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ASTM_A335-04标准的英文文版

3.1.11Special requirements or any supplementary require-ments selected,or both.4.General Requirements4.1Material furnished to this speciﬁcation shall conform tothe applicable requirements of the current edition of Speciﬁ-cation A 999/A 999M,unless otherwise provided herein.5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Pipe may be either hot ﬁnished or cold drawn with theﬁnishing treatment as required in 5.3.5.2Grade P2and P12—The steel shall be made by coarse-grain melting practice.Speciﬁc limits,if any,on grain size ordeoxidation practice shall be a matter of agreement betweenthe manufacturer and purchaser.5.3Heat Treatment :5.3.1All pipe of grades shown in Table 1except P5c,P91,P92,and P122as provided in 5.3.2,shall be reheated andfurnished in the full-annealed,isothermal annealed,or normal-ized and tempered condition.If furnished in the normalized and tempered condition,the minimum tempering temperature for Grades P5,P5b,P9,P21,and P22shall be 1250°F [675°C],the minimum tempering temperature for Grades P1,P2,P11,P12,and P 15shall be 1200°F [650°C].N OTE 3—It is recommended that the temperature for tempering should be at least 100°F [50°C]above the intended service temperature;conse-quently,the purchaser should advise the manufacturer if the service temperature is to be over 1100°F [600°C].5.3.2Pipe of Grades P1,P2,and P12,either hot ﬁnished or cold drawn,may be given a ﬁnal heat treatment at 1200°F [650°C]to 1300°F [705°C]instead of heat treatments speciﬁed in 5.3.1.5.3.3All pipe of Grades P5c shall be given a ﬁnal heat treatment in the range from 1325°F [715°C]to 1375°F [745°C].N OTE 4—Certain of the ferritic steels covered by this speciﬁcation willharden if cooled rapidly from above their critical temperature.Some willTABLE 1Chemical Requirements Grade UNSDesigna-tion A Composition,%CarbonMan-ganese Phos-phorus,max Sulfur,max Silicon Chromium Molybde-num Others P1K115220.10–0.200.30–0.800.0250.0250.10–0.50...0.44–0.65...P2K115470.10–0.200.30–0.610.0250.0250.10–0.300.50–0.810.44–0.65...P5K415450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5b K515450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.025 1.00–2.00 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5c K412450.12max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...B P9S504000.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.25–1.008.00–10.000.90–1.10...P11K115970.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50–1.00 1.00–1.500.44–0.65...P12K115620.05–0.150.30–0.610.0250.0250.50max 0.80–1.250.44–0.65...P15K115780.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.025 1.15–1.65...0.44–0.65...P21K315450.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 2.65–3.350.80–1.06...P22K215900.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 1.90–2.600.87–1.13...P91K915600.08–0.120.30–0.600.0200.0100.20–0.508.00–9.500.85–1.05V 0.18–0.25N0.030–0.070Ni 0.40maxAl 0.04maxCb0.06–0.10P92K924600.07–0.130.30–0.600.0200.0100.50max 8.50–9.500.30–0.60V 0.15–0.25N 0.03–0.07Ni 0.40maxAl 0.04maxCb0.04–0.09W 1.5–2.00B0.001–0.006P122K929300.07–0.140.70max 0.0200.0100.50max 10.00–12.500.25–0.60V 0.15–0.30W 1.50–2.50Cu0.30–1.70Cb0.04–0.10B0.0005–0.005N0.040–0.100Ni 0.50maxAl 0.040max ANew designation established in accordance with Practice E 527and SAE J1086,Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS).B Grade P 5c shall have a titanium content of not less than 4timesthe carbon content and not more than 0.70%;or a columbium content of 8to 10times the carbon content.air harden,that is,become hardened to an undesirable degree when cooled in air from high temperatures.Therefore,operations involving heating such steels above their critical temperatures,such as welding,ﬂanging, and hot bending,should be followed by suitable heat treatment.5.3.4Grade T92shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.3.5Grade P122shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.4Except when Supplementary Requirement S7is speci-ﬁed by the purchaser,Grade P91shall be normalized at1900°F [1040°C]minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]mini-mum as aﬁnal heat treatment.Alternatively,liquid quenching and tempering is allowed for thicknesses above3in.when mutually agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.In this case the pipe shall be quenched from1900°F [1040°C]minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum asﬁnal heat treatment.6.Chemical Composition6.1The steel shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed in Table1.7.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance7.1The pipe manufacturer shall explore a sufficient number of visual surface imperfections to provide reasonable assurance that they have been properly evaluated with respect to depth. Exploration of all surface imperfections is not required but may be necessary to ensure compliance with7.27.2Surface imperfections that penetrate more than121⁄2% of the nominal wall thickness or encroach on the minimum wall thickness shall be considered defects.Pipe with such defects shall be given one of the following dispositions:7.2.1The defect may be removed by grinding provided that the remaining wall thickness is within speciﬁed limits.7.2.2Repaired in accordance with the repair welding pro-visions of7.6.7.2.3The section of pipe containing the defect may be cut off within the limits of requirements on length.7.2.4Rejected.7.3To provide a workmanlikeﬁnish and basis for evaluat-ing conformance with7.2,the pipe manufacturer shall remove by grinding the following:7.3.1Mechanical marks,abrasions(Note5)and pits,any of which imperfections are deeper than1⁄16in.[1.6mm].N OTE5—Marks and abrasions are deﬁned as cable marks,dinges,guide marks,roll marks,ball scratches,scores,die marks,and the like.7.3.2Visual imperfections,commonly referred to as scabs, seams,laps,tears,or slivers,found by exploration in accor-dance with7.1to be deeper than5%of the nominal wall thickness.7.4At the purchaser’s discretion,pipe shall be subject to rejection if surface imperfections acceptable under7.2are not scattered,but appear over a large area in excess of what is considered a workmanlikeﬁnish.Disposition of such pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.7.5When imperfections or defects are removed by grinding,a smooth curved surface shall be maintained,and the wall thickness shall not be decreased below that permitted by this speciﬁcation.The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.7.5.1Wall thickness measurements shall be made with a mechanical caliper or with a properly calibrated nondestructive testing device of appropriate accuracy.In case of dispute,the measurement determined by use of the mechanical caliper shall govern.7.6Weld repair shall be permitted only subject to the approval of the purchaser and in accordance with Speciﬁcation A999/A999M.7.7Theﬁnished pipe shall be reasonably straight.8.Product Analysis8.1At the request of the purchaser,an analysis of two pipes from each lot shall be made by the manufacturer.A lot(Note6) of pipe shall consist of the following:NPS DesignatorUnder2400or fraction thereof2to5200or fraction thereof6and over100or fraction thereofN OTE6—A lot shall consist of the number of lengths speciﬁed in8.1of the same size and wall thickness from any one heat of steel.8.2The results of these analyses shall be reported to the purchaser or the purchaser’s representative,and shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Table1.8.3For grade P91the carbon content may vary for the product analysis by−0.01%and+0.02%from the speciﬁed range as per Table1.8.4If the analysis of one of the tests speciﬁed in8.1does not conform to the requirements speciﬁed in6.1,an analysis of each billet or pipe from the same heat or lot may be made,and all billets or pipe conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.9.Tensile and Hardness Requirements9.1The tensile properties of the material shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table2.9.2Table3lists elongation requirements.9.3Pipe of Grade P122shall have a hardness not exceeding 250HB/265HV[25HRC].TABLE2Tensile RequirementsIdentiﬁcation Symbol P1,P2P12P91P92P122All Others Tensile strength,min:ksi MPa553806041585585906209062060415Yield strength,min:ksi MPa3020532220604156444058400302059.4Table4gives the computed minimum elongation values for each1⁄32-in.[0.8mm]decrease in wall thickness.Where the wall thickness lies between two values above,the minimum elongation value is determined by the following formula:Direction of Test Equation BLongitudinal,all grades except P91 and P122E=48t+15.00 [E=1.87t+15.00]Transverse E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00] Longitudinal,P91and P122E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00] where:E=elongation in2in.or50mm,%,andt=actual thickness of specimens,in.[mm].10.Permissible Variations in Diameter10.1Variations in outside diameter shall not exceed those speciﬁed in Table5.11.Hydrostatic Test11.1Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydro-static test,except as provided for in11.2or11.3.11.2Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order,each length of pipe shall,at the option of the manufacturer,be subjected to the nondestructive electric test as shown in Section 12in lieu of the hydrostatic test.11.3When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished without hydrostatic test and without nondestructive examination.11.4When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished with both the hydrostatic test and a nondestructive examination having been performed.12.Nondestructive Examination12.1When selected by the manufacturer or when speciﬁed in the order,as an alternative to the hydrostatic test(11.2),or when seciﬁed in the purchase order in addition to the hydro-static test(11.4),each pipe shall be examined by a nondestruc-tive examination method in accordance with Practice E213, Practice E309or Practice E570.The range of pipe sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subject to the limitations in the scope of the respective practices.12.2The following information is for the beneﬁt of the user of this speciﬁcation:12.2.1The reference standards deﬁned in12.8are conve-nient standards for standardization of nondestructive examina-tion equipment.The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the minimum size imperfection detectable by such equipment.12.2.2Ultrasonic examination can be performed to detect both longitudinally and transversely oriented discontinuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.The examination may not detect short,deep imperfections.12.2.3The eddy current examination referenced in this speciﬁcation has the capability to detect signiﬁcant disconti-nuities,especially of the short abrupt type.12.2.4Theﬂux leakage examination referred to in this speciﬁcation is capable of detecting the presence and location of signiﬁcant longitudinally or transversely oriented disconti-nuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections. 12.2.5The hydrostatic test of Section11has the capability toﬁnd imperfections of a size that permit the testﬂuid to leak through the pipe wall so that it may be either visually seen or detected by a loss ofﬂuid pressure.This test may not detect very tight,through-wall imperfections,or imperfections that extend into the wall without complete penetration.12.2.6A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type,size,location,and orientation)of discontinuities that canTABLE3Elongation RequirementsElongationRequirements,All gradesexcept P91and P92P91and P122Longi-tudi-nal Trans-verseLongi-tudi-nalTrans-verseElongation in2in.or50mm,(or4D),min,%:Basic minimum elongationfor wall5⁄16in.[8mm]andover in thickness,strip tests,and for all small sizes testedin full section302020...When standard round2-in.or50-mm gage length orproportionally smaller sizespecimen with the gagelength equal to4D(4timesthe diameter)is used22142013For strip tests a deductionfor each1⁄32-in.[0.8mm]decrease in wall thicknessbelow in.[8mm]from thebasic minimum elongation ofthe following percentagepoints shall be made1.50A 1.00A 1.00A...A Table4gives the calculated minimum values.TABLE4Computed Minimum Elongation ValuesWall Thickness Elongation in2in.or50mm,min,% All grades except P91and P122in.mm Longi-tudinalTransverseLongi-tudinal5⁄16(0.312)83020.020 9⁄32(0.281)7.22919.019 1⁄4(0.250) 6.42718.018 7⁄32(0.219) 5.626 (17)3⁄16(0.188) 4.824 (16)5⁄32(0.156)422 (15)1⁄8(0.125) 3.221 (14)3⁄32(0.094) 2.420 (13)1⁄16(0.062) 1.618...12TABLE5Variations in Outside Diameter Permissible Variationsin Outside DiameterNPS Designator Over Underin.mm in.mm1⁄8to11⁄2,incl.1⁄64(0.015)0.401⁄64(0.015)0.40 Over11⁄2to4,incl.1⁄32(0.031)0.791⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over4to8,incl.1⁄16(0.062) 1.591⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over8to12,incl.3⁄32(0.093) 2.381⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over1261%be detected in the speciﬁc application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular products.12.3Time of Examination—Nondestructive examination for speciﬁcation acceptance shall be performed after all me-chanical processing,heat treatments and straightening opera-tions.This requirement does not preclude additional testing at earlier stages in the processing.12.4Surface Conditions:12.4.1All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt, grease,paint,or other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of test results.The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surfaceﬁnish.12.4.2Excessive surface roughness or deep scratches can produce signals that interfere with the test(see12.10.2.3). 12.5Extent of Examination:12.5.1The relative motion of the pipe and the transducer(s), coil(s),or sensor(s)shall be such that the entire pipe surface is scanned,except for end effects as noted in12.5.2.12.5.2The existence of end effects is recognized,and the extent of such effects shall be determined by the manufacturer, and,if requested,shall be reported to the purchaser.Other nondestructive tests may be applied to the end areas,subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 12.6Operator Qualiﬁcations—The test unit operator shall be certiﬁed in accordance with SNT-TC-1A,or an equivalent, recognized and documented standard.12.7Test Conditions:12.7.1For examination by the ultrasonic method,the mini-mum nominal transducer frequency shall be2.25MHz. 12.7.2For eddy current testing,the excitation coil fre-quency shall be10kHz,or less.12.8Reference Standards:12.8.1Reference standards of convenient length shall be prepared from a length of pipe of the same grade,size(NPS or outside diameter and schedule or wall thickness),surfaceﬁnish and heat treatment condition as the pipe to be examined. 12.8.2For ultrasonic testing,the reference notches shall be any one of the three common notch shapes shown in Practice E213,at the option of the manufacturer.The depth of the notch shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be at least twice the diameter of the transducer(s).The width of the notch shall not exceed the depth.12.8.3For eddy current testing,the reference standard shall contain,at the option of the manufacturer,any one of the following discontinuities:12.8.3.1Drilled Hole—The reference standard shall contain three or more holes,equally spaced circumferentially around the pipe and longitudinally separated by a sufficient distance to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each hole.The holes shall be drilled radially and completely through the pipe wall,with care being taken to avoid distortion of the pipe while drilling.The hole diameter shall vary with NPS as follows: NPS Designator Hole Diameter1⁄20.039in.(1mm)above1⁄2to11⁄40.055in.(1.4mm)above11⁄4to20.071in.(1.8mm)above2to50.087in.(2.2mm)above50.106in.(2.7mm)12.8.3.2Transverse Tangential Notch—Using a round tool orﬁle with a1⁄4in.(6.4mm)diameter,a notch shall beﬁled or milled tangential to the surface and transverse to the longitu-dinal axis of the pipe.Said notch shall have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.12.8.3.3Longitudinal Notch—A notch0.031in.or less in width shall be machined in a radial plane parallel to the tube axis on the outside surface of the pipe,to have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be compatible with the testing method. 12.8.4Forﬂux leakage testing,the longitudinal reference notches shall be straight-sided notches machined in a radial plane parallel to the pipe axis.For wall thickness less than1⁄2 in.(12.7mm),outside and inside notches shall be used;for wall thicknesses equal to or greater than1⁄2in.,only an outside notch shall be used.Notch depth shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness or0.004in.(0.1mm), whichever is greater.Notch length shall not exceed1in.(25.4 mm),and the width shall not exceed the depth.Outside and inside notches shall have sufficient separation to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each notch.12.8.5More or smaller reference discontinuities,or both, may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9Standardization Procedure:12.9.1The test apparatus shall be standardized at the beginning and end of each series of pipes of the same size (NPS or diameter and schedule or wall thickness),grade and heat treatment condition,and at intervals not exceeding4h during the examination of such pipe.More frequent standard-izations may be performed at the manufacturer’s option or may be required upon agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9.2The test apparatus shall also be standardized after any change in test system settings,change of operator,equip-ment repair,or interruption due to power loss,shutdown or operator breaks.12.9.3The reference standard shall be passed through the test apparatus at same speed and test system settings as the pipe to be tested.12.9.4The signal-to-noise ratio for the reference standard shall be2.5to1or greater and the reference signal amplitude for each discontinuity shall be at least50%of full scale of the display.12.9.5If upon any standardization,the reference signal amplitude has decreased by25%(2db),the test apparatus shall be considered out of standardization.The test system settings may be changed,or the transducer(s),coil(s)or sensor(s)adjusted,and the unit restandardized,but all pipe tested since the last acceptable standardization must be re-tested.12.10Evaluation of Imperfections:12.10.1Pipes producing a signal equal to or greater thanthesignal produced by the reference standard shall be positively identiﬁed and they shall be separated from the acceptable pipes.The area producing the signal may be reexamined. 12.10.2Such pipes shall be subject to one of the following three dispositions:12.10.2.1The pipes may be rejected without further exami-nation,at the discretion of the manufacturer.12.10.2.2The pipes shall be rejected,but may be repaired, if the test signal was produced by imperfections which cannot be identiﬁed,or was produced by cracks or crack-like imper-fections.These pipes may be repaired by grinding(in accor-dance with7.2.1),welding(in accordance with7.6)or section-ing(in accordance with7.2.3).To be accepted,a repaired pipe must pass the same nondestructive examination by which it was rejected,and it must meet the remaining wall thickness requirements of this speciﬁcation.12.10.2.3Such pipes may be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Section7,if the test signals were produced by visual imperfections such as those listed below:(a)Scratches,(b)Surface roughness,(c)Dings,(d)Straightener marks,(e)Cutting chips,(f)Steel die stamps,(g)Stop marks,or(h)Pipe reducer ripple.13.Mechanical Tests Required13.1Transverse or Longitudinal Tension Test and Flatten-ing Test,Hardness Test,or Bend Test—For material heat treated in a batch-type furnace,tests shall be made on5%of the pipe from each treated lot(Note7).For small lots,at least 1pipe shall be tested.For material heat treated by the continuous process,tests shall be made on a sufficient number of pipe to constitute5%of the lot(Note7),but in no case less than2pipe.N OTE7—The term“lot”applies to all pipe of the same nominal size and wall thickness(or schedule)which is produced from the same heat of steel and subjected to the sameﬁnishing treatment in a continuous furnace;whenﬁnal heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace,the lot shall include only that pipe which is heat treated in the same furnace charge.13.2Hardness Test:13.2.1For pipe of Grade P122,Brinell,Vickers,or Rock-well hardness tests shall be made on a specimen from each lot (see Note7).13.3Bend Test:13.3.1For pipe whose diameter exceeds NPS25and whose diameter to wall thickness ratio is7.0or less shall be subjected to the bend test instead of theﬂattening test.Other pipe whose diameter equals or exceeds NPS10may be given the bend test in place of theﬂattening test subject to the approval of the purchaser.13.3.2The bend test specimens shall be bent at room temperature through180°without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.The inside diameter of the bend shall be1in. [25mm].13.3.3Test specimens for the bend test speciﬁed in13.3 shall be cut from one end of the pipe and,unless otherwise speciﬁed,shall be taken in a transverse direction.One test specimen shall be taken as close to the outer surface as possible and another from as close to the inner surface as possible.The specimens shall be either1⁄2by1⁄2in.[12.5by12.5mm]in section or1by1⁄2in.[25by12.5mm]in section with the corners rounded to a radius not over1⁄16in.[1.6mm]and need not exceed6in.[150mm]in length.The side of the samples placed in tension during the bend shall be the side closest to the inner and outer surface of the pipe,respectively.14.Certiﬁcation14.1In addition to the information required by Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the certiﬁcation shall state whether or not the material was hydrostatically tested.If the material was nonde-structively examined,the certiﬁcation shall so state and shall show which practice was followed and what reference discon-tinuities were used.In addition,the test method information as given in Table3shall be appended to the speciﬁcation number and grade shown on the certiﬁcation.15.Product Marking15.1In addition to the marking prescribed in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the marking shall include the length,an additional symbol“S”,if the pipe conforms to any of the Supplementary Requirements S1to S6,the ANSI schedule number and the heat number or manufacturer’s number by which the heat can be identiﬁed.Furthermore,the marking designated in Table6to indicate the test method(s)shall be included.Marking may be by stenciling,stamping,or rolling. Pipe that has been weld repaired in accordance with7.6shall be marked“WR.”ernment Procurement16.1Scale Free Pipe:16.1.1When speciﬁed in the contract or order,the following requirements shall be considered in the inquiry contract or order,for agencies of the ernment where scale free pipe or tube is required.These requirements shall take prece-dence if there is a conﬂict between these requirements and the product speciﬁcation.16.1.2The requirements of Speciﬁcation A999/A999M for pipe and Speciﬁcation A450/A450M for tubes shall be applicable when pipe or tube is ordered to this speciﬁcation.16.1.3Pipe and tube shall be one of the following grades as speciﬁed herein:Grade UNS DesignationP11K11597P22K21590P5K4154516.1.4Part Number:16.1.4.1Pipe shall be ordered to nominal pipe size and schedule speciﬁed in ANSI B36.10TABLE6Test Method Information for Certiﬁcation and Marking Hydrostatic Nondestructive MarkingYES NO Test PressureNO YES NDENO NO NHYES YES TestPressure/NDEExample:A335/A335M Pipe P-11NPS12Sch40 Speciﬁcation Number ASTM A335/A335MPipe PGrade P-11NPS12Wall0.37516.1.4.2Speciﬁcation Number ASTM A335/A335MTube TGrade P-11Ouside Diameter0.250Wall0.03516.1.5Ordering Information—Orders for material under this speciﬁcation shall include the following in addition to the requirements of Section4:16.1.5.1Pipe or tube,16.1.5.2Part number,16.1.5.3Ultrasonic inspection,if required,16.1.5.4If shear wave test is to be conducted in two opposite circumferential directions,and16.1.5.5Level of preservation and packing required.17.Keywords17.1alloy steel pipe;high temperature service;seamless steel pipe;steel pipe;temperature service applications;highSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSOne or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when speciﬁed in the purchase order.The purchaser may specify a different frequency of test or analysis than is provided in the supplementary requirement.Subject to agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer, retest and retreatment provisions of these supplementary requirements may also be modiﬁed.S1.Product AnalysisS1.1Product analysis shall be made on each length of pipe. Individual lengths failing to conform to the chemical compo-sition requirements shall be rejected.S2.Transverse Tension TestsS2.1A transverse tension test shall be made on a specimen from one end or both ends of each pipe NPS8and over.If this supplementary requirement is speciﬁed,the number of tests per pipe shall also be speciﬁed.If a specimen from any length fails to meet the required tensile properties(tensile,yield,and elongation),that length shall be rejected subject to retreatment in accordance with Speciﬁcation A999/A999M and satisfac-tory retest.S3.Flattening TestS3.1Theﬂattening test of Speciﬁcation A999/A999M shall be made on a specimen from one end or both ends of each pipe.Crop ends may be used.If this supplementary require-ment is speciﬁed,the number of tests per pipe shall also be speciﬁed.If a specimen from any length fails because of lack of ductility prior to satisfactory completion of theﬁrst step of theﬂattening test requirement,that pipe shall be rejected subject to retreatment in accordance with Speciﬁcation A999/ A999M and satisfactory retest.If a specimen from any length of pipe fails because of a lack of soundness that length shall be rejected,unless subsequent retesting indicates that the remain-ing length is sound.The bend test of13.2shall be substituted for theﬂattening test for pipe whose diameter exceeds NPS25 and whose diameter to wall thickness ratio is7.0or less.S4.Metal Structure and Etching TestsS4.1The steel shall be homogeneous as shown by etching tests conducted in accordance with the appropriate portions of Method E381.Etching tests shall be made on a cross section from one end or both ends of each pipe and shall show sound and reasonably uniform material free from injurious lamina-tions,cracks,and similar objectionable defects.If this supple-mentary requirement is speciﬁed,the number of tests per pipe required shall also be speciﬁed.If a specimen from any length shows objectionable defects,the length shall be rejected, subject to removal of the defective end and subsequent retests indicating the remainder of the length to be sound and reasonably uniform material.N OTE S1—Pending development of etching methods applicable to the product covered by this speciﬁcation,it is recommended that the Recom-mended Practice for a Standard Macro Etch Test for Routine Inspection of Iron and Steel,described in the Metals Handbook,Am.Soc.for Metals, 1948edition,p.389,be followed.S5.PhotomicrographsS5.1When requested by the purchaser and so stated in the order,the manufacturer shall furnish one photomicrograph at 100diameters from a specimen of pipe in the as-ﬁnished condition for each individual size and wall thickness from each heat,for pipe NPS3and over.Such photomicrographs shall be suitably identiﬁed as to pipe size,wall thickness,and heat.No photomicrographs for the individual pieces purchased shall be required except as speciﬁed in Supplementary Requirement S6. Such photomicrographs are for information only,to show the actual metal structure of the pipe asﬁnished.S6.Photomicrographs for Individual PiecesS6.1In addition to the photomicrographs required in accor-dance with Supplementary Requirement S5,the purchaser may specify that photomicrographs shall be furnished from each end of one or more pipes from each lot of pipe NPS3and larger in the as-ﬁnished condition.The purchaser shall state in the order the number of pipes to be tested from each lot.When photomicrographs are required on each length,the photomi-crographs from each lot of pipe in the as-ﬁnished condition which may be required under Supplementary Requirement S5 may be omitted.All photo-micrographs required shallbe。

ASTM A335&A335M-20033 高温用无缝铁素体合金钢管

Designation:A 335/A 335M –03Standard Speciﬁcation forSeamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service 1This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation A 335/A 335M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e )indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope *1.1This speciﬁcation 2covers nominal wall and minimum wall seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe intended for high-temperature service.Pipe ordered to this speciﬁcation shall be suitable for bending,ﬂanging (vanstoning),and similar form-ing operations,and for fusion welding.Selection will depend upon design,service conditions,mechanical properties,and high-temperature characteristics.1.2Several grades of ferritic steels (see Note 1)are covered.Their compositions are given in Table 1.N OTE 1—Ferritic steels in this speciﬁcation are deﬁned as low-and intermediate-alloy steels containing up to and including 10%chromium.1.3Supplementary requirements (S1to S7)of an optional nature are provided.These supplementary requirements call for additional tests to be made,and when desired,shall be so stated in the order together with the number of such tests required.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system must be used independently of the bining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the speciﬁ-cation.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M”designation of this speciﬁcation is speciﬁed in the order.N OTE 2—The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size)has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,”“size,”and “nominal size.”2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:A 450/A 450M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements forCarbon,Ferritic Alloy,and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes 3A 999/A 999M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe 3E 213Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing 4E 309Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tu-bular Products Using Magnetic Saturation 4E 381Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars,Billets,Blooms,and Forgings 5E 527Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)3E 570Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromag-netic Steel Tubular Products 42.2Other Documents:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation 6SAE J 1086Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)73.Ordering Information3.1Orders for material under this speciﬁcation should include the following,as required,to describe the desired material adequately:3.1.1Quantity (feet,metres,or number of lengths),3.1.2Name of material (seamless alloy steel pipe),3.1.3Grade (Table 1),3.1.4Manufacture (hot-ﬁnished or cold-drawn),3.1.5Size using one of the following:3.1.5.1NPS and schedule number,3.1.5.2Outside diameter and nominal wall thickness,3.1.5.3Outside diameter and minimum wall thickness,3.1.5.4Inside diameter and nominal wall thickness,and 3.1.5.5Inside diameter and minimum wall thickness.3.1.6Length (speciﬁc or random),1This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloysand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.10on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approved Apr.10,2003.Published May 2003.Originally approved in st previous edition approved in 2002as A 335/A 335M-02.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Speciﬁ-cation SA-335in Section II of that Code.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 01.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 03.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,V ol 03.01.6Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing,1711Arlin-gate Plaza,PO Box 28518,Columbus,OH 43228-0518.7Available from Society of Automotive Engineers,400Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale,PA 15096.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,UnitedStates.3.1.7Endﬁnish(Ends Section of Speciﬁcation A999/ A999M),3.1.8Optional requirements(Section8,11and12of this speciﬁcation.See the Sections on Hydrostatic Test Require-ments and Permissible Variation in Weight for Seamless Pipe in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M),3.1.9Test report required(Certiﬁcation Section of Speciﬁ-cation A999/A999M),3.1.10Speciﬁcation designation,and3.1.11Special requirements or any supplementary require-ments selected,or both.4.General Requirements4.1Material furnished to this speciﬁcation shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of Speciﬁ-cation A999/A999M,unless otherwise provided herein.5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Pipe may be either hotﬁnished or cold drawn with the ﬁnishing treatment as required in5.3.5.2Grade P2and P12—The steel shall be made by coarse-grain melting practice.Speciﬁc limits,if any,on grain size or deoxidation practice shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.5.3Heat Treatment:5.3.1All pipe of grades shown in Table1except P5c,P23 P91,P92,P122,and P911as provided in 5.3.2,shall be reheated and furnished in the full-annealed,isothermal an-nealed,or normalized and tempered condition.If furnished in the normalized and tempered condition,the minimum temper-ing temperature for Grades P5,P5b,P9,P21,and P22shall be 1250°F[675°C],the minimum tempering temperature for Grades P1,P2,P11,P12,and P15shall be1200°F[650°C].TABLE1Chemical RequirementsGradeUNSDesigna-tion AComposition,%CarbonMan-ganesePhos-phorus,maxSulfur,maxSilicon ChromiumMolybde-num OthersP1K115220.10–0.200.30–0.800.0250.0250.10–0.50...0.44–0.65...P2K115470.10–0.200.30–0.610.0250.0250.10–0.300.50–0.810.44–0.65...P5K415450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5b K515450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.025 1.00–2.00 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5c K412450.12max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...B P9S504000.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.25–1.008.00–10.000.90–1.10...P11K115970.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50–1.00 1.00–1.500.44–0.65...P12K115620.05–0.150.30–0.610.0250.0250.50max0.80–1.250.44–0.65...P15K115780.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.025 1.15–1.65...0.44–0.65...P21K315450.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 2.65–3.350.80–1.06...P22K215900.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 1.90–2.600.87–1.13...P23K416500.04–0.100.10–0.600.030max0.010max0.50max 1.90–2.600.05–0.30V0.20–0.30Cb0.02–0.08B0.0005–0.006N0.030maxAl0.030maxW1.45–1.75 P91K915600.08–0.120.30–0.600.0200.0100.20–0.508.00–9.500.85–1.05V0.18–0.25N0.030–0.070Ni0.40maxAl0.04maxCb0.06–0.10 P92K924600.07–0.130.30–0.600.0200.0100.50max8.50–9.500.30–0.60V0.15–0.25N0.03–0.07Ni0.40maxAl0.04maxCb0.04–0.09W1.5–2.00B0.001–0.006P122K929300.07–0.140.70max0.0200.0100.50max10.00–12.500.25–0.60V0.15–0.30W1.50–2.50Cu0.30–1.70Cb0.04–0.10B0.0005–0.005N0.040–0.100Ni0.50maxAl0.040max P911K910610.09–0.130.30–0.600.020max0.010max0.10–0.508.50–10.500.90–1.10V0.18–0.25Ni0.40maxCb0.060–0.10B0.0003–0.006N0.04–0.09Al0.04maxW0.90–1.10A New designation established in accordance with Practice E527and SAE J1086,Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys(UNS).B Grade P5c shall have a titanium content of not less than4times the carbon content and not more than0.70%;or a columbium content of8to10times the carboncontent.N OTE3—It is recommended that the temperature for tempering should be at least100°F[50°C]above the intended service temperature;conse-quently,the purchaser should advise the manufacturer if the service temperature is to be over1100°F[600°C].5.3.2Pipe of Grades P1,P2,and P12,either hotﬁnished or cold drawn,may be given aﬁnal heat treatment at1200°F [650°C]to1300°F[705°C]instead of heat treatments speciﬁed in5.3.1.5.3.3All pipe of Grades P5c shall be given aﬁnal heat treatment in the range from1325°F[715°C]to1375°F [745°C].N OTE4—Certain of the ferritic steels covered by this speciﬁcation will harden if cooled rapidly from above their critical temperature.Some will air harden,that is,become hardened to an undesirable degree when cooled in air from high temperatures.Therefore,operations involving heating such steels above their critical temperatures,such as welding,ﬂanging, and hot bending,should be followed by suitable heat treatment.5.3.4Grades P92and P911shall be normalized at1900°F [1040°C]minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.3.5Grade P122shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.3.6Grade P23shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum with air cooling or accelerated cooling and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.4Except when Supplementary Requirement S7is speci-ﬁed by the purchaser,Grade P91shall be normalized at1900°F [1040°C]minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]mini-mum as aﬁnal heat treatment.Alternatively,liquid quenching and tempering is allowed for thicknesses above3in.when mutually agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.In this case the pipe shall be quenched from1900°F [1040°C]minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum asﬁnal heat treatment.6.Chemical Composition6.1The steel shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed in Table1.7.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance7.1The pipe manufacturer shall explore a sufficient number of visual surface imperfections to provide reasonable assurance that they have been properly evaluated with respect to depth. Exploration of all surface imperfections is not required but may be necessary to ensure compliance with7.27.2Surface imperfections that penetrate more than121⁄2% of the nominal wall thickness or encroach on the minimum wall thickness shall be considered defects.Pipe with such defects shall be given one of the following dispositions:7.2.1The defect may be removed by grinding provided that the remaining wall thickness is within speciﬁed limits.7.2.2Repaired in accordance with the repair welding pro-visions of7.6.7.2.3The section of pipe containing the defect may be cut off within the limits of requirements on length.7.2.4Rejected.7.3To provide a workmanlikeﬁnish and basis for evaluat-ing conformance with7.2,the pipe manufacturer shall remove by grinding the following:7.3.1Mechanical marks,abrasions(see Note5)and pits, any of which imperfections are deeper than1⁄16in.[1.6mm]. N OTE5—Marks and abrasions are deﬁned as cable marks,dinges,guide marks,roll marks,ball scratches,scores,die marks,and the like.7.3.2Visual imperfections,commonly referred to as scabs, seams,laps,tears,or slivers,found by exploration in accor-dance with7.1to be deeper than5%of the nominal wall thickness.7.4At the purchaser’s discretion,pipe shall be subject to rejection if surface imperfections acceptable under7.2are not scattered,but appear over a large area in excess of what is considered a workmanlikeﬁnish.Disposition of such pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.7.5When imperfections or defects are removed by grinding,a smooth curved surface shall be maintained,and the wall thickness shall not be decreased below that permitted by this speciﬁcation.The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.7.5.1Wall thickness measurements shall be made with a mechanical caliper or with a properly calibrated nondestructive testing device of appropriate accuracy.In case of dispute,the measurement determined by use of the mechanical caliper shall govern.7.6Weld repair shall be permitted only subject to the approval of the purchaser and in accordance with Speciﬁcation A999/A999M.7.7Theﬁnished pipe shall be reasonably straight.8.Product Analysis8.1At the request of the purchaser,an analysis of two pipes from each lot shall be made by the manufacturer.A lot(see Note6)of pipe shall consist of the following:NPS DesignatorUnder2400or fraction thereof2to5200or fraction thereof6and over100or fraction thereofN OTE6—A lot shall consist of the number of lengths speciﬁed in8.1of the same size and wall thickness from any one heat of steel.8.2The results of these analyses shall be reported to the purchaser or the purchaser’s representative,and shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Table1.8.3For grade P91the carbon content may vary for the product analysis by−0.01%and+0.02%from the speciﬁed range as per Table1.8.4If the analysis of one of the tests speciﬁed in8.1does not conform to the requirements speciﬁed in6.1,an analysis of each billet or pipe from the same heat or lot may be made,and all billets or pipe conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.9.Tensile and Hardness Requirements9.1The tensile properties of the material shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table2.9.2Table3lists elongationrequirements.9.3Pipe of Grades P91,P92,and P122shall have a hardness not exceeding250HB/265HV[25HRC].9.4Table4gives the computed minimum elongation values for each1⁄32-in.[0.8-mm]decrease in wall thickness.Where the wall thickness lies between two values above,the minimum elongation value is determined by the following formula:Direction of Test Equation B Longitudinal,all grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911E=48t+15.00[E=1.87t+15.00]Transverse,all grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00]Longitudinal,P23,P91,P92,P122,andP911E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00] where:E=elongation in2in.or50mm,%,andt=actual thickness of specimens,in.[mm].10.Permissible Variations in Diameter10.1For pipe ordered to NPS or outside diameter,variations in outside diameter shall not exceed those speciﬁed in Table5.10.2For pipe ordered to inside diameter,the inside diameter shall not vary more than61%from the speciﬁed inside diameter.11.Hydrostatic Test11.1Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydro-static test,except as provided for in11.2or11.3.11.2Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order,each length of pipe shall,at the option of the manufacturer,be subjected to the nondestructive electric test as shown in Section 12in lieu of the hydrostatic test.11.3When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished without hydrostatic test and without nondestructive examination.11.4When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished with both the hydrostatic test and a nondestructive examination having been performed.12.Nondestructive Examination12.1When selected by the manufacturer or when speciﬁed in the order,as an alternative to the hydrostatic test(11.2),or when seciﬁed in the purchase order in addition to the hydro-static test(11.4),each pipe shall be examined by a nondestruc-tive examination method in accordance with Practice E213,TABLE2Tensile RequirementsGradeP1,P2P12P23P91P92,P911P122All Others Tensile strength,min:ksi MPa55380604157451085585906209062060415Yield strength,min:ksi MPa30205322205840060415644405840030205TABLE3Elongation RequirementsElongation RequirementsAll gradesexcept P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911All other gradesLongi-tudi-nalTrans-verseLongi-tudi-nalTrans-verseElongation in2in.or50mm,(or4D),min,%:Basic minimum elongationfor wall5⁄16in.[8mm]andover in thickness,strip tests,and for all small sizes testedin full section302020...When standard round2-in.or50-mm gage length orproportionally smaller sizespecimen with the gagelength equal to4D(4timesthe diameter)is used22142013For strip tests a deductionfor each1⁄32-in.[0.8mm]decrease in wall thicknessbelow in.[8mm]from thebasic minimum elongation ofthe following percentagepoints shall be made1.50A 1.00A 1.00A...A Table4gives the calculated minimum values.TABLE4Calculated Minimum Elongation ValuesWall ThicknessElongation in2in.or50mm,min,% All grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911Allothergradesin.mm Longi-tudinalTransverseLongi-tudinal5⁄16(0.312)8302020 9⁄32(0.281)7.2281919 1⁄4(0.250) 6.4271818 7⁄32(0.219) 5.626 (17)3⁄16(0.188) 4.824 (16)5⁄32(0.156)422 (15)1⁄8(0.125) 3.221 (14)3⁄32(0.094) 2.420 (13)1⁄16(0.062) 1.618 (12)TABLE5Permissible Variations in Outside DiameterOver UnderNPS Designator in.mm in.mm 1⁄8to11⁄2,incl.1⁄64(0.015)0.401⁄64(0.015)0.40 Over11⁄2to4,incl.1⁄32(0.031)0.791⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over4to8,incl.1⁄16(0.062) 1.591⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over8to12,incl.3⁄32(0.093) 2.381⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over1261%of thespeciﬁedoutsidediameterPractice E309or Practice E570.The range of pipe sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subject to the limitations in the scope of the respective practices.12.2The following information is for the beneﬁt of the user of this speciﬁcation:12.2.1The reference standards deﬁned in12.8are conve-nient standards for standardization of nondestructive examina-tion equipment.The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the minimum size imperfection detectable by such equipment.12.2.2Ultrasonic examination can be performed to detect both longitudinally and transversely oriented discontinuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.The examination may not detect short,deep imperfections.12.2.3The eddy current examination referenced in this speciﬁcation has the capability to detect signiﬁcant disconti-nuities,especially of the short abrupt type.12.2.4Theﬂux leakage examination referred to in this speciﬁcation is capable of detecting the presence and location of signiﬁcant longitudinally or transversely oriented disconti-nuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections. 12.2.5The hydrostatic test of Section11has the capability toﬁnd imperfections of a size that permit the testﬂuid to leak through the pipe wall so that it may be either visually seen or detected by a loss ofﬂuid pressure.This test may not detect very tight,through-wall imperfections,or imperfections that extend into the wall without complete penetration.12.2.6A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type,size,location,and orientation)of discontinuities that can be detected in the speciﬁc application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular products.12.3Time of Examination:Nondestructive examination for speciﬁcation acceptance shall be performed after all mechanical processing,heat treatments and straightening operations.This requirement does not preclude additional testing at earlier stages in the process-ing.12.4Surface Conditions:12.4.1All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt, grease,paint,or other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of test results.The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surfaceﬁnish.12.4.2Excessive surface roughness or deep scratches can produce signals that interfere with the test(see12.10.2.3). 12.5Extent of Examination:12.5.1The relative motion of the pipe and the transducer(s), coil(s),or sensor(s)shall be such that the entire pipe surface is scanned,except for end effects as noted in12.5.2.12.5.2The existence of end effects is recognized,and the extent of such effects shall be determined by the manufacturer, and,if requested,shall be reported to the purchaser.Other nondestructive tests may be applied to the end areas,subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.6Operator Qualiﬁcations—The test unit operator shall be certiﬁed in accordance with SNT-TC-1A,or an equivalent, recognized and documented standard.12.7Test Conditions:12.7.1For examination by the ultrasonic method,the mini-mum nominal transducer frequency shall be2.25MHz. 12.7.2For eddy current testing,the excitation coil fre-quency shall be10kHz,or less.12.8Reference Standards:12.8.1Reference standards of convenient length shall be prepared from a length of pipe of the same grade,size(NPS or outside diameter and schedule or wall thickness),surfaceﬁnish and heat treatment condition as the pipe to be examined. 12.8.2For ultrasonic testing,the reference notches shall be any one of the three common notch shapes shown in Practice E213,at the option of the manufacturer.The depth of the notch shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be at least twice the diameter of the transducer(s).The width of the notch shall not exceed the depth.12.8.3For eddy current testing,the reference standard shall contain,at the option of the manufacturer,any one of the following discontinuities:12.8.3.1Drilled Hole—The reference standard shall contain three or more holes,equally spaced circumferentially around the pipe and longitudinally separated by a sufficient distance to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each hole.The holes shall be drilled radially and completely through the pipe wall,with care being taken to avoid distortion of the pipe while drilling.The hole diameter shall vary with NPS as follows: NPS Designator Hole Diameter1⁄20.039in.(1mm)above1⁄2to11⁄40.055in.(1.4mm)above11⁄4to20.071in.(1.8mm)above2to50.087in.(2.2mm)above50.106in.(2.7mm)12.8.3.2Transverse Tangential Notch—Using a round tool orﬁle with a1⁄4in.(6.4mm)diameter,a notch shall beﬁled or milled tangential to the surface and transverse to the longitu-dinal axis of the pipe.Said notch shall have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.12.8.3.3Longitudinal Notch—A notch0.031in.or less in width shall be machined in a radial plane parallel to the tube axis on the outside surface of the pipe,to have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be compatible with the testing method. 12.8.4Forﬂux leakage testing,the longitudinal reference notches shall be straight-sided notches machined in a radial plane parallel to the pipe axis.For wall thickness less than1⁄2 in.(12.7mm),outside and inside notches shall be used;for wall thicknesses equal to or greater than1⁄2in.,only an outside notch shall be used.Notch depth shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness or0.004in.(0.1mm), whichever is greater.Notch length shall not exceed1in.(25.4 mm),and the width shall not exceed the depth.Outsideandinside notches shall have sufficient separation to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each notch.12.8.5More or smaller reference discontinuities,or both, may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9Standardization Procedure:12.9.1The test apparatus shall be standardized at the beginning and end of each series of pipes of the same size (NPS or diameter and schedule or wall thickness),grade and heat treatment condition,and at intervals not exceeding4h during the examination of such pipe.More frequent standard-izations may be performed at the manufacturer’s option or may be required upon agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9.2The test apparatus shall also be standardized after any change in test system settings,change of operator,equip-ment repair,or interruption due to power loss,shutdown or operator breaks.12.9.3The reference standard shall be passed through the test apparatus at same speed and test system settings as the pipe to be tested.12.9.4The signal-to-noise ratio for the reference standard shall be2.5to1or greater and the reference signal amplitude for each discontinuity shall be at least50%of full scale of the display.12.9.5If upon any standardization,the reference signal amplitude has decreased by25%(2db),the test apparatus shall be considered out of standardization.The test system settings may be changed,or the transducer(s),coil(s)or sensor(s)adjusted,and the unit restandardized,but all pipe tested since the last acceptable standardization must be re-tested.12.10Evaluation of Imperfections:12.10.1Pipes producing a signal equal to or greater than the signal produced by the reference standard shall be positively identiﬁed and they shall be separated from the acceptable pipes.The area producing the signal may be reexamined. 12.10.2Such pipes shall be subject to one of the following three dispositions:12.10.2.1The pipes may be rejected without further exami-nation,at the discretion of the manufacturer.12.10.2.2The pipes shall be rejected,but may be repaired, if the test signal was produced by imperfections which cannot be identiﬁed,or was produced by cracks or crack-like imper-fections.These pipes may be repaired by grinding(in accor-dance with7.2.1),welding(in accordance with7.6)or section-ing(in accordance with7.2.3).To be accepted,a repaired pipe must pass the same nondestructive examination by which it was rejected,and it must meet the remaining wall thickness requirements of this speciﬁcation.12.10.2.3Such pipes may be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Section7,if the test signals were produced by visual imperfections such as those listed below:(a)Scratches,(b)Surface roughness,(c)Dings,(d)Straightener marks,(e)Cutting chips,(f)Steel die stamps,(g)Stop marks,or(h)Pipe reducer ripple.13.Mechanical Tests Required13.1Transverse or Longitudinal Tension Test and Flatten-ing Test,Hardness Test,or Bend Test—For material heat treated in a batch-type furnace,tests shall be made on5%of the pipe from each treated lot(see Note7).For small lots,at least1pipe shall be tested.For material heat treated by the continuous process,tests shall be made on a sufficient number of pipe to constitute5%of the lot(see Note7),but in no case less than2pipe.N OTE7—The term“lot”applies to all pipe of the same nominal size and wall thickness(or schedule)which is produced from the same heat of steel and subjected to the sameﬁnishing treatment in a continuous furnace;whenﬁnal heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace,the lot shall include only that pipe which is heat treated in the same furnace charge.13.2Hardness Test:13.2.1For pipe of Grades P91,P92,P122,and P911, Brinell,Vickers,or Rockwell hardness tests shall be made ona specimen from each lot(see Note7).13.3Bend Test:13.3.1For pipe whose diameter exceeds NPS25and whose diameter to wall thickness ratio is7.0or less shall be subjected to the bend test instead of theﬂattening test.Other pipe whose diameter equals or exceeds NPS10may be given the bend test in place of theﬂattening test subject to the approval of the purchaser.13.3.2The bend test specimens shall be bent at room temperature through180°without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.The inside diameter of the bend shall be1in. [25mm].13.3.3Test specimens for the bend test speciﬁed in13.3 shall be cut from one end of the pipe and,unless otherwise speciﬁed,shall be taken in a transverse direction.One test specimen shall be taken as close to the outer surface as possible and another from as close to the inner surface as possible.The specimens shall be either1⁄2by1⁄2in.[12.5by12.5mm]in section or1by1⁄2in.[25by12.5mm]in section with the corners rounded to a radius not over1⁄16in.[1.6mm]and need not exceed6in.[150mm]in length.The side of the samples placed in tension during the bend shall be the side closest to the inner and outer surface of the pipe,respectively.14.Certiﬁcation14.1In addition to the information required by Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the certiﬁcation shall state whether or not the pipe was hydrostatically tested.If the pipe was nondestruc-tively examined,the certiﬁcation shall so state and shall show which practice was followed and what reference discontinuities were used.In addition,the test method information as given in Table6shall be appended to the speciﬁcation number and grade shown on the certiﬁcation.15.Product Marking15.1In addition to the marking prescribed in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the marking shall include the length,an。

MA335中文资料

Note) The part number in the parenthesis shows conventional part number.
298
at io n.
Max 10 36.93 3.19 4.68 2.5 11.57 0.98
0.00±0.05
5°
1 : Anode 2 : Cathode Mini2-G1 Package
5°
30 34 20
V V
1.10+0.25 –0.15
Rating
Unit
1.1+0.2 –0.1
(0.3)
Forward voltage (DC)
mA °C °C
Tstg
−55 to +150
Note) * : RL = 2.2 kΩ
s Electrical Characteristics Ta = 25°C
Unit nA pF pF pF pF % Ω
(0.3)
Variable Capacitance Diodes
CD VR
100 50 f = 1 MHz Ta = 25°C
MA2X335
IF V F
120
1.03
CD Ta
f = 1 MHz
100
1.02 VR = 2 V
Diode capacitance CD (pF)
vi
si
CD(25V) (pF)
e
29.55 11 30.14 10 30.74 9 31.35 8 31.98 7 32.62 6 33.27 5 33.94 4 34.62 3 35.31 2 36.02 1 36.74
Pl

P91中文翻译版(ASTM A335)

0.010 0.20-0.50
Cr … 0.50-0.81 4.00-6.00 4.00-6.00 4.00-6.00 8.00-10.00 1.00-1.50 0.80-1.25 … 2.65-3.35 1.90-2.60 1.90-2.60
8.00-9.50
Mo
其它
0.44-0.65
…
0.44-0.65
3.1.5.2 外径和公称壁厚
3.1.5.3 外径和最小壁厚
3.1.5.4 内径和公称壁厚
3.1.5.5 内径和最小壁厚
3.1.6 长度（定尺或不定尺）
表 1 化学成分要求
牌号
P1 P2
UNS 标号A
K11522 K11547
C 0.10-0.20 0.10-0.20
Mn 0.30-0.80 0.30-0.61
7.7 完工交货管子应相当笔直。
5
8 成品分析
8.1 应买方要求，制造商应从每批管子中抽取两根管子进行分析，每批钢（见
注 6）管应由以下根数钢管构成：
NPS 标号
＜2
400 根或其余数
2～5
200 根或其余数
≥6
100 根或其余数
注 6：一批钢管应由任一炉钢制得的具有相同尺寸和壁厚的按 8.1 中规定根数的管组成。
注 3：推荐回火温度应至少高于预期使用温度 100°F[50℃]，因此，若使用温度高于 1100°F[600℃]，则购买方应通知制造商。
5.3.2 P1、P2 和 P12 级钢管，可热轧或冷拔，可经 1200°F [650℃]-1300°F[705℃] 最终热处理以代替 5.3.1 中规定的热处理。
W1.45-1.75
0.85-1.05 V0.18-0.25

A335标准解释

拉伸和硬度要求
2、伸长率的要求 A、条状试样 P23、P91、P92、P122和这P911钢以外的纵向伸长率大于30%；，横向伸长率大于20%。 B、圆形试样 P23、P91、P92、P122和这P911钢以外的纵向伸长率大于22%；，横向伸长率大于14%。 C、条状试样 P23、P91、P92、P122和这P911钢的纵向伸长率大于30%； D、圆形试样 P23、P91、P92、P122和这P911钢的纵向伸长率大于20%；，横向伸长率大于13%。
无损检测试验
d) 、对于漏磁试验，纵向参考切槽应与管轴线相平行的径向平面上机加工出直边切槽。当壁厚小于12.7mm时，应采用内、外侧切槽，当大于12.7mm时只需采用外侧切槽。切槽深度不得超过规定壁厚的12.5%或0.1mm取两者中的较大值，切槽长度不得超过25.4mm 其宽度不应超过其深度，内、外侧切槽的位置应离开足够的距离以便于区分和辨认从每一切槽的反射信号. E）更大或更小些的参考缺陷，或两者都取，可由钢管厂和采购方商定。 9、标定程序 a)、在每一系列相同尺寸、级别及热处理状态公称钢管的开头及结尾，以及在这系列公称钢管的检验时间每隔不超过4小时，试验装置应经过标定，根据钢管厂的选择，或由采购方和钢管厂商定的要求可进行更加频率的标定。
工艺质量、表面质量和外观
3、为提供良好的表面，并在符合规定评判条件的基础上，钢管厂应打磨除去以下缺陷。 1)、机械刻痕、擦伤，凹坑以及其他深度大于1.6mm的缺陷。 2)、探测时所发现的深度大于5%公称壁厚的可见缺陷，通常是指疵点、疤痕、皱皮、刮伤或毛刺。 4、若表面缺陷可以接受，但其并不分散出现，而是存在一一大块面积上，达不到良好外观的要求，则根据采购方意见，该管应拒收，这类管子的处理应钢管厂和采购方协商

论耐热低碳合金钢A335—P11管道的施工

论耐热低碳合金钢A335—P11管道的施工摘要：针对石油化工装置耐热低碳合金钢管道的施工，对施工过程中所暴露出来的问题和应需注意的事项作以叙述，对以后同类管道施工能有一定的帮助。

关键词：A335-P11 耐热低碳合金钢管道施工前言陕西靖边能源化工园区项目是延长集团实施油气煤盐综合发展战略最关键的一个项目，该项目以油气煤盐综合利用为特色，以建设节能减排、循环经济的生态型园区为目标，其从策划、启动到建设，倍受国内外各级领导和专家的广泛关注。

对于改善我国传统的能源利用方式，提高能源转化效率，探索高碳能源低碳利用的新路子同样具有重要意义。

我单位在施工中多次遇到耐热低碳合金钢管道的施工，分布于装置界区各个范围，这种钢在焊接过程中存在热影响区硬化、冷纹及焊后热处理或高温使用过程中的再热裂纹问题，因此，其焊接过程具有一定的难度。

根据现场施焊的各种经验对焊接过程进行论述，对以后此类管道的施工做以参考。

1 管材的材料成分与性能A335-P11的化学成分A335-P11的力学性能2 焊接材料的选用根据管材焊接材料的选用根据A335-P11材质的化学成分、力学性能及使用和施焊现场综合条件并遵循以下原则：a.选用与A335-P11材质化学成分相当的焊接材料；b.熔敷金属的抗拉强度值不低于A335-P11钢材的标准抗拉强度值的下限值；c.具有良好的焊接工艺性能。

所选的焊丝R30、焊条R307化学成分和熔敷金属的力学性能见下：R30化学成份R30熔敷金属力学性能R307化学成份R307熔敷金属力学性能3 坡口预制4 焊接时焊条的烘焙焊条使用前必须严格烘焙，温度范围为300～350℃烘干1小时，保温温度为80～120℃，烘焙时严禁急热急冷，以防止药皮开裂。

5 焊口预热管道预热采用电加热方式，预热温度通过焊缝部位热电偶测温计测定并由温控柜进行调控。

预热温度在200～250℃，达到此温度范围后保温30min开始施焊。

6 焊接过程的控制遵循上表中工艺参数施焊。

ASTM A335&A335M-2003 高温用无缝铁素体合金钢管

Designation:A335/A335M–03Standard Speciﬁcation forSeamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation A335/A335M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This speciﬁcation2covers nominal wall and minimum wall seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe intended for high-temperature service.Pipe ordered to this speciﬁcation shall be suitable for bending,ﬂanging(vanstoning),and similar form-ing operations,and for fusion welding.Selection will depend upon design,service conditions,mechanical properties,and high-temperature characteristics.1.2Several grades of ferritic steels(see Note1)are covered. Their compositions are given in Table1.N OTE1—Ferritic steels in this speciﬁcation are deﬁned as low-and intermediate-alloy steels containing up to and including10%chromium.1.3Supplementary requirements(S1to S7)of an optional nature are provided.These supplementary requirements call for additional tests to be made,and when desired,shall be so stated in the order together with the number of such tests required.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system must be used independently of the bining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the speciﬁ-cation.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the“M”designation of this speciﬁcation is speciﬁed in the order.N OTE2—The dimensionless designator NPS(nominal pipe size)has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as“nominal diameter,”“size,”and“nominal size.”2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:A450/A450M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements forCarbon,Ferritic Alloy,and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes3 A999/A999M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe3E213Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing4E309Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tu-bular Products Using Magnetic Saturation4E381Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars,Billets, Blooms,and Forgings5E527Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys(UNS)3 E570Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromag-netic Steel Tubular Products42.2Other Documents:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation6SAE J1086Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)73.Ordering Information3.1Orders for material under this speciﬁcation should include the following,as required,to describe the desired material adequately:3.1.1Quantity(feet,metres,or number of lengths),3.1.2Name of material(seamless alloy steel pipe),3.1.3Grade(Table1),3.1.4Manufacture(hot-ﬁnished or cold-drawn),3.1.5Size using one of the following:3.1.5.1NPS and schedule number,3.1.5.2Outside diameter and nominal wall thickness,3.1.5.3Outside diameter and minimum wall thickness, 3.1.5.4Inside diameter and nominal wall thickness,and 3.1.5.5Inside diameter and minimum wall thickness.3.1.6Length(speciﬁc or random),1This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloysand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.10on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approved Apr.10,2003.Published May2003.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2002as A335/A335M-02.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Speciﬁ-cation SA-335in Section II of that Code.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol01.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.01.6Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing,1711Arlin-gate Plaza,PO Box28518,Columbus,OH43228-0518.7Available from Society of Automotive Engineers,400Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale,PA15096.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.3.1.7Endﬁnish(Ends Section of Speciﬁcation A999/ A999M),3.1.8Optional requirements(Section8,11and12of this speciﬁcation.See the Sections on Hydrostatic Test Require-ments and Permissible Variation in Weight for Seamless Pipe in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M),3.1.9Test report required(Certiﬁcation Section of Speciﬁ-cation A999/A999M),3.1.10Speciﬁcation designation,and3.1.11Special requirements or any supplementary require-ments selected,or both.4.General Requirements4.1Material furnished to this speciﬁcation shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of Speciﬁ-cation A999/A999M,unless otherwise provided herein.5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Pipe may be either hotﬁnished or cold drawn with the ﬁnishing treatment as required in5.3.5.2Grade P2and P12—The steel shall be made by coarse-grain melting practice.Speciﬁc limits,if any,on grain size or deoxidation practice shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.5.3Heat Treatment:5.3.1All pipe of grades shown in Table1except P5c,P23 P91,P92,P122,and P911as provided in 5.3.2,shall be reheated and furnished in the full-annealed,isothermal an-nealed,or normalized and tempered condition.If furnished in the normalized and tempered condition,the minimum temper-ing temperature for Grades P5,P5b,P9,P21,and P22shall be 1250°F[675°C],the minimum tempering temperature for Grades P1,P2,P11,P12,and P15shall be1200°F[650°C].TABLE1Chemical RequirementsGradeUNSDesigna-tion AComposition,%CarbonMan-ganesePhos-phorus,maxSulfur,maxSilicon ChromiumMolybde-num OthersP1K115220.10–0.200.30–0.800.0250.0250.10–0.50...0.44–0.65...P2K115470.10–0.200.30–0.610.0250.0250.10–0.300.50–0.810.44–0.65...P5K415450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5b K515450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.025 1.00–2.00 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5c K412450.12max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...B P9S504000.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.25–1.008.00–10.000.90–1.10...P11K115970.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50–1.00 1.00–1.500.44–0.65...P12K115620.05–0.150.30–0.610.0250.0250.50max0.80–1.250.44–0.65...P15K115780.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.025 1.15–1.65...0.44–0.65...P21K315450.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 2.65–3.350.80–1.06...P22K215900.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 1.90–2.600.87–1.13...P23K416500.04–0.100.10–0.600.030max0.010max0.50max 1.90–2.600.05–0.30V0.20–0.30Cb0.02–0.08B0.0005–0.006N0.030maxAl0.030maxW1.45–1.75 P91K915600.08–0.120.30–0.600.0200.0100.20–0.508.00–9.500.85–1.05V0.18–0.25N0.030–0.070Ni0.40maxAl0.04maxCb0.06–0.10 P92K924600.07–0.130.30–0.600.0200.0100.50max8.50–9.500.30–0.60V0.15–0.25N0.03–0.07Ni0.40maxAl0.04maxCb0.04–0.09W1.5–2.00B0.001–0.006P122K929300.07–0.140.70max0.0200.0100.50max10.00–12.500.25–0.60V0.15–0.30W1.50–2.50Cu0.30–1.70Cb0.04–0.10B0.0005–0.005N0.040–0.100Ni0.50maxAl0.040max P911K910610.09–0.130.30–0.600.020max0.010max0.10–0.508.50–10.500.90–1.10V0.18–0.25Ni0.40maxCb0.060–0.10B0.0003–0.006N0.04–0.09Al0.04maxW0.90–1.10A New designation established in accordance with Practice E527and SAE J1086,Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys(UNS).B Grade P5c shall have a titanium content of not less than4times the carbon content and not more than0.70%;or a columbium content of8to10times the carboncontent.N OTE3—It is recommended that the temperature for tempering should be at least100°F[50°C]above the intended service temperature;conse-quently,the purchaser should advise the manufacturer if the service temperature is to be over1100°F[600°C].5.3.2Pipe of Grades P1,P2,and P12,either hotﬁnished or cold drawn,may be given aﬁnal heat treatment at1200°F [650°C]to1300°F[705°C]instead of heat treatments speciﬁed in5.3.1.5.3.3All pipe of Grades P5c shall be given aﬁnal heat treatment in the range from1325°F[715°C]to1375°F [745°C].N OTE4—Certain of the ferritic steels covered by this speciﬁcation will harden if cooled rapidly from above their critical temperature.Some will air harden,that is,become hardened to an undesirable degree when cooled in air from high temperatures.Therefore,operations involving heating such steels above their critical temperatures,such as welding,ﬂanging, and hot bending,should be followed by suitable heat treatment.5.3.4Grades P92and P911shall be normalized at1900°F [1040°C]minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.3.5Grade P122shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.3.6Grade P23shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum with air cooling or accelerated cooling and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.4Except when Supplementary Requirement S7is speci-ﬁed by the purchaser,Grade P91shall be normalized at1900°F [1040°C]minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]mini-mum as aﬁnal heat treatment.Alternatively,liquid quenching and tempering is allowed for thicknesses above3in.when mutually agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.In this case the pipe shall be quenched from1900°F [1040°C]minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum asﬁnal heat treatment.6.Chemical Composition6.1The steel shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed in Table1.7.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance7.1The pipe manufacturer shall explore a sufficient number of visual surface imperfections to provide reasonable assurance that they have been properly evaluated with respect to depth. Exploration of all surface imperfections is not required but may be necessary to ensure compliance with7.27.2Surface imperfections that penetrate more than121⁄2% of the nominal wall thickness or encroach on the minimum wall thickness shall be considered defects.Pipe with such defects shall be given one of the following dispositions:7.2.1The defect may be removed by grinding provided that the remaining wall thickness is within speciﬁed limits.7.2.2Repaired in accordance with the repair welding pro-visions of7.6.7.2.3The section of pipe containing the defect may be cut off within the limits of requirements on length.7.2.4Rejected.7.3To provide a workmanlikeﬁnish and basis for evaluat-ing conformance with7.2,the pipe manufacturer shall remove by grinding the following:7.3.1Mechanical marks,abrasions(see Note5)and pits, any of which imperfections are deeper than1⁄16in.[1.6mm]. N OTE5—Marks and abrasions are deﬁned as cable marks,dinges,guide marks,roll marks,ball scratches,scores,die marks,and the like.7.3.2Visual imperfections,commonly referred to as scabs, seams,laps,tears,or slivers,found by exploration in accor-dance with7.1to be deeper than5%of the nominal wall thickness.7.4At the purchaser’s discretion,pipe shall be subject to rejection if surface imperfections acceptable under7.2are not scattered,but appear over a large area in excess of what is considered a workmanlikeﬁnish.Disposition of such pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.7.5When imperfections or defects are removed by grinding,a smooth curved surface shall be maintained,and the wall thickness shall not be decreased below that permitted by this speciﬁcation.The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.7.5.1Wall thickness measurements shall be made with a mechanical caliper or with a properly calibrated nondestructive testing device of appropriate accuracy.In case of dispute,the measurement determined by use of the mechanical caliper shall govern.7.6Weld repair shall be permitted only subject to the approval of the purchaser and in accordance with Speciﬁcation A999/A999M.7.7Theﬁnished pipe shall be reasonably straight.8.Product Analysis8.1At the request of the purchaser,an analysis of two pipes from each lot shall be made by the manufacturer.A lot(see Note6)of pipe shall consist of the following:NPS DesignatorUnder2400or fraction thereof2to5200or fraction thereof6and over100or fraction thereofN OTE6—A lot shall consist of the number of lengths speciﬁed in8.1of the same size and wall thickness from any one heat of steel.8.2The results of these analyses shall be reported to the purchaser or the purchaser’s representative,and shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Table1.8.3For grade P91the carbon content may vary for the product analysis by−0.01%and+0.02%from the speciﬁed range as per Table1.8.4If the analysis of one of the tests speciﬁed in8.1does not conform to the requirements speciﬁed in6.1,an analysis of each billet or pipe from the same heat or lot may be made,and all billets or pipe conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.9.Tensile and Hardness Requirements9.1The tensile properties of the material shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table2.9.2Table3lists elongationrequirements.9.3Pipe of Grades P91,P92,and P122shall have a hardness not exceeding250HB/265HV[25HRC].9.4Table4gives the computed minimum elongation values for each1⁄32-in.[0.8-mm]decrease in wall thickness.Where the wall thickness lies between two values above,the minimum elongation value is determined by the following formula:Direction of Test Equation B Longitudinal,all grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911E=48t+15.00[E=1.87t+15.00]Transverse,all grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00]Longitudinal,P23,P91,P92,P122,andP911E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00] where:E=elongation in2in.or50mm,%,andt=actual thickness of specimens,in.[mm].10.Permissible Variations in Diameter10.1For pipe ordered to NPS or outside diameter,variations in outside diameter shall not exceed those speciﬁed in Table5.10.2For pipe ordered to inside diameter,the inside diameter shall not vary more than61%from the speciﬁed inside diameter.11.Hydrostatic Test11.1Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydro-static test,except as provided for in11.2or11.3.11.2Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order,each length of pipe shall,at the option of the manufacturer,be subjected to the nondestructive electric test as shown in Section 12in lieu of the hydrostatic test.11.3When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished without hydrostatic test and without nondestructive examination.11.4When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished with both the hydrostatic test and a nondestructive examination having been performed.12.Nondestructive Examination12.1When selected by the manufacturer or when speciﬁed in the order,as an alternative to the hydrostatic test(11.2),or when seciﬁed in the purchase order in addition to the hydro-static test(11.4),each pipe shall be examined by a nondestruc-tive examination method in accordance with Practice E213,TABLE2Tensile RequirementsGradeP1,P2P12P23P91P92,P911P122All Others Tensile strength,min:ksi MPa55380604157451085585906209062060415Yield strength,min:ksi MPa30205322205840060415644405840030205TABLE3Elongation RequirementsElongation RequirementsAll gradesexcept P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911All other gradesLongi-tudi-nalTrans-verseLongi-tudi-nalTrans-verseElongation in2in.or50mm,(or4D),min,%:Basic minimum elongationfor wall5⁄16in.[8mm]andover in thickness,strip tests,and for all small sizes testedin full section302020...When standard round2-in.or50-mm gage length orproportionally smaller sizespecimen with the gagelength equal to4D(4timesthe diameter)is used22142013For strip tests a deductionfor each1⁄32-in.[0.8mm]decrease in wall thicknessbelow in.[8mm]from thebasic minimum elongation ofthe following percentagepoints shall be made1.50A 1.00A 1.00A...A Table4gives the calculated minimum values.TABLE4Calculated Minimum Elongation ValuesWall ThicknessElongation in2in.or50mm,min,% All grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911Allothergradesin.mm Longi-tudinalTransverseLongi-tudinal5⁄16(0.312)8302020 9⁄32(0.281)7.2281919 1⁄4(0.250) 6.4271818 7⁄32(0.219) 5.626 (17)3⁄16(0.188) 4.824 (16)5⁄32(0.156)422 (15)1⁄8(0.125) 3.221 (14)3⁄32(0.094) 2.420 (13)1⁄16(0.062) 1.618 (12)TABLE5Permissible Variations in Outside DiameterOver UnderNPS Designator in.mm in.mm 1⁄8to11⁄2,incl.1⁄64(0.015)0.401⁄64(0.015)0.40 Over11⁄2to4,incl.1⁄32(0.031)0.791⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over4to8,incl.1⁄16(0.062) 1.591⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over8to12,incl.3⁄32(0.093) 2.381⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over1261%of thespeciﬁedoutsidediameterPractice E309or Practice E570.The range of pipe sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subject to the limitations in the scope of the respective practices.12.2The following information is for the beneﬁt of the user of this speciﬁcation:12.2.1The reference standards deﬁned in12.8are conve-nient standards for standardization of nondestructive examina-tion equipment.The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the minimum size imperfection detectable by such equipment.12.2.2Ultrasonic examination can be performed to detect both longitudinally and transversely oriented discontinuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.The examination may not detect short,deep imperfections.12.2.3The eddy current examination referenced in this speciﬁcation has the capability to detect signiﬁcant disconti-nuities,especially of the short abrupt type.12.2.4Theﬂux leakage examination referred to in this speciﬁcation is capable of detecting the presence and location of signiﬁcant longitudinally or transversely oriented disconti-nuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections. 12.2.5The hydrostatic test of Section11has the capability toﬁnd imperfections of a size that permit the testﬂuid to leak through the pipe wall so that it may be either visually seen or detected by a loss ofﬂuid pressure.This test may not detect very tight,through-wall imperfections,or imperfections that extend into the wall without complete penetration.12.2.6A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type,size,location,and orientation)of discontinuities that can be detected in the speciﬁc application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular products.12.3Time of Examination:Nondestructive examination for speciﬁcation acceptance shall be performed after all mechanical processing,heat treatments and straightening operations.This requirement does not preclude additional testing at earlier stages in the process-ing.12.4Surface Conditions:12.4.1All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt, grease,paint,or other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of test results.The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surfaceﬁnish.12.4.2Excessive surface roughness or deep scratches can produce signals that interfere with the test(see12.10.2.3). 12.5Extent of Examination:12.5.1The relative motion of the pipe and the transducer(s), coil(s),or sensor(s)shall be such that the entire pipe surface is scanned,except for end effects as noted in12.5.2.12.5.2The existence of end effects is recognized,and the extent of such effects shall be determined by the manufacturer, and,if requested,shall be reported to the purchaser.Other nondestructive tests may be applied to the end areas,subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.6Operator Qualiﬁcations—The test unit operator shall be certiﬁed in accordance with SNT-TC-1A,or an equivalent, recognized and documented standard.12.7Test Conditions:12.7.1For examination by the ultrasonic method,the mini-mum nominal transducer frequency shall be2.25MHz. 12.7.2For eddy current testing,the excitation coil fre-quency shall be10kHz,or less.12.8Reference Standards:12.8.1Reference standards of convenient length shall be prepared from a length of pipe of the same grade,size(NPS or outside diameter and schedule or wall thickness),surfaceﬁnish and heat treatment condition as the pipe to be examined. 12.8.2For ultrasonic testing,the reference notches shall be any one of the three common notch shapes shown in Practice E213,at the option of the manufacturer.The depth of the notch shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be at least twice the diameter of the transducer(s).The width of the notch shall not exceed the depth.12.8.3For eddy current testing,the reference standard shall contain,at the option of the manufacturer,any one of the following discontinuities:12.8.3.1Drilled Hole—The reference standard shall contain three or more holes,equally spaced circumferentially around the pipe and longitudinally separated by a sufficient distance to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each hole.The holes shall be drilled radially and completely through the pipe wall,with care being taken to avoid distortion of the pipe while drilling.The hole diameter shall vary with NPS as follows: NPS Designator Hole Diameter1⁄20.039in.(1mm)above1⁄2to11⁄40.055in.(1.4mm)above11⁄4to20.071in.(1.8mm)above2to50.087in.(2.2mm)above50.106in.(2.7mm)12.8.3.2Transverse Tangential Notch—Using a round tool orﬁle with a1⁄4in.(6.4mm)diameter,a notch shall beﬁled or milled tangential to the surface and transverse to the longitu-dinal axis of the pipe.Said notch shall have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.12.8.3.3Longitudinal Notch—A notch0.031in.or less in width shall be machined in a radial plane parallel to the tube axis on the outside surface of the pipe,to have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be compatible with the testing method. 12.8.4Forﬂux leakage testing,the longitudinal reference notches shall be straight-sided notches machined in a radial plane parallel to the pipe axis.For wall thickness less than1⁄2 in.(12.7mm),outside and inside notches shall be used;for wall thicknesses equal to or greater than1⁄2in.,only an outside notch shall be used.Notch depth shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness or0.004in.(0.1mm), whichever is greater.Notch length shall not exceed1in.(25.4 mm),and the width shall not exceed the depth.Outsideandinside notches shall have sufficient separation to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each notch.12.8.5More or smaller reference discontinuities,or both, may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9Standardization Procedure:12.9.1The test apparatus shall be standardized at the beginning and end of each series of pipes of the same size (NPS or diameter and schedule or wall thickness),grade and heat treatment condition,and at intervals not exceeding4h during the examination of such pipe.More frequent standard-izations may be performed at the manufacturer’s option or may be required upon agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9.2The test apparatus shall also be standardized after any change in test system settings,change of operator,equip-ment repair,or interruption due to power loss,shutdown or operator breaks.12.9.3The reference standard shall be passed through the test apparatus at same speed and test system settings as the pipe to be tested.12.9.4The signal-to-noise ratio for the reference standard shall be2.5to1or greater and the reference signal amplitude for each discontinuity shall be at least50%of full scale of the display.12.9.5If upon any standardization,the reference signal amplitude has decreased by25%(2db),the test apparatus shall be considered out of standardization.The test system settings may be changed,or the transducer(s),coil(s)or sensor(s)adjusted,and the unit restandardized,but all pipe tested since the last acceptable standardization must be re-tested.12.10Evaluation of Imperfections:12.10.1Pipes producing a signal equal to or greater than the signal produced by the reference standard shall be positively identiﬁed and they shall be separated from the acceptable pipes.The area producing the signal may be reexamined. 12.10.2Such pipes shall be subject to one of the following three dispositions:12.10.2.1The pipes may be rejected without further exami-nation,at the discretion of the manufacturer.12.10.2.2The pipes shall be rejected,but may be repaired, if the test signal was produced by imperfections which cannot be identiﬁed,or was produced by cracks or crack-like imper-fections.These pipes may be repaired by grinding(in accor-dance with7.2.1),welding(in accordance with7.6)or section-ing(in accordance with7.2.3).To be accepted,a repaired pipe must pass the same nondestructive examination by which it was rejected,and it must meet the remaining wall thickness requirements of this speciﬁcation.12.10.2.3Such pipes may be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Section7,if the test signals were produced by visual imperfections such as those listed below:(a)Scratches,(b)Surface roughness,(c)Dings,(d)Straightener marks,(e)Cutting chips,(f)Steel die stamps,(g)Stop marks,or(h)Pipe reducer ripple.13.Mechanical Tests Required13.1Transverse or Longitudinal Tension Test and Flatten-ing Test,Hardness Test,or Bend Test—For material heat treated in a batch-type furnace,tests shall be made on5%of the pipe from each treated lot(see Note7).For small lots,at least1pipe shall be tested.For material heat treated by the continuous process,tests shall be made on a sufficient number of pipe to constitute5%of the lot(see Note7),but in no case less than2pipe.N OTE7—The term“lot”applies to all pipe of the same nominal size and wall thickness(or schedule)which is produced from the same heat of steel and subjected to the sameﬁnishing treatment in a continuous furnace;whenﬁnal heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace,the lot shall include only that pipe which is heat treated in the same furnace charge.13.2Hardness Test:13.2.1For pipe of Grades P91,P92,P122,and P911, Brinell,Vickers,or Rockwell hardness tests shall be made ona specimen from each lot(see Note7).13.3Bend Test:13.3.1For pipe whose diameter exceeds NPS25and whose diameter to wall thickness ratio is7.0or less shall be subjected to the bend test instead of theﬂattening test.Other pipe whose diameter equals or exceeds NPS10may be given the bend test in place of theﬂattening test subject to the approval of the purchaser.13.3.2The bend test specimens shall be bent at room temperature through180°without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.The inside diameter of the bend shall be1in. [25mm].13.3.3Test specimens for the bend test speciﬁed in13.3 shall be cut from one end of the pipe and,unless otherwise speciﬁed,shall be taken in a transverse direction.One test specimen shall be taken as close to the outer surface as possible and another from as close to the inner surface as possible.The specimens shall be either1⁄2by1⁄2in.[12.5by12.5mm]in section or1by1⁄2in.[25by12.5mm]in section with the corners rounded to a radius not over1⁄16in.[1.6mm]and need not exceed6in.[150mm]in length.The side of the samples placed in tension during the bend shall be the side closest to the inner and outer surface of the pipe,respectively.14.Certiﬁcation14.1In addition to the information required by Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the certiﬁcation shall state whether or not the pipe was hydrostatically tested.If the pipe was nondestruc-tively examined,the certiﬁcation shall so state and shall show which practice was followed and what reference discontinuities were used.In addition,the test method information as given in Table6shall be appended to the speciﬁcation number and grade shown on the certiﬁcation.15.Product Marking15.1In addition to the marking prescribed in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the marking shall include the length,an。

TCA355G中文资料

TCA 305TCA 355Bipolar ICFeaturesq Lower open-loop current consumption;I S < 1 mA q Lower output saturation voltageqThe temperature dependence of the switchingdistance is lower and compensation of the resonant circuit TC (temperature coefficient) is easierqThe sensitivity is higher, so that larger switchingdistances are possible and coils of a lower quality can be usedq The switching hysteresis remains constant as regards temperature, supply voltage and switching distance qThe TCA 305 even functions without externalintegrating capacitor. With an external capacitor (or with RC combination) good noise immunity can be achievedq The outputs are temporarily short-circuit proof (approx.10 s to 1 min depending on package)qThe outputs are disabled when V S < approx. 4.5 V and are enabled when the oscillator stabilizes (from V S min = 5 V)q Higher switching frequencies can be obtained qMiniature packageProximity SwitchP-DSO-8-1P-DIP-14-1P-DSO-14-1Type Ordering Code TCA 305 A Q67000-A2291Package P-DIP-14-1TCA 305 G Q67000-A2305P-DSO-14-1 (SMD)TCA 355 GQ67000-A2444P-DSO-8-1 (SMD)s s Not for new designTCA 305 ATCA 305 GThe devices TCA 305 and TCA 355 contain all the functions necessary to design inductive proximity switches. By approaching a standard metal plate to the coil, the resonant circuit is damped and the outputs are switched.Operation Schematic: see TCA 205The types TCA 305 and TCA 355 have been developed from the type TCA 205 and are out-standing for the following characteristics:Logic FunctionsOscillator OutputsQnot damped damped HLLHTCA 355 GPin Configurations(top view)Block DiagramStandard Turn-ON Delay Referred to T A= 25 ˚CAbsolute Maximum Ratings Operating Range CharacteristicsV S = 12 V,T A = – 25 to 85 ˚C Parameter Symbol Unit Limit Values Supply voltage Output voltage V S V Q 3535Output currentI Q mA 50V V Junction temperatureStorage temperature range T j T stg 150– 55 to 125˚C ˚C Thermal resistancesystem - air TCA 305 ATCA 305 G R th SA R th SA85 (135)2)140 (200)2)K/W K/WDistance, hysteresis resistance R Di ,R Hy Ω0CapacitancesC I ,CD µF5Supply voltage V S V 5 to 303)Oscillator frequency f OSC MHz 0.015 to 1.5Ambient temperature T A˚C– 25 to 85Parametertyp.min.max.Unit TestCondition Limit Values SymbolOpen-loopcurrent consumption 0.60.9(1.0)2)mA outputs open I S Reference voltage 1)L-output voltage per output3.20.040.100.220.150.350.75V V V VI REF < 10µA I Q L = 5 mA I Q L = 25 mA I Q L = 50 mA V REF V Q L V Q L V Q L H-output current per output 10µAV Q H = 30 VI Q H Threshold at 3Hysteresis at 3 2.10.50.40.6V VV S 3V Hy Turn-ON delay 1)600– 25 %– 25 %ms/µF T A = 25 ˚C t D ON Switching frequency w/o C I5kHzf S1)TCA 305 only2)Values in parenthesis apply to TCA 355 only3)Operation at voltages less than 5 V (between approx. 2.5 and 5 V) is possible, if V REF is connected to V S . In this case V REF is no longer internally stabilized. Additionally, the pin "turn-on delay" is to be applied as follows:If no turn-on delay is needed, this pin has to be connected to V S . If, however, a turn-on delay is required, the charge current for D D has to be adjusted with an external resistor between this pin and V S (recommended value 390 k ).ΩOscilator Turn-ON Delay for TCA 305 A; GIntegrating Capacitor Outputs Schematic Circuit DiagramApplication CircuitL0,C0Resonant circuitR Hy Hysteresis adjustmentR Di Distance adjustmentD Temperature compensation of the resonant circuit; possibly with seriesresistance for the purpose of adjustment. The diode is not absolutely necessary.Whether it is used or not depends on the temperature coefficient of the resonantcircuit.R I;C I Integration element. At pin 3 (integrating capacitance) we recommend a capacitor of typ. 1 nF. To increase noise immunity this capacitor can besubstituted by an RC circuit with, e.g.,R I = 1 M and C I = 10 nF.C D Delay capacitorDimensioning Examples in Accordance with CENELEC Standard (flush)ΩM 12M 18M 30Ferrite pot core Number of turns Cross section of wire L0C0 (STYROFLEX®) f OSCSnR A (Metal)C D M 33 (7.35×3.6) mm1000.1 CuL206µH1000 pFappr. 350 kHz4 mm8.2 k + 330100 nFΩΩN 22 (14.4× 7.5) mm8020× 0.05268µH1.2 nFappr. 280 kHz8 mm33 k100 nFΩN 22 (25× 8.9) mm10010× 0.1585µH3.3 nFappr. 115 kHz15 mm22 k + 2.7 k100 nFΩΩ。

三氯化钛

三氯化钛品名：(中文) 三氯化钛化学式：TiCl3（英文）titanium trichloride 分子量：154.25别名：(中文)氯化亚钛（英文）titanium chlorideCAS No.：7705-07-9理化特性（1）成分/组成信息：（2）外观与性状：深紫色结晶，易潮解（3）熔点(℃)：440℃(分解)（4）沸点(℃)：分解（5）相对密度(水=1)：2.64（6）溶解性：溶于水、乙醇用途：用作分析试剂及还原剂、聚丙烯催化剂等性质：潜在危险：（1）危险性类别：（2）侵入途径：吸入、食入、经皮吸收。

（3）健康危害：本品对粘膜、上呼吸道、眼和皮肤有强烈的刺激性。

吸入后，可因喉及支气管的痉挛、炎症、水肿，化学性肺炎或肺水肿而致死。

接触后引起烧灼感、咳嗽、喘息、喉炎、气短、头痛、恶心、呕吐。

（4）环境危害：（5）燃爆危险：意外预防措施：（1）急救措施皮肤接触：立即脱去被污染的衣着，尽快用软纸或棉花擦去毒物，然后用水冲洗。

就医。

眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。

就医。

吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。

保持呼吸道通畅。

如呼吸困难，给输氧。

如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。

就医。

食入：误服者用水漱口，给饮牛奶或蛋清。

就医。

（2）消防措施危险特性：强还原剂。

易自燃，暴露在空气或潮气中能燃烧。

受高热分解产生有毒的腐蚀性烟气。

在潮湿空气存在下，放出热和近似白色烟雾状有刺激性和腐蚀性的氯化氢气体。

有害燃烧产物：氯化氢、氧化钛灭火方法：消防人员必须佩戴过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)或隔离式呼吸器、穿全身防火防毒服，在上风处灭火。

灭火剂：二氧化碳、干粉、砂土。

禁止用水或泡沫灭火。

（3）溅散及泄漏：隔离泄漏污染区，限制出入。

切断火源。

戴自给式呼吸器，穿消防防护服。

不要直接接触泄漏物。

小量泄漏：用砂土、干燥石灰或苏打灰混合。

收集于密闭容器中做好标记，待处理。

大量泄漏：与有关技术部门联系，确定清除方法。

ASTM A335-01

Designation:A335/A335M–01An American National Standard Standard Speciﬁcation forSeamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-TemperatureService1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation A335/A335M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope1.1This speciﬁcation2covers nominal(average)wall seam-less alloy-steel pipe intended for high-temperature service. Pipe ordered to this speciﬁcation shall be suitable for bending,ﬂanging(vanstoning),and similar forming operations,and for fusion welding.Selection will depend upon design,service conditions,mechanical properties,and high-temperature char-acteristics.1.2Several grades of ferritic steels(Note1)are covered. Their compositions are given in Table1.N OTE1—Ferritic steels in this speciﬁcation are deﬁned as low-and intermediate-alloy steels containing up to and including10%chromium.1.3Supplementary requirements(S1to S7)of an optional nature are provided.These supplementary requirements call for additional tests to be made,and when desired,shall be so stated in the order together with the number of such tests required.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system must be used independently of the bining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the speciﬁ-cation.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the“M”designation of this speciﬁcation is speciﬁed in the order.N OTE2—The dimensionless designator NPS(nominal pipe size)has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as“nominal diameter,”“size,”and“nominal size.”2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:A450/A450M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements for Carbon,Ferritic Alloy,and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes3 A999/A999M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe3E213Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing4E309Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tu-bular Products Using Magnetic Saturation4E381Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars,Billets, Blooms,and Forgings5E527Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys(UNS)3 E570Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromag-netic Steel Tubular Products42.2Other Documents:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation6SAE J1086Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)73.Ordering Information3.1Orders for material under this speciﬁcation should include the following,as required,to describe the desired material adequately:3.1.1Quantity(feet,centimetres,or number of lengths), 3.1.2Name of material(seamless alloy steel pipe),3.1.3Grade(Table1),3.1.4Manufacture(hot-ﬁnished or cold-drawn),3.1.5Size(NPS or outside diameter and schedule number or average wall thickness),3.1.6Length(speciﬁc or random),3.1.7Endﬁnish(Ends Section of Speciﬁcation A999/ A999M),3.1.8Optional requirements(Section8,11and12of this speciﬁcation.See the Sections on Hydrostatic Test Require-ments and Permissible Variation in Weight for Seamless Pipe in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M),3.1.9Test report required(Certiﬁcation Section of Speciﬁ-cation AA999/A999M),3.1.10Speciﬁcation designation,and3.1.11Special requirements or any supplementary require-ments selected,or both.1This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel,and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.10on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approved Mar.10,2001.Published June2001.Originally published as A335–st previous edition A335/A335M–00.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Speciﬁ-cation SA-335in Section II of that Code.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol01.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol03.01.6Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing,1711Arlin-gate Plaza,PO Box28518,Columbus,OH43228-0518.7Available from Society of Automotive Engineers,400Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale,PA15096.1Copyright©ASTM,100Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.4.General Requirements4.1Material furnished to this speciﬁcation shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of Speciﬁ-cation A 999/A 999M,unless otherwise provided herein.5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Pipe may be either hot ﬁnished or cold drawn with the ﬁnishing treatment as required in 5.3.5.2Grade P2and P12—The steel shall be made by coarse-grain melting practice.Speciﬁc limits,if any,on grain size or deoxidation practice shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.5.3Heat Treatment :5.3.1All pipe of grades shown in Table 1except P5c,P23P91,P92,P122,and P911as provided in 5.3.2,shall be reheated and furnished in the full-annealed,isothermal an-nealed,or normalized and tempered condition.If furnished in the normalized and tempered condition,the minimum temper-ing temperature for Grades P5,P5b,P9,P21,and P22shall be 1250°F [675°C],the minimum tempering temperature for Grades P1,P2,P11,P12,and P 15shall be 1200°F [650°C].N OTE 3—It is recommended that the temperature for tempering should be at least 100°F [50°C]above the intended service temperature;conse-quently,the purchaser should advise the manufacturer if the service temperature is to be over 1100°F [600°C].5.3.2Pipe of Grades P1,P2,and P12,either hot ﬁnished or cold drawn,may be given a ﬁnal heat treatment at 1200°F [650°C]to 1300°F [705°C]instead of heat treatments speciﬁed in 5.3.1.5.3.3All pipe of Grades P5c shall be given a ﬁnal heat treatment in the range from 1325°F [715°C]to 1375°F [745°C].TABLE 1Chemical RequirementsGradeUNS Designa-tion AComposition,%Carbon Man-ganese Phos-phorus,max Sulfur,max Silicon Chromium Molybde-num Others P1K115220.10–0.200.30–0.800.0250.0250.10–0.50...0.44–0.65...P2K115470.10–0.200.30–0.610.0250.0250.10–0.300.50–0.810.44–0.65...P5K415450.15max 0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5b K515450.15max 0.30–0.600.0250.025 1.00–2.00 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5c K412450.12max 0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...B P9S504000.15max 0.30–0.600.0250.0250.25–1.008.00–10.000.90–1.10...P11K115970.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50–1.00 1.00–1.500.44–0.65...P12K115620.05–0.150.30–0.610.0250.0250.50max 0.80–1.250.44–0.65...P15K115780.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.025 1.15–1.65...0.44–0.65...P21K315450.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 2.65–3.350.80–1.06...P22K215900.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 1.90–2.600.87–1.13...P23K416500.04–0.100.10–0.600.030max0.010max0.50max1.90–2.600.05–0.30V 0.20–0.30Cb 0.02–0.08B 0.0005–0.006N 0.030max Al 0.030max W 1.45–1.75P91K915600.08–0.120.30–0.600.0200.0100.20–0.508.00–9.500.85–1.05V 0.18–0.25N 0.030–0.070Ni 0.40max Al 0.04max Cb 0.06–0.10P92K924600.07–0.130.30–0.600.0200.0100.50max 8.50–9.500.30–0.60V 0.15–0.25N 0.03–0.07Ni 0.40max Al 0.04max Cb 0.04–0.09W 1.5–2.00B 0.001–0.006P122K929300.07–0.140.70max 0.0200.0100.50max 10.00–12.500.25–0.60V 0.15–0.30W 1.50–2.50Cu 0.30–1.70Cb 0.04–0.10B 0.0005–0.005N 0.040–0.100Ni 0.50max Al 0.040max P911K910610.09–0.130.30–0.600.020max 0.010max 0.10–0.508.50–10.500.90–1.10V 0.18–0.25Ni 0.40max Cb 0.060–0.10B 0.0003–0.006N 0.04–0.09Al 0.04max W 0.90–1.10ANew designation established in accordance with Practice E 527and SAE J1086,Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS).BGrade P 5c shall have a titanium content of not less than 4times thecarbon content and not more than 0.70%;or a columbium content of 8to 10times the carbon content.N OTE4—Certain of the ferritic steels covered by this speciﬁcation will harden if cooled rapidly from above their critical temperature.Some will air harden,that is,become hardened to an undesirable degree when cooled in air from high temperatures.Therefore,operations involving heating such steels above their critical temperatures,such as welding,ﬂanging, and hot bending,should be followed by suitable heat treatment.5.3.4Grades P92and P911shall be normalized at1900°F [1040°C]minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.3.5Grade P122shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.3.6Grade P23shall be normalized at1900°F[1040°C] minimum with air cooling or accelerated cooling and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum as aﬁnal heat treatment.5.4Except when Supplementary Requirement S7is speci-ﬁed by the purchaser,Grade P91shall be normalized at1900°F [1040°C]minimum,and tempered at1350°F[730°C]mini-mum as aﬁnal heat treatment.Alternatively,liquid quenching and tempering is allowed for thicknesses above3in.when mutually agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.In this case the pipe shall be quenched from1900°F [1040°C]minimum and tempered at1350°F[730°C]minimum asﬁnal heat treatment.6.Chemical Composition6.1The steel shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed in Table1.7.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance7.1The pipe manufacturer shall explore a sufficient number of visual surface imperfections to provide reasonable assurance that they have been properly evaluated with respect to depth. Exploration of all surface imperfections is not required but may be necessary to ensure compliance with7.27.2Surface imperfections that penetrate more than121⁄2% of the nominal wall thickness or encroach on the minimum wall thickness shall be considered defects.Pipe with such defects shall be given one of the following dispositions:7.2.1The defect may be removed by grinding provided that the remaining wall thickness is within speciﬁed limits.7.2.2Repaired in accordance with the repair welding pro-visions of7.6.7.2.3The section of pipe containing the defect may be cut off within the limits of requirements on length.7.2.4Rejected.7.3To provide a workmanlikeﬁnish and basis for evaluat-ing conformance with7.2,the pipe manufacturer shall remove by grinding the following:7.3.1Mechanical marks,abrasions(Note5)and pits,any of which imperfections are deeper than1⁄16in.[1.6mm].N OTE5—Marks and abrasions are deﬁned as cable marks,dinges,guide marks,roll marks,ball scratches,scores,die marks,and the like.7.3.2Visual imperfections,commonly referred to as scabs, seams,laps,tears,or slivers,found by exploration in accor-dance with7.1to be deeper than5%of the nominal wall thickness.7.4At the purchaser’s discretion,pipe shall be subject to rejection if surface imperfections acceptable under7.2are not scattered,but appear over a large area in excess of what is considered a workmanlikeﬁnish.Disposition of such pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.7.5When imperfections or defects are removed by grinding,a smooth curved surface shall be maintained,and the wall thickness shall not be decreased below that permitted by this speciﬁcation.The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.7.5.1Wall thickness measurements shall be made with a mechanical caliper or with a properly calibrated nondestructive testing device of appropriate accuracy.In case of dispute,the measurement determined by use of the mechanical caliper shall govern.7.6Weld repair shall be permitted only subject to the approval of the purchaser and in accordance with Speciﬁcation A999/A999M.7.7Theﬁnished pipe shall be reasonably straight.8.Product Analysis8.1At the request of the purchaser,an analysis of two pipes from each lot shall be made by the manufacturer.A lot(Note6) of pipe shall consist of the following:NPS DesignatorUnder2400or fraction thereof2to5200or fraction thereof6and over100or fraction thereofN OTE6—A lot shall consist of the number of lengths speciﬁed in8.1of the same size and wall thickness from any one heat of steel.8.2The results of these analyses shall be reported to the purchaser or the purchaser’s representative,and shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Table1.8.3For grade P91the carbon content may vary for the product analysis by−0.01%and+0.02%from the speciﬁed range as per Table1.8.4If the analysis of one of the tests speciﬁed in8.1does not conform to the requirements speciﬁed in6.1,an analysis of each billet or pipe from the same heat or lot may be made,and all billets or pipe conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.9.Tensile and Hardness Requirements9.1The tensile properties of the material shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table2.9.2Table3lists elongation requirements.9.3Pipe of Grade P122shall have a hardness not exceeding 250HB/265HV[25HRC].9.4Table4gives the computed minimum elongation values for each1⁄32-in.[0.8mm]decrease in wall thickness.Where the wall thickness lies between two values above,the minimum elongation value is determined by the following formula:Direction of Test Equation B Longitudinal,all grades except P23,P91,P122,and P911E=48t+15.00[E=1.87t+15.00] Transverse E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00] Longitudinal,P23,P91,P122,andP911E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00] where:E=elongation in2in.or50mm,%,andt=actual thickness of specimens,in.[mm].10.Permissible Variations in Diameter10.1Variations in outside diameter shall not exceed those speciﬁed in Table5.11.Hydrostatic Test11.1Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydro-static test,except as provided for in11.2or11.3.11.2Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order,each length of pipe shall,at the option of the manufacturer,be subjected to the nondestructive electric test as shown in Section 12in lieu of the hydrostatic test.11.3When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished without hydrostatic test and without nondestructive examination.11.4When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished with both the hydrostatic test and a nondestructive examination having been performed.12.Nondestructive Examination12.1When selected by the manufacturer or when speciﬁed in the order,as an alternative to the hydrostatic test(11.2),or when seciﬁed in the purchase order in addition to the hydro-static test(11.4),each pipe shall be examined by a nondestruc-tive examination method in accordance with Practice E213, Practice E309or Practice E570.The range of pipe sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subject to the limitations in the scope of the respective practices.12.2The following information is for the beneﬁt of the user of this speciﬁcation:12.2.1The reference standards deﬁned in12.8are conve-nient standards for standardization of nondestructive examina-tion equipment.The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the minimum size imperfection detectable by such equipment.12.2.2Ultrasonic examination can be performed to detect both longitudinally and transversely oriented discontinuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.The examination may not detect short,deep imperfections.12.2.3The eddy current examination referenced in this speciﬁcation has the capability to detect signiﬁcant disconti-nuities,especially of the short abrupt type.12.2.4Theﬂux leakage examination referred to in this speciﬁcation is capable of detecting the presence and location of signiﬁcant longitudinally or transversely oriented disconti-nuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.TABLE2Tensile RequirementsIdentiﬁcation Symbol P1,P2P12P23P91P92,P911P122All Others Tensile strength,min:ksi MPa55380604157451085585906209062060415Yield strength,min:ksi MPa30205322205840060415644405840030205TABLE3Elongation RequirementsElongationRequirements,All gradesexcept P23,P91,P92,and P911P23,P91,P122,andP911Longi-tudi-nalTrans-verseLongi-tudi-nalTrans-verseElongation in2in.or50mm,(or4D),min,%:Basic minimum elongationfor wall5⁄16in.[8mm]andover in thickness,strip tests,and for all small sizes testedin full section302020...When standard round2-in.or50-mm gage length orproportionally smaller sizespecimen with the gagelength equal to4D(4timesthe diameter)is used22142013For strip tests a deductionfor each1⁄32-in.[0.8mm]decrease in wall thicknessbelow in.[8mm]from thebasic minimum elongation ofthe following percentagepoints shall be made1.50A 1.00A 1.00A...A Table4gives the calculated minimum values.TABLE4Computed Minimum Elongation ValuesWall ThicknessElongation in2in.or50mm,min,% All grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,andP911in.mm Longi-tudinalTransverseLongi-tudinal5⁄16(0.312)83020.020 9⁄32(0.281)7.22919.019 1⁄4(0.250) 6.42718.018 7⁄32(0.219) 5.626 (17)3⁄16(0.188) 4.824 (16)5⁄32(0.156)422 (15)1⁄8(0.125) 3.221 (14)3⁄32(0.094) 2.420 (13)1⁄16(0.062) 1.618...12TABLE5Variations in Outside Diameter Permissible Variationsin Outside DiameterNPS Designator Over Underin.mm in.mm1⁄8to11⁄2,incl.1⁄64(0.015)0.401⁄64(0.015)0.40 Over11⁄2to4,incl.1⁄32(0.031)0.791⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over4to8,incl.1⁄16(0.062) 1.591⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over8to12,incl.3⁄32(0.093) 2.381⁄32(0.031)0.79 Over1261%12.2.5The hydrostatic test of Section11has the capability toﬁnd imperfections of a size that permit the testﬂuid to leak through the pipe wall so that it may be either visually seen or detected by a loss ofﬂuid pressure.This test may not detect very tight,through-wall imperfections,or imperfections that extend into the wall without complete penetration.12.2.6A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type,size,location,and orientation)of discontinuities that can be detected in the speciﬁc application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular products.12.3Time of Examination:Nondestructive examination for speciﬁcation acceptance shall be performed after all mechanical processing,heat treatments and straightening operations.This requirement does not preclude additional testing at earlier stages in the process-ing.12.4Surface Conditions:12.4.1All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt, grease,paint,or other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of test results.The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surfaceﬁnish.12.4.2Excessive surface roughness or deep scratches can produce signals that interfere with the test(see12.10.2.3). 12.5Extent of Examination:12.5.1The relative motion of the pipe and the transducer(s), coil(s),or sensor(s)shall be such that the entire pipe surface is scanned,except for end effects as noted in12.5.2.12.5.2The existence of end effects is recognized,and the extent of such effects shall be determined by the manufacturer, and,if requested,shall be reported to the purchaser.Other nondestructive tests may be applied to the end areas,subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. 12.6Operator Qualiﬁcations—The test unit operator shall be certiﬁed in accordance with SNT-TC-1A,or an equivalent, recognized and documented standard.12.7Test Conditions:12.7.1For examination by the ultrasonic method,the mini-mum nominal transducer frequency shall be2.25MHz. 12.7.2For eddy current testing,the excitation coil fre-quency shall be10kHz,or less.12.8Reference Standards:12.8.1Reference standards of convenient length shall be prepared from a length of pipe of the same grade,size(NPS or outside diameter and schedule or wall thickness),surfaceﬁnish and heat treatment condition as the pipe to be examined. 12.8.2For ultrasonic testing,the reference notches shall be any one of the three common notch shapes shown in Practice E213,at the option of the manufacturer.The depth of the notch shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be at least twice the diameter of the transducer(s).The width of the notch shall not exceed the depth.12.8.3For eddy current testing,the reference standard shall contain,at the option of the manufacturer,any one of the following discontinuities:12.8.3.1Drilled Hole—The reference standard shall contain three or more holes,equally spaced circumferentially around the pipe and longitudinally separated by a sufficient distance to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each hole.The holes shall be drilled radially and completely through the pipe wall,with care being taken to avoid distortion of the pipe while drilling.The hole diameter shall vary with NPS as follows: NPS Designator Hole Diameter1⁄20.039in.(1mm)above1⁄2to11⁄40.055in.(1.4mm)above11⁄4to20.071in.(1.8mm)above2to50.087in.(2.2mm)above50.106in.(2.7mm)12.8.3.2Transverse Tangential Notch—Using a round tool orﬁle with a1⁄4in.(6.4mm)diameter,a notch shall beﬁled or milled tangential to the surface and transverse to the longitu-dinal axis of the pipe.Said notch shall have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.12.8.3.3Longitudinal Notch—A notch0.031in.or less in width shall be machined in a radial plane parallel to the tube axis on the outside surface of the pipe,to have a depth not exceeding121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be compatible with the testing method. 12.8.4Forﬂux leakage testing,the longitudinal reference notches shall be straight-sided notches machined in a radial plane parallel to the pipe axis.For wall thickness less than1⁄2 in.(12.7mm),outside and inside notches shall be used;for wall thicknesses equal to or greater than1⁄2in.,only an outside notch shall be used.Notch depth shall not exceed121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness or0.004in.(0.1mm), whichever is greater.Notch length shall not exceed1in.(25.4 mm),and the width shall not exceed the depth.Outside and inside notches shall have sufficient separation to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each notch.12.8.5More or smaller reference discontinuities,or both, may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9Standardization Procedure:12.9.1The test apparatus shall be standardized at the beginning and end of each series of pipes of the same size (NPS or diameter and schedule or wall thickness),grade and heat treatment condition,and at intervals not exceeding4h during the examination of such pipe.More frequent standard-izations may be performed at the manufacturer’s option or may be required upon agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.12.9.2The test apparatus shall also be standardized after any change in test system settings,change of operator,equip-ment repair,or interruption due to power loss,shutdown or operator breaks.12.9.3The reference standard shall be passed through the test apparatus at same speed and test system settings as the pipe to be tested.12.9.4The signal-to-noise ratio for the reference standard shall be2.5to1or greater and the reference signal amplitude for each discontinuity shall be at least50%of full scale of thedisplay.12.9.5If upon any standardization,the reference signal amplitude has decreased by25%(2db),the test apparatus shall be considered out of standardization.The test system settings may be changed,or the transducer(s),coil(s)or sensor(s)adjusted,and the unit restandardized,but all pipe tested since the last acceptable standardization must be re-tested.12.10Evaluation of Imperfections:12.10.1Pipes producing a signal equal to or greater than the signal produced by the reference standard shall be positively identiﬁed and they shall be separated from the acceptable pipes.The area producing the signal may be reexamined. 12.10.2Such pipes shall be subject to one of the following three dispositions:12.10.2.1The pipes may be rejected without further exami-nation,at the discretion of the manufacturer.12.10.2.2The pipes shall be rejected,but may be repaired, if the test signal was produced by imperfections which cannot be identiﬁed,or was produced by cracks or crack-like imper-fections.These pipes may be repaired by grinding(in accor-dance with7.2.1),welding(in accordance with7.6)or section-ing(in accordance with7.2.3).To be accepted,a repaired pipe must pass the same nondestructive examination by which it was rejected,and it must meet the remaining wall thickness requirements of this speciﬁcation.12.10.2.3Such pipes may be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Section7,if the test signals were produced by visual imperfections such as those listed below:(a)Scratches,(b)Surface roughness,(c)Dings,(d)Straightener marks,(e)Cutting chips,(f)Steel die stamps,(g)Stop marks,or(h)Pipe reducer ripple.13.Mechanical Tests Required13.1Transverse or Longitudinal Tension Test and Flatten-ing Test,Hardness Test,or Bend Test—For material heat treated in a batch-type furnace,tests shall be made on5%of the pipe from each treated lot(Note7).For small lots,at least 1pipe shall be tested.For material heat treated by the continuous process,tests shall be made on a sufficient number of pipe to constitute5%of the lot(Note7),but in no case less than2pipe.N OTE7—The term“lot”applies to all pipe of the same nominal size and wall thickness(or schedule)which is produced from the same heat of steel and subjected to the sameﬁnishing treatment in a continuous furnace;whenﬁnal heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace,the lot shall include only that pipe which is heat treated in the same furnace charge.13.2Hardness Test:13.2.1For pipe of Grade P122,Brinell,Vickers,or Rock-well hardness tests shall be made on a specimen from each lot (see Note7).13.3Bend Test:13.3.1For pipe whose diameter exceeds NPS25and whose diameter to wall thickness ratio is7.0or less shall be subjected to the bend test instead of theﬂattening test.Other pipe whose diameter equals or exceeds NPS10may be given the bend test in place of theﬂattening test subject to the approval of the purchaser.13.3.2The bend test specimens shall be bent at room temperature through180°without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.The inside diameter of the bend shall be1in. [25mm].13.3.3Test specimens for the bend test speciﬁed in13.3 shall be cut from one end of the pipe and,unless otherwise speciﬁed,shall be taken in a transverse direction.One test specimen shall be taken as close to the outer surface as possible and another from as close to the inner surface as possible.The specimens shall be either1⁄2by1⁄2in.[12.5by12.5mm]in section or1by1⁄2in.[25by12.5mm]in section with the corners rounded to a radius not over1⁄16in.[1.6mm]and need not exceed6in.[150mm]in length.The side of the samples placed in tension during the bend shall be the side closest to the inner and outer surface of the pipe,respectively.14.Certiﬁcation14.1In addition to the information required by Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the certiﬁcation shall state whether or not the material was hydrostatically tested.If the material was nonde-structively examined,the certiﬁcation shall so state and shall show which practice was followed and what reference discon-tinuities were used.In addition,the test method information as given in Table3shall be appended to the speciﬁcation number and grade shown on the certiﬁcation.15.Product Marking15.1In addition to the marking prescribed in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the marking shall include the length,an additional symbol“S”,if the pipe conforms to any of the Supplementary Requirements S1to S6,the ANSI schedule number and the heat number or manufacturer’s number by which the heat can be identiﬁed.Furthermore,the marking designated in Table6to indicate the test method(s)shall be included.Marking may be by stenciling,stamping,or rolling. Pipe that has been weld repaired in accordance with7.6shall be marked“WR.”ernment Procurement16.1Scale Free Pipe:16.1.1When speciﬁed in the contract or order,the following requirements shall be considered in the inquiry contract or order,for agencies of the ernment where scale free pipe or tube is required.These requirements shall take prece-dence if there is a conﬂict between these requirements and the product speciﬁcation.16.1.2The requirements of Speciﬁcation A999/A999M for pipe and Speciﬁcation A450/A450M for tubes shall be applicable when pipe or tube is ordered to this speciﬁcation. TABLE6Test Method Information for Certiﬁcation and Marking Hydrostatic Nondestructive MarkingYES NO Test PressureNO YES NDENO NO NHYES YES TestPressure/NDE。

astma335标准中文版

astma335标准中文版
摘要：
1.ASTM A335 标准简介
2.ASTM A335 标准主要内容
3.ASTM A335 标准的应用领域
4.ASTM A335 标准中文版的意义
正文：
ASTM A335 标准是美国材料和试验协会（ASTM）制定的一个标准，全称为“碳钢管件、法兰和螺栓材料的高温强度试验方法”。

这个标准主要规定了在高温环境下，碳钢管件、法兰和螺栓材料的强度试验方法。

ASTM A335 标准的主要内容包括：试验方法的概述、试验设备的要求、试验步骤、试验数据的处理和试验报告的编制等。

其中，试验方法包括室温拉伸试验、高温拉伸试验、高温压缩试验和高温弯曲试验等。

ASTM A335 标准主要应用于石油、化工、电力等高温高压行业的管道设备设计和制造。

通过按照这个标准进行试验，可以确保碳钢管件、法兰和螺栓材料在高温环境下具有足够的强度和安全性能。

我国引进和采用了ASTM A335 标准，并将其转化为中文版，这对于推动我国高温高压行业的发展具有重要意义。

首先，中文版标准便于国内相关企业和科研机构理解和应用，提高了标准的普及率和实施效果。

其次，中文版标准有利于加强国内外高温高压行业的技术交流和合作，推动我国相关技术与国际接轨。

最后，中文版标准有助于规范我国高温高压行业的产品设计和制造，提
高产品质量和安全性能，满足国内外市场的需求。

TC3505资料

TC3500 – TC350635A GLASS PASSIVATED 5/16" TIN CAN PRESS-FIT DIODE! Mounting Position: Any! Lead Free: For RoHS / Lead Free Version,Add “-LF” Suffix to Part Number, See Page 2Maximum Ratings and Electrical Characteristics @T A =25°C unless otherwise specifiedSingle Phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load.For capacitive load, derate current by 20%.CharacteristicSymbol TC3500TC3501TC3502TC3503TC3504TC3505TC3506UnitPeak Repetitive Reverse Voltage Working Peak Reverse Voltage DC Blocking Voltage V RRMV RWM V R 50100200300400500600V RMS Reverse VoltageV R(RMS)3570140210280350420V Average Rectified Output Current @T C = 150°C I O35ANon-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current 8.3ms Single half sine-wave superimposed on rated load (JEDEC Method)I FSM 400A Forward Voltage @I F = 35A V FM 1.0V Peak Reverse Current @T A = 25°C At Rated DC Blocking Voltage @T A = 100°C I RM 5.0500µA Typical Junction Capacitance (Note 1)C j 300pF Typical Thermal Resistance (Note 2)R JC 1.2°C/W Operating and Storage Temperature RangeT J , T STG-65 to +175°CNote: 1. Measured at 1.0 MHz and applied reverse voltage of 4.0V D.C.2. Thermal Resistance: Junction to case, single side cooled.WTEORDERING INFORMATIONProduct No.Package TypeShipping QuantityTC35005/16” Tin Can Press-Fit 500 Units/Box TC35015/16” Tin Can Press-Fit 500 Units/Box TC35025/16” Tin Can Press-Fit 500 Units/Box TC35035/16” Tin Can Press-Fit 500 Units/Box TC35045/16” Tin Can Press-Fit 500 Units/Box TC35055/16” Tin Can Press-Fit 500 Units/Box TC35065/16” Tin Can Press-Fit500 Units/Box1. Shipping quantity given is for minimum packing quantity only. For minimum order quantity, please consult the Sales Department.2.To order Lead Free version (with Lead Free finish), add “-LF” suffix to part number above. For example, TC3500-LF.Won-Top Electronics Co., Ltd (WTE) has checked all information carefully and believes it to be correct and accurate. However, WTE cannot assume any responsibility for inaccuracies. Furthermore, this information does not give the purchaser of semiconductor devices any license under patent rights to manufacturer. WTE reserves the right to change any or all information herein without further notice.WARNING : DO NOT USE IN LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT. WTE power semiconductor products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval.We power your everyday.Won-Top Electronics Co., Ltd.No. 44 Yu Kang North 3rd Road, Chine Chen Dist., Kaohsiung, Taiwan Phone: 886-7-822-5408 or 886-7-822-5410Fax: 886-7-822-5417Email: sales@Internet: 。

A335A335M

Designation:A335/A335M–06Standard Speciﬁcation forSeamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation A335/A335M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.Scope*1.1This speciﬁcation2covers nominal wall and minimum wall seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe intended for high-temperature service.Pipe ordered to this speciﬁcation shall be suitable for bending,ﬂanging(vanstoning),and similar form-ing operations,and for fusion welding.Selection will depend upon design,service conditions,mechanical properties,and high-temperature characteristics.1.2Several grades of ferritic steels(see Note1)are covered. Their compositions are given in Table1.N OTE1—Ferritic steels in this speciﬁcation are deﬁned as low-and intermediate-alloy steels containing up to and including10%chromium.1.3Supplementary requirements(S1to S7)of an optional nature are provided.These supplementary requirements call for additional tests to be made,and when desired,shall be so stated in the order together with the number of such tests required.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system must be used independently of the bining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the speciﬁ-cation.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the“M”designation of this speciﬁcation is speciﬁed in the order.N OTE2—The dimensionless designator NPS(nominal pipe size)has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as“nominal diameter,”“size,”and“nominal size.”2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3A999/A999M Speciﬁcation for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel PipeE213Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and TubingE309Practice for Eddy-Current Examination of Steel Tu-bular Products Using Magnetic SaturationE381Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars,Billets, Blooms,and ForgingsE527Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys(UNS) E570Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromag-netic Steel Tubular Products2.2ASME Standard:B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe2.3Other Documents:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Personnel Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation4SAE J1086Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)53.Ordering Information3.1Orders for material under this speciﬁcation should include the following,as required,to describe the desired material adequately:3.1.1Quantity(feet,metres,or number of lengths),3.1.2Name of material(seamless alloy steel pipe),3.1.3Grade(Table1),3.1.4Manufacture(hot-ﬁnished or cold-drawn),3.1.5Size using one of the following:3.1.5.1NPS and schedule number,3.1.5.2Outside diameter and nominal wall thickness,3.1.5.3Outside diameter and minimum wall thickness, 3.1.5.4Inside diameter and nominal wall thickness,and 3.1.5.5Inside diameter and minimum wall thickness.3.1.6Length(speciﬁc or random),3.1.7Endﬁnish(Ends Section of Speciﬁcation A999/ A999M),1This speciﬁcation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.10on Stainless and Alloy Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approved May1,2006.Published May2006.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2005as A335/A335M-05a.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Speciﬁ-cation SA-335in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing(ASNT),P.O. Box28518,1711Arlingate Ln.,Columbus,OH43228-0518.5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE),400Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,PA15096-0001.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.3.1.8Optional requirements(Section8,12and13of this speciﬁcation.See the Sections on Hydrostatic Test Require-ments and Permissible Variation in Weight for Seamless Pipe in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M),3.1.9Test report required(Certiﬁcation Section of Speciﬁ-cation A999/A999M),3.1.10Speciﬁcation designation,and3.1.11Special requirements or any supplementary require-ments selected,or both.4.General Requirements4.1Material furnished to this speciﬁcation shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of Speciﬁ-cation A999/A999M,unless otherwise provided herein.TABLE1Chemical RequirementsGradeUNSDesigna-tion AComposition,%CarbonMan-ganesePhos-phorus,maxSulfur,maxSilicon ChromiumMolybde-num OthersP1K115220.10–0.200.30–0.800.0250.0250.10–0.50...0.44–0.65...P2K115470.10–0.200.30–0.610.0250.0250.10–0.300.50–0.810.44–0.65...P5K415450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5b K515450.15max0.30–0.600.0250.025 1.00–2.00 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...P5c K412450.12max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 4.00–6.000.45–0.65...B P9S504000.15max0.30–0.600.0250.0250.25–1.008.00–10.000.90–1.10...P11K115970.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50–1.00 1.00–1.500.44–0.65...P12K115620.05–0.150.30–0.610.0250.0250.50max0.80–1.250.44–0.65...P15K115780.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.025 1.15–1.65...0.44–0.65...P21K315450.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 2.65–3.350.80–1.06...P22K215900.05–0.150.30–0.600.0250.0250.50max 1.90–2.600.87–1.13...P23K416500.04–0.100.10–0.600.030max0.010max0.50max 1.90–2.600.05–0.30V0.20–0.30Cb0.02–0.08B0.0005–0.006N0.030maxAl0.030maxW1.45–1.75 P36K210010.10–0.170.80–1.200.030max0.025max0.25–0.500.30max0.25–0.50Ni1.00-1.30Cu0.50-0.80Cb0.015-0.045V0.02maxN0.02maxAl0.050max P91K915600.08–0.120.30–0.600.0200.0100.20–0.508.00–9.500.85–1.05V0.18–0.25N0.030–0.070Ni0.40maxAl0.02maxCb0.06–0.10Ti0.01maxZr0.01max P92K924600.07–0.130.30–0.600.0200.0100.50max8.50–9.500.30–0.60V0.15–0.25N0.03–0.07Ni0.40maxAl0.02maxCb0.04–0.09W1.5–2.00B0.001–0.006Ti0.01maxZr0.01maxP122K929300.07–0.140.70max0.0200.0100.50max10.00–11.500.25–0.60V0.15–0.30W1.50–2.50Cu0.30–1.70Cb0.04–0.10B0.0005–0.005N0.040–0.100Ni0.50maxAl0.020maxTi0.01maxZr0.01max P911K910610.09–0.130.30–0.600.020max0.010max0.10–0.508.5–9.50.90–1.10V0.18–0.25Ni0.40maxCb0.060–0.10B0.0003–0.006N0.04–0.09Al0.02maxW0.90–1.10Ti0.01maxZr0.01maxA New designation established in accordance with Practice E527and SAE J1086,Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys(UNS).B Grade P5c shall have a titanium content of not less than4times the carbon content and not more than0.70%;or a columbium content of8to10times the carboncontent.5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Pipe may be either hot ﬁnished or cold drawn with the ﬁnishing treatment as required in 5.3.5.2Grade P2and P12—The steel shall be made by coarse-grain melting practice.Speciﬁc limits,if any,on grain size or deoxidation practice shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.5.3Heat Treatment :5.3.1All pipe shall be reheated for heat treatment and heat treated in accordance with the requirements of Table 2.N OTE 3—It is recommended that the temperature for tempering should be at least 100°F [50°C]above the intended service temperature;consequently,the purchaser should advise the manufacturer if the service temperature is to be over 1100°F [600°C].N OTE 4—Certain of the ferritic steels covered by this speciﬁcation will harden if cooled rapidly from above their critical temperature.Some will air harden,that is,become hardened to an undesirable degree when cooled in air from high temperatures.Therefore,operations involving heating such steels above their critical temperatures,such as welding,ﬂanging,and hot bending,should be followed by suitable heat treatment.6.Chemical Composition6.1The steel shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.7.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance7.1The pipe manufacturer shall explore a sufficient number of visual surface imperfections to provide reasonable assurance that they have been properly evaluated with respect to depth.Exploration of all surface imperfections is not required but may be necessary to ensure compliance with 7.27.2Surface imperfections that penetrate more than 121⁄2%of the nominal wall thickness or encroach on the minimum wall thickness shall be considered defects.Pipe with such defects shall be given one of the following dispositions:7.2.1The defect may be removed by grinding provided that the remaining wall thickness is within speciﬁed limits.7.2.2Repaired in accordance with the repair welding pro-visions of 7.6.7.2.3The section of pipe containing the defect may be cut off within the limits of requirements on length.7.2.4Rejected.7.3To provide a workmanlike ﬁnish and basis for evaluat-ing conformance with 7.2,the pipe manufacturer shall remove by grinding the following:7.3.1Mechanical marks,abrasions (see Note 5)and pits,any of which imperfections are deeper than 1⁄16in.[1.6mm].TABLE 2Heat Treatment Requirements AGradeHeat Treat TypeNormalizing Temperature,min or range °F [°C]Cooling MediaSubcritical Annealing or Tempering Temperature,min or range °F [°C]P1full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1200[650]subcritical anneal ......1200-1300[650-705]P2full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1250[675]subcritical anneal ......1200-1300[650-705]P5full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1250[675]P5b full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1250[675]P5c subcritical anneal ......1325-1375[715-745]P9full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1250[675]P11full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1200[650]P12full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1200[650]subcritical anneal ......1200-1300[650-705]P15full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1200[650]P21full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1250[675]P22full or isothermal anneal .........normalize and temper ......1250[675]P23normalize and temper 1900-1975[1040-1080]air or accelerated cooling 1350-1470[730-800]P36normalize and temper B 1650[900]...1100[595]P91normalize and temper 1900-1975[1040-1080]...1350-1470[730-800]C quench and temper D 1900-1975[1040-1080]...1350-1470[730-800]P92normalize and temper 1900-1975[1040-1080]...1350-1470[730-800]P122normalize and temper 1900-1975[1040-1080]...1350-1470[730-800]P911normalize and temper 1900-1975[1040-1080]E1365-1435[740-780]A Where ellipses (…)appear in this table there is no requirement.BAlternatively,Grade P36,Class 2shall be cooled from the austenitizing temperature by accelerated cooling in air or by liquid quenching.CExcept when Supplementary Requirement S7is speciﬁed by the purchaser.DWhen mutually agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser,quenching and tempering shall be permitted for thicknesses greater than 3in.[75mm].EAccelerated cooling from the normalizing temperature shall be permitted for section thicknesses greater than 3in.[75mm].N OTE5—Marks and abrasions are deﬁned as cable marks,dinges,guide marks,roll marks,ball scratches,scores,die marks,and the like.7.3.2Visual imperfections,commonly referred to as scabs, seams,laps,tears,or slivers,found by exploration in accor-dance with7.1to be deeper than5%of the nominal wall thickness.7.4At the purchaser’s discretion,pipe shall be subject to rejection if surface imperfections acceptable under7.2are not scattered,but appear over a large area in excess of what is considered a workmanlikeﬁnish.Disposition of such pipe shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.7.5When imperfections or defects are removed by grinding,a smooth curved surface shall be maintained,and the wall thickness shall not be decreased below that permitted by this speciﬁcation.The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.7.5.1Wall thickness measurements shall be made with a mechanical caliper or with a properly calibrated nondestructive testing device of appropriate accuracy.In case of dispute,the measurement determined by use of the mechanical caliper shall govern.7.6Weld repair shall be permitted only subject to the approval of the purchaser and in accordance with Speciﬁcation A999/A999M.7.6.1After weld repair,Grades P23,P91,P92,and P122 shall be heat treated at1350-1470ºF[730-800ºC].7.6.2After weld repair,Grade P911shall be heat treated at 1365-1435ºF[740-780ºC].7.7Theﬁnished pipe shall be reasonably straight.8.Product Analysis8.1At the request of the purchaser,an analysis of two pipes from each lot shall be made by the manufacturer.A lot(see Note6)of pipe shall consist of the following:NPS DesignatorUnder2400or fraction thereof2to5200or fraction thereof6and over100or fraction thereofN OTE6—A lot shall consist of the number of lengths speciﬁed in8.1of the same size and wall thickness from any one heat of steel.8.2The results of these analyses shall be reported to the purchaser or the purchaser’s representative,and shall conform to the requirements speciﬁed in Table1.8.3For grade P91the carbon content may vary for the product analysis by−0.01%and+0.02%from the speciﬁed range as per Table1.8.4If the analysis of one of the tests speciﬁed in8.1does not conform to the requirements speciﬁed in6.1,an analysis of each billet or pipe from the same heat or lot may be made,and all billets or pipe conforming to the requirements shall be accepted.9.Tensile and Hardness Requirements9.1The tensile properties of the material shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table3.9.2Table4lists elongation requirements.9.3Pipe of Grades P91,P92,P122,and P36shall have a hardness not exceeding250HB/265HV[25HRC].9.4Table5gives the computed minimum elongation values for each1⁄32-in.[0.8-mm]decrease in wall thickness.Where the wall thickness lies between two values above,the minimum elongation value is determined by the following formula: Direction of Test Equation B Longitudinal,all grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911E=48t+15.00[E=1.87t+15.00]Transverse,all grades except P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00]Longitudinal,P23,P91,P92,P122,andP911E=32t+10.00[E=1.25t+10.00] Longitudinal,P36E=32t+5.0[E=1.25t+5.0]where:E=elongation in2in.or50mm,%,andt=actual thickness of specimens,in.[mm].10.Permissible Variations in Diameter10.1For pipe ordered to NPS[DN]or outside diameter, variations in outside diameter shall not exceed those speciﬁed in Table6.10.2For pipe ordered to inside diameter,the inside diameter shall not vary more than61%from the speciﬁed inside diameter.11.Permissible Variations in Wall Thickness11.1In addition to the implicit limitation of wall thickness for pipe imposed by the limitation on weight in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the wall thickness for pipe at any point shall be within the tolerances speciﬁed in Table7.The minimum wall thickness and outside diameter for inspection for compliance with this requirement for pipe ordered by NPS[DN]and schedule number is shown in ASME B36.10M.12.Hydrostatic Test12.1Each length of pipe shall be subjected to the hydro-static test,except as provided for in12.2or12.3.TABLE3Tensile RequirementsGradeP1,P2P12P23P91P92,P911P36Class1P122P36Class2All OthersTensile strength,min:ksi MPa55380604157451085585906209062095.566060415Yield strength,min:ksi MPa30205322205840060415644405840066.54603020512.2Unless otherwise speciﬁed in the purchase order,each length of pipe shall,at the option of the manufacturer,be subjected to the nondestructive electric test as shown in Section 13in lieu of the hydrostatic test.12.3When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished without hydrostatic test and without nondestructive examination.12.4When speciﬁed by the purchaser,pipe shall be fur-nished with both the hydrostatic test and a nondestructive examination having been performed.13.Nondestructive Examination13.1When selected by the manufacturer or when speciﬁed in the order,as an alternative to the hydrostatic test (12.2),or when speciﬁed in the purchase order in addition to the hydrostatic test (12.4),each pipe shall be examined by a nondestructive examination method in accordance with Prac-tice E 213,Practice E 309or Practice E 570.The range of pipe sizes that may be examined by each method shall be subject to the limitations in the scope of the respective practices.13.2The following information is for the beneﬁt of the user of this speciﬁcation:13.2.1The reference standards deﬁned in 13.8are conve-nient standards for standardization of nondestructive examina-tion equipment.The dimensions of these standards should not be construed as the minimum size imperfection detectable by such equipment.13.2.2Ultrasonic examination can be performed to detect both longitudinally and transversely oriented discontinuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.The examination may not detect short,deep imperfections.13.2.3The eddy current examination referenced in this speciﬁcation has the capability to detect signiﬁcant disconti-nuities,especially of the short abrupt type.13.2.4The ﬂux leakage examination referred to in this speciﬁcation is capable of detecting the presence and location of signiﬁcant longitudinally or transversely oriented disconti-nuities.It should be recognized that different techniques should be employed to detect differently oriented imperfections.13.2.5The hydrostatic test of Section 12has the capability to ﬁnd imperfections of a size that permit the test ﬂuid to leak through the pipe wall so that it may be either visually seen or detected by a loss of ﬂuid pressure.This test may not detect very tight,through-wall imperfections,or imperfections that extend into the wall without complete penetration.13.2.6A purchaser interested in ascertaining the nature (type,size,location,and orientation)of discontinuities that can be detected in the speciﬁc application of these examinations should discuss this with the manufacturer of the tubular products.13.3Time of Examination :Nondestructive examination for speciﬁcation acceptance shall be performed after all mechanical processing,heat treatments and straightening operations.This requirement does not preclude additional testing at earlier stages in the process-ing.13.4Surface Conditions :13.4.1All surfaces shall be clean and free of scale,dirt,grease,paint,or other foreign material that could interfere with interpretation of test results.The methods used for cleaning and preparing the surfaces for examination shall not be detrimental to the base metal or the surface ﬁnish.13.4.2Excessive surface roughness or deep scratches can produce signals that interfere with the test (see 13.10.2.3).13.5Extent of Examination :13.5.1The relative motion of the pipe and the transducer(s),coil(s),or sensor(s)shall be such that the entire pipe surface is scanned,except for end effects as noted in 13.5.2.13.5.2The existence of end effects is recognized,and the extent of such effects shall be determined by the manufacturer,and,if requested,shall be reported to the purchaser.Other nondestructive tests may be applied to the end areas,subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.13.6Operator Qualiﬁcations —The test unit operator shall be certiﬁed in accordance with SNT-TC-1A ,or an equivalent,recognized and documented standard.13.7Test Conditions :13.7.1For examination by the ultrasonic method,the mini-mum nominal transducer frequency shall be 2.25MHz.13.7.2For eddy current testing,the excitation coil fre-quency shall be 10kHz,or less.13.8Reference Standards :13.8.1Reference standards of convenient length shall be prepared from a length of pipe of the same grade,size (NPS or outside diameter and schedule or wall thickness),surface ﬁnish and heat treatment condition as the pipe to be examined.13.8.2For ultrasonic testing,the reference notches shall be any one of the three common notch shapes shown in Practice E 213,at the option of the manufacturer.The depth of the notchTABLE 4Elongation RequirementsElongation RequirementsAll grades except P23,P36P91,P92,P122,and P911P23,P91,P92,P122,and P 911P36Longi-tudi-nalTrans-verseLongi-tudi-nalTrans-verseLongi-tudi-nalElongation in 2in.or 50mm,(or 4D ),min,%:Basic minimum elongation for wall 5⁄16in.[8mm]and over in thickness,strip tests,and for all small sizes tested in full section302020 (15)When standard round 2-in.or 50-mm gage length or proportionally smaller size specimen with the gage length equal to 4D (4times the diameter)is used22142013...For strip tests a deduction for each 1⁄32-in.[0.8mm]decrease in wall thickness below in.[8mm]from the basic minimum elongation of the following percentage points shall be made1.50A 1.00A 1.00A ... 1.00AATable 5gives the calculated minimumvalues.shall not exceed 121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or 0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be at least twice the diameter of the transducer(s).The width of the notch shall not exceed the depth.13.8.3For eddy current testing,the reference standard shall contain,at the option of the manufacturer,any one of the following discontinuities:13.8.3.1Drilled Hole —The reference standard shall contain three or more holes,equally spaced circumferentially around the pipe and longitudinally separated by a sufficient distance to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each hole.The holes shall be drilled radially and completely through the pipe wall,with care being taken to avoid distortion of the pipe while drilling.The hole diameter shall vary with NPS as follows:NPS DesignatorHole Diameter 1⁄20.039in.(1mm)above 1⁄2to 11⁄40.055in.(1.4mm)above 11⁄4to 20.071in.(1.8mm)above 2to 50.087in.(2.2mm)above 50.106in.(2.7mm)13.8.3.2Transverse Tangential Notch —Using a round tool or ﬁle with a 1⁄4in.(6.4mm)diameter,a notch shall be ﬁled or milled tangential to the surface and transverse to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.Said notch shall have a depth not exceeding 121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or 0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.13.8.3.3Longitudinal Notch —A notch 0.031in.or less in width shall be machined in a radial plane parallel to the tube axis on the outside surface of the pipe,to have a depth not exceeding 121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness of the pipe or 0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.The length of the notch shall be compatible with the testing method.13.8.4For ﬂux leakage testing,the longitudinal reference notches shall be straight-sided notches machined in a radial plane parallel to the pipe axis.For wall thickness less than 1⁄2in.(12.7mm),outside and inside notches shall be used;for wall thicknesses equal to or greater than 1⁄2in.,only an outside notch shall be used.Notch depth shall not exceed 121⁄2%of the speciﬁed nominal wall thickness or 0.004in.(0.1mm),whichever is greater.Notch length shall not exceed 1in.(25.4mm),and the width shall not exceed the depth.Outside and inside notches shall have sufficient separation to allow distinct identiﬁcation of the signal from each notch.13.8.5More or smaller reference discontinuities,or both,may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.13.9Standardization Procedure:13.9.1The test apparatus shall be standardized at the beginning and end of each series of pipes of the same size (NPS or diameter and schedule or wall thickness),grade and heat treatment condition,and at intervals not exceeding 4hTABLE 5Calculated Minimum Elongation ValuesWall ThicknessElongation in 2in.or 50mm,min,%All grades except P23,P36,P91,P92,P122,and P911P23,P91,P92,P122,and P911P36in.mm Longi-tudinal TransverseLongi-tudinal Longi-tudinal 5⁄16(0.312)8302020159⁄32(0.281)7.2281919141⁄4(0.250) 6.4271818137⁄32(0.219) 5.626...17123⁄16(0.188) 4.824...16115⁄32(0.156)422...15101⁄8(0.125) 3.221...1493⁄32(0.094) 2.420...1381⁄16(0.062)1.618...127TABLE 6Permissible Variations in Outside DiameterOverUnderNPS [DN]Designatorin.mm in.mm 1⁄8to 11⁄2[6to 40],incl.1⁄64(0.015)0.401⁄64(0.015)0.40Over 11⁄2to 4[40to 100],incl.1⁄32(0.031)0.791⁄32(0.031)0.79Over 4to 8[100to 200],incl.1⁄16(0.062) 1.591⁄32(0.031)0.79Over 8to 12[200to 300],incl.3⁄32(0.093) 2.381⁄32(0.031)0.79Over 12[300]61%of thespeciﬁed outside diameterTABLE 7Permitted Variations in Wall ThicknessNPS [DN]DesignatorTolerance,%from Speciﬁed OverUnder 1⁄8to 21⁄2[6to 65]incl.,all t/D ratios A 20.012.5Above 21⁄2[65],t/D #5%A 22.512.5Above 21⁄2[65],t/D >5%A15.012.5At =Speciﬁed Wall Thickness;D =Speciﬁed OutsideDiameter.during the examination of such pipe.More frequent standard-izations may be performed at the manufacturer’s option or may be required upon agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.13.9.2The test apparatus shall also be standardized after any change in test system settings,change of operator,equip-ment repair,or interruption due to power loss,shutdown or operator breaks.13.9.3The reference standard shall be passed through the test apparatus at same speed and test system settings as the pipe to be tested.13.9.4The signal-to-noise ratio for the reference standard shall be2.5to1or greater and the reference signal amplitude for each discontinuity shall be at least50%of full scale of the display.13.9.5If upon any standardization,the reference signal amplitude has decreased by25%(2db),the test apparatus shall be considered out of standardization.The test system settings may be changed,or the transducer(s),coil(s)or sensor(s)adjusted,and the unit restandardized,but all pipe tested since the last acceptable standardization must be re-tested.13.10Evaluation of Imperfections:13.10.1Pipes producing a signal equal to or greater than the signal produced by the reference standard shall be positively identiﬁed and they shall be separated from the acceptable pipes.The area producing the signal may be reexamined. 13.10.2Such pipes shall be subject to one of the following three dispositions:13.10.2.1The pipes may be rejected without further exami-nation,at the discretion of the manufacturer.13.10.2.2The pipes shall be rejected,but may be repaired, if the test signal was produced by imperfections which cannot be identiﬁed,or was produced by cracks or crack-like imper-fections.These pipes may be repaired by grinding(in accor-dance with7.2.1),welding(in accordance with7.6)or section-ing(in accordance with7.2.3).To be accepted,a repaired pipe must pass the same nondestructive examination by which it was rejected,and it must meet the remaining wall thickness requirements of this speciﬁcation.13.10.2.3Such pipes may be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Section7,if the test signals were produced by visual imperfections such as those listed below:(1)Scratches,(2)Surface roughness,(3)Dings,(4)Straightener marks,(5)Cutting chips,(6)Steel die stamps,(7)Stop marks,or(8)Pipe reducer ripple.14.Mechanical Tests Required14.1Transverse or Longitudinal Tension Test and Flatten-ing Test,Hardness Test,or Bend Test—For material heat treated in a batch-type furnace,tests shall be made on5%of the pipe from each treated lot(see Note7).For small lots,at least1pipe shall be tested.For material heat treated by the continuous process,tests shall be made on a sufficient number of pipe to constitute5%of the lot(see Note7),but in no case less than2pipe.N OTE7—The term“lot”applies to all pipe of the same nominal size and wall thickness(or schedule)which is produced from the same heat of steel and subjected to the sameﬁnishing treatment in a continuous furnace;whenﬁnal heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace,the lot shall include only that pipe which is heat treated in the same furnace charge.14.2Hardness Test:14.2.1For pipe of Grades P91,P92,P122,P911,and P36, Brinell,Vickers,or Rockwell hardness tests shall be made ona specimen from each lot(see Note7).14.3Bend Test:14.3.1For pipe whose diameter exceeds NPS25and whose diameter to wall thickness ratio is7.0or less shall be subjected to the bend test instead of theﬂattening test.Other pipe whose diameter equals or exceeds NPS10may be given the bend test in place of theﬂattening test subject to the approval of the purchaser.14.3.2The bend test specimens shall be bent at room temperature through180°without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.The inside diameter of the bend shall be1in. [25mm].14.3.3Test specimens for the bend test speciﬁed in14.3 shall be cut from one end of the pipe and,unless otherwise speciﬁed,shall be taken in a transverse direction.One test specimen shall be taken as close to the outer surface as possible and another from as close to the inner surface as possible.The specimens shall be either1⁄2by1⁄2in.[12.5by12.5mm]in section or1by1⁄2in.[25by12.5mm]in section with the corners rounded to a radius not over1⁄16in.[1.6mm]and need not exceed6in.[150mm]in length.The side of the samples placed in tension during the bend shall be the side closest to the inner and outer surface of the pipe,respectively.15.Certiﬁcation15.1In addition to the information required by Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the certiﬁcation shall state whether or not the pipe was hydrostatically tested.If the pipe was nondestruc-tively examined,the certiﬁcation shall so state and shall show which practice was followed and what reference discontinuities were used.In addition,the test method information as given in Table8shall be appended to the speciﬁcation number and grade shown on the certiﬁcation.16.Product Marking16.1In addition to the marking prescribed in Speciﬁcation A999/A999M,the marking shall include the length,an additional symbol“S”,if the pipe conforms to any of the Supplementary Requirements S1to S6,the schedule number,if the pipe is ordered to a schedule number,and the heat number TABLE8Test Method Information for Certiﬁcation and Marking Hydrostatic Nondestructive MarkingYES NO Test PressureNO YES NDENO NO NHYES YES TestPressure/NDE。

A335-A335M-2010中文稿

A335-A335M-2010中文稿高温用无缝铁素体合金钢管标准规范1A335/A335M-10b 本标准在固定命名A335/A335M下发行；紧接着名称的数字表明初始版本的接受年限，或者表示在修订情况下的最新版本年限。

括号内的数字表明最终再次接受的年限。

上标希腊字母（ε）表明修订或最终版本再次接受的编辑变化。

本标准已被国防部批准使用。

1 应用范围*1.1 本标准2包括旨在用于高温环境下公称（平均）壁厚及最小壁厚无缝铁素体合金钢管。

依据本标准订货的钢管适合于弯曲、翻边（vanstoning）及类似的成型操作，并适用于熔焊工艺。

钢管的选择取决于设计，服役条件，力学性能及其高温特性。

1.2 包含了多种铁素体钢级（见注1）。

其化学成分在表1中给出。

注1：本标准中定义的铁素体钢为中低合金钢，含Cr量小于等于10%。

1.3 所提供的补充要求（S1～S7）具有选择性。

这些补充要求要进行附加试验，当有所要求时，应与要求的其它的类似试验一并在订单中说明。

1.4 用国际单位制（SI）及英寸-磅表示的数值认为其为标准数值。

在本标准中，SI单位在括号中给出。

每种单位制可能并不完全等效；因此，每种单位制应单独使用。

两种单位的组合值可能导致与本标准不符。

除非订单中出现了“M”符号，否则英寸-磅单位适用。

注2：在本标准中，无量纲的符号NPS（公称钢管尺寸）代替了传统的术语，如“公称直径”，“尺寸”及“公称尺寸”。

2 引用文件2.1 ASTM标准：3A999/A999M 合金及不锈钢管的一般要求E92 金属材料维氏硬度试验方法4E213 金属管的超声波检验规范E309 应用管材产品的磁性饱和进行的涡流检验规范E381 钢棒、钢坯、钢锭及锻件的宏观试样腐蚀方法E527 在统一编号系统中（UNS）对金属进行编号的规范E570 铁磁性钢管产品磁漏检验规范2.2 ASME 锅炉及压力容器规范B36.10M 焊接及无缝锻造钢管2.3 其它文件：SNT-TC-1A 无损检测人员资格及证书的建议规范5SAE J 1086 金属及合金编号（UNS）规范61 这些测试方法在ASTM委员会关于钢、不锈钢及相关合金的A01管辖范围之内，并且由ASTM小组委员会关于不锈及合金钢管产品分会A01.10直接负责。

浅谈A335P9材质炉管焊接

浅谈A335 P9材质炉管焊接发布时间：2021-12-10T07:12:46.587Z 来源：《防护工程》2021年25期作者：李昀鹏[导读] 本文通过分析 A335 P9材质的特性及对其焊接裂纹产生的因素，阐述了该材质炉管焊接过程中焊材的选用、焊接工艺及采取有效热处理措施的重要性。

中国石油化工股份有限公司天津分公司摘要：本文通过分析 A335 P9材质的特性及对其焊接裂纹产生的因素，阐述了该材质炉管焊接过程中焊材的选用、焊接工艺及采取有效热处理措施的重要性。

关键词：焊材选择；热处理；质量控制1.A335 P9材质特性A335 P9公称成分为9Cr-1Mo,其本身的淬硬倾向大，焊接时如果冷却速度较快易形成淬硬组织，使焊接接头脆性增大。

在有较大拘束应力时，易导致焊后冷裂纹的出现，此现象主要由于材质中含有一定的C元素以及较高含量的Cr元素，因此，焊后易出现高硬度的马氏体组织和贝氏体组织,使接头变脆、残余应力较大而表现出明显的空气淬硬倾向。

为保证焊接结构在高温、高压和复杂介质环境下长期安全有效运行，焊接接头性能必须具有与母材相当的等强性、等塑性、抗氢性、抗氧化性、组织稳定性、抗脆断性等理化均一性。

2.焊材选择该材质因为硬化和裂纹倾向较高，一般采用钨极氩弧焊打底+焊条电弧焊填充盖面的方法。

采用焊条电弧焊时，采用低氢碱性药皮焊条。

为保证焊接接头具有与母材相当的高温蠕变强度和抗氧化性的前提下改善其焊接性，焊缝必须含有与母材含量相当的铬和钼。

但在焊材中，铬的含量不宜过高。

因为铬能与碳，铁等形成复杂的碳化物（FeCr）3C,对钢的焊接性产生不利影响，升高了钢的空淬倾向。

所以，可选用带有铌，钒和钛等元素的焊材对铬钼钢进行渗合金，这些元素能形成高度稳定的碳化物，在电弧短时的热周期作用下，这些碳化物来不及溶解于固溶体中，从而使奥氏体内碳含量降低。

随之过冷能力减弱，促使其在较高的温度下分节成珠光体型组织，因而提高了焊缝金属的韧性和抗裂性。

阻燃皮带技术规格书

阻燃皮带技术规格书
阻燃输送带又可被称为整芯阻燃输送带，是由整体带芯经聚氯乙烯浸渍塑化或硫化后做成，具有强度大、运量大、运输平衡、阻燃、抗静电、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等性能。

在煤矿、冶金、化工行业的物料运输方面广泛应用。

阻燃输送带的标准目前有2个国标,6个行业标准。

国家标准：
GB/T 10822-2014标准名称为一般用途织物芯阻燃输送带，于2015年10月实施。

GB/T 21352-2008标准名称为矿井用钢丝绳芯阻燃输送带，于2008年7月实施。

行业标准：
MT/T 914-2019标准名称为煤矿用织物芯阻燃输送带，于2020年6月实施。

MT/T 668-2019标准名称为煤矿用钢丝绳芯阻燃输送带，于2020年6月实施。

HG/T 2014-2015标准名称为钢丝绳牵引阻燃输送带，于2016年1月实施。

HG/T 2805-2012标准名称为煤矿井下用织物整芯阻燃输送带，于2013年6月实施。

MT 914-2007标准名称为煤矿用织物整芯阻燃输送带，于2009年1月实施。

MT 668-2007标准名称为煤矿用钢丝绳芯阻燃输送带，于2009年1月实施。

据了解，全球输送带市场规模在6-7亿平方米/年，中国是全球的第一生产国及消费国，产能占全球总产能的三分之一。

目前，全球的输送带已迎来高速发展，加上我国作为煤炭大国，阻燃输送带和煤矿安全息息相关。

经过多年发展，我国已成为世界上阻燃输送带生产能力最大的，未来我国需将注重数量转为质量提升和延长使用寿命上，这样才能提高我国输送带的竞争力。

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