英语记叙文的写作方法解析
记叙文写作方法与技巧
一．概念
记叙文也称叙述文，是一种以记叙/叙述的手法来表述人物、事件的文体。常见的属于记叙文文体的作品有：故事、游记、通讯、新闻报道、历史、人物传记、日记和回忆录等。记叙文大致可以分为两大类：以记人为主的记叙文和以叙事为主的记叙文。前者主要是对人物的经历、活动或者性格特征进行叙述；后者则是对某一事件的发生、发展过程和结果进行叙述。前者重在描述人物的活动，而后者则重在表述事件的发生发展过程。
二．六大要素
记叙文的写作要注意交待清楚六大要素，即时间(time)、地点(place)、人物( character)、事件的原因(cause)、经过(process)和结果( effect)。
由于记叙文中所涉及的要素比其他文体相对要多、要复杂，所以整篇文章的结构安排就显得尤其重要，安排不合理就会使读者产生混乱的感觉。
记叙文的展开一般都是以时间为主线来组织所要叙述的内容，使读者对文章中的人物或事件有一个比较清晰的了解。记叙文的结构安排通常有三种形式:正叙、倒叙和插叙。正叙是英语叙述文中最常用的一种结构，即以人物出现、活动或事件开始发生的时间点作为记叙的起点，然后按照人物活动的展开、事件发生发展的自然顺序进行叙述。倒叙则是在文章的开头就交待人物活动或事件发展的结果。插叙这一结构在我们的英文写作中很少用到。
三．时态
记叙文讲述的大多是过去已经发生的活动或事件，因此用过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)的作品比较多。但有时为了使文章显得更加真实、亲切和生动，也可以使用现在时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在将来时、现在完成时)。
四．人称
记叙某个人物的经历、活动或某件事情的经过离不开叙述的主体，即“人称”。记叙文中的人称大多采用第一人称或第三人称的形式。第一人称的叙述主观色彩较浓，可以增强文章的真实感，有利于表述细腻的情感和细节的过程；第三人称的叙述可以超越时空的限制，更加真实、客观地表述某一人物活动或事件的全过程。
无论采用第一人称，还是采用第二人称，都要保持全文叙述主体的人称的一致性。注意：句式尽量要多变，不要通篇文章的句子都以人称代词开头，否则文章会显得单调沉闷。例如:
I loved the book first because of its beautiful heroine. Then I found it a romantic love story which
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greatly moved me. I now find that it is better taken as the growth story of a naive girl into a
strong-willed woman. I realize that it is the essence of the book that attracts such big number of faithful readers.
这一段描述在用词、内容、逻辑上都不错，但过多地使用了以“I”开头的句子，使文章略显单调乏昧，给读者的印象大打折扣。
五．措辞与表达
在全国大学英语四级考试的各种作文体裁中，记叙文需要应试者具有更全面的语言技能与篇章组织能力。四级考试中常见的议论文和说明文分别要求语言的准确性和论证的合理性、可信性；而记叙文的语言则以生动、真实、贴切为准则。同一个记叙文题目，不同的人会描述不同的人物经历或事件，又很少有固定的表达或句式可供参考，这时作者的综合语言水平就会表现出来，对能否取得高分起到了相当重要的作用。这就要求考生平时要多注意语言的磨练和积累。
六．记叙文写作技巧
1. 仔细审题，明确主题，选准素材，罗列提纲。
2. 写好第一段
最好能采用一个复句并且用上几个四级水平的单词或词组。这样的文章开篇方式会使读者或阅卷人确信接下来的文章也一样精彩。
我们来看这样一段文章的开头:
The results of the college entrance examination came. I tore open the envelope. As soon as I
saw the score，tears streamed down my face. I fell into my bed and did not get up the whole day.
All was over. What is the meaning to live on earth? For the first time，I thought of death，of being a vagrant and of being single all my life. I was only seventeen. Wasn't it cruel to me? My
father was hurt and he could not stand it that his son was a disgrace. He was angry beyond words.
My mother kept silent，and often I saw her in tears. Horror filled the house.
怎么样，你自己是否也被一种失落与绝望的气氛所笼罩，并且期待着看到作者接下来会做些什么呢?
3. 结构要清晰
下笔之前一定要对整篇文章的结构有一个完整的构想，作文的框架、主题和脉络是最 2 / 14
重要的采分点。要清楚每一段要陈述哪些内容，这样不仅可以增强文章的逻辑性和可接受性，还可以使整篇作文的行文水到渠成，不会有凑字数的烦恼。
4. 尽量多使用表示转折、顺接、因果和时间的连接词
如first、second、moreover、for one thing…for another、on the one hand…on the other
hand等。这样既可以显示语言功底，又增强了记叙内容的连贯性和生动性。
5. 文章不要写得太长
有的考生遇到触动自己内心情感的记叙文题目时就“一发不可收拾”，但由于时间有限，结果草草收尾，甚至没有结尾。四级作文毕竟是应试作文，只要充分发挥出自己的英语语言水平，表述出所规定的内容就可以了。
6. 要多用四级词汇，要使句式多样化
没有语言错误并不是高分作文的保障（基本没有语言错误只是8分的基本要求) ；作文想达到11分以上，四级词汇和句型必须达到一定的比例。如，表示“重视”的词汇有stress，emphasize 等，但选用短语attach importance to更能吸引阅卷人的注意；disagree和frown on sth.
都表示反对或不赞成，前者就平淡，后者表达意思很生动，更能引起阅卷老师的注意。
简单句和复合句合理搭配，长短句交替使用，会增强文章的节奏感，使描写更生动，给阅卷老师留下深刻印象。如：
(1)名词化手段：用名词或名词词组替换一个句子或句子的主要部分，然后使这个名词或名词短语成为另外一个句子的组成部分，以达到合并句子的目的。如：
We were very much surprised．
Mary refused the invitation．
We were very much surprised at／by Mary's refusal of the invitation．
(2) 定语化手段：根据语义关系，可以把其中一句转换成形容词或形容词性成分、分词短语、定语从句等，如：
The winnerwas in no mood for speeches．
The winner was hot and tired．
Thewinner，hot and tired，was in no mood for speeches．(转换成形容词短语)
7. 字迹清楚，卷面整洁。尽量不涂抹。
8. 最后的2—3分钟，进行修改检查。
检查的内容不是“大处着眼”，而是“小处着手”；不是考虑作文的框架结构，而是留心细枝末节。即检查：
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(1) 动词时态是否正确(还包括主句与从句中的谓语动词时态)；
(2) 主谓语是否一致；
(3) 代词的指代关系是否清楚；'
(4) 动宾搭配是否合适；
(5) 用词是否错误；
(6) 冠词；
(7) 大小写、标点符号；
(8) 漏写、误写和拼写错误。
七．范文分析
Directions: Now you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on the title My Best Friend.
You should write at least 100-120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1.简要介绍你最好的朋友。
2.你们之间的故事。
3.你对朋友的理解。
范文：
My Best Friend
Upon the words “best friend”, a figure Jumps into my mind (jump这个词使一个人物形象活灵活现地展现在读者眼前) —Zhang Ye—my schoolmate in senior high school and also my
best friend. During the three years in high school, we shared countless moments of laughter and tears, joy and sorrow. (排比句式能使表达更有力度，而且将与朋友的共同经历描绘得丰富多彩) She is of medium height and slim figure. Though not strong, she is really a girl with amazing
stamina(毅力). Despite the similarities in our outlook on life and living, it is always she, the physically weaker one, who encouraged and urged me to finish some tasks when I attempted to
give up. When we were preparing for the National Entrance Exam, she cheered me up emotionally
and would give me a hand whenever I was in trouble. But for everything she did for me, I couldn't
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have had this opportunity to give a decent job with a decent pay. After the exam, she got enrolled
by Tsinghua University in Beijing while I went to a college in south China. (对3年中两人共同勉励、共同奋斗经历的叙述为读者展示了一段难忘的人生时光，确实不愧为best friend)
For the past several years, we have been in touch and share everything we are experiencing,
sad or happy, dull or exciting.
True friendship lasts life long. Friendship is a magic. It can melt the ice in one's heart and
blow away the mist on one's mind. It can inspire others and outdo the self. (再次应用排比句式表达了对友谊真谛的理解，感人至深) I believe the friendship between Zhang Ye and me will be
the life-time beacon for both of us.
评析：
这是一篇典型的人物记叙文。大多数人物记叙文都遵循一个比较固定的写作套路，即:第一段叙述文中人物与作者的关系，并对人物进行综合评价; 第二段叙述文中人物其个人或与作者共同的某段经历、活动;第三段进行综合叙述。
本文的第一段总体叙述了两个人相识相知的经历并用一个排比结构总括了两人共同经历的苦与乐、欢笑与泪水( laughter and tears，joy and sorrow)。第二段通过对具体事例的叙述将人物的性格特点表现得淋漓尽致，也丰富了best friend这个称谓的具体内涵。最后一段作者陈述了自己对友谊真谛的感悟，使文章的主题得到升华。而其中所使用的句式和词汇(melt the ice in one's heart; blow away the mist on one's mind; inspire others and outdo the self)也展示了作者深厚的语言功底。
八．参考模版
中心模板英文模板教师笔记
1. Everyone has an unforgettable 一、背景描述段要点一、背景描述段
memory and cannot remove it. 2. To 1. 每个人都有挥之不去的难精辟开头，说明背1.景，指明事件性质。me, it happened ①时间和地点, I 对我来说，忘记忆。2.这件事
still remember the whole process 发生在①时间和地点，我对②插入现在进行时的
vividly. 3. At that time, I was 当②我3.整个过程仍记忆犹新。动词词组。
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在做什么. 时，我正在②“我”在做么
4. It was a sunny day and things二、说明过程段要二、说明过程按时间顺序讲述事4那天天气很好在发生那were awfully③形容before it
发生的过程，可以添④事事之前一切都很③形容词drew myhappened. 5. Then,
5.然后，④事件吸引了我⑤详细说明当自己的感受attention.
6. I saw
③表述事情的发展6我看见⑤详细说情, and to my⑥表达感受的注意力当时情况，令我⑥表达感⑧正在进行况,⑦当事was
动. 7. It did not last very lon的名词，⑦当事人正在⑧④插入名词but it impressed me so deeply that I 动词的⑤插入“整个过程在进行的动作7
词形式（表主动，用would⑨自己的感续的时间并不长，但给予.
在分词，表被动，用的印象却相当深刻，我将宾语（主动自己的感受去分词名词（被动/b
8.Whenever I look back on what三、观点总结段要三、观点总结happened that day, I think it is right 通过事情的回忆，8每当我回忆起那天的事出自己看法，并进都觉得⑩理应采取的措施to⑩理应采取的措施或态度. 9.
First of all, no one can deny总结9首先没态度一是对的动词用能否认她⑾对当事.⑩动词词
its/his/her⑾对当事人评价的名10. Furthermore, it is important for评价的名词或名词词组10动词用us to⑿动词词其次，⑿理应采取的措施⑿理应采取的措施或态度.
11. I will cherish all these memories
态度二对我们来说很重要forever.11我将一生珍视这段回忆
：例文1/ 614
题目: An Eye-witness Account of a Traffic Accident
Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic An
Eye-witness Account of a Traffic Accident. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below:
1) 车祸发生的时间及地点
2) 你所见到的车祸情况
3) 你对车祸原因的分析
中心模英文模教师笔
1. Everyone has an unforgettable一、背景描述段要一、背景描述memory and cannot remove it.
2. To 1.精辟开头，说明1每个人都有挥之不去的me, it happenedon the morning of景，指明事件性质忘记忆2对我来说这件last Sunday, I still remember the发生在①上周日上午，我②插入现在进行时whole process vividly.
3. At that3整个过程仍记忆犹新动词词组表示正walking on thetime, I was时，我正②走在人行道上做什么的词组还有
sidewalk.be ready for doing, be
about to, be going t
4. It was a sunny day and things二、说明过程段要二、说明过程
按时间顺序讲述事smooth before it4那天天气很好在发生那were awfully发生的过程，可以添事
之前一切都很③顺利5.a loud crashhappened. 5. Then,
自己的感受然后，④巨大的撞击声吸drew my attention. 6. I sawa
woman knocked down by a③表述事情的发展6我看见⑤了我的注意力。况。若要表示顺利或好⑥个女人被一辆快速行驶的车speeding car, and to my
的意思可用smooth, all 撞倒了，令我⑥惊愕的是，the driver was astonishment, ⑦⑧trying to drive away. 7. It did not
right。⑦那辆车正⑧试图逃离现场
last very long，but it impressed me 整个过程持续的时间并作。7.④插入名词。
so deeply that I would ⑨be more ⑤插入“人不长，但给予我的印象却相+过去分词careful on the street. （表被动）+by当深刻，我将⑨在马路上更名词（被7 / 14
。动）加当心。
8.Whenever I look back on what三、观点总结段要三、观点总结happened that day, I think it is right 通过事情的回忆，8每当我回忆起那天的事都觉得⑩处罚那些不负责出自己看法，并进topunish those irresponsible
drivers. 9. First of all, no one can
总结9的司机是对的首先没rightness. 10.10其次deny its能否认⑾其正确性名词后还可以接Furthermore, it is important for us to⑿限制驾驶速度对我们来to名词来表定limit the driving speed.
11. I will我将一生珍视“是正确的”很重要11cherish all these memories forever.段回忆等
2
例文A Special Social Practice
①Everyone has an unforgettable memory and cannot remove it. 2. To me, it happened
②during my last winter holiday, I still remember the whole process vividly. 3. At that time, I was
working as an assistant in a computer company.
my ④4. It was a sunny day and things were awfully ③dull before it happened. 5. Then,
they was ⑥delight, ⑦colleagues drew my attention. 6. I saw ⑤them celebrating, and to my talking happily about a great success of a project. 7. It did not last very long, but it impressed ⑧pursue the same profession. me so deeply that I would ⑨pursue success. 9. ⑩8.Whenever I look back on what happened that day, I think it is right to
ability to bring happiness. 10. Furthermore, it is important for First of all, no one can deny its ⑾cooperate with colleague. 11. I will cherish all these memories forever.
us to ⑿
九．写作训练写作训练一you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of For this part，Directions ：You should write at least 120 words, and base your
．An Eyewitness' Account of a Fire/ 814
composition on the outline given below in Chinese：
假设你在某日某时某地目击一起火灾，就此写一份见证书。见证书必须包括以下几点：1．火灾发生的地点。
2．你所见到的火灾场面。
3．对火灾原因的分析。
写作训练二
Directions：For this part，you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic
of The First Class I Took at College．You should write at least 120 words, base your
composition on the outline given below in Chinese：
1．大学第一节课的时间和地点。
2．大学第一节课的情景。
3．对这第一节课的感受以及其对自己的影响。
写作训练三
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of
A Boy Lost in the Street．You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given below in Chinese：
一个小孩在街头迷路了，两个学生见状帮助他找回了家。请你记述此事的经过，包括：1．小孩迷路的情景。
2．两个学生帮助小孩的过程。
3．两个学生送小孩到家的情景。
十．常用句式及常用表达
1.表示时间
after, after a short (long ) time (period), afterwards, as soon as, at last, finally, from that time on, immediately, lately, nowadays, recently, shortly, since, since then, then, when, while
2. 表示因果
accordingly, as a result (consequence), consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
3. 平行结构（排比结构）
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这种结构的使用可以使行文生动、简洁、紧凑，富有节奏感。
(1) 有些排比结构是通过连词来实现的。
and，but，or，neither... nor，either... or，not only... but also，both.. .and. . .
as well as
(2) 但更多的情况下这种结构是通过词性(均为名词、动词、形容词等)、词形(均为分词形式等) 和词组结构(均为不定式、从句、介词词组等) 的一致与对应实现的。
以下是5个排比结构：
1)My mother's role in my family is washing, cleaning and taking care of her children.
2)Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
学习足以怡情、足以博采、足以长才。
3)The American girl impressed is as sweet, kind and generous.
4)Jeff has experienced a period of anxiety for isolation from parents when he first went to the kindergarten, when he first attended a lodging school and when he first went to college in
another city.
杰夫第一次去幼儿园、第一次住校读书、第一次到另外一个城市去读大学时，都经历了与父母分离而产生的焦虑时期。
5)Never had Brent seen such chaos as during the earthquake: windows of storefronts were shattering, streets were splitting open, bricks and boulders were crashing down from tall
buildings on the people below.
布伦特从未见过像这次地震中这样混乱的场面:商店橱窗的玻璃被震得粉碎；街道路面崩裂了；高楼上还有砖头瓦块坠落，砸向下面的人们。
十一. 记叙文中常用谚语、格言(以字母为序)
1.A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
人人是朋友，没有真朋友。
2.A good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon you.
好书如挚友，永远不相负。
3.A good example is the best sermon.
身教重于言教。
4.A good fame is better than a good name.
美名胜于美貌。
5.All roads lead to Rome.
条条大陆通罗马。
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All time is no time when it is past. 6.
时间一去不复返。All things are difficult before they are easy. 7.
万事开头难。Actions speak louder than word. 8. 事实胜于雄辩。 A young idler, an old beggar.
9. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。Caution is the parent of safety. 10. 小心驶得万年船。Fine feature makes fine birds. 11. 人靠衣装，马靠鞍装。Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health. 12. 友谊既是快乐的源泉，又是健康的源泉。Good company on the road is the shortest cut. 13.
行路有良伴就是捷径。Good advice is beyond all price. 14.
忠告是无价之宝。Love me little, love me long. 15.
爱不贵深，而贵久。Many hands make light work. 16.