8A Unit8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit(共29张PPT)
8A-Unit8-Welcome-to-the-unit
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Who will mop up the water if I go home without you?
2. 翻译： 把水拖干净 mop the water up =_________________ mop it / them up 把它/它们拖干净 _______________ 中间 (代词放在______) mopping mop—(现在分词)_________ —(过去式)__________ mopped
Consolidation:选择恰当的短语填空
crashed into; fell from; washed away; mop up; thousands of; started big fire
1.Yesterday a young man _________the 2nd floor, fell from but wasn’t badly hurt. 2.The big flood in 1998____________ washed away a lot of trees and houses. into a tree in the car accident 3.A coach crashed ___________ last night. 4.Two pupils played with fire in the classroom last Friday and __________________. started big fire 5.The earthquake in Tangshan killed thousands of people. ______________
Translate the following sentences. 1. 下周天气将会变得更糟。 will become worse next The weather ________________ week. 2. 数千人在一次地震中丧生了。 ____________ lost their lives in Thousands of people ____________ the earthquake. 3. 一场洪水冲走了他们的房子。 A flood ________________________. washed their houses away
初中英语译林版备课资料8AUnit 8 Natural disasters讲解分析+教案设计+习题设计+单元检测
Unit 8 Natural disasters单元概述单元教材分析：本单元围绕Natural disasters这个话题展开，让学生谈论了解各种自然灾难以及在各种自然灾难中如何自救，并注意从学生自己生活的实际环境出发,拓展了一些自然现象和自然灾害。
“Comic strip”部分通过Eddie和Hobo的对话情境，激发学生对本单元的学习兴趣，引出天气状况，同时初步导入本单元的重要语法——过去进行时。
“Welcome to the unit”部分通过对比自然灾难与人为事故来了解并掌握几种常见的自然灾难的名称，掌握句式：…if…和Was anyone hurt?等；“Reading”部分通过学习了解台湾地震幸存者Timmy的故事，了解台湾地震的基本情况，培养学生根据关键词和语境猜测大意的能力，学习并掌握大量的词汇、词组和句式，理解使用过去进行时的语境，同时培养学生根据已有的阅读材料抓住故事细节和故事情节发展的能力，引导学生运用正确的阅读技巧，全面提高阅读能力，教育学生在自然灾难中的自我保护。
“Grammar”部分介绍了过去进行时的构成和用法，学会“while”“when”和“as”在过去进行时中的具体运用；“Integrated skills”部分让学生通过听录音，从录音材料中提取信息，补全灾难预防提示表，并以“What should we do first?”让学生学会处理一些日常生活中的突发事故，训练学生的听、说、读、写技能；“Study skills”是英语构词教学中的一种,通过把两个独立的英语单词结合到一起构成另外一个单词，也就是“合成法”。
学生通过学会通过两个单词的意思，猜测出它们构成的新词的意思；“Task”部分通过回顾单元基础知识，学习在写作中陈述事实性信息，让学生根据一些要点完成Sandy 的范文，并根据范文设计出一种自然灾难文章的要点提纲，尝试写出相关文章。
训练学生的写作能力，综合运用英语的能力。
牛津英语8A Unit8 natural disasters 单元知识解析
牛津英语Unit8 natural disasters单元知识解析Welcome to the unit and comic strip❶ Didn't you hear the rain?难道你没听到雨声吗?(教材第92页)否定疑问句表示一.种惊讶或不快。
否定疑问句意为“难道.......吗?”Aren't you afraid of your father?难道你不怕你爸爸吗?Don't you know you should tidy up your bedroom?难道你不知道你应该把卧室收拾好吗?[拓展]①否定疑问句的用法归纳:a.表示说话人预期或希望得到肯定答复。
Don't you like the lovely snowman?你不喜欢这个可爱的雪人吗?b.表示赞叹或感慨，意为“真..... ,译成汉语时，句末用感叹号。
Isn't it a lovely day?今天天气真好!c.表示批评、厌烦、责难等。
Can't you speak a little louder?你不能大点儿声说话吗?d.表示较客气地提出请求、邀请等。
Don't you think we should keep it secret?你不认为我们应该保密吗?②否定疑问句的回答形式同肯定疑问句，且一定要根据事实回答，事实是肯定的就用yes,反之就用no。
-Don't you like English?难道你不喜欢英语吗?一Yes,I do. I like it very much.不，我非常喜欢。
一Can't you swim?难道你不会游泳?-No, I can't. I will learn to swim this year.对，我不会。
我今年要学游泳。
❷Who will mop up the water if I go home without you?如果你不跟我回家谁来把水拖干净呢? (教材第92页)(1) mop (mopped, mopped, mopping)此处用作及物动词，意为“用拖把擦干净”。
【精选】八年级英语上册 Unit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit课件 牛津版
3. A car accident kills three men. 4. A coach crashes into a tree.
√5. A flood washes away a village.
6. A lightning starts a big fire in a classroom building. 7. A young boy falls from a tree and hurts his legs.
Earthquake kills thousands of people
3. A car accident kills three men.
Car accident kills three men
4. A coach crashes into a tree.
Coach crashes into tree
1. Simple present tense 2. Capital letter for the first word 3. No a/an/the/be 4. No full stop (.)
18
Listen and answer
19
Useful expressions
S1: Did you hear about …? S2: No. What happened? S1: There was … S2: Oh, really? S1: Yes, …
√8. A big storm kills 20 people.
15
Read and rewrite
1. Our school football team loses the final match.
新牛津译林版(8A)英语初二上册Unit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit公开课课件
Task Three: Make a conversation
A: What kind of natural disaster is it? typhoon B: It’s _________. A: Which season does it usually happen in? summer B: In _________. A: Is it terrible? B: Yes, of course. It can cause______________. typhoon Many houses will / _______________in the ____.
It’s raining. My house is all wet.Can I come in, Eddie?
I was sleeping when
it started to rain.
Sure, come in.
Did you hear the rain?
Why?
The floor is all wet. Who’s Not until half an hour later. going to mop all the water You must come home with me up if you don’t come with me? now.
Task Six: Listen and judge Disaster or Accident.
A D A A D D
A D
8.A big storm killed 20 people.
…
Because there is too much carbon dioxide flowing into the air. Because our earth is becoming warmer and warmer. Why are there so many natural disasters?
Unit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit 同步课件1 (牛津版八年级上)
Talk about Eddie and hobo.
Listen to the dialogue and answer the questions: 1. What’s the weather like? It’s raining. 2. What happened to Hobo? He got wet.
game.
2. The earthquake in Taiwan killed
thousands of people.
√
3. A car accident killed three men.
4. A coach crashed into a tree last night. 5. A flood washed the village away. √ 6. Lightning started a big fire in a √ house. 7. A young boy fell from a tree and hurt his legs. 8. A big storm killed 20 people. √
in the world.
4. I am afraid I can’t go home
ithout you, or I’ll be w______
frightened. ong 5. You can’t sleep for too l_____, it’s a waste of time.
难句解析
Language points
1. crash vi.
(发出猛烈声音的) 碰撞，倒下， 坠毁 车子猛撞在树上。
The car crashed into a tree.
墙轰地倒了下来。 The wall crashed to the ground. 那飞机坠毁了。
8AUnit8NaturaldisastersPeriod1Welcometotheunit
8A Unit Eight Natural disastersPeriod 1 Comic strip and Welcome to the unitTeaching Content : Comic strip and Welcome to the unitLearning Objectives:1. To learn some words about natural disasters.2. To identify the words and phrases to describe the natural disasters.Important &difficult points:Words: up earthquake coach flood village lightning storm thunder Phrases: lose final thousands of wash away catch fireTeaching procedures:Activity one Welcome to the unitStep 1 Free talk1.What’s the weather like today?2.Look at the picture .What’s the weather like now?3. Do you know bad weather sometimes causes natural disasters?4. What kind of natural disasters do you know?Step 2 Discuss in groups : What’s the difference between natural disasters and accidents ? Natural disasters are caused by natural forces (自然力量) while accidents are caused by people. Step 3 Finish Part A on Page 93.Step 4 Listen to Part B on Page 93 and answer some questions1.What are they talking about, a natural disaster or an accident?2.What caused the fire in Vivien’s school?Activity Two comic stripsStep 1 Listen to the tape and answer the following questions.1. Why did Hobo come to Eddie’s house?2. What was Hobo doing when it started to rain?3. Why did Hobo ask Eddie to go home with him?Step 2 Read the dialogue and act it out.Step 3 Fill in the BlanksHobo was when it started to rain. He ________hear the rain _______half anhour .His house was all .He came to Eddie’s house and asked Eddie tothe floor for him.Activity Three Language points1. natural adj. 自然的自然界的。
牛津译林版8A Unit8 Natural disasters welcome to the unit课件(共34张PPT)
Task3: Work in pairs
1 point
Act out the dialogue
Show Time
2 points
现在 某一时刻_____ 正在 进行的动作 1. 现在进行时：表示_____ is am are 基本结构： ____/____/____+doing 过去 某一时刻_____ 正在 进行的动作 过去进行时：表示_____ was were were 基本结构：____/____+doing (单数was ____/复数____)
He was sleeping when it started to rain.
2.Did Hobo hear the rain?
3.What did Hobo want Eddie to do?
No, he didn’t.
He wanted Eddie to mop up the water.
It’s raining. My house is all wet. Can I come in, Eddie? Sure, come in. I was sleeping when it started to rain.
练习：My mother ___________ was cooking in the kitchen when I arrived home yesterday. Amy and Tom __________ were doing their homework at nine last night.
学会区分自然灾害和人为事故。
3.Learn to cherish life and love the nature.
珍视生命，热爱自然。
江苏新教材牛津英语八年级上册 Unit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit
学习目标
2.技能目标： 了解几种常见的自然灾害的英文 名称。 学会简单谈论常见的自然灾害及 其导致的后果。 3.情感目标：了解自然灾害给人 类带来的灾难之后，明白我们 应该保护自然环境，珍惜自然。
Free talk
What date is it today?
It is December 24, Christmas Eve.
The girl was doing homework __________________ （做家庭作业）in her bedroom when the thunder and lightning came.
A man and a woman were walking _____________ (步行） in the water.
7. Young boy falls from tree and hurts legs. Accidents
8. Big storm kills 20 people.
Disasters
Finish Part A on Page 93.
Sandy and Millie are chatting online about natural disasters and accidents. Listen and find out : What are they talking about, a natural disaster or an accident?
Disasቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱers
3. Car accident kills three men Accidents
4. Coach crashed into tree.
Accidents
5. Flood washes away village.
八年级英语上册 Unit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to
3. A car accident kills three men. 4. A coach crashes into a tree.
√5. A flood washes away a village.
6. A lightning starts a big fire in a classroom building. 7. A young boy falls from a tree and hurts his legs.
•Keep clam •Be brave •Help ourselves •Help each other
Homework
1. Learn the new words and phrases by heart. 2. Read and recite Part B. 3. Make similar dialogues using Part B as a
√8. A big storm kills 20 people.
15
Read and rewrite
1. Our school football team loses the final match.
School football team loses final
2. An earthquake kills thousands of people.
8
Watch and learn
9
rain
storm
with
th[uʌn] der
and
[aɪ]
lightning
[ʌ]
flood
disaster
10
牛津译林版八年级英语上册《nit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit》优质课课件_0
Sandy and Millie are chatting online.Please listen to their conversation and answer .
1. What happened to Vivien’s school last weeTkh?ere was a heavy storm with thunder
Sample conversation: S1:Did you hear about ...? S2:No,what happened? S1:... S2:Oh,really? S1:Yes,it was terribe .... S2:Was anyone hurt? S1:Yes/No,...
He was sleeping. 3.What did Hobo see when he woke up? He needs Eddie to mop up the water. 4.Why doesn't he want to go home aHloensea?w water everywhere.
They are all accidents. They are caused by people.
Natural disasters and accidents
Sandy is reading some newspaper headlines. Which are about natural disasters? P93
Hobo has some trouble.What happened to him? Let's have a look.
1.What's the weather like ? It's raining.
牛津译林版八年级英语上册《nit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit》优质课课件_22
Disasters (灾难)
snowstorm (暴风雪)
sandstorm (沙尘暴)
accident (事故)
a disaster
a natural disaster an accident
is caused by
（由...引起）
a. people b. natural forces (自然力)
用拖把擦干净
Yes / No?
1. Run wildly in the street during an earthquake. 2. Hide under a strong table during an earthquake.
Yes / No?
3. Drive fast during a storm. 4. Close all the doors during a typhoon (台风). 5. Find a higher place around the house and wait for help during a flood.
Work in groups of two:
Choose two natural disasters to introduce and tell them how to
protect themselves.
earthquake flood lightning storm kill thousands of people wash away catch fire hide under a strong table
earthquake
kill thousands of people
flood
wash away villages
lightning
牛津译林版八年级英语上册《nit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit》优质课课件_7
He _w_a_s _s_le_e_p_in_g_when it began to rain. And he didn’t hear the rain _u_nt_i_l h_a_l_f_a_n_h_o_u_r_la_t_e_r.
Fun with English
8A Unit8 Natural disasters Welcome to the unit
教学目标
1、知识目标：通过漫画引出自然灾害的话题。 初步接触过去进行时。 了解几种常见自然灾害的英文名称。
2、技能目标：学会区别事故和自然灾害。 学会表达坏天气和自然灾害之间的关系。
landslide
tsunami
1
2
3
efsaodaftrnroltoeodrhosunsqtdgtauohdfartiokrme
4
5
6
forest fire earthquake flood
0
10
20
30
sandstorm tornado drought
1
2
3
What will happen if there is a/an …?
if you don’t come with me?
Why did Hobo want Eddie to go home with him?
Because Hobo wanted Eddie to help him mop all the water up.
Complete the passage
4
8A Unit8 natural disasters单元重点解析
8A unit8 单元重点解析Welcome to the unit and Comic strip知识详析.积累拓展1.Simon football team loses final.学校足球队输了比赛。
考点：lose意为“输掉”，与win互为反义词。
lost 是lose的过去式和过去分词,lose the final 意为“输了决赛”。
1lose the game 意为“输掉比赛”,win the game意为“赢得比赛”。
lose to sb /some team意为“输给某人或某队”。
如: Our class won the football match but lost the basketball match.我们班赢得了足球赛但输掉了篮球赛。
England lost to Australia. 英国队输给了澳大利亚队。
拓展:lose还可意为“失去;丢失”。
如: I lost my umbrella somewhere.我把雨伞不知丢在哪里了。
[中考典例]---The TV programme Voice of Youth is really great.---I think so. It_______the hearts of lots of fans since it started.A. lose and touchB. won and touchedC. has won and touchedD. has lost and hit答案:C解析本题考查动词辨析。
因为后面的since意为“自从”，是现在完成时态的标志词,所以这里选C和D;又因为下句要表达的句意是“我认为是这样的。
自从它开始以来就赢得了很多粉丝的心。
”所以这里选C。
难句解读1.Didn't you hear the rain?难道你没听到雨声吗?这种句型是一种否定形式的一般疑问句，相当于汉语中的反问句。
它是由助动词、情态动词、be动词的否肯定式(多用缩略式)加上主谓结构构成的。
牛津译林版8上Unit 8 Natural disasters Welcome to the uni
牛津译林版8上Unit 8 Natural disastersWelcome to the unit 提优训练Ⅰ．根据汉语提示和句意补全单词l. There are many natural (灾难)in the world every year.2. The (地震) in Lushan killed many people.3. It is dangerous to travel by ship this week. There will be a (风暴)on the sea.4. Our geography teacher asked, "Which comes first,( 闪电) or thunder?"5. There are lots of people in this (村庄).1. So much water fell down fram the mmmtain andmany houses.2. Don't worry. The monkey won't It is good at climbing trees.3. The firemen are trying their best to find out who in the forest.4. The members of the football team said nothing after they yesterday.5. people will lose their jobs if the factory closes.Ⅲ．根据汉语意思补全句子1．特大洪水冲垮了许多房屋和大树。
2．在这次地震中，成千上万人遇难。
3．昨天，一个年轻人从5楼摔下来，但是伤得不重。
4．台风来临时男孩正在步行回家。
5．雷电来临时女孩们正在卧室里做家庭作业。
The big flood_____________________many houses and big trees.The earthquake killed______________________people.Yesterday, a young man the fifth floor, but he didn't hurt badly.The boy ___________________________home when the typhoon came.The girls______________their homework in their bedroom when the thunder and lightning came. Ⅳ．单顷选择l. The winter comes, it is snow everywhere, and big trees are ______hite snow now.A. full with;covered withB. fill with; covered withC. full of;covered withD. fill to;covered with2. My mother was watching TV I came into her bedroom.A.beforeB. afterC. whenD. if3. We need to look after the children. We can't leave here tomorrow.A. ifB. untilC. sinceD. after4. The earthquake in Y ushu took away lives.A. hundreds ofB. five hundredsC. hundred ofD. five hundreds of5. Which of the following is not a natural disaster?A. Typhoon.B. Snowstorm.C. Flood.D. The traffic accident.V．句型转换1. The school caught fire because lightning hit it. (对画线部分提问)2. The accident happened at 9 a. rn. last Sunday. (对画线部分提问)3. I saw him. He was writing a letter. (用when连接两个句子)4. We had a snowy day yesterday. (改为感叹句)________________________________we had yesterday!5. I had to stay at home because it was raining heavily. (改为同义句)I had to stay at home_________ _________the heavy rain.Ⅵ．阅读下面的对话，根据所给的首字母提示．用合适的单词填空Andy: You look tired this morning. Did you have a good sleep d 1 the night?Wendy. No,I didn't. I felt a bit afraid because I was at home a 2 . My father and mother have gone to Shanghai on business. And what's worse, it was r 3 all the night. I didn't like the rain. Andy: But I didn't h 4 any rain. I know it rained last night because I found the balcony was w 5 this morning. I had to m 6 it up.Wendy: Maybe you were s 7 well. I couldn't sleep the whole night. I didn't get to sleep u 8 midnight. And I w 9 up manyAndy: You could't sleep well because of the rain?Wendy: That's true. I was frightened by the sound of t 10 . It was frightening.Andy: Poor girl. Hope you will sleep like a baby tonight.Ⅶ．任务型阅读Like many other primary school pupils, nine-year-old Minnal went abroad( 国外) with her parents during the recent ( 最近的) school holidays. She climbed amountain.For eight days in March, Minnal hiked nearly 100 kilometres to reach the 5364-metre-high Everest(珠穆朗玛峰) base camp in Nepal. The girl talked about her pecial trip, "I think this was a meaningful (有意义的)climb for me. "Minnal has to wait for some years to limb the Everest because climbers have to be at least ixteen years to climb the peak.How did it all start? It all began last year when innal's mother decided she might want to climb the amous Himalayas. As a good hiker, she asked both ather and daughter if they were up for the challenge(挑战). his year,on 20 March.the family flew to Nepal.Minnal told that most of the eight days were spent iking ten to fifteen kilometres from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. ach day. With the help of three local( 当地的) guides, hey didn't lose their way. Luckily, nobody fell iii. She lso said that she is thinking of climbing Everest in the future.How brave the girl is! She is really a hero.读短文回答下面的问题。
译林牛津版 8A Unit 8 Natural disasters welcome to the unit 公开课教学课件共25张PPT
Showing Time
1. Act out the conversation.
2. Will Eddie help Hobo to mop the floor? Why? Yes, because… No, because…
One day, Hobo went to Eddie’s home, because his own home was all__w__et____. He was _s_l_ee_p_i_n_g__ when it started to
Challenge your memories
CHECK YOUR PREVIEW
1 point
1.湿透了 2.开始下雨
be all wet start to rain
3.把水拖干净
mop up the water
4.自然灾害
自然把灾水n害拖湿a干t透u净了ral disasters
5.输了决赛 6.冲走村庄 冲走村庄 7.引发大火 交通事故
happens? B:I will stay at home/...
1
2
3
4
A: Look! (Listen!) What is happening?
B: There’s a/an/..._____________________.
A: What do you thinking of it?
B: It is _______. (terrible / frightening / dangerous / exciting/ ……)
__ra_i_n___. When he __w_o__k_e_u_p_, there was water _e_v_e_r_y_w.hHeereasked Eddie to __g_o___home with him because he wanted Eddie to __m__o_p____ all the water
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cause
snowstorm暴雪
bad traffic
cause
thunder and lightning雷电
a big fire
cause
flood
typhoon台风
accident事故
Some other natural disasters
drought
干旱
The earth is short of water. 缺水 It is very dry.
Read in roles
Didn’t you hear the rain? Who will mop up the water if I go home without you? Why?
No. When I woke up, there was water everywhere! Come with me , Eddie.
• Listen then answer questions.
1.What happened to Vivien’s school?
Lightening caught a fire.
2. Was anyone hurt?
Nobody was hurt.
Talk about natural disasters in pairs.
Read the dialogue and answer .
1. What was Hobo doing when it started to rain? He was sleeping when it started to rain .
2. Why does Hobo come to Eddie’s house ?
rainstorm
snowstorm
Sometimes bad weather cause natural disasters .
cause
rainstorm暴雨
flood
natural disaster
['nætʃərəl]
自然灾害
[di'za:stə(r)]
flood
[flʌd]
A flood washed everything away.
earthquake地震
Natural disasters are caused by natural forces.
accident
事故
A car crashed into a tree.
撞上
Accidents are caused by people.
Finish Part A on Page 93.
八年级 英语 上
Unit8 Natural disasters
Comic strip & Welcome to the unit
Learning aims:
1.Learn about some natural disasters.
了解常见自然灾害。
2.Learn to tell the difference between a natural disaster and an accident.
mop up the water mop the water up 2. 翻译： 把水拖干净______________=_____________ mop it/them up 把它/它们拖干净 ____________________ them 放在 it 中间 (代词____/______ ______) mop—(现在分词mopping )_________—(过去式mopped )__________
3.洪水冲走了许多房屋和大树。
Life is beautiful because of the strong will. 生命因坚强而美丽 Life is wonderful because of the true love. 生活因关爱而精彩.
Thank you !
Challenge your memories CHECK YOUR PREVIEW
be all wet 1.湿透了 start to rain 2.开始下雨 mop up the water 3.把水拖干净 natural disasters 4.自然灾害 湿透了 把水拖干净 自然灾害 5.输了决赛 lose final 撞到树上 开始下雨 6.冲走村庄 冲走村庄 wash away village 雷电 7.引发大火 交通事故 start big fire 8.交通事故 car accident 9.撞到树上 crash into tree 10.雷电 thunder and lightning
He wants to ask Eddie to mop all the water up . mop all the water up 把所有水拖干净
It’s raining. My house is all wet. Can I come in, Eddie? Sure, come in. I was sleeping when it started to rain.
rainstorm [ 'reinstɔ:m]
snowstorm
sandstorm
typhoon
[tai'fu:n]
thunder and lightning ['θʌndə]
Practise
Write the correct names of bad weather
typhoon
Thunder and lightning
2 points
现在 某一时刻 正在 1. 现在进行时：表示_____ _____进行的动作 is am are 基本结构： ____/____/____+doing 过去 某一时刻 正在 过去进行时：表示_____ _____进行的动作 was were was were 基本结构：____/____+doing (单数 ____/复数 ____) 练习：My mother ___________ was cooking in the kitchen when I arrived home yesterday. Amy and Tom __________ were doing their homework at nine last night.
学会区分自然灾害和人为事故。
3.Learn to cherish life and love the nature.
珍视生命，热爱自然。
snowy
windy
rainy
Listen and answer :
• 1 What’s the weather like ? It’s raining. =It’s rainy. • 2 What’s wrong with Hobo’s house ? His house is wet.
1 pointຫໍສະໝຸດ Post-task：Finish the exercises
根据句意完成句子
2 points
1.He is giving a report on natural _______ (nature) disasters. is mopping (mop) up the 2.Look at Eddie! He ___________ floor. heavily 3.It rained __________ (heavy) last night. ccident 4.The traffic a________ killed two people. 翻译句子 1.地震来时男孩正在步行回家。 1.When the earthquake came, the boy was walking home. 2.暴风雪来时人们正在家里吃晚饭。 2.People were having dinner when the snowstorm came. 3. The flood washed away many houses and trees.
was sleeping------过去进行时 （表示过去某个时间正在发生的事情） 结构： was/were (not) + doing
One day, Hobo went to Eddie’s home, wet because his own home was all________. sleeping when it started to He was _________ rain woke up _______. When he _________ , there everywhere was water ______. He asked Eddie to go ______home with him because he mop wanted Eddie to _________ all the water up _________.