Why does UK not join the Euro zone(为什么英国不加入欧元区)
英国脱欧的原因及影响
英国脱欧的原因及影响引言：英国脱欧是指英国自2016年6月23日举行公投以来，决定退出欧洲联盟（EU）的历史性事件。
这一决定引起了全球范围内的广泛关注和深入研究。
本文将探讨英国脱欧的原因，并分析其对英国以及全球的影响。
一、脱欧的主要原因1. 具有独特的历史背景和文化英国具有独特的历史背景和文化，强调国家主权和民主。
欧洲一体化进程对英国传统的主权观念和民主制度构成了挑战，这也部分解释了为什么英国对欧盟的态度一直较为保留。
2. 控制移民和恢复边界移民问题是推动英国脱欧的一个主要原因。
英国在欧盟成员国之间的流动自由使得大量移民涌入英国，这引起了许多英国民众的担忧，他们认为移民对就业市场、公共服务和社会福利产生了负面影响。
脱欧支持者主张通过脱欧来限制移民，并恢复英国对边界的控制权。
3. 经济独立和法律自治脱欧的另一个重要原因是英国追求经济独立和法律自治。
欧盟对成员国的法律和经济政策有一定程度的管制权。
脱欧支持者认为英国脱离欧盟将能够拥有更大的自主权，能够制定适合自身国情的法律和经济政策，从而保护英国的利益。
二、脱欧的影响1. 经济影响（1）贸易关系受影响英国是欧盟的重要贸易伙伴，脱欧无疑会对双方的贸易关系产生巨大影响。
英国将失去与欧盟成员国之间的零关税贸易，并需要与欧盟重新谈判贸易协议。
这一过程可能导致贸易不确定性和经济衰退的风险。
（2）金融服务受限伦敦作为欧洲最大的金融中心之一，享有欧盟金融自由化政策的红利。
脱欧可能导致英国金融服务受到限制，其中包括欧盟国家对于英国金融机构的准入限制和欧洲金融监管的变化。
这将对英国金融行业和全球金融市场产生深远影响。
2. 国内政治影响（1）苏格兰的独立问题苏格兰是英国的一部分，但大部分苏格兰地区投票支持留在欧盟。
脱欧引发了苏格兰独立的新一轮讨论，因为苏格兰政府认为脱欧与他们的意愿背道而驰。
这可能导致苏格兰再次举行独立公投的可能性增加。
（2）北爱尔兰的边界问题脱欧后，英国与爱尔兰共和国之间的边界问题引起了广泛关注。
英国正式脱欧的影响
英国正式脱欧的影响伦敦当地时间1月31日23点，也就是北京时间2月1日早7点，英国正式退出欧盟。
1月31日，欧盟总部所在地——比利时布鲁塞尔并没有因为英国正式“脱欧”而进行什么特别的活动，欧盟“安静”地和英国“说再见”。
欧盟机构移走英国国旗当天傍晚，也就是英国正式“脱欧”前几个小时，在布鲁塞尔的欧洲理事会大楼入口处，两名工作人员拆下了原本和其他欧盟国家国旗摆放在一起的英国国旗，全程用时不到一分钟。
据了解，这面见证了历史的英国国旗可能将被收藏进布鲁塞尔的一家博物馆。
大约25分钟后，在布鲁塞尔的欧洲议会大厦外，旗杆上的英国国旗也被降下，这面英国国旗据称也将被收藏进博物馆。
当地时间1月31日下午，英国已经将布鲁塞尔代表处外的欧盟旗帜撤下，只剩下旗杆上的英国国旗。
从1973年英国加入欧盟前身欧共体开始至今，英国和欧盟之间可谓同床异梦46年，现在终于以分手告终。
那么问题来了，英国脱欧对外贸、物流影响几何?纺织服装企业该如何应对呢?在余下11个月过渡期内一切照旧，英国的EORI依然能在欧洲其他各国清关，有效期到2020年12月31日。
英国脱欧后，对贸易的主要影响一、不再适用欧盟定制关税欧盟区域一体化具有关税同盟的性质，对外设置共同关税，对内实现贸易自由化。
这意味着所有成员国将把关税制定权移交给欧盟，不能独立与欧盟以外的其他国家谈判贸易协定。
脱欧后，中英贸易贸易将根据世界贸易组织(WTO)规则运作，英国会根据本国情况，对中英贸易政策作出一定的调整。
二、货物进出欧盟和英国的通关变复杂原来欧盟统一的海关体系下，货物进出欧盟无需进行重复通关和纳税手续。
脱欧后，英国和欧盟之间将是独立的海关运作体系。
原先的欧盟统一HS体系必然会有异动，货物经由双方进出通关手续会比之以前复杂很多。
脱欧成功后，英国将与任何其他非欧盟国家一样，遵守欧盟海关24小时(EU24HR)提前舱单制度。
EU24HR规则要求船公司对挂靠一个或多个欧盟港口的船舶上装载的所有货物向相关海关进行入境摘要申报(ENS)。
Fitbit Inspire 3手冊版本1.3说明书
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惠普手写笔用户指南 630-B4731-D01说明书
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英美概况——英美经济
10
Closing down of mines: a case in Newcastle upon Tyne
Miners
Heaton Park: Used to be a coal mine
· 4Y/2e/2s0t20erday: Don’t bring coal to Newcastle.
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Manufacturing
4/2/2020
20
The UK: A financial empire
➢ Agriculture is subsidised by the European Union"s Common Agricultural Policy.
4/2/2020
5
British Crops
• About two-thirds of the production being devoted to livestock, one-third to arable crops;
4/2/2020
2
UK economy: An introduction (2)
· Privatisation of state-owned enterprises under th Government of Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s.
· in recent years the longest period of sustained economic growth in every quarter since 1992.
4/2/2020
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British Livestock
·The rise in commercial production of meats and poultry in recent years
欧洲债务危机（Europeandebtcrisis）
欧洲债务危机（European debt crisis）The root of the European debt crisis:(1) the excessive debt of government and private sector over borrowing is the direct cause of the crisis. In addition to Spain and Portugal have experienced a net savings surplus in 1990s, five PIIGS were in debt investment in 1980 to 2009 years. Long term debt investment has led to huge government deficits. The European Union's stability and growth pact stipulates that the government's fiscal deficit should not exceed 3% of GDP, while the government deficit has increased sharply in the 2007~2009 years since the onset and early outbreak of the crisis. In the case of Greece, on the eve of the euro from 2001 to 2008 the average annual debt crisis, Greece deficit reached 5%, while the euro zone data is only 2%; Greece's current-account deficit 9% annual output in the euro area data is only 1%. In 2009, Greece's debt to GDP ratio was as high as 115%, and the country that used to overdraw the future has gradually lost its capital to continue borrowing. These problems are prevalent in the PIIGS five countries. With the deepening of European integration, some level of economic development in Greece and Portugal as the representative of the low countries, wages, social welfare, unemployment benefits and other aspects gradually to par with developed countries such as Germany, France, the expenditure level of excess domestic output more and more. Since wages and social welfare are difficult to adjust downward after rising, the so-called "Stickiness" leads to a rising debt ratio between the government and the private sector. The causes of debt problems in Spain and Ireland are slightly different from those in greece. The two countries were affected by the subprime mortgage crisis, the real estate market rapidlydepressed, a large number of bad debts appeared in the domestic banking system, and eventually formed a banking crisis. And the government's ability to borrow and repay debt is a problem in the process of bailing out the banking sector. At this point, the five governments that already have huge debts have no better ability to lend further, and the government credit can not make investors feel relieved to act as creditors. Investors generally regard 6% as a warning value of sovereign debt crisis, and once that exceeds this level, the country will face sovereign debt crisis. The debt problem in Italy is relatively optimistic in the PIIGS five countries, but the current 10 year treasury bond yield is close to 6%. In addition to Italy, the PIIGS five countries in 2009 the government deficit has been several times the warning value of 3%. When huge government budget deficits cannot be compensated by new debt, the debt crisis will inevitably erupt.(2) the income distribution system of deformity has accumulateda great deal of crisis. After the Second World War, European countries have set up the social income distribution system and social security system with high welfare. One is from the wage level, the European countries known as the "high salary", even in poorer countries such as Greece in Europe, social wage growth has been, although the GDP growth rate has remained at 1% ~ 2%, the real wage growth has been higher than 5%, reached 8%, 4 percentage points higher than in European countries 2008. The two is from the social welfare perspective, countries including the establishment of child allowances, sick leave allowance, health and education, housing, unemployment, pension insurance, funeral subsidies and other welfare system, covering all aspects of social life. In particular, the huge subsidy for theunemployed has become an important drag on the government's finances. The unemployment rate in Greece, for example, is around 10%, which is not the highest in Europe, but for a relatively thin country, unemployment relief is a heavy pressure. The Greeks still enjoy the most expensive pension system in the world today. Retired workers enjoy 96% of pre retirement income, and pension benefits are among the top 30 in the richest countries in OECD. The large population of unemployed also limits the increase of government revenue, and the total tax revenue in Greece has maintained 40% of GDP,Years have not increased, but spending has increased year by year. This kind of fiscal income barely keeps up with the rising wage and welfare, and the abnormal income distribution system brings more and more pressure to the government finance, and the hidden danger of the crisis is accumulating constantly.(3) the government dereliction of duty and system defects of PIIGS countries experienced such a serious crisis, slow, or not as indiscriminate government five prescription "of the blame. Although the five governments performed differently in the crisis and in the crisis, their dereliction of duty was an important factor in the crisis. First of all, in order to pursue short-term interests, please the people and public opinion survey in the general election, the government adopts the "obscurantism", take "harm than good behavior. The Greek government, for example, hid large amounts of financial deficits before 2009.Second, some governments try to evade regulatory sanctions between the European Commission and the European Central Bankin various ways. Germany, France and other economic development "leader" was a negative example in this regard, and other countries have followed suit. Again, in Ireland and Spain as the representative of the national government allowed the domestic economy bubble, once the bubble burst, and spend a lot of money to help taxpayers virtual economy, resulting in economic structure distortion. Finally, the head of government is overcautious, did not dare to take decisive measures to nip the crisis in the bud". The Italy government, for example, failed to take decisive action when the deficit reached 5.3% in 2009, but only delayed it, which led to the escalation of the crisis.(4) the defects of the euro zone system and the institutional defects of the euro zone are also evident in this crisis. First of all, according to the system design of the euro area, the member states do not have the right to issue currency, nor do they have independent monetary policy. The European Central Bank is responsible for currency issuance and monetary policy implementation in the whole region. In the process of European economic integration, the unification of the currency to countries in the region to enjoy the many benefits in the economic recession, this arrangement can promote regional and international trade development, reduce the macro transaction cost. However, in a storm, the crisis of the country cannot to implement monetary policies, and thus unable to devalue the currency to reduce the debt scale and to increase the international competitiveness of export products, only through austerity and raising taxes such as total demand to increase the compression of debt financing, which makes the already ailing economy one disaster after another. The president ofIceland recently pointed out that Iceland is able to rebound quickly from bankruptcy, because the government and the central bank to be able to own the currency devaluation to promote exports, this is any euro zone countries are unable to enjoy the "welfare policy". The British government has repeatedly reiterated that it will not join the euro zone. To sum up, Europe and the United States and other developed countries are burdened with more and more heavy debt burden, the main factors are not to be ignored:First, the social security, health care and other social welfare expenditures continue to grow, the financial burden is increasingly heavy;Two is affected by the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis, the government used to save financial institutions and stimulate economic growth in fiscal spending increased substantially;The three is due to the negative impact of the U.S. subprime crisis is not eliminated, Europe and the United States actually slow economic growth, fiscal revenue growth rate is severely damaged, causing public debt sustainability and safety questioned by the market. European debt crisis solutions and solutions and future trendsSolutions to European debt crisis and future trends:Crisis countries have been unable to solve their own chronic illness by themselves, and the aid programs and efforts of neighboring countries and institutions will determine the course of the crisis to a large extent. As the largest sovereigncountry in the euro area, Germany's willingness to rescue and aid to the crisis countries will become an important factor in the development of the crisis. As mentioned above, the economic and financial situation in Germany is gradually recovering, and the prospects are more optimistic,So Germany has the power to help countries in crisis. From another point of view, the stable and harmonious euro zone is an important guarantee for German economic growth, and Germany itself has been unable to dissociate itself from the euro area.On the one hand, the European monetary integration is an irreversible process, which determines the German difficult to withdraw from the euro area; on the other hand, Germany could not let the crisis country's problems while standing on the sidelines, system integration is destined to "pull one hair and the whole body", is the only common development the only way out.So Germany has a willingness to bail out countries with crisis. Although the German domestic disputes on the issue of aid continued, but only truly to the crisis countries to lend a helping hand, just in line with Germany's own interests. In the middle of July 2011, after the fierce debate at home, the German government announced that it would coordinate with the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to determine the second round of rescue plans for greece. Although the domestic situation in France is not optimistic in Germany, the situation is similar. If Germany and France can further work together on the issue of aid, then the rescue process will likely be greatly shortened. In the rescue process, theEuropean Central Bank, the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund and other institutions have put forward solutions to crisis countries, to lend a helping hand. Greece, Ireland and Portugal have all applied to the European Commission for aid, and the rescue program is in the making or early stage of implementation. Aid to Ireland by these organizations is a more successful case.At the end of 2010, Ireland reached an agreement with the European Union and the International Monetary Fund to accept 85 billion euros of aid. According to the agreement, the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission and the European Central Bank's joint review group will be a quarterly review of the Irish Financial and economic situation and promote the effectiveness of the rescue plan. In mid July 2011, the review showed that the rescue plan on schedule, the use of funds, the Irish government implemented the relevant measures stipulated in the agreement, the industry wage for some useful adjustment, especially the adjustment of some of the current unemployment rate is high for the industry wage structure. These adjustments have positive significance for the recovery of macroeconomic supply level. After the review, Ireland will receive another 4 billion euros of bailout money. In the long run, the rescue of the crisis depends not only on external aid, but also on the direction and effort of the crisis countries themselves. Previously, the investment and consumption patterns of these countries in crisis leads to excessive overdraft crisis staged, and the government not only failed to carry out proper guidance in the policy system, and even the fire in the wrong direction "".If these countries can not "means", still maintain beyond their output capacity range of consumer spending, even temporarily survived the crisis, the future will also appear in a series of problems caused by the deficit. After the baptism of the crisis, the euro area must be more cautious, strict and perfect in system construction, rules making, policy implementation and so on. Previously, the European Central Bank has been unable to formulate policies for specific countries in the region, and seems to be rigid and lagging behind in formulating policies for curbing inflation and ensuring economic growth. Before the European debt crisis, the ECB's untimely policy was considered a catalyst for the crisis.In the United States subprime crisis swept the world in July 2008, the European Central Bank, despite the vulnerability of the eurozone economy, the benchmark interest rate increased from 4% to 4.25%, so that some countries had overwhelmed the financial and real estate industry in the "besieged on all sides of the situation, and a large area of bad debts of the real estate industry will inevitably affect the financial industry.In addition, the European Central Bank has a large number of bonds held by member states. Three small economies, Greece, Ireland and Portugal, are in crisis,The amount of treasury bonds held by the European Central Bank is 47 billion euros, 19 billion euros and 21 billion euros respectively. Therefore, the solvency of Member States is closely related to the central bank itself. It is believed that after the crisis, the core macroeconomic management institutions represented by the ECB will conduct a moreprofound self-examination, which will be conducive to the long-term and healthy development of the entire euro area.。
2011 考研英语阅读真题Text 4(英语二)
2011 Text 4（英语⼆）欧洲的未来Will make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a " triangle" of debt, , and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro-zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.the European Union 欧盟能⾏吗？在不久前，这个问题听来让⼈觉得奇怪。
zone的用法总结大全
zone的用法总结大全zone的用法你知道哪些?今日我给大家带来zone的用法，盼望能够关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
zone的用法总结大全zone的意思n. 地带,区域，范围,地区，时区,[物]晶带vt. 划分成带,用带子围绕vi. 分成区，分成地带变形：过去式: zoned; 现在分词：zoning; 过去分词：zoned;zone用法zone可以用作动词zone作名词时意思是“区域”,用作动词时意思是“划分区域”,指用划定界限、利用自然障碍物等方法将一个地区分隔成若干个小面积。
zone多用作及物动词,后接地点名词作宾语,还可接以“as/for+ n. ”充当补足语的复合宾语。
可用于被动结构。
zone用法例句1、The security zone was set up to prevent guerrilla infiltrations.设立了平安区以防止游击队员的渗入。
2、They fell into that twilight zone between military personnel and civilian employees.他们成了军队人员与平民雇员之间身份界定不清的人。
3、The area could be turned into a demilitarized zone.该地区可能会成为非军事区。
词汇精选：zone的用法和辨析一、具体释义：n.地区，区域，地带[C]例句：It is forbidden to take photographs in this zone.此处严禁摄影。
例句：They are pulling their troops out of the battle zone.他们正把部队调离战区。
例句：Do not enter the danger [zone]!切勿进入危急区!气候带[C]例句：Ninety per cent of the country lies in the Temperate Zone. 这个国家百分之九十的地方都是温带。
[终稿]韩老师三级笔译实务第一讲文稿
![[终稿]韩老师三级笔译实务第一讲文稿](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/462055fdb9f67c1cfad6195f312b3169a451eab0.png)
韩老师三级笔译实务第一讲文稿三级笔译实务第一讲文稿一、翻译鉴赏部分：汉英：中国古人说：“君子爱财，取之有道。
”这种“道”，在今天看来就是：互利共赢。
在全球化的格局下，中欧双方的市场应当是彼此开放的，搞保护、靠垄断没有出路，中欧双方企业应当在竞争中达到“水涨船高”，在合作中实现利益分享。
另一方面，企业与社会同样需要互利共赢，即企业履行社会责任，造福当地社会；当地社会积极容纳、支持企业发展。
China has an age-old saying:"A gentlemen makes money in a right way". Such a right "way", in today's context, must be mutual benefit.In a globalised world, Chinese and European markets should be open to each other. Protectionism and market monopoly are not viable options.Only healthy competition can set higher bars for Chinese and European businesses. Only cooperation can generate a win-win scenario for both of us.In both China and Europe, governments, corporations and society need to pay greater attention to corporate social responsibility. Companies should give back to local communities. In turn society and the public should accommodate and support enterprises.今年是中国党和国家非常重要的一年。
商务翻译(new)
否定句式（5）：双重否定 1. There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。 2. A successful entrepreneur should fight no battle unprepared. 成功的企业家不打无准备之仗。 3. There is not any advantage without disadvantage. 有一利必有一弊。 4. We are not reluctant to accept your proposal. 你方的建议我方愿意接受。 5. Not a day passed without trade conflicts between the two countries. 这两个国家没有一天不发生贸易摩擦。
否定句式（3）：形式否定 1.The importance of market research cannot be overstated. 市场调研的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。 2. Our company could not get enough capital on this project. 在这个项目上，我们公司无论如何也得不到足够的资金。 3. It’s a good workman that never blunders（犯大错）. 智者千虑，必有一失。 1. cannot…too; cannot…over- ； cannot …enough 等 表 示 “无论怎样也不为过”，“越…越好”，其意义是肯定的。 2. It is a (an)＋形容词＋名词＋否定从句，这种结构表示肯定， 往往翻译成“再……也会”。
句法翻译之二：比较句式
英语和汉语在表示比较的结构形式和使用方法上 有较大的差别，从文化差异方面来看英美人一般不 作绝对的肯定或否定，总是作相对的比较，而汉语则 习惯于使用最高级形式。此外，还有一些比较句式在 汉语中反映不出来。常见的比较句式结构有以下几个 方面：
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。
大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。
然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的重要性。
英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。
但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格。
它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。
另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。
从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。
他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。
这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。
英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。
但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。
英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。
它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。
因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。
英国为什么要退出欧盟_具体原因是什么
英国为什么要退出欧盟_具体原因是什么脱欧公投，指就英国是否脱离欧盟进行的公投。
英国为什么要退出欧盟？英国公民为什么很多都支持脱欧呢？下面店铺整理了英国退出欧盟的原因，供你参考。
一、现实利益层面：在欧盟的预算里，英国缴纳的比例大约占1/8，仅次于德法列第三位。
但是，相比德法两国利用欧元区内的有利地位，通过欧元区内的差异化利率政策，在制造业，服务业上都获得了巨大的经济利益。
反之，英国因为依然处于欧元区外，并未得到与付出相称的好处。
如今，德法主导的欧盟却一下子要英国拿出20亿欧元补缴欧盟的预算。
20亿欧元对英国政府来说不是一个小数字，如果卡梅伦拿出这笔钱，那将会大大影响选情。
所以，卡梅伦这么震怒，要搞退出欧盟公投，是有切身利益的。
二、欧盟主导权之争：德法主导的欧盟之所以让英国补缴20亿欧元费用，正所谓醉翁之意不在酒，根本目的并非这20亿欧元。
那是为了什么呢?是为了让英国承担更多责任，通过承担更多责任，迫使英国放弃英镑，统一使用欧元，进入欧元区，从而断掉在欧美间骑墙的好处，一心捞取欧元区的好处。
在英国人看来，一旦英国进入欧元区，相当于他们将命运主导权交给了别人。
英国人和德、法等国在这方面有着极深的隔阂，这种隔阂来源于历史、文化、宗教等方面。
我们知道，统一的欧洲是一两千年来欧洲人追求天下一统的理性产物，英法两国为了争得主导权打了数百年。
著名的百年战争就是在英法之间展开的，双方从1337年打到1453年，打了116年。
后来，七年战争还是英国和欧洲大陆国家为争夺势力范围进行的战争，美利坚合众国就是七年战争的产物。
与德法等大陆国家相比，英国长期游离于欧洲大陆之外，是海洋殖民帝国，英国对欧洲大陆的统一或一家独大一直保持高度警惕。
警惕的原因是，一旦欧洲大陆整合成一个国家，那么英国在欧洲将很难再有话语权，英国不过是一个小岛，被吞并就只是时间问题了。
作为孤悬于大陆之外的岛国，英国是通过欧洲大陆的分裂来获得对欧洲的影响的，也是通过分化欧洲大陆来获得自我保全的。
欧元区的抉择时刻 Decision Time for the Euro zone
8
Also progress seen, but still a long road ahead
• Ireland in external balance already, while also Spain come a long way • Restoring competitiveness will take years
– Euro-zone governments need to pave the way for a tighter monetary union – In the end, the ECB will do what is needed to save the euro – Pressure to let inflation accelerate – Risk of an uncontrolled chain of events not zero, although still small
9
A Greek exit threatening to escalate the debt crisis once again
10
Bank run in Spain much more difficult to handle than one in Greece
2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 Jan-99 Deposits excluding monetary financial institutions and the central government, EUR bn
Note: European Commission Spring 2012 Economic Forecasts
6
US banking system looking much healthier compared to Europe
英国为什么不加入欧元区
1999 年1 月1 日,以“欧元”为标志的欧洲经济和货币联盟已经准时启动,从而初步实现了通过一体化把各个民族国家组成超国家的经济联盟。
目前,除了因为经济状况太差而未达标的希腊之外,以法国和德国为首的11 国已经顺利入盟,以英国为首的3 国则做出了暂时不加入的决定。
英国为什么不肯加入经济上欧元一统天下的欧元区呢?原因有如下几点：一、“英磅政治”阴霾未散欧洲经济和货币联盟要求入盟各成员国放弃本国货币单位,统一使用欧元作为相互间支付手段,这就触及了英国历史上长期以来形成的“英磅政治”。
货币代表着一个国家的主权,坚挺的货币支付能力更是一个国家实力和国际威望的象征。
英磅,作为英国的货币单位,从近代资本主义文明兴起以来就一直充当着国际贸易的主要结算手段,充分显示了大英帝国雄厚的国家实力和崇高的国际威望,与大英帝国的兴衰命运休戚相关。
现在,英国如果加入欧元货币体系,英磅将不仅不得不等同于德国马克、法国法郎而失去其令人骄傲的优越历史地位,而且更为重要的是它们都将被欧元这一前景不明的跨国货币彻底取代,从而成为昨日黄花的历史陈迹。
这对英国人的传统信念和民族感情未免不是一个沉重打击。
二、英国人的民族自信与尊严英国人历来高度重视自己的主权和独立,长期以来的大国地位的优越感更让英国人充满民族自信和尊严。
很长时间以来,英国人对“一体化”的理解是,一体化绝对不是国家主权的一种让渡,而是独立的主权国家心甘情愿的、积极的合作的加强。
因此,无论是保守党政府还是工党政府历来都坚持主权原则,反对超国家化。
一个国家最根本的主权就是经济大权,如果现在加入经货联盟,就意味着英国要失去管理国家经济的大权,这和英国人的主权观念是格格不入的。
三、市场经济体制的不协音欧陆国家对市场经济的管理权相当大,政府的影响深刻。
而在崇尚市场、崇尚自由竞争的英国,人们更注重市场对经济的调节作用。
货币政策是国家的基本经济政策之一,经货联盟货币政策一统,必然要求各个成员国的经济政策趋同。
英国货币史简介
Sterling is the British national currency, although the UK is the EU’s member states, they did not join in the euro zone.
A Brief History of the British currency
The pound has been the world’s most important international means of payment and reserve currency (支付和贮藏货币)until the early 20th century，after the World War Ⅰ the states of pound tended to decline because of gradual appreciation （增值） of the dollar
All coins and notes are use the British monarch --- Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ as there positive pattern， while the back are different according to different districts.
On the 13th March 2007 a new £20 note was issued by the bank of England.
• Adam smith
The change of status
• Until the early 20th century
• After the World war Ⅱ • • • • 1949 1967 1990 Now
英国脱欧的原因
英国脱欧的原因英国脱欧是多重因素共同作用的结果，使得它看似是个偶然事件，但其实有其必然逻辑。
本文从五个层次分析脱欧的原因，并突出“主权”在脱欧过程中的核心地位。
一、脱欧是英欧地缘政治作用的结果独特的地理位置和贫瘠的资源禀赋决定了英国“向海图强”，与欧洲大陆保持若即若离历史关系的岛国心态和地缘战略观。
17世纪以后，英国成为海洋强国，其目光超越欧洲近邻，确立起“世界帝国”的远大抱负，并由此开创人类历史上最完整的海外殖民体系。
英国其后的成功主要来自两大内生动力，一是完成了由“贸易立国”向“产业强国”的关键转变，通过工业革命而率先成为世界技术发明和先进制造业的中心；二是创造了一整套较欧洲大陆国家更为先进的制度保障和社会文化范式，经济自由主义、议会民主、英式文化意识等作为其显著特征，向外界传递出“例外主义”的集束信号，也塑造了英国独特的外交理念和行为习惯。
二战之后，时任首相丘吉尔提出英国“三环外交”理念，是为英式“例外主义”思想的当代版起源。
丘吉尔指出，世界上自由民主国家将围绕英国形成三个大环，成为支配世界的主要力量。
第一环由英联邦国家和所有英属海外领地构成；第二环覆盖英语世界，其中加拿大、其他英国领地和美国发挥重要作用；最后一环是联合的欧洲。
显然，在丘吉尔的战略视野之下，欧洲只是英国对外关系中的最次要环节。
英国与欧洲大陆的联系是基于实用主义考虑，而非战略上的必要。
这一思想也决定了其后英国对欧政策的基本导向。
当英国的发展利益与欧洲一体化进程交集面增大时，英国“入欧”就成为一项理性的“权宜之计”。
一旦欧洲联合的“紧箍咒”对英国经济及其国际政治与战略竞争力形成过多限制，英国“脱欧”就会变成现实的选择。
二、脱欧是英欧宏观经济结构差异的结果二战后英国采用的经济发展模式异于欧洲大陆国家，最终形成其独有的宏观经济结构，为“脱欧”埋下了伏笔。
二战后欧洲国家普遍采用福特式生产管理制度，这种增长模式是自由市场和社会民主理念的结合，它一方面强调通过高生产率增加财富积累，另一方面强调通过国家干预保障基本福利。
中国驻英国大使刘晓明在诺丁汉大学英语演讲稿
中国驻英国大使刘晓明在诺丁汉大学英语演讲稿戴维·格林纳威校长，老师和同学们，女士们，先生们：Professor David Greenaway, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nottingham,Faculty members and students,Ladies and Gentlemen,很高兴首次来到诺丁汉市和诺丁汉大学访问。
诺丁汉大学被誉为英国环境最优美的大学之一，我刚才走入校园，确实感觉风景如画。
I am delighted to be on my first visit to the City of Nottingham and your picturesque university, which lives up to its reputation as one of the most beautiful campuses in the UK.最近英国和中国正同时热映一部电影——《罗宾汉》，据说，这位劫富济贫的绿林好汉当年就活跃在诺丁汉郊外的舍伍德森林里。
许多中国观众都被电影中的旖旎自然风光和浓郁英伦文化所陶醉。
我想，你们听了这个消息会很高兴，因为来英国的中国游客数量又要增加了，来诺丁汉大学读书的中国学生也会更多了。
The recent film Robin Hood has been a big hit with audiences both in China and here in the UK. The story as I am sure youknow, is about a man who robbed from the rich to give to the poor, while living in Sherwood Forest on the outskirts of Nottingham. But it has been as much about the stunning natural beauty and rich British culture depicted in the film, which has fascinated a lot of Chinese viewers. I believe this is great news for you, as Nottingham should expect to receive more visitors from China, and University of Nottingham will be home to more Chinese Students.创建于1881年的诺丁汉大学，是英国排名前十的高等学府。
人教部编版《二战后的世界变化材料》达标 试题(1)
人教部编版《二战后的世界变化材料》达标试题(1)一、第五单元二战后的世界变化材料辨析论述题1．阅读下列材料，回答问题材料一欧共体拟议创建过程中，曾积极邀请英国参加，但英国从自身利益出发，组织了一个“小自由贸易区”（也称七国自由贸易区）……在两大经济集团的抗衡发展中，七国集团显然不敌欧共体。
到60年代，英国对欧共体的出口贸易增加幅度较大，加强了英国对欧共体的依赖。
面对严峻的现实，英国政府于1961年8月要求加入欧共体。
但法国总统戴高乐运用否决权拒绝了英国的申请。
1969年，法国总统蓬皮杜考虑到世界局势的发展变化……遂重新考虑英国的申请。
对此，英国表示调整外交政策，放弃英美特殊关系。
1973年1月，欧共体接纳了英国。
材料二英国一直存在“脱欧”的声音。
近年来随着欧债危机和难民危机等问题的不断发酵，是去是留，再次在英国人中引起热议。
2016年6月英国退出欧盟。
欧洲一体化进程产生了明显的阻滞。
材料三如果说二战后的世界经济格局是一个“QQ群”，美国是群主。
随着美国特朋普总统上台、英国脱欧，西方世界贸易保护主义抬头，目前这个“QQ群”有散群的危险。
——以上材料均据新华网、央广新闻等网站资料整理请回答（1）据材料一，英国对加入欧共体持何种态度？概括英国最终被欧共体接纳的原因。
（2）据材料二，指出英国“脱欧”的原因及其影响。
（3）据材料三，该“QQ群”是否有“散群”的危险？请结合相关史实，说明理由。
【答案】（1）从拒绝加入到积极加入。
英国对欧共体的经济依赖加大，世界局势的发展变化，英国放弃英美特殊关系。
（2）英国一直存在“脱欧”的声音；近年来随着欧债危机和难民危机等问题。
欧洲一体化进程产生了明显的阻滞。
（3）有；西方世界贸易保护主义抬头，对各自国家利益的考虑。
【解析】【分析】【详解】（1）依据题干“20世纪六十年代之前英国拒绝加入欧共体，而自1961年开始英国开始积极参与欧洲一体化进程，并于1973年加入欧共体。
英国为什么要退出欧盟的原因
英国为什么要退出欧盟的原因引言英国脱欧（Brexit），指的是英国离开欧洲联盟（European Union）的进程和结果。
于2016年6月23日举行的公投中，51.9%的英国选民支持脱欧。
英国脱欧决定引发了全球范围内的关注和讨论。
本文将探讨英国脱欧的原因与动机。
经济因素自主权回归英国脱欧的一个主要原因是追求自主权回归。
加入欧盟后，英国接受了欧盟的许多法律和规范，一些英国人认为这限制了英国的主权和独立决策能力。
退出欧盟将使英国能够自主制定法律，并掌控自己的经济和移民政策。
经济利益平衡问题一些支持脱欧的英国人认为，英国对欧盟的成员国支付的会费过高。
他们认为英国在欧盟内的经济利益并未得到公平分配，而且欧盟的制度和贸易政策对英国产业造成了不利影响。
脱欧能够让英国有更多的控制权，以实现更有利于本国经济的贸易协议和政策。
移民问题移民问题是英国脱欧的又一个关键因素。
自加入欧盟以来，英国成为了欧盟内大量移民的目的地。
一些英国人担心移民对英国本土劳动市场和社会福利系统造成冲击，并认为英国应该控制移民数量。
退出欧盟将使英国能够掌控自己的移民政策，限制欧盟成员国公民的自由流动。
主权与身份认同英国是一个拥有悠久历史与独特文化的国家，有较强的民族自豪感。
一些英国人认为，留在欧盟将削弱英国的主权和独立地位，对英国的民族身份认同造成冲击。
因此，他们决定退出欧盟以维护自己的国家形象和独特性。
对欧盟的不满与误解欧盟治理结构问题一些支持脱欧的英国人对欧盟的治理结构不满。
他们认为欧盟决策过于集中化，缺乏民主的参与和控制。
他们担心英国在欧盟内部无法真正发挥影响力，被迫遵守欧洲法规与决策，削弱了英国的自主权。
英国与欧洲国家的文化差异英国与欧洲大陆国家有着不同的文化和历史背景。
一些英国人认为，英国的法律制度、教育体系和传统价值观与欧洲国家存在很大差异。
他们担心留在欧盟内会导致英国文化和价值观的被冲淡或忽视。
结论英国退出欧盟的决策是一个复杂的过程，受到多个因素的影响。
euro造句
euro造句1、Accordingly, some observers say there are signs the euro selloff is only just getting started.因此有些观察人士认为，有迹象表明欧元的抛售只是刚刚开始。
2、The euro suffered from a birth defect.欧元生来就有缺陷。
3、It may, of course, simply be that the fetters of euro membership alarm investors more than red ink.可能简单来说欧元对于其成员的束缚，比起英国的财政赤字，更让投资者担忧。
4、The euro embodies these aims.欧元是这些目标的体现。
5、Experiment Study on CA498 Diesel Engine for Euro Ⅲ Emission LegislationCA498柴油机达欧Ⅲ排放的试验研究6、Wee accept American Express, Master card, Visa card and Euro card. What kind have you got?我们接受美国运通卡，大来卡，维萨卡和欧洲卡，您用哪一种。
7、UK and Euro Zone英国与欧元区——基于数据的分析8、Shares of Allied Irish Banks Plc dropped 13 percent to 28.8 euro cents.爱尔兰联合银行股价下跌13%，至28.8欧分。
9、A new prize invites economists to provide a blueprint to dismantle the euro zone.一种新的奖项邀请经济学家提出解散欧元区的蓝图。
10、The euro comes in at 35% over its PPP rate, a little higher than half a year ago.欧元高于其购买力平价率35%，稍高于其半年前的指标。
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Finally, there is no any experience for euro in the world. If EU one day fails, then it must bring about global economy crisis. Cautious and conservative British will not do that thing firstly.
Secondly, the British conservative economic policy is inconsistent with other European countries’, thus joining the Euro zone will affect the direction of economic development. In Britain, if Britain joining the euro zone to prove their monetary policy was a failure, so they want to defend the position of the pound (both the government and the people, are against joining the euro).
Moreover, Britain had ever joint the European exchange rate system(欧 洲汇率体系), which resulted in Pound losing the status in financial martain has great relationship with America in economy. After World War Two, it has been a strategy to keep close and special relationship with America due to the economic damage caused by the war, which helps Britain keep its origin status.
Thirdly, British central bank belongs to the private bank (for historical reasons). They control the power to issue Pounds and do not allow others to carve up their interests, so they will also put pressure on the British government.
Why does UK not join the Euro zone?
First of all, UK’s unemployment rate and inflation rate are lower reversely, while the economy of other countries in Eurozone continue to slow down. This situation may lead to the UK’s economy recession.
The Eurozone, officially called the euro area, is an Economic and Monetary Union(EMU) of 17 European Union(EU) member states that have adopted the euro(€) as their common currency and sole legal tender(唯一法定货币). The Eurozone currently consists of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain.