Characteristics of Expression of Basic Emotions in Italian Literary Texts of 20th Century
《数据库原理》(双语)教学大纲_English
《Database Principles》Course Syllabus1、Course Number:0403052、Course Type: Optional-limitedCourse periods: 32 hours (Theoretical 24 / Practical 8)Supported Majors: Communication Engineering，Electronic and Information Engineering，Electronic Information Science and Technology，Information EngineeringPre-Course: Introduction to Computer Science，C Programming Language3、Course Quality and MissionDatabase technology has become the core technology and an important base of computer information systems and application systems. Database Principles is a backbone course of Computer Science & Engineering and other related disciplines. Through the study of theory and practice in this course, students should grasp the basic concept of database systems and basic theory. Besides, we should focused on the study of relations between the relevant content database system, use SQL proficiently, master the theories and methods of designing database, master basic skills of database systems operation and maintenance, understanding of database technology developments.4、Teaching Outlines and Periods4.1 The worlds of database system (2 hours)4.1.1 Data Management Technology and Development4.1.2 Basic Concept of Database System4.1.3 Architecture of Database System and Application System4.1.4 Contents of Database System4.2 Database Models (2 hours)4.2.1 Information Modeling Period4.2.2 Concept Model and Data Model4.2.3 Entity/Relationship Model4.3 Relational Data Model (4 hours)4.3.1 Foundation of Relational Model4.3.2 Methods of Transforming E-R Model to Relational Model4.3.3 Relation Decomposing Theories and Methods4.3.4 Data Dependence4.3.5 Database Design4.4 Relational Algebra (2 hours)4.4.1 Relational Algebra Languages4.4.2 Characteristics/operator/ expression of Relational Algebra4.5 Standard Relational Database Language: SQL (6 hours)4.5.1 Characteristics of SQL4.5.2 Data Definition Statements4.5.3 Data Query Statements4.5.4 Data Update Statements4.5.5 Definition and Use of View4.5.6 Data Control Method4.6 Transactions Management (2 hours)4.6.1 Concept and Characteristics of Transaction4.6.2 Database Recovery Technology4.6.3 Database Concurrency Control Technology4.7 Developing Platform and Tools (2 hours)4.7.1 Database Security and Control Method4.7.2 Integrality Constraints and Control4.8 Latest Database Technology (4 hours)4.8.1 Trend of Database System4.8.2 Application Fields of Database5、Basic Teaching RequirementsThe theoretical knowledge and practical ability of this course are both important, and has good application background. Through studying of theoretical and practical knowledge, the basic teaching requirements for the students are divided into three levels:5.1 Master: Belonging to the higher demand, the master of content should be more thorough understanding, can analysis and handle problems skillfully in the realenvironment.5.2Understand: Belonging to the general request, understand relevant content in-depth, can analysis and handle general issues5.3Know:Belonging to lower demand, understand the contents of the phenomenon in which the issues involved in, structures or related experiments.6、Main Teaching Contents6.1Grasp the concept of data management technology and its development process; master database , database management systems, database systems and other basic concept; grasp the characteristics of database system; grasp the concept of data models and the abstract processing of information modeling, understand and di stinguish ‘concept model’and ‘data model’; can describe the conceptual model using E/R graph; master popular database model and its characteristics; master relational model and related terms; master database structure, three-mode & two-mapping, and on the basis of this data independence guarantee, understand database system composition from the view of hardware, software and the user; understand the architecture of popular database application system.6.2Master the data structure of relational model, relational operation and integrity constraints; master the type of relational-data language; master formalized-definition in the view of set-theory, including concepts of domain, Cartesian plot, relationship, code, attributes, tuple, relational databases and so on; understand the relationship and distinction between relation and relational-mode; can describe queries sent by user using relational algebra language.6.3Master data definitions, data query, data update, the definition and query of view, data control statements; master embedded SQL and can embed SQL in C programming language; understand ODBC, JDBC interface.6.4Master standardized theory and the basic concept of data dependency; grasp the basic idea, the essence and purpose of standardization process; master the definition of 1 NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF paradigm, be able to judge which paradigm a relational-mode belong to.6.5Master features, basic steps and the mission of every design stage during database designing; establish the concept of software engineering; focus grasping the features, methods and results of concept-designing and logic-designing; master data abstract methods and can use E/R graph when describe entities, attributes, relationsand codes; master approach of converting E/R model into relation mode.6.6Grasp the concept and features of transactions; master the role of database recovery mechanism and the significance, as well as various types of failures and the possible impact to the database; master database recovery technology, such as data dump, log; master the database recovery strategy when fault is targeted.6.7Master and analysis the potential inconsistencies of database during concurrent operation; master the concept and significance of concurrent control; master the embargo-lock technology and protocols of concurrent control.6.8 Understand the concept and methods of database security and safety; understand the integrity constraints, integrity control mechanism and its implementation.6.9Learn new database technology (by teachers from the optional talk)7、Requirments on the Extra-curricular Work7.1 For TeachersIn principle, each knowledge point of the chapter should be consolidated by enabling students through the appropriate amount of exercise. Extra-curricular work can be designed like the forms of thinking, calculating, comprehensive-reporting and so on. Generally, thinking work has a theoretical depth, and is not necessarily to be submission, but should encourage students conducting in-depth thinking. The purpose of calculating work is to practice a certain point by the exercise. Comprehensive report is suitable for large-scale designing or developing project, and students can complete it in a team with submitting a formal report. The comprehensive training should focus on the students’ thinking, hands, collaborating and writing skills.The homework or the report must be marked within two weeks, and give explanation at the appropriate time.7.2 For StudentsStudents must complete and submit exercises within the specified time limit. Should be completed independently, give full play to individual initiative, positive thinking, no copying.8、The Relations between This Course and the Follow-up CoursesThis course mainly about the senior data management techniques, involving database-model analyzing, designing and application developing. The core part ofDatabase management system related to the data storage, indexing, query processing and optimization, buffer management, concurrency control, recovery and so on. Studying this course well means mastering the advanced data management techniques, and can be applied to various segments or areas where data management is needed. By the content of this course, it will closely related to other courses, such as the principle of compilers, computer networks, software engineering, advanced database technology, data warehousing, data mining, artificial intelligence, and so on.9、Requirements for the Ability of StudentsThis course will not only require students to study the theoretical knowledge hard, but also to take the initiative in the creation, practice in the real environment and application development. As there are lots of development environments, they can not be detail introduced in the classroom, which requires students to take the initiative to understand the market on commercial products and the skills of developing tools. Furthermore, in order to meet the goal of professional and opened-vision, we must improve the learning ability by increasing the use of English professionally with network platform and read the latest English literature.10、Reference books and teaching materials10.1 A First Course in Database Systems(second edition), Jeffrey D.Ullman,Jennifer Widom, China machine press, 2007.10.2 Database System Introduction（The 4th Edition）. Wang Shan, Sa ShiXuan,High Education Press. 2006.10.3 Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan. Database System Concepts. ChinaMachine Press and McGraw-Hill. 1999.10.4 Patrick O’Neil and Elizabeth O’Neil, Principles, Programming, andPerformance. Higher Education Press and Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.2001.11、Teaching Methods and the Using of MediaAs there is quite a number of flexible and designing knowledge in this course, teaching methods need to be used in the course of heuristic, discussion-style. Students should be mobilized and think enthusiastically, and it is necessary to fully affirmed the innovation of students. As the relatively information of this course may be quite alarge amount, and also there will be a lot of text description information, we recommend the method of using multimedia equipment, together with writing on the blackboard. When it comes to the introduction of a database product or developing tools, the PPT files should be beautiful, intuitive courseware, so that the student s’ interest in learning can be fully exploded.12、Learning Methods and RecommendationsAs the contents of this course are mostly involved in the real application background, it will not be very abstract. However, the relevant knowledge can only be grasped to the essence after practicing, which can also help accumulating the corresponding development experience. So the learning process should combine the theory with practice. At the same time, we should also strive to raise the professional standard of English, particularly the listening and speaking ability.。
语言学名词解释
一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。
It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。
3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。
4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。
医学英语病历书写重点
医学英语病历书写重点Case History 病史In-Patient Case History 住院病历Items of Case History1. General Data, Biographical Data 一般项目2. Chief Complaints (C. C.) 主诉3. Present Illness (P. I.) 现病史4. Past (Medical) History (P. H.) 既往病史5. Personal History (Per. H.)/ Social History 个人史/社会史6. Family History (F. H.) 家族史7. Medications 曾用药物8. Allergies 过敏史9. System Review, Review of Systems 系统回顾10. Physical Examination (P. E.) 体格检查/查体11. Laboratory Data 实验室与其他检查/检查资料12. Impression (Imp.) (Diagnosis) 诊断13. Hospital Course 住院治疗情况记录14. Discharge Instructions/ Recommendations出院医嘱15. Discharge Medications 出院后用药General Data, Biographical Data 一般项目Reliability (病历可靠性):Reliable(可靠)/ Not Entirely(不完全可靠)/Not Clearly Defined (不够准确)/Confused and Uncertain (混乱不清)/ Unobtainable (无法获得) Supplier/ Complainer of History (供史者/病史陈述者):Patient/ Husband/ Wife/ Father/ Mother/ Colleague/ NeighborChief Complaints (C. C.) 主诉: 病例重要部分之一，通常包括患者年龄、简要的相关的既往史、患者的就诊原因及目前症状持续的时间等。
英语基础写作人物篇)
By describing the inner world of a character, it showcases their emotions, thoughts, emotions, and personality traits.
Psychological description
Physical Traits
Explain the characters' personality, their likes and dislikes, their strengths and weaknesses, and their beliefs and values
Mental Traits
02
Directly describe the appearance, personality, emotions, and other characteristics of the character, and use specific details and vivid language to make the character vivid.
When describing characters, it is important to highlight their individual characteristics to make their images more vivid.
When describing the behavior and language of characters, it is important to adhere to logic and avoid contradictions and irrationality.
考研语言学 第八章笔记
笔记Pragmatics:It is the study of language in use, focusing on the study of speaker's meaning, utterance meaning or contextual meaning.* pragmatics and semantics区别1.Pragmatics' interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used.= it depends more on the context.2.It takes context into consideration while semantics concentrates on the study of literal meaning without context.3.It can also be defined as the study of language in use.Pragmatics and semantics 联系Semantics: studies the side more closely related to the words used, the more constant, inherent side of meaning.Pragmatics: studies the side more closely related to the context, the more indetermined side, or something extra.Speech Act TheoryPerformatives施为句and constatives叙事句Performatives: the statements which are used to do something. They do not describe a fact and they are not verifiable. (宣布，命名，许诺，打赌）I name this ship the Queen ElizabethI bequeath this watch to my brother.I promise to finish it in time.I find you guilty. You did it. Thank you. I order you to turn right. People are warned to keep off the grass.I state that I am alone responsible.I declare the meeting open.Constatives: the statements are used to state/describe a fact.They are verifiable.First i open the door then i sit next to the door.Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate.----Austin, Felicity Conditions1.There must be a relevant conventional procedure. The relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.2.The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.3.The relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.因为适合条件不够完善，只能使用于部分情况，所以Austin放弃了他最初对叙事句和施为句的区分，建立了另外一套模式来解释如何通过语言事实行为。
浅谈我对绘画《第三人称》的理解与认识
目录摘要 (2)前言 (1)二、《第三人称》的创作构思 (1)（一）《第三人称》的题材构思 (1)（二）《第三人称》的意义 (2)三、《第三人称》的创作过程 (3)（一）构图与定稿与表现形式的确定 (3)（二）创作中的表现技法的探索 (3)四、《第三人称》创作启示 (4)五、结语 (4)参考文献 (5)致谢 (6)摘要作品《第三人称》是一幅油画作品，主要采用了具象的艺术表现形式，较为直接客观的表现出我对于传统艺术戏曲的理解。
作品的重要内容是戏曲中的人物形态的描绘，直接表现出戏曲表演过程中的舞台布置以及演员着装等。
选取戏曲为创作的主要内容也是源自我对此的热爱，本作品旨在以传统油画艺术为基础，运用油画的表现形式，呼吁人们爱好传统艺术，传播传统艺术。
关键词：油画人物绘画风格表现手法传统文化On my understanding and understanding of the painting"the third person"AbstractAn expression of oil painting is painting, oil painting painting objects are generally exist in real life characters or objective existence of historical figures, based on its morphology and expression of different creative methods, describe the appearance characteristics of characters and inherent characteristics and expression, so as to obtain both types of God the effect of. Oil painting is not only to paint people to the figure in the painting's appearance, shape, dress and background as a vivid description, but also to show its specific spirit, identity and status, reflects the authors want to express thoughts and feelings. I want to use oil painting in the form of expression has slowly forgotten the quintessence of opera which originated in Chinese, originated in China, Peking Opera is the traditional Chinese culture is the most representative and the most unique connotation by people many times love cultural heritage. However, after the change of time, we are now 80 after almost all do not like Beijing opera, slowly forgotten it. It seems that only older people like Beijing opera, more attention. So I want to use the expression of oil painting characters, so that we can see the different charm of Peking Opera, so as to carry forward our traditional Chinese culture, so that we see the nation is the world.Key words: Oil painting, Painting style,Ttraditional culture浅谈我对绘画《第三人称》的理解与认识前言油画作为西方的空间造型艺术，是西方文化中最具有代表性的艺术形式。
64曲阜师范大学2020年成人高等教育 《英语词汇学 》复习资料 期末考试试题及参考答案
《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the Englishlanguage.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with fromtwo different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal-” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5 prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of 6endings, and a language of 7 endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning,for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later hastwo components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or 12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, andoutsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty” and “handsome” share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17 meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimalcomponents which are also known as semantic features..14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of word meaningfollows from monosemy to polysemy.15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word isincluded in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the samesource which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so they havestrong productivity.3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.4.Native words are neutral in style.5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Far East, andIndia.6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary, particularly inearlier times.7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English vocabulary.11.“Fore-” in “forehead” and “fore-” in “foreknowledge” belong to two kinds of prefix.12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone a process ofextension of meaning.14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?3.List the four sources of synonyms.4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10.lexical11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15.argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20.hyponymyII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTFIII.Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy 5)collocability2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do not generallychange the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to change thegrammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on a grammaticalbasis.3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemistic use of words(4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of wordmeaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. (3%)2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended andindeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion,geographical region, class background, education, etc…（3%）Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female are complementaries; old &young are contraries.2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposite to eachother that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them.3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to the other. We cansay: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man is rich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. These antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicate reciprocal socialrelationships that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.复习资料2I. 单选题1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52. Conversion is amethod________________________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks4. Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.A. collocativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. denotative7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example ofA. clippingB. compoundingC. blendingD. back-formation10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.A. translation-loansB. emantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. conntativeD. collocative14. General features of English contains the following except _________.A. simplicityB. receptivityC. adaptabilityD. imprssiveness15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversionII判断题1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Far East, andIndia. （）2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone a process ofextension of meaning. （）3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest which broughtmany Latin words into the English language. （）4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so they have strongproductivity. （）5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and stylistic coloring.（）6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the English vocabulary. （）7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term. （）8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary, particularly inearlier times. （）10. “Radiation” shows that the derived mea nings of a polysemantic word are not directly related tothe primary meaning. （）III简答题1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.答案I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADCⅡ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTFⅢ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit) Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the Englishlanguage.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt withfrom two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5_ prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of___6__endings, and a language of __7__ endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning,for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later hastwo components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or __12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus apart of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, andoutsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty” and “handsome” share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_ meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimalcomponents which are also known as semantic features.14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of word meaningfollows from monosemy to polysemy.15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word isincluded in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, and dialects.2.“Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not directly related tothe primary meaning.3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, and stylistic coloring.8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms from polysemants.9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identical in denotation.11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest whichbrought many Latin words into the English language.ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into its minimaldistinctive components.13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the English vocabulary.14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymyⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets: 1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T 11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. TⅢ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes.inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes, socalled because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to form agential nouns.5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -ar in beggar and–er in butler.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptualmeaning, traditionally known as connotations.2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings ofwords which tend to occur in its environment.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both insound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow(to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spelling andpronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the formerrefers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e., homonyms aredescendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The several meanings of a singlepolysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereashomonyms are listed as separate entries.。
大学商务英语课件ppt
Business English has the characteristics of professionalism, practicality, and standardization, requiring language accuracy, conciseness, formality, and compliance with business practices and norms.
Translation • Practical Application Cases of
Business English • Summary and Outlook
01 Introduction to Business English
Definition of Business English
Definition of Business English
Business English Writing Skills
Summary
Improving Business English Writing Skills
VS
Detailed description
Students need to master the basic skills of business English writing, including writing business letters, emails, reports, etc., while paying attention to language accuracy and professionalism.
By simulating business negotiations, students can master negotiation skills and improve their negotiation abilities through practical operations.
唐卡艺术元素
1 绪论1
1.1唐卡的起源及发展1
1.2唐卡的艺术形式2
1.2.1材料和制作形式2
1.2.2图像造型形式3
1.2.3画面构成形式3
1.3唐卡的艺术价值4
1.4课题研究的目的和意义4
This article mainlyresearchedThangka art elements and design-related theory, combining animation and conducted in-depth study. In the basis of previous studies, the authors summed up the characteristics of Thangka various artistic elements, combined with animation design theory, composition to verify the Thangka art animation elements used in the feasibility of proposed and implemented a view "rich with animation traditional forms of artistic expression, ". This paper describes: (1) how the content of the theme for the main features of Thangka, organize them, grouped in order to complete shooting script animation design; (2) how the key image for the Thangka style features to refine its modeling summed, and transformed into the appropriate role; (3) How Thangka's basic composition for the relationship between the static mapping into a dynamic composition in animation; (4) how the characteristics of elements for the Thangka color, using color induction collected approach to the creation of the overall style of animation art.
英语翻译与口译技能
Flexibly use the active and passive voices in English to make the translation more in line with the expression habits of the target language.
Language proficiency requirements
• Proficient in both the source and target languages: Translators need to be proficient in the basic knowledge of phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and other aspects of the source and target languages, and be able to accurately understand and express the meanings of both languages.
The
02 Application of Vocabulary and Grammar in Translation
Vocabulary selection and application skills
01
Accurate word selection
Choose the most appropriate vocabulary based on the context
Pay attention to cultural differences between the source language and the target language to avoid misunderstandings caused by cultural differences.
中国传统文化英文版
Promoting the development of tourism industry: China's traditional culture is one of the important factors that attract international tourists. Through the English version of the introduction, it can attract more tourists to visit China and promote the development of the tourism industry.
• Liu Du Wan Xing: Summarizes the main contents and methods of Bodhisattva practice, including giving, holding precepts, enduring humiliation, improving oneself, meditating, and wisdom.
03
Bian Ge Si Xiang advocates adapting to social changes and carrying out political, economic,
and other reforms.
04
Utilitarianism (Gong Li Zhu Yi): Pursuing practical benefits and effects, emphasizing utilitarianism and practicality.
Emphasizing the importance of knowledge and wisdom, encouraging people to pursue truth and wisdom.
英语专业术语翻译
中国译协中译英最新发布,各类专业术语直译1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national现译draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activities cultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化 a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese,pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; Socialist culture withChinese appeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world. What’sunique for a nation is also precious for the world. When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。
英语实用文体的特征与翻译课件
03
Translation Techniques for Practical English
Writing
Vocabulary translation skills
01
Accuracy
The translation should be accurate, reflecting the exact meaning of the source text
03
Vivid language can make practical English writing more engaging and interesting, using descriptive words and phrases to bring ideas and information alive
02
The principle of accuracy requires translators to have a deep understanding of the original text and accurately express the semantic, contextual, and pragmatic meaning of the original text.
Organizational Structure
A well structured text is essential for clear communication It should have a logical flow of ideas, with introduction, body, and conclusion to guide the reader through the information
艺术特点及描述英语作文
艺术特点及描述英语作文Art, as a form of expression, encompasses a multitudeof characteristics that vary across different styles, movements, and periods. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for appreciating and analyzing art effectively.One prominent characteristic of art is its subjectivity. Art is often open to interpretation, and different individuals may perceive the same piece of artwork invastly different ways. This subjectivity allows for a diversity of perspectives and enriches the overall experience of art appreciation.Another key feature of art is its ability to evoke emotions. Whether through vibrant colors, expressive brushstrokes, or poignant subject matter, art has the power to elicit a wide range of emotions in viewers. From joy and awe to sadness and contemplation, art has the capacity tostir the soul and provoke introspection.Furthermore, art often serves as a reflection of the society and culture in which it was created. Artists frequently draw inspiration from their surroundings, addressing social, political, and cultural issues through their work. As a result, art provides valuable insightsinto the values, beliefs, and concerns of a particular time and place.Additionally, craftsmanship plays a significant role in defining the characteristics of art. Whether it's the precision of a Renaissance masterpiece or the spontaneityof abstract expressionism, the skill and technique employed by artists contribute to the overall aesthetic quality of their creations.Moreover, art is characterized by its ability to transcend boundaries and communicate across language barriers. Through visual elements such as composition, form, and symbolism, art has the power to convey complex ideasand narratives without the need for words.Finally, art is often characterized by innovation andexperimentation. Throughout history, artists have pushed the boundaries of creativity, exploring new techniques, materials, and concepts. This spirit of innovation ensures that art remains dynamic and relevant, constantly evolving to reflect the changing world around us.In conclusion, the characteristics of art are diverse and multifaceted, encompassing subjectivity, emotional resonance, societal reflection, craftsmanship, communication, and innovation. By understanding these characteristics, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the richness and complexity of the artistic experience.。
小学下册I卷英语第六单元测验卷
小学下册英语第六单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Inertia is the tendency of an object to stay at ______ (rest).2.We have a family ___. (tradition)3.What do we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PenC. KnifeD. Ruler4.What do we call a person who acts in movies?A. ActorB. DirectorC. ProducerD. ScreenwriterA5.The chemical formula for potassium permanganate is _______.6.The _______ of light can be tested by using a variety of filters.7.Understanding the needs of your plants is essential for ______. (了解植物的需求对成功种植至关重要。
)8.The _____ (citrus) trees produce fruits like lemons.9.I have a _____ (画板) where I draw pictures of animals. 我有一个画板，画动物的图画。
10.The cat is __________ on the sofa.11.My favorite book is _______ (小王子).12.The __________ are a group of islands in the Caribbean. (加勒比群岛)13.The ______ helps with the balance of the body.14.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. PompeiiB. RomeC. HerculaneumD. All of the above15.The _______ (小金丝雀) sings sweetly in a cage.16.What is the process of plants making food using sunlight called?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. DigestionD. EvaporationB17.The _____ (fruit) is ripe.18.The country known for its seafood is ________ (以海鲜闻名的国家是________).19. A _______ is a diagram that shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom.20.We are going to ________ a movie.21.What do we call a scientist who studies insects?A. EntomologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. EcologistA22.What do we call the practice of raising animals for food?A. AgricultureB. HorticultureC. Animal husbandryD. ForestryC Animal husbandry23.The ______ (蛇) can be found in many different colors.24.What is the term for water that falls from the sky?A. RainB. SnowC. HailD. All of the aboveD25.When I grow up, I want to be a ________ (科学家) and discover new ________ (东西).26.My dad is a _____ (工程师) who works on projects.27.What is the term for a person who plays a musical instrument?A. MusicianB. ConductorC. SingerD. ComposerA28.The _____ (海马) is a unique fish that swims upright. 海马是一种独特的鱼，以直立姿势游泳。
关于写作的特点英语作文
关于写作的特点英语作文Title: Characteristics of Writing in English Composition。
Writing in English possesses several distinct characteristics that set it apart from other forms of communication. Understanding these traits is crucial for effective expression and communication in the English language. In this essay, we will explore the key features of writing in English.1. Clarity and Precision: English writing emphasizes clarity and precision in conveying ideas. Writers strive to express themselves in a straightforward manner, using precise language to communicate their thoughts effectively. This clarity ensures that readers can easily grasp the intended message without ambiguity.2. Conciseness: English writing values conciseness, favoring brevity and efficiency in expression. Writers aimto convey their ideas using the fewest words possible while retaining clarity and coherence. Conciseness helps maintain the reader's attention and ensures that the writing remains focused and impactful.3. Variety in Sentence Structure: English writing incorporates a diverse range of sentence structures to maintain reader engagement and convey complex ideas effectively. Writers employ a mixture of simple, compound, and complex sentences to create rhythm and flow in their prose. This variety adds depth and sophistication to the writing, enhancing its overall quality.4. Grammar and Syntax: English writing adheres to established grammatical rules and syntactical conventions to ensure clarity and coherence. Writers pay careful attention to grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure to avoid confusion and misinterpretation. Mastery of grammar and syntax is essential for producing polished and professional writing.5. Vocabulary and Diction: English writing makes use ofa rich and expansive vocabulary to express ideas with nuance and precision. Writers choose words carefully to convey the desired tone and evoke specific emotions in the reader. Varied diction adds texture and depth to the writing, enhancing its impact and effectiveness.6. Organization and Structure: English writing followsa logical and coherent organizational structure to guidethe reader through the text. Writers use techniques such as paragraphs, headings, and transitions to organize their ideas in a clear and orderly manner. Effective organization ensures that the writing flows smoothly and maintains the reader's interest from beginning to end.7. Audience Awareness: English writing takes into account the needs and expectations of the intended audience. Writers tailor their language and style to suit the preferences and understanding of their readers, ensuringthat the message resonates with its intended recipients. Audience awareness is essential for effective communication and engagement.8. Creativity and Originality: English writing encourages creativity and originality in expression, allowing writers to infuse their work with unique perspectives and insights. Writers are encouraged to think outside the box and experiment with different forms and styles of writing to create engaging and memorable content.In conclusion, writing in English encompasses a diverse range of characteristics that contribute to its effectiveness as a means of communication. By understanding and harnessing these traits, writers can produce compelling and impactful content that resonates with readers across various contexts and audiences.。
characteristic language expression
characteristic language expressionCharacteristic language expressions refer to language expressions that are unique to a specific language, culture, or region, and can be used to identify the identity of the speaker or the origin of the text. These expressions may include words, phrases, or even sentence structures that are specific to a certain language or culture.For example, in Chinese, the expression "ni hao ma?" (How are you?) is a common greeting expression used in daily communication. This expression is unique to Chinese culture and is not used in other languages. Similarly, in English, the expression "How's it going?" is a common greeting expression used by native English speakers. These expressions are examples of characteristic language expressions that can help identify the origin of the text or the identity of the speaker.In addition to greetings, characteristic language expressions can also include colloquialisms, slang, and other forms of language that are unique to a specific language or culture. These expressions may varydepending on the region, social class, or even age group within a language community.Characteristic language expressions are important for maintaining cultural identity and promoting cultural exchange. However, it is also important to be aware that the use of these expressions may create communication barriers or misunderstandings if they are not understood or recognized by other language communities. Therefore, it is recommended to use characteristic language expressions with caution and respect for others' cultural backgrounds.。
团头鲂低氧应答相关基因的功能及其对鳃重塑的影响
团头鲂低氧应答相关基因的功能及其对鳃重塑的影响摘要团头鲂是我国重要的食草性淡水养殖经济鱼类，广受中国人民的喜爱并已成功被大规模推广养殖。
与其他鲤科养殖鱼类相比，团头鲂具有不耐低氧的特点。
而水体的溶氧含量易受到天气状况(如高温、暴雨)影响，气温升高，水体溶氧就会相应降低。
在实际大规模集约化养殖过程中，高温、缺氧等环境因子常常制约着团头鲂的生长与生存，严重制约了它的养殖效益，给养殖产业带来了巨大的损失。
因此，团头鲂对氧含量变化敏感这个短板，一直是我们研究攻克的重点，而鳃是鱼类重要的呼吸器官，是低氧研究的重要组织。
为探索低氧应答相关分子机制，本研究以HIF-1α、HIF-2α、TET1三个低氧调控相关基因为研究目标，以团头鲂F5代幼鱼为主要研究对象，以团头鳃为重点研究组织，探究了团头鲂TET1的功能结构、胚胎各时期的时空表达模式，在急性低氧应激条件下胚胎、幼鱼各组织中的差异表达；以及HIF-1α、HIF-2α、TET1在响应温度、低氧胁迫时的不同表达模式及其对鳃重塑的影响。
为研究团头鲂低氧调控分子机制提供基础的数据参考。
主要研究结果如下：（1）TET1(ten eleven translocation1)是一种5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-methylcytosine, 5mC)羟基化酶，参与低氧反应并在低氧应答过程有着重要作用。
为了研究团头鲂TET1的结构功能及其表达特性，我们首先克隆了团头鲂TET1基因，通过序列分析、蛋白二级结构预测、构建进化树等基础生物信息学分析，了解团头鲂TET1基因的序列结构特点；采用整胚原位杂交、qRT-PCR技术进行了胚胎、组织表达分析及其在急性低氧胁迫下的基因响应研究。
序列分析结果表明，团头鲂TET1基因全长为5526bp，编码1841个氨基酸；主要包含一个催化结构域和一个DNA结合结构域。
qRT-PCR结果表明，团头鲂TET1广泛表达于各个组织中，并在脑组织中高度表达。
在胚胎发育过程中，TET1基因从受精卵开始就有表达，胚胎发育过程表达有一定的波动性，并在受精后20-44h(20-44hpf)都维持在一个较高水平，受精后36h表达量达到最大值。
写出了诗人的情感特点英语
写出了诗人的情感特点英语In English poetry, poets often express a wide range of emotions through their verses. Here are some characteristics of emotions that can be found in poetry:1. Elegance of Expression: Poets use refined language and metaphors to convey their feelings. For example, "A heartthat can break, at a loss for a place to go, hides in silent corners where no one knows."2. Intensity of Feelings: The depth of emotions can be profound, as seen in lines like "I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills."3. Contrast and Paradox: Poets often juxtapose contrasting emotions to create a complex emotional landscape. For instance, "In the fell clutch of circumstance / I have not winced nor cried aloud."4. Melancholy and Solitude: Many poems express a sense of sadness and isolation, such as "Alone with her child, she sat and watched the winter's twilight fade away."5. Joy and Celebration: Poems can also be exuberant and joyful, as in "I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills."6. Longing and Yearning: There's a common theme of longingfor something or someone, which can be seen in "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways."7. Passion and Fire: Some poems are filled with passionate emotions, such as "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk."8. Contemplation and Reflection: Poets often reflect on their emotions and life experiences, as in "I think that I shall never see / A poem lovely as a tree."9. Nature and Emotions: Many poets use nature as a backdrop to express their emotions, like "The woods are lovely, dark and deep."10. Loss and Grief: The feeling of loss is a common theme, often poignantly described, such as "Do not go gentle into that good night, / Old age should burn and rave at close of day."These emotional characteristics are not exhaustive but provide a glimpse into the rich tapestry of feelings that can be found in English poetry. Each poet has a unique way of expressing their emotions, and the beauty of poetry lies in its ability to evoke these feelings in the reader.。
词的形态理据与词汇习得的相关性
词汇习得是第二语言 (L2) 习得研究的范 畴 。对于每一个学习者来说 ,词汇习得 ,无论是 母语还是 L2 ,都是一个终生的认知过程 。尽管 “促成词汇习得的有效因素和词汇习得过程依 然性质不明”(戴曼纯 2000 :143) ,L2 习得对形 态学领域的研究显示 ,词汇习得仍有规则可循 , 其中词素和词的形态方面就是具有普遍意义的 词汇规则 。词的形态理据与词汇习得密切相 关。 113 假设
证据的支持 。本研究通过两组被试 (未借助形态分析/ 借助形态分析) 进行词汇记忆实验 。结果显示 ,两
组被试的识记效率差异非常显著 。根据实验结果 ,本文讨论了词汇分解的储存模式及其对记忆多词素
词的重要性 ,并从词汇心理表征的形成与发展这一角度讨论赋值 、匹配机制与词汇习得的密切关系 。实
验结果支持了词的形态理据对词汇习得有重要影响的假设 。
在确定 30 个实验材料前 ,作者从上述教材 中选取 100 个生词 ,由 24 名同年段的非被试评 定词汇的熟悉度 ,请他们根据所呈现词汇的形 和音写出相对应的汉语意思 (以教材中的词义 为依据) ,然后进行统计 。在 100 个词中 ,60 个 词的熟悉度为 0 。作者从中选出 30 个词作为 实验材料 ,并把这 30 个语料按两种方式处理 : 控制组采用未借助形态分析进行记忆的生词 表 ,即只提供含有形音义 (汉语意思) 的生词表 (如 bat hrobe [ θba r ub ] n. 浴 衣 , unutterable [ nθ t r bl ] a. 无法说的) ;实验组采用借助形 态分析进行记忆的生词表 ,即除了提供控制组 相同的语料外 ,还提供每个派生词的前后缀和 词干 、复 合 词 的 构 词 成 分 等 信 息 ( 如 cabinet [θk • binit ] n. cabin 小屋 , ( 机 、船) 舱 + 2et [ 后 缀 ] 表示“小”———柜子 ; malnut rition [ m •lnju θt ri n ] n. mal- [ 前缀 “] 不善”+ nut rition n. 营 养 ———营养不良 ; charwoman [ θt a wum n ] n. char 家庭杂务 + woman 女人 ———做杂活的女 帮工) 。两组实验同步展开 。要求控制组被试 用死记硬背 (rote rehearsal learning) 的方法背记