of deconstruction: ______, ______ and ______.(Nietzsche, Heidegger, Freud)5.The father of deconstruction is the French thinker ______ who did not specifically concern himself withliterature or literariness. (Jacques Derrida)6.Reading and writing are bound in the signifying process which is multilayered, continuous andnever-ending. For this insight, Derrida coined the word ______. (différence)Chapter 22 American Theater: Three Major Playwrights1.______ was America’s first dramatist of world renown. In the course of a long and prolific career, he wonfour Pulitzer prizes, gained international recognition, and in 1936 won the Nobel Prize. (Eugene O’Neil) 2.As an expressionist play, The Hairy Ape makes a protest against the ______ and______ in theindustrialized world. (dehumanization, alienation)3.______ was the most important dramatist that emerged after world War II. Like Arthur Miller, he adoptedmany of the experimental devices from the ______ and other avant-garde dramatists of the 1920s, but he integrated them into a entirely individualized. (Tennessee Williams, expressionists)4.Indeed, ______ is Tennessee Williams’s autobiographical play based on the family circumstances in1935-1936. (The Glass Menagerie)5.As seen in the majority of his plays, Miller’s favorite material is the conflict in the American middle-classfamily, with the tension often anchored on the father-son relationship as in ______ and ______ or, sometimes, on the strained relationship between a father and his stepdaughter, as in ______. (All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, A View From the Bridge)Chapter 23 Major Fiction Writers: 1945 till the 1960s1.If there was a tradition of novels that studied the waste of war and madness of war mentally, NormanMailer appeared to be a leader, with his ______ and ______ being the representative works. (The Naked and the Dead, Armies of the Night)2.Until he died in 1994, Ellison published one epic-scope novel, ______, and collections of short stories andessays. (Invisible Man)3.Baldwin is both a brilliant fiction writer and a brilliant essayist. His best-known novel is ______,published in 1953. (Go Tell It on the Mountain)4.O’Connor’s first novel Wise Blood consists of many gratuitous ad unrelated incidents. But it does have afocus on ______. (Hazel (Haze) Motes)5.The differences among Bellow’s works show the versatility of his talents. His earlier works include______, a comic and mordant existentialist tale set in wartime America, and ______, a parable of Gentile and Jew, and an unsentimental study of ______. (Dangling Man, The Victim, anti-Semitism)6.To speak of Salinger is to speak of ______. (The Catcher in the Rye)7.The phrase, “Catch-22,” is today a metaphorical expression in the English language, meaning a ______dilemma. The expression originates from ______’s novel. (self-contradictory, Heller)Chapter 24 Poetic Tendencies Since 19451.Confessional poems are conversational, bleak, brooding, showing a clear sense of alienation. Therecognized confessionals include ______, ______, W. D. Snodgrass, Anne Sexton, ______and others.(Robert Lowell, John Berryman.)2.In the term “beat generation” the word “beat” means: ______ and ______. (beat down, beatific)3.Allen Ginsberg’s best and most influential poem is ______. (Howl)4.Synder’s poetic power has much to do with his interest in ______. In Chinese and Japanese poetry, in theculture of ______, and in the natural landscape details of America. (Buddhism, American Indians) Chapter 25 Fictional Inclinations Since the 1960s1.In John Barth’s first novel, The Floating Opera, the narrator ______ spends ten years analyzing the day hecontemplated and decided against suicide. (Todd Andrew)2.American “postmodern” writers such as John Barth often write what is known as ______, namely, a pieceof fiction that is concerned with revealing the devices and conventions of making fiction and the process of making fiction. (metafiction)3.Simply speaking, meta-fiction is fiction about ______. Meta-fictional elements can also be found in suchmodernist writers as ______ and______. (Henry James, Marcel Proust)4.Pynchon wrote a short fiction titled ______ in which he used the whole range of meanings of ______.(Entropy, entropy)5.Joyce Carol Oates’s first novel ______, depicts an intense and violent love affair between a 17-year-oldgirl and a 30-year-old car racer, exposing emotional derangements, compulsive behaviors, and tragic love.(With Shuddering Fall)6.______ is perhaps the most accomplished short fiction writer since the 1960s. his fiction shows theadmired qualities of such short fiction masters as Hemingway and Anderson. (Raymond Carver) Chapter 26 Contemporary Multi-ethnic Literature and Fiction1.______’s The Woman Warrior, published in 1976, marked the beginning of Asian American writersbreaking into the mainstream. Amy Tan’s _______was another astonishing success commercially.(Maxine Hong Kingston, The Joy Luck Club)2.Morrison is praised for her powerful ______, her provocative ______, sophisticated narrative techniques,and poetic language. (fictional style, themes)3.______ is perhaps Morrison’s best novel, certainly her best-known. (Beloved)。
美国文学史复习
美国文学史复习文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）A m e r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e H i s t o r yColonial Periodthe Early National PeriodRomantic Period in AmericanRealistic PeriodModern Literature1939--- Contemporary PeriodChapter 1 Colonial America()The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. It endured starvation, brutality, and misrule. However, the literature of the period paints America in glowing colors as the land of riches and opportunity. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune. His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the firstdistinct American literature written in English.Mayflower, 1620 ,brought the from England to New England. Christopher JonesPlymouthBefore landing, an agreement for the temporary government of the colony by the will of the majority was drawn up in the famous .Harvard, the first college in the colonies, was founded near Boston in 1636 in order to train new Puritan ministers. The first printing press in America was started there in 1638, and America’s first newspaper , The Boston Newsletter, appeared in 1704.They did not draw lines of distinction between the secular and religious spheres: All of life was an expression of the divine will----a belief that later resurfaces in Transcendentalism.Captain John SmithWilliam BradfordJohn WinthropCotton MatherAnne BradstreetEdward TaylorAmerican Puritanism•They stressed predestination, original sin, totaldepravity, a nd limited atonement from God’s grace.•They went to America to prove that they were God’schosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings onearth and in Heaven.•Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hardwork, thrift, piety, and sobriety.•Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Literary Influence:•American Literature is based on a myth ------ the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.•The American Puritan’s metaphorical made of perception ---- symbolism.Chapter 2 Edwards·Franklin·Crevecoeur•Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin shared the 18thcentury between them.•They embodied Puritan nave idealism and crude materialism.•Deism•They were not interested in theology but in mans own nature. Jonathan Edward(1703-1758)Edwards embodied the spirit of revivalism (Great Awakening)He has 2 goals:a.to evoke the original sense of religious commitment.b. b. speak about the difference between head thinking andheart feelingMajor works:The Freedom of the Will (1754)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)The Nature of True Virtue (1765)Edwards was, probably, at once the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. Edwards was obviously grappling in all his intellectual life with the knotty problem of reconciling Puritan ideas with the new rationalism of Locke and Newton. Edwards represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did hisbest but failed to revitalize复活. 和discovered, beneath the dogmasof the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, anticipated the nature symbolism of the nineteenth-century Transcendentalism.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Life story:•Born in 1706 into a poor candle-maker’s family in Boston.•At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.His entrance onto the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind.•He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the AmericanPhilosophical Society.•During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence.•He was the only American to sign the four documents thatcreated the United States including the Declaration ofIndependence.•He was regarded as the father of the country.Literary Achievement•Almanac autobiography (‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’,‘Autobiography’ )His Style•Clear, plain, formal (the organization of his material is informal)Major Works:1)Poor Richard’s Almanac2)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin•On the art of self-improvement•The first of its kind in literature------- An account of a poor boy’s rise to wealth and fame and the fulfillment of theAmerican dream• A Puritan document------a self-examination and self-improvement. The book is a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the word, one has to beindustrious, frugal, and prudent.•An eloquent elucidation说明 of the fact that Franklin wasthe spokesman of American enlightenment, and he represented inAmerica all its ideas.•The book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream. Hector St. John de CrevecoeurWork: Letters from an American Farmer (1775)The first eight of the twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American. It is evident that, to Crevecoeur, the American is a new man acting on principles: He is self-sufficient, self-reliant, and essentially self-made. Crevecoeur saw and spoke of the hope of a new Garden of Eden materializing in America.Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. Starting from the ninth letter, he began to speak with a voice of a definitely disillusioned man. There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of the Atlantic.Chapter 3 American Romanticism·Irving·CooperAmerican Romanticismof Romanticism:Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity ofrationalism. (subjectivity)For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were moreimportant than reason and common sense.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric,sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel , gothicromance, metrical romance, sonnet.2. Distinctive features of American Romanticism•the end of the 18th \century through the out break of the Civil War.•strongly influenced by European culture•American romantics tended to moralize3. Main contents: the exotic landscape , the frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a New Garden Eden in America (the native materials) New England Poems•It produced a feeling of “Newness” which inspired the romantic imagination..4. Representatives:•New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;•Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington IrvingElements of Romanticism•Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.•Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.•Experimentation: in science, in institutions.•Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.•Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south;north becomes industrialized, south remains agricultural Romantic Subject Matter•1.The quest for beauty: non-didact ic, “pure beauty”•2.The use of the far-away and non-normal----antique and fanciful:• a.In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.• b.Characterization and mood: grotesque, Gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.•3.Escapism----from American problems•4.Interest in external nature: for itself, for beauty• a. Nature as source for the knowledge of primitive.• b.Nature as refuge.• c.Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitude•Appeals to imagination; use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”•Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.•Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques•1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.•2. Improbable plots.•3. Inadequate or unlikely characterization.•4. Authorial subjectivity.•5. Socially “harmful morality”, a world of “lies”•6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.•7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns.•8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective form of writing. Washington Irving (1783-1859)1.Masterpieces:“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” (1819-1820)“Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ”The Sketch Book (1819),contains two most enduring stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. In both these stories, Irving aims at creating a past in which history and myth blend into each other, providing for a rapidly changing American society kind of historical tradition so apparent in England and so apparently absent in the new nation.The plots of both stories are based on old German folk tales. However, Irving fills them with the “local color” of New York’s Hudson River Valley. In “The Legend”, Irving tells of a Connecticut schoolmaster plying his trade near Tarrytown, New York, among the Dutch families there. A ferventbeliever in witchcraft and the spirit world, Ichabod Crane is also one of the few educated men in the community, and as such is a notable figure in the area.In all, The Sketch Book contains thirty-two stories. The majority are on European subjects, mostly English. Like many important American writers after him, Irving found that the rich, older culture of the Old World gave him a lot of material for his stories. Few of hisstories are really original. “We are a young people,” he explains in the preface, “and must take our examples and models from the existing nations of Europe”.A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809)---------his first book2. Comment•His stories, essays, histories, and biographies win him the acclaim as the 1st prose stylist of American romanticism.•He was the first American author to win international recognition, and was extremely popular in Europe.•In his ‘Sketch Book’ appeared the First America n modern American short stories and the first great American juvenileliterature.•He perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced.•Humor, ironic3．Features which characterize Irving’s writing:1) Irving avoids moralizing as much as possible2) he is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere, the richness of which is often more than compensation for the slimness of plot. James Fenimore Cooper ()Cooper's first novel Precaution (1820) was an imitation of JaneAustin’s novels and did not meet with great success.His second, The Spy (1821), was based on Sir Walter Scott’s W averly series, and told an adventure tale about the American Revolution, setin Westchester Country. The protagonist was Harvey Birch, a supposed loyalist who actually was a spy for George Washington, disguised as “Mr. Harper”. The book brought Cooper fame and we alth and he gave up farming.In 1823 appeared The Pioneers. It started his preoccupation with a series of frontier adventures and pioneer life, in which he spentabout twenty years. The novels depicted the adventures of Natty Bumppo, also called Leatherstocking or Hawkeye, and his Indian companion Chingachgook. They included such classics as The Deerslayer, The Lastof the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, and The Prairie (1827).Cooper had the idea of transporting Leatherstocking to the Far West while he was writing The Last of the Mohicans.The Spy (1821)The Leatherstocking Tales (1823—1841)The Pilot (1824) The Red Rover (1827)Literary Achievements:The lst successful American novelistIn his fiction he dealt with the themes of wilderness versus civilization, freedom versus law, order versus change, aristocrat versus democrat, and natural rights versus legal rights.Cooper developed 3 kinds of novels:--the 1st kind is the novels about the revolutionary past (“The Spy”);--the 2nd is the sea novels (he also was the 1st writer to write a novel on the sea, “The Pilot”);--the 3rd is novels about the American frontier (“The Pioneers ”, “The Pathfinder” and “The Deerslayer” )“The Leather Stocking Tales”---------Natty BumppoComment:•the characters in his fiction help create that part of American mythology: the story of the cow boy, the winning of the American West (daring frontiersman and friendly Indian)•Among his comtemporaries, Cooper was no doubt the best in exploring the possibilities of the American frontier in fiction. Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism·Emerson·ThoreauNew England TranscendentalismBackgrounds:1.Ralph Waldo Emerson published ‘Nature’ in 1836 whichrepresented a new way of intellectual thinking in America.2.‘The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit ispresent everywhere. ’3.romantic idealism on Puritan soil4.1836, the Transcendental ClubTranscendentalismIn the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering ofpseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts (main ideas)‘transcendere’: to rise above, to pass beyond the limitsBelieve people could learn things both from the outside world bymeans of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.It placed spirit first and matter secondIt took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. (All things innature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Naturecould exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind.) It emphasized the significance of the individual (the individualwas the most important element in society, the ideal kind ofindividual was self-reliant and unselfish.)Religion was an emotional communication between an individualsoul and the universal ‘oversoul’.Comments:A manifestation of romantic movement in literature and philosophyAn ethical guide to life of America （the positive life ）Emerson, Thoreau, Dickinson, etc created one of the most prolific periods in the history of American literatureNever a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources, but lacked of logical connection, finally, it turned to mysticism. Major writers and Literary WorksRalph Waldo Emerson () Henry David Thoreau ()Ralph Waldo Emerson ()•Ralph Waldo Emerson, the towering figure of his era, had a religious sense of mission.•The address he delivered in 1838 at his alma mater, the Harvard Divinity School, made him unwelcome at Harvard for 30 years.•In it, Emerson accused the church of acting "as if God were dead"and of emphasizing dogma while stifling the spirit.•Emerson's philosophy has been called contradictory, and it is true that he consciously avoided building a logical intellectual system because such a rational system would have negated hisRomantic belief in intuition and flexibility.Achievement:•‘Nature’ has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”•‘The American Scholar’ has been called “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”•American way instead of imitating things foreign.•The contribution both for philosophy and literature•His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the American symbolistmovement.•Emphasize the common life worth of highest art•Believed the work’s form was determined by the writer’s perception of the higher truth he found symbolized in nature.Most of his major ideas –the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation -- are suggested in his first publication, Nature (1836).Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862)•If Ralph Waldo Emerson was the philosopher of Transcendentalism, Thoreau was its most devoted practitioner.•While Emerson wrote and lectured about Transcendentalism, Thoreau tried to live as a transcendentalist.Life Story:•Classically educated at Harvard•Father, John, was a pencil maker•Siblings Helen, John, and Sophia•Lived in and around Concord, Mass., all his life•Two books published in his lifetime--neither sold wellThe Walden Experiment•From 1841 – 1843 Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency by building his own house on the shores ofWalden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm.Major Work: Walden•Thoreau later documented his experiment in his famous memoir Walden.Civil Disobedience•Another work that was a result of Thoreau’s Walden Experiment was his essay Civil Disobedience.•Civil Disobedience has been a highly influential work that has inspired peaceful activists such as Ghandi and Martin LutherKing Jr.•Famous Quote: “If... the m achine of government... is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice toanother, then, I say, break the law.”Henry David Thoreau ()and Walden•--- a spiritual book•--- a diary of a nature lover, a classic of American prose (this is a book of essays put together, exploring subjects concernedwith Nature, with the meaning of life, and with morality)3 aims in writing the book:•to make people evaluate the way he lived and thought;•to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in eve ryone’s life;•to condemn the weakness and errors of societysubjects:•The essentials of life: living rather than getting a living•It is a condemnation of making social improvement and comfort all important.•It stresses the importance of thought over material circumstance.•It has confidence in the individual, and holds that individual freedom breaks down the rules and barriers of society so that the individual can express himself and act on his own principles.•There is the possibility for and importance of change in one’s spiritual life which is in harmony with nature.Style:•Prophetic voice•Direct forceful sentence•Conversational in tone•Humor•Proverbial expressions•Brief tales, fables and allegories•Metaphors•Hypocrisy (伪善)•The Dark side of human nature•Religious in natureHawthorne’s Major Works•Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales + Mosses from an Old Manse(古屋青苔)•The Scarlet Letter-------His masterpiece, which established him as the Leading American native novelist of the 19th century •The House of the Seven Gables(带有七个尖角阁的房子 )•The Blithedale Romance(福谷传奇)•The Marble Faun(玉石雕像 )Hawthorne’s Point of View-------Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played animportant role in his life and works.•Evil is at the core of human life.•Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.•Evil educates•He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect. His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-bloodedHawthorne’s aesthetic ideas1) he took a great interest in history and antiquity.•To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.•Trying to connect a bygone time with the very present, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.2) he was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America•The poverty of materials+the avoidance of offending the puritan taste—— romances rather than novels to tell the truth andsatirize and yet not the offendWriting Style• A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in•The use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing.•Revelation of characters’ psychology: he is good atexploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’tmuch physical movement going on in his works•The use of supernatural mixed with the actual•His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson•Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of viewComments:•Hawthorne is significant as a romantic writer because he used the New England regional past as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past.•He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber toward life; the impingement of•He is significant for his styleHe used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of thecharacters.---His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine.---He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world ofuncertainty.Herman Melville ()“Moby Dick”•Some critics hold it the greatest American novel.•The book suggests the beauty, terror, and mystery of creation.•Moby Dick is a symbol of nature.•Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity and thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings.So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse.style:•Allusions to classical myths• A threefold quality in his writing: the style of fact, the style of oratory celebrating the fact, and the style of meditaion.“Moby Dick”•The original design of Moby Dick made sense within the romantic tradition. Melville wanted to write a romantic text on the whalefishery, giving much exotic information, derived fromencyclopedias and world literature. The characters were to becolorful and picturesque, including the Byronic captain of thewhaling ship.•The result was a novel with MIXED STYLES:•FICTIONAL ADVENTURE•STORY•HISTORICAL DETAIL•SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION•The novel’s plot is built on one basic conflict – AHAB vs. THE WHALE. It is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest todefeat the legendary Sperm Whale Moby Dick, for this whale took Ahab’s leg, causing him to use an ivory leg.•Whaling described as a ROYAL ACTIVITY (whales were considered prizes significant enough to be a dowry. Oil used in thecoronation of kings is sperm oil)Chapter 6 Whitman·DicksonWalt Whitman ()Major Work:Leaves of Grass: 9 editions ,more than 400 poems all written in free verse form, that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. The title implies rebirth, renewal, or green life. Features of Whitman’s poems:•The sprawling lines of the poems are often extremely long.•Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.•Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears inthe last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.•Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells ,taste, and touch.•No regular pattern.•The verse unit is usually an independent clause.Emily Elizabeth Dickinson(1830--1886)Dickinson is known for using poetry as private observation.Her poems are carefully crafted in rhyme and meter.subjects: love, death, religion, immortality, pain, beautyTheory:•She regarded the poet as a seer. She thought the poet could grasp truth through her imagination and then the poem would reveal this truth to the reader.•She believed that poetry contributed to growth and poetry had an impact on one’s life.•She stressed indirection.•Her poems demonstrate inconsistence.(The reader can find one of her poems that says one thing about a problem and another poemthat says the exact opposite)Style:•Lyric•Influence of Christian tradition•New England perspective•Puritan introspectionChapter 7 Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe(1809—1849)•Poe established a new symbolic poetry, formulated the new short story in detective and science fiction line, developed an important artistic theory, and laid foundation for analytical criticism.•Poe is generally regarded as a pioneering aesthetician, psychological investigator, literary technician and his influence on American literary circles can never be overrated.Major Literary Works•“The Raven” 《乌鸦》•“Annable Lee” 《安娜贝尔·李》•“The Sleeper” 《睡梦人》•“A Dream Within a Dream”《梦中梦》•“Sonnet—To Science” 《十四行诗—致科学》•“To Helen” 《致海伦》•“The City in the Sea” 《海中的城市》earlier entitled The Doomed City 《衰败的城市》1.Horror•Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque述异集-------acollection of short stories•“The Black Cat” 《黑猫》•“The Cask of Amontillado” （红色死亡假面舞会）•“The Fall of the House of Usher”2.Ratiocination（推理）•“The Murders in the Rue Morgue” 《莫格街谋杀案》•“The Gold Bug”《金甲虫》•“The Purloined Letter”《被窃的信件》•“The Mystery of Marie Roget” 《玛丽罗杰谜案》Literary theory:•The Philosophy of Composition 《创作原理》•The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原则》Themes•death – predominant theme (“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.” )•horror•negative thoughts of sciencePoe’s theory for poetry•short but achieve maximum effect•produce a feeling of beauty in the reader•"pure“, not to moralize•He stresses rhythm•insists on an even(规则的) metrical flow真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵, 而美则能激动人的灵魂Poe’s theory for short story•Short story should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression(压缩) and finality.Poe’s achievement1.His aesthetics, his call for "the rhythmical creation of beauty"have influenced French symbolists and the devotees of "art forart's sake."2.He is the father of psychoanalytic(心理分析的) criticism.3.He is the father of the detective story.Conclusion about his theories:•Only short poems could sustain the level of emotion in the reader that was generated by all good poetry.•The most important purpose of poetry is the creation of beauty•The tone of its highest manifestation is one of sadness. (The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.)•The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.•Music is essential because it is•associated with indefinite sensations. (alliteration, assonance, repetition)•Poe preferred the tale to other fictional such as the novel because it is brief.•He stressed the principle of concentration and thematic totality.•The writer must decide the effect first and then determine the incidents.•Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.•The merit of a work of art should be judged by its psychological effect upon the reader.Chapter 8 The Age of Realism·Howells·JamesRealism:Realist literature is based on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.Major Features:•Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in astraightforward or mother-of-fact manner.。
专插本考试大纲-英美文学及翻译-广东培正
《英美文学及翻译》考试大纲Ⅰ.考试性质普通高等学校本科插班生招生考试是由专科毕业生参加的选拔性考试。
高等学校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。
该考试所包含的内容将大致稳定，试题形式多种，具有对学生把握本课程程度的较强识别、区分能力。
Ⅱ.考试内容及要求一、考试基本要求1.英美文学部分：主要考核学生对英美文学知识的了解和掌握，内容涉及英国文学史、美国文学史、重要作家、作品、流派以及文学现象等。
同时考查学生对经典作家作品的赏析和解读，借以了解学生的批判思维以及分析问题和解决问题的能力。
2.翻译部分：主要考核学生的翻译能力，内容涉及英汉、汉英段落的翻译。
重点考查学生英语和汉语的语言组织能力和表达能力，借以了解学生的语言技能、专业知识、学科素养和创新能力。
二、考核知识点及考核要求本大纲的考核要求分为“识记”、“领会”、“应用”三个层次，具体含义是：识记：能解释有关的概念、知识的含义，并能正确认识和表达。
领会：在识记的基础上，能全面把握基本概念、基本原理、基本方法，能掌握有关概念、原理、方法的区别与联系。
应用：在理解的基础上，能运用基本概念、基本理论、基本方法分析和解决有关的理论问题和实际问题。
专题一英美文学一、考核知识点1.英国文学（1）Chapter 1 The Old and Medieval Period1) Beowulf2) Geoffrey Chaucer（2）Chapter 2 The Renaissance Period1) Renaissance and Humanism2) Christopher Marlowe3) William Shakespeare4）Francis Bacon5）John Donne6）John Milton（3）Chapter 3 The Neoclassical Period1）Jonathan Swift2）Daniel Defoe3）Henry Fielding4）Robert Burns5) William Blake（4）Chapter 4 The Romantic Period1）William Wordsworth2）Percy Bysshe Shelley3) George Gordon Byron4) John Keats5) Jane Austen（5）Chapter 5 The Victorian Period1) Charles Dickens2) Robert Browning3) Charlotte Bronte4) Thomas Hardy（6）Chapter 6 The Modern Period1) George Bernard Shaw2) William Butler Yeats3) T. S. Eliot4) D. H. Lawrence2.美国文学(1) Chapter 1 The Literature of the Colonial Period(2) Chapter 2 The Literature of the Revolutionary Period(3) Chapter 3 The Literature of the Romantic Period1) Washington Irving: Rip Van Winkle2) Edgar Allan Poe3) Ralph Waldo Emerson4) Henry David Thoreau5) Nathaniel Hawthorne6) Herman Melville7) Walt Whitman(4) Chapter 4 The Literature of the Realistic Period1) Mark Twain2) Robert Frost:(5) Chapter 5 The Literature of the Modernist Period1) Ezra Pound2) Ernest Hemingway3) F. Scott Fitzgerald4) William Faulkner5) Eugene O'Neill(6) Chapter 6 The Literature since World War II二、考核要求1.识记（1）Beowulf（2）Geoffrey Chaucer’s literary significance（3）Renaissance and Humanism（4）Christopher Marlowe’s literary significance（5）William Shakespeare’s four great tragedies comedies and sonnets （6）Francis Bacon：Essays（7）John Donne: Metaphysical School(8) John Milton：Paradise Lost(9) Jonathan Swift：Gulliver s Travels(10) Daniel Defoe：Robinson Crusoe(11) Henry Fielding’s literary significance(12) William Blake and his major works(13) Charles Dickens and his major works(14) Thomas Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbervilles(15) George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion(16) D. H. Lawrence and his major works(17) Washington Irving: Rip Van Winkle(18) Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature(19) Henry David Thoreau: Walden(20) Mark Twain’s major works and language style（21）Eugene O’Neill: Long Day’s Journey into Night（22）Nobel Prize winners in Both British and American literature2.领会（1）John Milton: Paradise Lost（2）William Wordsworth: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” and his theory of poetry creation （3）Percy Bysshe Shelley: “Ode to the West Wind”（4）George Gordon Byron and his “Byronic hero”（5）John Keats: “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and his theory of poetry creation（6）Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice（7）Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess” (dramatic monologue)(8) Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre(9) Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter(11) Herman Melville: Moby-Dick(12) Ezra Pound: “In a Station of the Metro”(13) Ernest Hemingway’s major works and “the Hemingway code heroes”(14) William Faulkner: A Rose for Emily(15) Walt Whitman’s major works and his literary significance3.应用（1）William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” and The Merchant of Venice（2）Robert Burns and his major works（3）Edgar Allan Poe and his major works（4）Robert Frost and his major works专题二翻译一、考核知识点1.英译汉：翻译单位与语篇分析（1）以句为单位（2）语篇分析（3）散文段落的汉译2.汉译英：句群与段落的英译（1）句群的特征（2）句群内的衔接与连贯（3）段落的特征（4）段落功能与意义的再现（5）散文段落的英译二、考核要求1.识记（1）翻译的标准（2）翻译的过程（3）汉英语言对比2.领会（1）翻译的语言对比规律（2）翻译的基本技巧（3）词语的英译（4）句子的英译3.应用（1）翻译的方法（2）英译汉练习（3）句群与段落的英译Ⅲ.考试形式及试卷结构1.考试形式为闭卷，笔试，考试时间为120分钟，试卷满分为100分。
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Teaching Aim: Introducing the literature of colonial period very briefly. Time: hours Contents: I. Native American Literature II. Literature of Early Settlements III. Literature of the 18th Century
I. Native American Literature
A. Discovery of America and English Settlement 1. Background 2.The reasons for English settlement 3.The first two groups of English settlement B. Puritanism C. Native American Literature
Main points in this chapter
Most critics hold that American literature per se did not begin until the 19th century. The period of colonial America stretches roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th century. The major topic here will be about American Puritanism, which is the one enduring influence in American literature, and the major figures to mention will be Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin who, between them, represent the heritage of American Puritanism. We can divide the literature of this period into three subtopics, namely, Native American literature, literature of early colonial settlements, and literature of the 18th century.
3. The First Two Groups of English Settlers
The influx of Calvinism---with its emphasis on the universal priesthood and salvation only for the elect--- led to the growth of two factions within the Anglican church. A group of separatists, better known as Pilgrims, believed that salvation could be found outside the officially established Church of England; another group, the Puritans, believed that salvation could be found within the Anglican Church, but church had to be purified substantially of any traces of Roman Catholicism.
B. American Puritanism
1.. The forefather of America: In 1620 the austere pilgrims, mostly humble country folks, stepped on the New England shore at Plymouth because they wanted to reform the Church of England. They fought for religious freedom and came almost totally because of such religious conviction. In 1630, the prosperous and worldly Puritans came to colonize Massachusetts Bay. 2. Definition and religious doctrines The first settlers came to America out of various reasons. They were called “Puritans,” so named after those who wish to purify the religious practice in the church. They soon established their own religious and moral principles known as American Puritanism that became one of the enduring influences in the American thought and American literature. American Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, a limited atonement form God's grace. With such doctrines in their minds, Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God's chosen people who would enjoy God's blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Over the years in the new homeland they built a way of life that stressed hard work , thrift, piety, and sobriety 3..The mythology the Puritans built The Puritans also built up a mythology for America itself. With these doctrines in their minds, Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Over the years in the new homeland they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
2. The Reasons for English Settlement
Three reasons 1. First, the rising merchant class, overseas colonies offered vast economic opportunities. 2.The second reason was religious. 3.Thirdly, the Enclosure Movement of the 1500s also stimulated English colonization.
A. Discovery of America and English settlement
1.Background a. the fall of the Roman Empire/ the Middle Ages /trade development/ Italian merchants’ monopoly on eastern trade/trying to find new route to the orient b. The rise of national monarchies and their ambition to expand their power led to frequent expeditions on the unknown seas. C. The Renaissance and the reformation In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people on the new continens of Puritanism on American literature a. Optimism American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. It is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American puritan. The puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in American, where man could live the way he should. They looked even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. All this went in due time into the making of American literature. The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature. b. Symbolism To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world is nothing but a symbol of God. Physical life was simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, enmeshed in the vast context of God’s plan, possessed a delegated meaning. This metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed to the development of an indigenous symbolism. To Hawthorne, Melville, Howells and many others, symbolism as a technique has become a common practice. c. Simplicity Simplicity characterizes the Puritan style of writing. The style of their writing is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing. Summery Literature of the New England Settlements is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism. It is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden Eden. The pious and self-disciplined Puritans worked with courage and hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America. They looked even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. The Puritan optimism has exerted enormous impact on American literature.