雅思阅读理解 reading 4
雅思4真题答案大全及解析
雅思4真题答案大全及解析雅思考试是全球范围内最受欢迎的英语水平测试之一。
无论是留学、移民还是就业，雅思成绩都是很多人必备的证明之一。
然而，由于考试的难度和复杂性，许多考生对于雅思的真题答案和解析都有很大的需求。
在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一份雅思4真题的答案大全及解析，希望能够帮助大家更好地备考雅思。
第一部分：听力（Listening）雅思听力部分是考试中的第一项内容，也是一项相对较难的任务。
在这一部分中，考生需要通过听录音来回答一系列的问题。
以下是一份雅思4听力部分的答案及解析。
Section 1:1. C Explanation: The speaker mentioned that the party would be held in the garden.2. B Explanation: The speaker stated that the swimming pool would be open on weekends only.3. A Explanation: The speaker mentioned the price of the membership.4. C Explanation: The speaker discussed the different activities available at the club.5. A Explanation: The speaker mentioned the importanceof booking in advance.Section 2:6. B Explanation: The speaker talked about the new art exhibition at the museum.7. A Explanation: The speaker mentioned the time and location of an upcoming lecture.8. C Explanation: The speaker stated that theexhibition would run for a month.9. A Explanation: The speaker discussed the discounts available for senior citizens.10. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned that guided tours are provided on Tuesdays.Section 3:11. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned the importance of the research topic.12. A Explanation: The speaker discussed thedifficulties they faced during the research.13. C Explanation: The speaker talked about the method they used for data collection.14. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned thesignificance of their findings.15. A Explanation: The speaker stated the implications of the research.Section 4:16. C Explanation: The speaker discussed the characteristics of different types of plants.17. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned the benefits of gardening for mental health.18. A Explanation: The speaker stated that gardening isa popular hobby in the country.19. C Explanation: The speaker discussed the importance of soil quality for plant growth.20. B Explanation: The speaker mentioned the upcoming gardening workshop.以上是雅思4听力部分的答案及解析。
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 4(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 4（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Doctoring salesPharmaceuticals is one of the most profitable industries in North America. But do the drugs industry’s sales and marketing strategies go too far?A A few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company, walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her company’s latest products. That day she was lucky - a doctor was available to see her. 'The last rep offered me a trip to Florida. What do you have?’ the physician asked. He was only half Joking.B What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical. But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer Is typical for today's drugs rep - a car trunk Full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drug's profile. And she also has a few $ 1,000 honoraria to offer in exchange for doctors' attendance at her company's next educational lecture.C Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical Judgment. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a prospect’s time with a free meal, and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs. They work In an industry highly criticized for Its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question-businesses won't use strategies that don’t work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of pharmaceutical marketing? Or is it the industry's responsibility to decide the boundaries?D The explosion in the sheer number of salespeople in the field-and the amount of funding used to promote their causes - forces close examination of the pressures, influences and relationships between drug reps and doctors. Salespeople provide much-needed Information and education to physicians. In many cases the glossy brochures, article reprints and prescriptions they deliver are primary sources of drug education for healthcare givers. With the huge investment the industry has placed in face-to-face selling, salespeople have essentially become specialists in one drug or group of drugs-a tremendous advantage in getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quick Information.E But the sales push rarely stops in the office. The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places, and an inundation of promotional gadgets. Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that isn’t emblazoned with a drug's name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company's logo. Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products like coffee mugs, shirts, umbrellas, and golf balls. Money well spent? It’s hard to tell. 'I've been the recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’t make me prescribe their medicine’, says one doctor, 'I tend to think I’m not influenced by whatthey give me.'F Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors and patients to become loyal to a product. Salespeople hand out hundreds of dollars’ worth of samples each week- $7.2 billion worth of them in one year. Though few comprehensive studies have been conducted, one by the University of Washington Investigated how drug sample availability affected what physicians prescribe. A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing patterns - the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice.G The bottom line is that pharmaceutical companies as a whole invest more in marketing than they do in research and development. And patients are the ones who pay-in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices - for every pen that's handed out, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner eaten. In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit and will continue to find new ways to Increase sales. But as the medical world continues to grapple with what's acceptable and what’s not, it is clear that companies must continue to be heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies.Question 1-7Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1 - 7 on your answer sheet.1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph E6 Paragraph F7 Paragraph GQuestion 8-13Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage8. Sales representatives like Kim Schaefer work to a very limited budget.9. Kim Schaefer's marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.10. The information provided by drug companies is of little use to doctors.11. Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment.12. The drug companies may give free drug samples to patients without doctors’ prescriptions.13. It is legitimate for drug companies to make money.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Do literate women make better mothers?Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their mothers can read and write. Experts in public health accepted this idea decades ago, but until now no one has been able to show that a woman's ability to read in itself improves her children's chances of survival.Most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family's wealth or that it values its children more highly. Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children's health and survival. In 1979, the government of Nicaragua established a number of social programmes, including A National Literacy Crusade. By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the Country, many of whom had never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers.During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican Institute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women: some of whom had learn to read as children, some during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all. The women were asked how many children they had given birth to and how many of them had died ininfancy. The research teams also examined the surviving children to find out how well-nourished they were.The investigators' findings were striking. In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births. At this point in their lives, those mothers who later went on to learn to read had a similar level of child mortality (105/1000). For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand.In 1985, after the National Literacy Crusade had ended, the infant mortality figures for those who remained illiterate and for those educated in primary school remained more or less unchanged. For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate. The children of the newly-literate mothers were also better nourished than those of women who could not read.Why are the children of literate mothers better off? According to Peter Sandiford of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, no one knows for certain. Child health was not on the curriculum during the women's lessons, so he and his colleagues are looking at other factors. They are working with the same group of 3,000 women, to try to find out whether reading mothers make better use of hospitals and clinics, opt for smaller families, exert more control at home, learn modern childcare techniques more quickly, or whether they merely have more respect for themselves and their children.The Nicaraguan study may have important implications for governments and aid agencies that need to know where to direct their resources. Sandiford says that there is increasing evidence that female education, at any age, is 'an important health intervention in its own right'. The results of the study lend support to the World Bank's recommendation that education budgets in developing countries should be increased, not just to help their economies, but also to improve child health. 'We've known for a long time that maternal education is important,' says John Cleland of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine，'But we thought that even if we started educating girls today, we'd have to wait a generation for the pay-off. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that.'Cleland warns that the Nicaraguan crusade was special in many ways, and similar campaigns elsewhere might not work as well. It is notoriously difficult to teach adults skills that do not have an immediate impact on their everyday lives, and many literacy campaigns in other countries have been much less successful. 'The crusade was part of a larger effort to bring a better life to the people,' says Cleland. Replicating these conditions in other countries will be a major challenge for development workers.Question 14-18Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheetNB You may use any letter more than onceThe Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to teach large numbers of illiterate14 …………to read and write. Public health experts have known for many years that there is a connection between child health and 15 ………… . However, it has not previously been known whether these two factors were directly linked or not. This question has been investigated by 16 ………… in Nicaragua. As a result, factors such as 17 ………… and attitude to children have been eliminated, and it has been shown that 18 ………… can in itself improve infant health and survival.Question 19-24Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage19. About a thousand of the women interviewed by the researchers had learnt to read when they were children.20. Before the National Literacy Crusade, illiterate women had approximately the same levels of infant mortality as those who had learnt to read in primary school.21. Before and after the National Literacy Crusade, the child mortality rate for the illiterate women stayed at about 110 deaths for each thousand live births.22. The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change in infant mortality levels.23. The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade had the lowest rates of child mortality.24. After the National Literacy Crusade, the children of the women who remained illiterate were found to be severely malnourished.Question 25-26Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.Which TWO important implications drawn from the Nicaraguan study are mentioned by the writer of the passage?A. It is better to educate mature women than young girls.B. Similar campaigns in other countries would be equally successful.C. The effects of maternal literacy programmes can be seen very quickly.D. Improving child health can quickly affect a country's economy.E. Money spent on female education will improve child health.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face. How can it be prevented? Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education. Here hereports on his findings.A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal - being taunted or called hurtful names -to the physical - being kicked or shoved - as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant.B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. There is no bullying at this school has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately more schools are now saying: There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.D Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain. For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year. In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993. Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. This comes from carefully conducted before and after evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.E Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed. The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of time - not just imposed from the head teachersoffice! Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented effectively.Other actions can be taken to back up the policy. There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. These are useful for raising awareness, and can best be tied in to early phases of development, while the school is starting to discuss the issue of bullying. They are also useful in renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of experience. But curriculum work alone may only have short-term effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a substitute.There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approaches to group bullying such as no blame, can be useful in changing the behaviour of bullying pupils without confronting them directly, although other sanctions may be needed for those who continue with persistent bullying.Work in the playground is important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up conflicts. Another possibility is to improve the playground environment, so that pupils are less likely to be led into bullying from boredom or frustration.F With these developments, schools can expect that at least the most serious kinds of bullying can largely be prevented. The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be. The reduction in bullying -and the consequent improvement in pupil happiness - is surely a worthwhile objective.Questions 27-30Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.28 Section B29 Section C30 Section DQuestions 31-34Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.31 A recent survey found that in British secondary schoolsA there was more bullying than had previously been the case.B there was less bullying than in primary schools.C cases of persistent bullying were very common.D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.32 Children who are bulliedA are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.B find it more difficult to relate to adults.C are less likely to be violent in later life.D may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.33 The writer thinks that the declaration There is no bullying at this schoolA is no longer true in many schools.B was not in fact made by many schools.C reflected the schools lack of concern.D reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.34 What were the findings of research carried out in Norway?A Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying campaign.B Twenty-one schools reduced bullying as a result of an anti-bullying campaign.C Two years is the optimum length for an anti-bullying campaign.D Bullying is a less serious problem in Norway than in the UK.Questions 35-39Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.What steps should schools take to reduce bullying?The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a 35........ which makes the schools attitude towards bullying quite clear. It should include detailed 36........as to how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.In addition, action can be taken through the 37........This is particularly useful in the early part of the process, as a way of raising awareness and encouraging discussion. On its own, however, it is insufficient to bring about a permanent solution.Effective work can also be done with individual pupils and small groups. For example, potential 38….....of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident. Or again, in dealing with group bullying, a no blame approach, which avoids confronting the offender too directly, is often effective.Playground supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognise the difference between bullying and mere 39......... .Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?A Bullying: what parents can doB Bullying: are the media to blame?C Bullying: the link with academic failureD Bullying: from crisis management to prevention参考答案1 v2 vi3 iii4 ix5 i6 vii7 x8 NO9 YES10 NO11 YES12 NOT GIVEN13 YES14 B15 F16 C17 J18 F19 NOT GIVEN20 NO21 YES22 YES23 NO24 NOT GIVEN25 & 26 (In Either Order): C E27 iv28 vi29 v30 vii31 B32 D33 D34 A35 policy36 (explicit) guidelines37 (school) curriculum38 victims39 playful fighting40 D。
阅读及答案4雅思阅读真题及答案
阅读及答案4 雅思阅读真题及答案人们对它的误解。
麻雀素有“家雀”之誉。
它适应力强，能飞善跳，喜爱群居，乐于与人类为伴。
①麻雀的巢如同半个皮球那么大，通常筑在房顶，瓦头檐槽之间的空隙里，也有的筑在灌木或草丛旁，栖息在乡村和公园里的麻雀，很少飞离老家三里之外。
人们常用“自投罗网”形容麻雀的愚蠢。
一位研究麻雀的科学家认为，麻雀在鸟类中是比较聪明的。
在一次实验中，只有3%的麻雀一次被捉，有的麻雀甚至在一旁等待敏捷的小山雀在罗网里把饵叼出来，然后“半路打劫”。
世界著名心理学家波尔特，通过对麻雀的测验，发现它的记忆能力竟能和猴子相比拟。
麻雀虽然在播种时或农作物成熟时糟蹋粮食，但在其他季节及城市里，则是消灭害虫杂草的能手。
特别是在幼雏期，麻雀更是大量捕捉害虫哺养幼雀。
这里有两个例子能说明麻雀的功过：18世纪时，普鲁士国王曾因麻雀啄食他所喜欢吃的桃子，悬赏在全国消灭麻雀。
由于麻雀被捕灭得所剩无几，结果毛虫泛滥成灾。
②19世纪时，美国波士顿的毛虫给庄稼造成了极大的危害。
人们为消灭毛虫，从欧洲引进麻雀专门对付毛虫，使庄稼得以摆脱虫患。
为此，人们在当地建起了一座“麻雀纪念碑”。
我国现在的问题不是麻雀多了，某些地方甚至听不到麻雀叽叽喳喳的声音，这应当引起我们的注意。
1．第二自然段概括了麻雀的特点是（）。
2．请你根据文中信息进行判断（对的画√，错的画ⅹ）（1）在一次实验中，有97%的麻雀不会二次被捉。
（）（2）麻雀其实是一种愚蠢的鸟。
（）（3）麻雀素有“家雀”之誉，它们很少飞离老家两三里之外。
（）3．科学家认为麻雀是“比较聪明的”，这种说法的根据是4．请写出画线部分运用了何种说明方法。
①②（二）人的一生中，总会出现困境。
每当陷入困境时，我就会不由自主地想起那次迷路。
那是暑假期间，我与好友李强到一处森林旅游，因贪恋景色，不知不觉走进了森林腹地。
迷路时，天色已晚。
我们在山脊上走，开始路还相当宽阔，后来越走越窄。
根据经验估计，我们左右都是无底的深渊。
雅思剑桥18阅读t4作文答案
雅思剑桥18阅读t4作文答案Answer: The IELTS Cambridge 18 Reading Test 4 essay is a thought-provoking piece that discusses the impact of climate change on the world’s oceans. The article highlights the various ways in which global warming has affected the ocean, including rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and changes in ocean currents. The essay also discusses the impact of these changes on marine life and the wider ecosystem. In this essay, I will examine the various perspectives on this issueand offer my thoughts on the matter. Firstly, it is essential to acknowledge that climate change is a global problem that affects us all. The oceans play a vitalrole in regulating the Earth’s climate, and therefore, any changes in theocean’s temperature, salinity, and circulation patterns can have far-reaching consequences. Rising sea levels, for example, can lead to flooding in coastal regions, while ocean acidification can harm marine life and the wider ecosystem.It is, therefore, vital that we take proactive measures to mitigate the impact of climate change on the oceans. Secondly, it is important to recognize that the impact of climate change on the oceans is not uniform. Some regions are more vulnerable than others, depending on factors such as geography, ocean currents,and local weather patterns. For example, the Arctic region is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, as rising temperatures have led tothe melting of sea ice, which in turn has affected the region’s ecosystem and the livelihoods of local communities. It is, therefore, important that we take aregion-specific approach to mitigating the impact of climate change on the oceans. Thirdly, it is crucial to acknowledge that the impact of climate change on the oceans is not just an environmental issue but also a social and economic one. For example, many communities around the world rely on the ocean for their livelihoods, whether through fishing, tourism, or other industries. The impact of climate change on the oceans, therefore, has far-reaching consequences for these communities, including loss of income, displacement, and social disruption. It is, therefore, important that we take a holistic approach to addressing the impact of climate change on the oceans, taking into account the social and economic dimensions of the problem. Fourthly, it is essential to recognize that addressing the impact of climate change on the oceans requires collective action at theglobal level. No single country or region can solve this problem on its own, and therefore, it is crucial that we work together to find solutions. This requires a coordinated effort between governments, international organizations, civil society, and the private sector. It also requires a long-term perspective, as the impact of climate change on the oceans is likely to be felt for many decades to come. In conclusion, the impact of climate change on the oceans is a complex and multifaceted problem that requires a holistic and region-specific approach. It isa problem that affects us all, and therefore, it is essential that we take collective action to address it. This requires a long-term perspective, a coordinated effort between different stakeholders, and a recognition of the social and economic dimensions of the problem. Ultimately, the survival of the world’s oceans and the wider ecosystem depends on our ability to work together to mitigate the impact of climate change.。
IELTS Reading剑4-8总结
(1) 作业答疑，回顾复习Air Traffic Control in the USAPopulation Movements and Genetics Climate Change and the InuitGreying Population Stays in the Pink Climate Change and the Inuit Visual Symbols and the Blind(4) 策略总结(1) 作业答疑，回顾复习 A Choronicle of TimekeepingSheet Glass Manufacture: the Float Process Collecting Ant SpecimensBakelite - The Birth of Modern Plastics Collecting Ant SpecimensWhy Pagodas Don’t Fall Down(4) 策略总结(1) 作业答疑，回顾复习Australia’s Sporting Success (Cinematography)Obtaining Linguistic DataPlay Is a Serious Business Numeration(4) 策略总结(1) 作业答疑，回顾复习Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth Do literate women make better mothers?The Nature of Genius(School bullying) Education Psyche(4) 策略总结(1) 作业答疑，回顾复习How Much Higher? How Much Faster?Let’s Go Bats(3) Matching 真题解析32(2) List of Headings 真题解析(3) Summary 真题解析人类与社会文娱与体育(2) Matching 真题解析4(2) Table and Diagram 真题解析技术与工艺5(2) SentenceCompletion真题解析(2) Multi-Choice 真题解析教育与发展C8 T1 P2Making Every Drop Count C7 T1 P2 C7 T3 P2The Meaning and Power of Smell C8 T2 P3 C6 T1 P3How Does Biological Clock Tick?C8 T3 P3 C6 T2 P2Ant Intelligence C7 T3 P1 C6 T1 P3Pulling Strings to Build Pyramids C7 T4 P1 C4 T1 P3The Birth of Scientific English C5 T2 P3C8 T1 P1Alternative Medicine in Australia C4 T2 P2 C8 T2 P1The Search for the Anti-aging Pill C6 T3 P3 C8 T4 P3Early Childhood Education C5 T3 P1 C5 T2 P1Population Movements and Genetics C7 T3 P2 C8 T4 P3What do whales feel?C4 T1 P2 C7 T2 P1Obtaining Linguistic Data C4 T3 P3C6 T1 P1Lost of Words C4 T2 P1 C6 T3 P1Nature or Nurture?C5 T1 P2 C4 T3 P3Endless Harvest C7 T4 P2 C4 T2 P3The Search for the Anti-aging Pill C6 T3 P3 C6 T2 P3Effects of Noise C7 T4 P3C4 T3 P1Johnson’s Dictionary C5 T1 P1 C6 T4 P2Land of the Rising Sum C8 T4 P1 C8 T3 P2The Nature and Aims of Archaeology C4 T4 P2 C6 T4 P3Biological Control of Pests C8 T4 P2 C7 T1 P3Visual Symbols and the Blind C4 T1 P3C4 T4 P1Australia’s Sporting Success C6 T1 P1 C7 T1 P1Striking Back at Lightning with Lase C8 T3 P1。
剑桥雅思真题15-阅读Test 4(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题15-阅读Test 4（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The return of the huarangoThe arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the return of a native plantThe south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-long strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. It hardly ever rains there, and the only year-round source of water is located tens of metres below the surface. This is why the huarango tree is so suited to life there: it has the longest roots of any tree in the world. They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a water source for other plant life.Dr David Beresford-Jones, archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been studying the role of the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower lea Valley in southern Peru. He believes the huarango was key to the ancient people's diet and, because it could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed. But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion, as there is nothing to keep the soil in place. So when the huarangos go, the land turns into a desert. Nothing grows at all in the Lower lea Valley now.For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people of the neighbouring Middle lea Valley too. They grew vegetables under it and ate products made from its seed pods. Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to build houses. But now it is disappearing rapidly. The majority of the huarango forests in the valley have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture - initially, these were smallholdings, but now they're huge farms producing crops for the international market.'Of the forests that were here 1,000 years ago, 99 per cent have already gone,' says botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens in London, who, together with ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is running a pioneering project to protect and restore the rapidly disappearing habitat. In order to succeed, Whaley needs to get the local people on board, and that has meant overcoming local prejudices. 'Increasingly aspirational communities think that if you plant food trees in your home or street, it shows you are poor, and still need to grow your own food,' he says. In order to stop the Middle lea Valley going the same way as the Lower lea Valley, Whaley is encouraging locals to love the huarangos again. 'It's a process of cultural resuscitation,' he says. He has already set up a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren plant thousands of trees.'In order to get people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree that is useful to them,' says Whaley. So, he has been working with local families to attempt to create a sustainable income from the huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs. 'Boil up the beans and you get this thick brown syrup like molasses. You can also use it in drinks, soups or stews. ' The pods can be ground into flour to make cakes, and the seeds roasted into a sweet, chocolatey 'coffee'. 'It's packed full of vitamins and minerals, ' Whaley says.And some farmers are already planting huarangos. Alberto Benevides, owner of lea Valley's onlycertified organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been planting the tree for 13 years. He produces syrup and flour, and sells these products at an organic farmers' market in Lima. His farm is relatively small and doesn't yet provide him with enough to live on, but he hopes this will change. 'The organic market is growing rapidly in Peru, ' Benevides says. 'I am investing in the future.But even if Whaley can convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is still the threat of the larger farms. Some of these cut across the forests and break up the corridors that allow the essential movement of mammals, birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest strip. In the hope of counteracting this, he's persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on their land. He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control insects.'If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works, then we're in a good position to move on from there. Desert habitats can reduce down to very little, ' Whaley explains. 'It's not like a rainforest that needs to have this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to corridors and islands here. If you just have a few trees left, the population can grow up quickly because it's used to exploiting water when it arrives? He sees his project as a model that has the potential to be rolled out across other arid areas around the world. 'If we can do it here, in the most fragile system on Earth, then that's a real message of hope for lots of places, including Africa, where there is drought and they just can't afford to wait for rain.'Questions 1-5Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Questions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 Local families have told Whaley about some traditional uses of huarango products.10 Farmer Alberto Benevides is now making a good profit from growing huarangos.11 Whaley needs the co-operation of farmers to help preserve the area's wildlife.12 For Whaley's project to succeed, it needs to be extended over a very large area.13 Whaley has plans to go to Africa to set up a similar project.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Silbo Gomero-the whistle ‘language’ of the Canary IslandsLa Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa. This small volcanic island is mountainous, with steep rocky slopes and deep, wooded ravines, rising to 1,487 metres at its highest peak. It is also home to the best known of the world's whistle 'languages', a means of transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.This 'language', known as 'Silbo' or 'Silbo Gomero' - from the Spanish word for 'whistle'- is now shedding light on the language-processing abilities of the human brain, according to scientists. Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as language.'Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language, and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can be recognised as language,' says David Corina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle.Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones. A whistler - or silbador - puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the whistle's pitch, while the other hand can be cupped to adjust the direction of the sound. 'There is much more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal/ explains lead researcher Manuel Carreiras, psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on the Canary island of Tenerife. Because whistled 'words' can be hard to distinguish, silbadores rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves understood.The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometres. Carreiras explains that silbadores are able to pass a surprising amount of information via their whistles. 4In daily life they use whistles to communicate short commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.5 Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.The study team used neuroimaging equipment to contrast the brain activity of silbadores while listening to whistled and spoken Spanish. Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is usually associated with spoken language, was engaged during the processing of Silbo. The researchers found that other key regions in the brain's frontal lobe also responded to the whistles, including those activated in response to sign language among deaf people. When the experiments were repeated with non-whistlers, however, activation was observed in all areas of the brain.'Our results provide more evidence about the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms' Corina says. 'These data suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal. The non-Silbo speakers were not recognising Silbo as a language. They had nothing to grab onto, so multiple areas of their brains were activated?Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century. Whistled languages survive today in Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, China, Nepal, Senegal, and a few mountainous pockets in southern Europe. There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically. This form of communication is an adaptation found among cultures where people are often isolated from each other, according to Julien Meyer, a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France. 'They are mostly used in mountains or dense forests, ' he says. 'Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups?But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction. With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still fluent in the language, Canaries' authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival. Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been taught in all of the island's elementary schools. In addition, locals are seeking assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). {The local authorities are trying to get an award from the organisation to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be preserved for humanity,' Carreiras adds.Questions 14-19Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 La Gomera is the most mountainous of all the Canary Islands.15 Silbo is only appropriate for short and simple messages.16 In the brain-activity study, silbadores and non-whistlers produced different results.17 The Spanish introduced Silbo to the islands in the 15th century.18 There is precise data available regarding all of the whistle languages in existence today.19 The children of Gomera now learn Silbo.Questions 20-26Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Environmental practices of big businessThe environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us offends our sense of justice. Depending on the circumstances, a business may maximize the amount of money it makes, at least in the short term, by damaging the environment and hurting people. That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and unsophisticated landowners. When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn't care.It is easy for the rest of us to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to maximize profits, provided that they do so by legal means. US laws make a company's directors legally liable for something termed 'breach of fiduciary responsibility' if they knowingly manage a company in a way that reduces profits. The car manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford's humanitarian sentiments about his employees were nice, his business existed to make profits for its stockholders.Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable.The public can do that by suing businesses for harming them, as happened after the Exxon Valdez disaster, in which over 40,000 m3 of oil were spilled off the coast of Alaska. The public may also make their opinion felt by preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by making employees of companies with poor track records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their own management; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease known as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected meat, the USgovernment's Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But for five years the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a major fast-food company then made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat industry complied within weeks. The public's task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-food chains or jewelry stores, but not meat packers or gold miners.Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs, if any, of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, in all politically complex human societies, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced.To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behavior of even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing. My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a good guy or a bad guy. In the past, businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different behavior, to reward businesses for behavior that the public wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses practicing behaviors that the public didn't want. I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses' environmental practices. Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.Big businessesMany big businesses today are prepared to harm people and the environment in order to make money, and they appear to have no 27………….. . Lack of 28………….. by governments and lack of public 29………….. can lead to environmental problems such as 30………….. or theChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.32 The main idea of the third paragraph is that environmental damageA requires political action if it is to be stopped.B is the result of ignorance on the part of the public.C could be prevented by the action of ordinary people.D can only be stopped by educating business leaders.33 In the fourth paragraph, the writer describes ways in which the public canA reduce their own individual impact on the environment.B learn more about the impact of business on the environment.C raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters.D influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments.34 What pressure was exerted by big business in the case of the disease BSE?A Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains.B A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law.C Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses.D A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce legislation.Questions 35-39Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 The public should be prepared to fund good environmental practices.33 There is a contrast between the moral principles of different businesses.34 It is important to make a clear distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.35 The public have successfully influenced businesses in the past.36 In the future, businesses will show more concern for the environment.Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.37 What would be the best subheading for this passage?A Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses?B How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit?C What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses?D Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause the environment?参考答案1 water2 diet3 drought4 erosion5 desert6 (its/huarango/the) branches7 IN EITHER ORDER (BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK): leaves (and); bark8 (its/huarango/the) trunk9 NOT GIVEN10 FALSE11 TRUE12 FALSE13 NOT GIVEN14 NOT GIVEN15 FALSE16 TRUE17 FALSE18 FALSE19 TRUE20 words21 finger22 direction23 commands24 fires25 technology26 award27 D28 E29 F30H31B32 C33D34B35 YES36 NOT GIVEN37 NO38 YES39 NOT GIVEN40 D。
雅思4阅读答案
篇一：雅思4阅读答案篇二：雅思4阅读答案暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|雅思剑桥系列之剑四阅读答案 summary 这本书出的特别好，希望大家回去好好钻研下看完说谢谢谢谢 test1 p1 ngmegpjb p2 taste buds baleen forward downward freshwater dolphins water the lower frequencies bowhead humperback sense of touch the freshwater dolphins airborne flying fish clear open waters acoustic sence p3 ccaeca pairs shapes sighted sighted deep blind similar test2p1 isolation economic globalization cultural identity traditional skill ebdcb p2cb emotional/emotionalproblems headache/headches general ill health p3 hfahjb acf(任意) bgeda test3 p1 adcc sudan india bycycles shoe shine/ shoe shine collection life skills thetectonic plates magma ring of fire for 600 years water/the water/ocean/the ocean lava/magma/molten rock westen india explodes gases p3 decdf (the)linguist(acts) foreign languages the poor quality non-verbal behaviour/acial expression camera frequency of usage particular linguistic feature size intuitions test4 p1 geneticspower injuries training adb p2 decd oral histories humanistic study historical discipline scientist p3 ngng 雅思剑桥系列之剑四阅读答案阅读,系列,雅思,剑桥雅思,剑4剑,4阅读,雅思剑桥4,阅读答案,雅思阅读,剑桥系列篇四：雅思4阅读答案answer key listening test 1 1. shopping / variety of shopping 2. guided tours 3. more than 12 / over 12 4. notice board 5. 13th february 6. tower of london 7. bristol 8. american museum 9. student newspaper 10. yentob 11. coal, firewood 12. local craftsmen 13. 160 14. woodside 15. ticket office 16. gift shop 17. (main) workshop 18. showroom 19. cafe 20. cottages 21. a 22. c 23. e 24. b 25. g 26. f 27. c 28. d 29. a 30. b 31. cities / environment 32. windy 33. humid 34. shady / shaded 35. dangerous 36. ... answer key listening test 1 1. shopping / variety of shopping 2. guided tours 3. more than 12 / over 12 4. notice board 5. 13th february 6. tower of london 7. bristol 8. american museum 9. student newspaper 10. yentob 11. coal, firewood 12. local craftsmen 13. 160 14. woodside 15. ticket office 16. gift shop 17. (main) workshop 18. showroom 19. cafe 20. cottages 21. a 22. c 23. e 24. b 25. g 26. f 27. c 28. d 29. a 30. b 31. cities / environment 32. windy 33. humid 34. shady / shaded 35. dangerous 36. leaves 37. ground 38. considerably reduce / decrease / filter 39. low 40. space / room ielts 4 test 2 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. cathedral 7. markets 8. gardens 9. art gallery 10. climb the tower / see the view 11. c 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. b 16. c 17. a 18. b 19. b 20. a 21. collecting data / gathering data / data collection 22. 1,500 23. 5 24. 3,000 – 4,000 25. b 26. c 27. mehta 28. survey / research 29. london university / london university press 30. 1988 31. c 32. a 33. mass media / media 34. academic circles / academics / researchers 35. specialist knowledge / specialized knowledge 36. unaware 37. individual customers / individual consumers / individuals 38. illegal profit / illegal profits 39. d 40. e test 3 1. 1-1/2 years 2. forest / forrest 3. academic 4. thursday 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. deposit 9. monthly 10. telephone / phone 11. c 12. a 13. c 14. b 15. lighting / lights / light 16. adult / adults 17. (at/the) studio theatre / studio theater 18. the whole family / all the family / families 19. (in) city gardens / the city gardens / outdoors 20. young children /younger children / children 21. a 22. b 23. c 24. a 25. b 26. a 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. questionnaire 32. approximately 2,000 / about 2,000 33. education 34. halls of residence / living quarters 35. traffic, parking 36. lecture rooms / lecture halls / lecture theatres / lecture theaters 37. (choice of / room for) facilities 38. d, f 39. b 40. a, c test 4 1. college dining room 2. office staff 3. students 4. 10th december 5. coffee break / coffee breaks 6. 6 7. set of dictionaries / dictionaries / a good dictionary 8. tapes 9. photos / photographs 10. speech 11. b 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. b 16. 180 17. nearest station 18. local history 19. 690 20. walking club / local walking club 21. 20 balloons 22. units of measurement / measurements / measurement units 23. rock salt / salt 24. crystals 25. string / pieces of string 26. (ordinary/white) light 27. h 28. b 29. e 30. c 31. 795 32. tail 33. floor / bed / bottom 34. sense of smell 35. a 36. a 37. b 38. b 39. b 40. e test 1 academic reading reading passage 1, questions 1-14 1：f 2：f 3：ng 4：t 5：f 6：ng 7：t 8：ng 9 ：m 10：e 11：g 12：p 13：j 14：b reading passage 2, questions 15-26 15：taste buds, 16：baleen, 17：forward, downward, 18：fresh water dolphins, 19：water, 20：the lower frequencies, 21：bowhead, humpback 22：sense of touch 23：freshwater dolphins 24：airborne flying fish 25：clear open water 26：sense of hearing answer key reading passage 3, questions 27-40 27：b 28：c 29：a 30：e 31：c 32：d 33：pairs 34：words 35：sighted 36：sighted(用两次) 37：deep 38：blind 39：similar 40：b answer key test 2 answer key test 3 acdemic reading answer key test 4篇五：雅思4阅读答案摘要：剑桥雅思4阅读译文含解析答案。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析（test4）
剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test4)推荐文章剑桥雅思阅读6原文及答案解析(test4) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读4原文翻译及答案解析(test3) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析11(test4) 热度：剑桥雅思阅读11(test1)答案精讲热度：剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3) 热度：雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test4原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文解析(test4)Question 1答案：TRUE关键词：record,1900定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：“自从20世纪早期国际田联开始记录成绩以来……”，题干说现代官方运动员记录始于大约1900年。
因此答案为TRUE。
Question 2答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：before the twen?tieth century定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”解题思路：很明显体感说的与原文说的相反，故答案为FALSE。
最新雅思阅读理解 reading 4
Reading 4Improving global reading skillsa Which paragraph contains the most detail?b Which three paragraphs cover one main theme?2 Choose the sentence that best paraphrases the main idea in each paragraph of the test.1 Paragraph A A The amount of money spent on magazine advertising is increasing.B The rivalry between magazines and other media is surprising.C Some magazines sell better than others.2 Paragraph B A Magazines are some more popular than they used to be.B A lot of people are still reading magazines.CTV is more available than ever.3Paragraph C A Europe allocates a greater proportion of its advertising budget tomagazines than the world average.B Belgium and Germany spend more on magazine advertising thanother European countries.C The figures for magazine advertising in Europe are decreasing.4 Paragraph D A Across Europe, people read very different kinds of magazines.B The idea of a ‘European’ magazine is becoming popular.C Magazines that cover popular activities can become best sellers.5 Paragraph E A Cigarette advertising is banned in some countries.B Magazines advertise a smaller range of products than television.C There are fewer limitations on magazine advertising than TVadvertising.IELTS Reading test practice Global reading question 3What is the purpose of the writer of the passage ?A to compare European and world magazinesB to attract more magazine readersC to review the continuing popularity of magazinesD to illustrate the advantages of electronic magazinesIELTS Reading test practice Choosing headings for paragraphs How to approach the task■■■■■4Take five minutes to answer questions 1-7.Australia’s First Commercial Wind FarmIt’s come years since the rotor blades began spinning in Esperance.A Harvest time in Esperance is constant. As long as the wind blows- which is pretty much all the time – nine identical synchronized wind turbines, reap the benefits of the dependable winds that gust up around the southern coastline of Western Australia. These sleek, white, robot – like wind turbines loom up on the horizon forming part of Australia’s first commercial wind farm. They’re not only functional machines that help provide electricity for this secluded coastal town, but increasingly, they’re also drawcards for curious tourists and scientists alike.B Because of its isolation, Esperance is not linked to Western Power’s grid which supplies electricity from gas-, coal- and oil- fires power stations to the widespread population of Western Australia. Before the wind turbines went in, Esperance’s entire electricity needs were met by thediesel power station in town.C The $5.8 million Ten Mile Lagoon project is not Esperance’s first wind farm. The success of a smaller, experimental wind farm, at a spot called Salmon Beach, encouraged the State’s power utility to take Esperance wind seriously. Today, the wind turbines at Ten Mile Lagoon work in conjunction with the diesel power station, significantly reducing the amount of the town’s electricity generated by expensive diesel power.D The wind farm is connected to the power station by a 33- kilovolt powerline, and a radio link between the two allows operators to monitor and control each wind turbine. The nine 225- kilowatt Vestas wind turbines produce a total generating capacity of two megawatts and provide around 12 per cent of the energy requirements of Esperance and its surrounding districts.E The power produced by a wind turbine depends on the size and efficiency of the machine and, of course, on the energy in the wind. The energy in the wind available to the wind turbines is proportional to wind speed cubed. Thus, the greater the wind speed, the greater the output of the turbine. In other to achieve optimum wind speeds, the right location is imperative. ‘You have to accept the nature of the beast,’ Mr.Rosser, Western Power’s physicist, said. ‘As surface dwellers our perceptions of wind speeds are bad. As you go higher, wind speed increase significantly.’F The most favourable wind sites are on gently sloping hills, away from obstructions like trees and buildings and where the prevailing winds are not blocked. Computer modeling was used to select the optimum site for Esperance’s wind farm. Scientists were protecting the coastal health environment which is rich in plant life and home to tiny pygmy and honey-possums, and a host of bird species. In addition, the wind farm is adjacent to Esperance’s popular scenic tourist drive.G Strict erosion controls have been implemented and access to the wind farm is limited to selected viewing areas. The wind turbine towers are painted white and devoid of corporate logos or signage. According to Mr.Rosser there is something of a worldwide backlash against wind farms with regard to their visual impact. ‘ But because wind turbines perform best in the most exposed positions, they will always be visible. There is a very real need to balance environmental and technical requirements. I think the Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm sets the standard for environmentally friendly development.’H In fact, the project has become something of a tourist attraction in itself. Esperance Shire president Ian Mickel said the wind turbines had been well accepted by locals. ‘We have watched the wind farm develop with great interest, and now we find visitors to Esperance are equally enthusiastic about is,’he said. The aim now is to identify other remote locations where wind turbines will be a feasible means of supplementing existing power stations.IELTS Reading test practice Sentence completion How to approach the task■■5Take six minutes to answer questions 1-6 about Australia’s First Commercial Wind Farm.For each answer, state which question the student was doing and say why the answer would be marked wrong.A computer modelingB tree or buildingC around 12 per centD the diesel powerE Western Power’s gridF $5.8 millionG scientists H on gently sloping hills7Match the words and phrases below from questions 1-6in exercise 5 with phrases in theIELTS Reading test practice Global reading question 8What is the main purpose of the writer of the article?A to respond to criticism of a projectB to review the success of a projectC to explain his role in a projectD to predict the future of a project。
剑桥雅思阅读4（test2）原文翻译及答案解析
剑桥雅思阅读4(test2)原文翻译及答案解析雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
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剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger listIn the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations —that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’he says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwrittenand unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’So despite linguists’best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the nextgeneration. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’he says.However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.Questions 1-4Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2……are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4……. Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother tongue.’Questions 5-9Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the listof people in the box below. Match each statement with the correct person A-E.Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language.6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal.7 The way we think may be determined by our language.8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their community.9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.A Michael KraussB Salikoko MufweneC Nicholas OstlerD Mark PagelE Doug WhalenQuestions 10-13Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this10 The Navajo Language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.11 A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee thesurvival of a language.12 National governments could do more to protect endangered languages.13 The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIAThe first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early 1994. Their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not beenscientifically tested.Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993. ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine hadbeen able to provide little relief. They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems. Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative medicine. Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.Questions 14 and 15Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D.Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer sheet.14 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B They have often worked alongside other therapists.C They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.D They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.15 In 1990, AmericansA were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.B consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.D made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.Questions 16-23Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctorsthan they do today.20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment.23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.Questions 24-26Complete the vertical axis on the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.READING PASSAGE 3You should ,spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowPLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESSDoes play help develop bigger, better brains?Bryant Furlow investigatesA Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’he adds. There must be a reason.B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs —tail-wagging in dogs, for example —to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest.A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.C Take the exercise theory. If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesn’t work like that.’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.D Then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. But a closer inspectionreveals this interpretation as too simplistic. In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater playfulness. The converse was also found to be true. Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for adulthood. ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’he says.F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going on. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’—a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life. Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults —absorb language. Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its peak.G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amountof the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University. Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults. Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he reasons. Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts —predation, aggression, reproduction,’he says. ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.’H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes. ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’says Bekoff. He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules. He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life. The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College. Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells. He was surprised by the extent of the activation. ‘Play just lights everything up,’he says. By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers. With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likelyto get even less of a look-in. Who knows what the result of that will be?Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 had nine paragraphs labeled A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial28 insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing29 a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play30 a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play31 the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans32 the classes of animals for which play is importantQuestions 33-35Choose THREE letters A-F.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.The list below gives some ways of regarding play.Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?A a rehearsal for later adult activitiesB a method animals use to prove themselves to their peer groupC an activity intended to build up strength for adulthoodD a means of communicating feelingsE a defensive strategyF an activity assisting organ growthQuestions 36-40Look at the following researchers (Questions 36-40) and the list of findings below.Match each researcher with the correct finding.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.36 Robert Barton37 Marc Bekoff38 John Byers39 Sergio Pellis40 Stephen SiviyList of FindingsA There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and playing.B Play provides input concerning physical surroundings.C Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary history.D There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play less.E Play is not a form of fitness training for the future.F Some species of larger-brained birds engage in play.G A wide range of activities are combined during play.H Play is a method of teaching survival techniques.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test2)Passage 1参考译文Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger list语言的消失——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。
雅思阅读理解 reading 4教学内容
CThe figures for magazine advertising inEuropeare decreasing.
4ParagraphDAAcrossEurope, people read very different kinds of magazines.
Australia’s First Commercial Wind Farm
It’s come years since the rotor blades began spinning in Esperance.
AHarvest time in Esperance is constant.As long as the wind blows- which is pretty much all the time–nine identicalsynchronizedwind turbines, reap the benefits of the dependable winds that gust up around the southern coastline ofWestern Australia.These sleek, white, robot–like wind turbines loom up on the horizon forming part ofAustralia’s first commercial wind farm.They’re not only functional machines that help provide electricity for this secluded coastal town, but increasingly, they’re also drawcards for curious tourists and scientists alike.
雅思阅读4-13原文译文题目
雅思阅读4-13原文译文题目READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.SAVING THE SOILMore than a third of the Earth's top layer is at risk. Is there hope for our planet'smost precious resource ?A More than a third of the world's soil is endangered, according to a recent UN report. If we don't slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a huge problem.B Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world's soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown. A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and various minerals.That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our existing antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils also store water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage tobuildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs￡233 million every year.C If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover.Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil. Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile. In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season.D But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonium nitrate. Farmers have been putting this synthetic fertiliser on their fields ever since.But over the past few decades, it has become clear this wasn't such a bright idea. Chemical fertilisers can release polluting nitrous oxide into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that indiscriminate use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it acidic and salty, and degrading the soil they are supposed to nourish.E One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who started out running a tree-care business in the Netherlands, and now advises some of the world's top soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees flourished was to take care of the soil, and has developed a cocktail of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. When they applied Floris's mix to the desert-like test plots, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to pierce dirt as hard as rock. The few plants that grew in the control plots, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak.F However, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem. To assess our options on a global scale we first need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there, and the problems they face. That's not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Global Soil Map project. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, drone surveys, satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all.G But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada. 'Most scientists don't speaklanguage that policy-makers can understand, and vice versa.' Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of 'zero net land degradation'. Like the idea of carbon neutrality, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action.For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are agitating for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality?Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.* Humus: the part of the soil formed from dead plant materialQuestions 14-17Complete the summary below.Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humansHealthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as plant remains and 14 __________ . It provides us with food and also with antibiotics, and its function in storing 15 __________ has a significant effect on the climate. In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrastructure because it holds 16 __________ .If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor contributing to soil degradation is the 17 __________ carried out by humans.Questions 18-21Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 Nutrients contained in the unused parts of harvested crops19 Synthetic fertilisers produced with the Haber-Bosch process20 Addition of a mixture developed by Pius Floris to the soil21 The idea of zero net soil degradation。
雅思14test4阅读
雅思14test4阅读【原创版】目录1.雅思 14test4 阅读概述2.阅读文章主题及内容3.题目类型及解题技巧4.考试注意事项正文一、雅思 14test4 阅读概述雅思 14test4 阅读是剑桥雅思考试系列中的一部分，主要测试考生在阅读英语文章时的理解能力。
在这一部分中，考生需要阅读三篇文章，并完成相关题目。
文章的主题和内容各不相同，旨在测试考生在面对不同类型的文章时的阅读理解能力。
二、阅读文章主题及内容在雅思 14test4 阅读中，文章的主题涵盖了日常生活、科学知识和文化背景等多个方面。
阅读文章的内容包括了说明文、议论文和记叙文等不同类型的文章。
考生需要在阅读文章后，根据题目要求完成相关的选择题、填空题和判断题等。
三、题目类型及解题技巧在雅思 14test4 阅读中，题目类型主要有以下几种：1.选择题：要求考生从给出的选项中选出正确的答案。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要仔细阅读文章，找到与题目相关的信息，然后对照选项进行选择。
2.填空题：要求考生根据文章的内容，填写空缺的词语或句子。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要仔细阅读文章，理解文章的意思，并根据上下文和语法规则进行填空。
3.判断题：要求考生根据文章的内容，判断给出的陈述是否正确。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要仔细阅读文章，找到与题目相关的信息，并进行判断。
4.配对题：要求考生将文章中的内容与题目中的选项进行配对。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要仔细阅读文章，理解文章的意思，并根据题目要求进行配对。
四、考试注意事项在参加雅思 14test4 阅读考试时，考生需要注意以下几点：1.仔细阅读题目：在开始阅读文章之前，考生需要先仔细阅读题目，了解题目的要求和类型，以便在阅读文章时能够有针对性地进行解答。
2.控制答题时间：在考试过程中，考生需要合理安排答题时间，避免在某个题目上花费过多时间，影响其他题目的解答。
3.注意阅读速度和理解：在阅读文章时，考生需要保持适当的阅读速度，同时要确保对文章的内容有充分的理解，以便能够准确地完成题目。
雅思18test4阅读
电子支付的发展与挑战在过去的几十年中，随着科技的不断发展和变革，电子支付系统变得越来越普遍和方便。
电子支付系统可以追溯到20世纪70年代的信用卡和ATM机，而现在我们已经进入了移动支付和虚拟货币的时代。
尽管电子支付系统为人们的生活带来了许多便利，但它也面临着一些挑战和安全问题。
发展趋势电子支付系统的发展离不开互联网和智能手机的普及。
随着互联网的普及，电子商务得以快速发展，人们可以通过在线购物网站轻松购买商品和服务。
同时，智能手机的普及使得移动支付成为一种更加便捷的支付方式。
通过手机应用程序，人们可以在任何时间、任何地点进行支付，无需携带大量的现金或银行卡。
此外，虚拟货币也成为电子支付发展的重要方向。
比特币作为最早出现的虚拟货币之一，引发了对区块链技术和分布式账本的关注，并推动了更多的数字货币的出现。
虚拟货币的兴起为跨国支付和无国界交易提供了新的解决方案。
挑战与问题然而，随着电子支付的普及，安全问题也日益成为关注的焦点。
电子支付系统面临着各种安全威胁和风险，例如网络攻击、欺诈行为和用户数据泄露。
黑客可以利用弱点和漏洞来盗取用户的个人信息和资金。
为了应对这些挑战，支付机构和技术提供商不断更新和升级安全措施，加密用户数据，并实施多层次的身份验证机制。
此外，电子支付的普及也面临着用户习惯和信任的问题。
一些用户可能对新的支付方式感到不信任，担心自己的资金安全受到威胁。
此外，对于一些年长的用户来说，他们可能没有接触过电子支付系统，或者对新技术和应用程序感到陌生。
因此，推广电子支付系统需要教育用户，提高他们的意识和信心。
解决方案和前景为了解决电子支付系统面临的挑战，各方需要共同努力。
支付机构和技术提供商应该继续投资和研发安全技术，以保护用户的信息和资金。
同时，政府应该颁布相关法律和法规，规范电子支付行业，并加强对违法行为的打击。
另外，用户也应该提高自己的安全意识，注意保护个人信息，避免使用不安全的网络或设备进行支付。
雅思阅读经典教程答案
雅思阅读经典教程答案同学们在复习雅思阅读部分时，要选择合适的雅思阅读资料，以下为大家搜集了的内容，同学们可在复习准备雅思阅读部分时，多参考雅思阅读经典教程这本参考书。
雅思阅读经典教程目录：1 Improve Reading SpeedREADING PASSAGE: Winter Sports2 Test YourselfREADING PASSAGE 1: The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St. HelensREADING PASSAGE 2: People and Organisations: The Selection IssueREADING PASSAGE 3: The Roll Film Revolution3 Summary & Sentence CompletionREADING PASSAGE 1: The Little Ice AgeREADING PASSAGE 2: The Lost ContinentREADING PASSAGE 3: British Education: A World Leader?READING PASSAGE 4: 3G Mobile PhoneREADING PASSAGE 5: Australia No Longer a Cheap Study Option4 Classification & MatchingREADING PASSAGE 1: The Vikings' Voyage to EternityREADING PASSAGE 2: The Wildlife of the Galapagos IslandsREADING PASSAGE 3:E1 NinoREADING PASSAGE 4: The InstrumentsREADING PASSAGE 5: The New Caledonian CrowREADING PASSAGE 6: Categorising LoveREADING PASSAGE 7: Do Roles Limit Our Choice of How We Behave?READING PASSAGE 8: Six Thinking Hats5 True·False·Not Give & Yes·No·Not GivenREADING PASSAGE 1: Opera HouseREADING PASSAGE 2: The Australian PartiesREADING PASSAGE 3: The Clever CountryREADING PASSAGE 4: Bananas ShortageREADING PASSAGE 5: Space NeedleREADING PASSAGE 6: Japanese PagodasREADING PASSAGE 7: Revised Gender RolesREADING PASSAGE 8: A Nation of Wimps..............GlossaryAnswer KeysAnswer Sheet雅思阅读经典教程使用必得：这是雅思老师的推荐，同时自己也感觉内容很充实，适合作为雅思考试的复习!这本阅读都是真题然后按照各种不同的专题划分。
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Reading 4Improving global reading skillsa Which paragraph contains the most detail?b Which three paragraphs cover one main theme?2 Choose the sentence that best paraphrases the main idea in each paragraph of the test.1 Paragraph A A The amount of money spent on magazine advertising is increasing.B The rivalry between magazines and other media is surprising.C Some magazines sell better than others.2 Paragraph B A Magazines are some more popular than they used to be.B A lot of people are still reading magazines.CTV is more available than ever.3Paragraph C A Europe allocates a greater proportion of its advertising budget tomagazines than the world average.B Belgium and Germany spend more on magazine advertising thanother European countries.C The figures for magazine advertising in Europe are decreasing.4 Paragraph D A Across Europe, people read very different kinds of magazines.B The idea of a ‘European’ magazine is becoming popular.C Magazines that cover popular activities can become best sellers.5 Paragraph E A Cigarette advertising is banned in some countries.B Magazines advertise a smaller range of products than television.C There are fewer limitations on magazine advertising than TVadvertising.IELTS Reading test practice Global reading question 3What is the purpose of the writer of the passage ?A to compare European and world magazinesB to attract more magazine readersC to review the continuing popularity of magazinesD to illustrate the advantages of electronic magazinesIELTS Reading test practice Choosing headings for paragraphs How to approach the task■■■■■4Take five minutes to answer questions 1-7.Australia’s First Commercial Wind FarmIt’s come years since the rotor blades began spinning in Esperance.A Harvest time in Esperance is constant. As long as the wind blows- which is pretty much all the time – nine identical synchronized wind turbines, reap the benefits of the dependable winds that gust up around the southern coastline of Western Australia. These sleek, white, robot – like wind turbines loom up on the horizon forming part of Australia’s first commercial wind farm. They’re not only functional machines that help provide electricity for this secluded coastal town, but increasingly, they’re also drawcards for curious tourists and scientists alike.B Because of its isolation, Esperance is not linked to Western Power’s grid which supplies electricity from gas-, coal- and oil- fires power stations to the widespread population of Western Australia. Before the wind turbines went in, Esperance’s entire electricity needs were met by thediesel power station in town.C The $5.8 million Ten Mile Lagoon project is not Esperance’s first wind farm. The success of a smaller, experimental wind farm, at a spot called Salmon Beach, encouraged the State’s power utility to take Esperance wind seriously. Today, the wind turbines at Ten Mile Lagoon work in conjunction with the diesel power station, significantly reducing the amount of the town’s electricity generated by expensive diesel power.D The wind farm is connected to the power station by a 33- kilovolt powerline, and a radio link between the two allows operators to monitor and control each wind turbine. The nine 225- kilowatt Vestas wind turbines produce a total generating capacity of two megawatts and provide around 12 per cent of the energy requirements of Esperance and its surrounding districts.E The power produced by a wind turbine depends on the size and efficiency of the machine and, of course, on the energy in the wind. The energy in the wind available to the wind turbines is proportional to wind speed cubed. Thus, the greater the wind speed, the greater the output of the turbine. In other to achieve optimum wind speeds, the right location is imperative. ‘You have to accept the nature of the beast,’ Mr.Rosser, Western Power’s physicist, said. ‘As surface dwellers our perceptions of wind speeds are bad. As you go higher, wind speed increase significantly.’F The most favourable wind sites are on gently sloping hills, away from obstructions like trees and buildings and where the prevailing winds are not blocked. Computer modeling was used to select the optimum site for Esperance’s wind farm. Scientists were protecting the coastal health environment which is rich in plant life and home to tiny pygmy and honey-possums, and a host of bird species. In addition, the wind farm is adjacent to Esperance’s popular scenic tourist drive.G Strict erosion controls have been implemented and access to the wind farm is limited to selected viewing areas. The wind turbine towers are painted white and devoid of corporate logos or signage. According to Mr.Rosser there is something of a worldwide backlash against wind farms with regard to their visual impact. ‘ But because wind turbines perform best in the most exposed positions, they will always be visible. There is a very real need to balance environmental and technical requirements. I think the Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm sets the standard for environmentally friendly development.’H In fact, the project has become something of a tourist attraction in itself. Esperance Shire president Ian Mickel said the wind turbines had been well accepted by locals. ‘We have watched the wind farm develop with great interest, and now we find visitors to Esperance are equally enthusiastic about is,’he said. The aim now is to identify other remote locations where wind turbines will be a feasible means of supplementing existing power stations.IELTS Reading test practice Sentence completion How to approach the task■■5Take six minutes to answer questions 1-6 about Australia’s First Commercial Wind Farm.For each answer, state which question the student was doing and say why the answer would be marked wrong.A computer modelingB tree or buildingC around 12 per centD the diesel powerE Western Power’s gridF $5.8 millionG scientists H on gently sloping hills7Match the words and phrases below from questions 1-6in exercise 5 with phrases in theIELTS Reading test practice Global reading question 8What is the main purpose of the writer of the article?A to respond to criticism of a projectB to review the success of a projectC to explain his role in a projectD to predict the future of a project。