CH08 Live Load Forces Influence Lines for Determinate Structures

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考研英语一2008section1

主题：考研英语一2008section1内容：一、文章背景介绍1. 2008年考研英语一试卷中的section1是一篇议论文阅读理解题型。

2. 文章题目为"The Myth of Decline"，主要讨论了西方国家对于自身实力衰落的一种误解。

3. 本文将从文章结构、关键词解析、理解难点等方面展开分析，帮助考生更好地理解文章内容。

二、文章结构分析1. 本篇文章由三段组成。

2. 第一段引出对于西方国家实力衰落的误解，指出这种观点并非客观事实。

3. 第二段从历史和实际数据的角度论证了西方国家实力并未真正衰落。

4. 第三段提出了改正这种误解的必要性，并呼吁对实力衰落的误解进行深入反思。

三、关键词解析1. "The Myth of Decline"中的"myth"指代了西方国家实力衰落的观念。

2. "decline"指代实力衰落和衰退的意思。

3. 考生在阅读文章时，应注重这两个关键词的理解和引申。

四、理解难点分析1. 本文在历史、数据和逻辑推理等方面进行了论证，需要考生对这些内容有一定的了解和分析能力。

2. 文章中有许多高频词汇和复杂句式，需要考生有较高的阅读能力和分析能力。

3. 考生需要理解作者的立场和观点，并能够对文章进行综合性的理解和分析。

五、阅读策略建议1. 在阅读文章之前，考生应该先对关键词进行解析和预习，了解文章的大意和主题。

2. 在阅读过程中，考生应该注重抓住段落的逻辑关系，理清作者的论证思路和观点。

3. 在回答问题的时候，考生应该注重文本与题目的匹配，并且注意答案的逻辑关系和结构。

六、总结1. 考研英语一2008section1的文章《The Myth of Decline》是一篇典型的议论文阅读理解题型，需要考生在阅读理解的基础上，增强对于逻辑思维和分析能力。

2. 考生在备考期间应该注重对文章背景、结构、关键词和理解难点的分析，合理制定阅读策略，并加强实际推理和论证能力。

海员机工考试英语试题及答案

海员机工考试英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the correct way to spell the word "maintenance"?A. MaintananceB. MaintenenceC. MaintenenceD. Maintenance答案：D2. The term "deadweight" refers to:A. The maximum weight a ship can carryB. The weight of the ship without cargoC. The weight of the cargo onlyD. The total weight of the ship including cargo答案：A3. What does the abbreviation "SOLAS" stand for?A. Society of Load and Load AfloatB. Safety of Life at SeaC. Standard Operating Load and Load AfloatD. Ship Operations and Load Afloat答案：B4. Which of the following is not a type of marine fuel?A. Heavy fuel oilB. Marine gas oilC. Liquefied natural gasD. Unleaded gasoline答案：D5. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is responsible for:A. Regulating the global shipping industryB. Providing maritime educationC. Conducting marine researchD. All of the above答案：A6. What is the primary function of a lifebuoy?A. To provide a source of lightB. To be used as a signaling deviceC. To assist in rescuing a person overboardD. To store emergency rations答案：C7. The term "GMDSS" stands for:A. Global Maritime Data SystemB. Global Maritime Distress and Safety SystemC. Global Maritime Development SystemD. Global Maritime Delivery System答案：B8. What is the purpose of a bilge pump on a ship?A. To pump water from the bilges to maintain the ship's stabilityB. To cool the ship's engineC. To clean the ship's deckD. To transfer fuel between tanks答案：A9. The term "LOA" when referring to a ship, stands for:A. Length of ArrivalB. Length of AgreementC. Length Over AllD. Length of Approval答案：C10. Which of the following is not a navigational aid?A. BuoyB. LighthouseC. RadarD. Compass答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The _______ is the part of the ship's hull that is in contact with the water.答案：hull2. The term "draft" refers to the _______ of a ship's hull that is submerged in water.答案：depth3. A _______ is a device used to measure the depth of water. 答案：sounder4. The _______ is the highest point of a ship's structure above the waterline.答案：mast5. The _______ is a device used to measure the speed of a ship through the water.答案：log6. The _______ is the area on a ship where cargo is loaded and unloaded.答案：cargo hold7. A _______ is a rope used to secure a ship to a dock or another ship.答案：hawser8. The _______ is the part of the ship's deck where the crew works.答案：forecastle9. The _______ is a device used to communicate with other ships and shore stations.答案：radio10. The _______ is a type of knot used to secure a rope to a fixed object.答案：cleat hitch三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. What are the main functions of a ship's engine room?答案：The main functions of a ship's engine room include generating power for propulsion, providing mechanical energy for various onboard systems, and maintaining the ship's operational efficiency.2. Explain the importance of regular maintenance of a ship's hull.答案：Regular maintenance of a ship's hull is crucial for preventing corrosion, minimizing biofouling, ensuring the structural integrity of the vessel, and maintaining its hydrodynamic efficiency, which in turn affects fuel consumption and overall performance.3. What are the key components of a ship's navigation system? 答案：Key components of a ship's navigation system include the compass, radar, GPS, chart plotter, autopilot, and communication equipment such as VHF radios and satellite communication systems.4. Describe the role of a ship's life-saving equipment in emergency situations.答案：In emergency situations, a ship's life-saving equipment plays a critical role in ensuring the safety of the crew and passengers. This equipment includes lifeboats, life rafts, lifebuoys, lifejackets, and emergency signaling devices, which are designed to facilitate rescue operations and provide temporary survival support until help arrives.。

GD32E230开发标准教程【ch08】SysTick PPT课件

实验原理
SysTick_VAL的结构、偏移地址和复位值如图8-7所示。
实验原理
SysTick_CALIB 的结构、偏移地址和复位值如图8-8所示。
实验原理
本实验涉及的SysTick固件库函数只有SysTick Config，用于设置SysTick并使能中断。该函数在core_cm23.h文件中以内联函数形式声明和实现。
SysTick实验的程序架构如图8-9所示。
03
实验步骤与代码解析
实验步骤与代码解析
步骤1：复制并编译原始工程；步骤2：添加SysTick文件对；步骤3：完善SysTick.h文件；
实验步骤与代码解析
步骤4：完善SysTick.c文件；步骤5：完善SysTick实验应用层；步骤6：编译及下载验证。
实验原理
图8-2所示是SysTick模块初始化与中断服务函数流程图。
实验原理
图8-3是DelayNms函数流程图。
实验原理
图8-4是DelayNus函数流程图。
实验原理
SysTick_CTRL的结构、偏移地址和复位值如图8-5所示。
实验原理
SysTick_LOAD的结构、偏移地址和复位值如图8-6所示。
02
实验原理
实验原理
图8-1所示是SysTick功能框图，下面依次介绍SysTick时钟、当前计数值寄存器和重装载数值寄存器。
实验原理
SysTick时钟
AHB时钟或经过8分频的AHB时钟作为Cortex系统时钟，该时钟同时也是SysTick的时钟源。由于本书中所有实验的AHB时钟频率均配置为72MHz，因此，SysTick时钟频率同样也是72MHz，或72MHz的8分频，即9MHz。本书中所有实验的Cortex系统时钟频率均为72MHz，即SysTick时钟频率也均为72MHz。

2008年考研英语一第三篇

2008年考研英语一第三篇摘要：I.引言- 介绍罗伯特·富勒和地球之船II.地球之船的设计原理- 被动式太阳能设计- 有效调节室内温度III.地球之船的结构和优点- 建筑材料- 能源消耗降低- 对环境的影响减小IV.富勒为推广地球之船所做的努力- 创立公司- 教育人们了解地球之船- 提高人们对环保住宅的认识V.结论- 总结地球之船的意义和影响正文：I.引言罗伯特·富勒，一位来自美国的发明家，为了解决能源消耗和环境污染问题，发明了一种名为“地球之船”的节能环保住宅。

这种住宅采用被动式太阳能设计，能有效调节室内温度，降低能源消耗。

接下来，我们将详细介绍地球之船的设计原理、结构和优点，以及富勒为推广这种住宅所做的努力。

II.地球之船的设计原理地球之船的设计原理基于被动式太阳能设计。

这种设计充分利用太阳能，通过房屋结构和材料的选取，使阳光能直接照射到房屋内部，从而为居住者提供温暖。

在冬天，阳光透过窗户进入室内，使房屋内温度升高；而在夏天，窗户的设计和屋外的阴影能有效遮挡阳光，使室内保持凉爽。

III.地球之船的结构和优点地球之船的结构主要由两部分组成：船舱和太阳能电池板。

船舱内设有卧室、厨房、卫生间等生活设施，能满足居住者的基本生活需求。

建筑材料主要是用回收的金属和塑料制成，不仅降低了建造成本，还实现了资源的循环利用。

此外，地球之船的能源消耗极低，对环境的影响也减小。

IV.富勒为推广地球之船所做的努力为了推广地球之船，富勒创立了一家公司，专门生产和销售这种环保住宅。

他还积极与政府、企业和教育机构合作，通过讲座、展览等方式，教育人们了解地球之船的优点，提高人们对环保住宅的认识。

在他的努力下，越来越多的人开始关注并接受这种节能环保的住宅。

V.结论总的来说，地球之船是一种具有创新意义和环保意识的住宅。

它的出现为解决能源消耗和环境污染问题提供了新的思路。

pp_ch08

©The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
Asset specificity
Investments which have a higher value within a specific relationship than outside it.
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
Figure 8.5: Transaction costs economics
Specificity of investments Degree of uncertainty Frequency
Opportunism Limited rationality
40 K 200-K
Surplus Sunk costs Recoverable costs
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
Suppose K = 60
Figure 8.2: Reservation prices / threatpoints before and after the fundamental transformation
yes 20 20
•
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003
Economics and Management of Organisations:
Co-ordination, Motivation and Strategy
Chapter 8
Transaction and influence costs
George Hendrikse
©The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003

地震灾难英语作文

Earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural disasters that can cause widespread destruction and loss of life.When writing an essay on earthquake disasters, its important to cover several key aspects to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.Introduction:Begin your essay by introducing the concept of earthquakes,explaining what they are and their potential impact on human populations and the environment.Mention that earthquakes are the result of sudden releases of energy in the Earths crust that create seismic waves.Causes of Earthquakes:Discuss the tectonic forces that cause earthquakes.Explain the concept of plate tectonics and how the movement of the Earths plates can lead to earthquakes.Describe the three main types of plate boundaries where earthquakes are most likely to occur:divergent, convergent,and transform boundaries.Effects of Earthquakes:Detail the various effects of earthquakes,including the immediate physical damage to buildings,infrastructure,and the landscape.Discuss the secondary effects such as tsunamis,landslides,and fires that can be triggered by earthquakes.Human Impact:Explain the impact of earthquakes on human populations.Discuss the loss of life,injuries, displacement of people,and the psychological effects of experiencing such a disaster. Highlight the challenges of rescue and recovery efforts in the aftermath of an earthquake. Preparation and Mitigation:Describe the measures that can be taken to prepare for and mitigate the effects of earthquakes.This includes building codes that ensure structures are earthquakeresistant, early warning systems,and public education on emergency preparedness.Case Studies:Include case studies of notable earthquakes to illustrate the points made in your essay. For example,you could discuss the2004Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami,the2010 Haiti earthquake,or the2011Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan.Technological Advancements:Mention the role of technology in earthquake prediction,monitoring,and response. Discuss how advancements in seismology and satellite imagery can help scientists betterunderstand earthquake patterns and potentially save lives.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points and emphasizing the importance of continued research and preparedness in reducing the impact of earthquakes on society.Recommendations:End with recommendations for individuals,communities,and governments on how to better prepare for and respond to earthquake disasters.Encourage a proactive approach to earthquake safety and resilience.Remember to use a formal tone and academic language throughout your essay.Include relevant data and statistics to support your arguments and enhance the credibility of your writing.。

Fundamentals of Machine Elements 3rd_Ch08

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed. Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
© 2014 CRC Press
Typical Surface Roughness
Figure 8.2: Typical arithmetic average surface roughness (Ra) for various manufacturing processes and machine components. Source: Adapted from Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010] and Hamrock, et al. [2004].
© 2014 CRC Press
Viscosity
Viscosity:
Figure 8.11: Slider bearing illustrating absolute viscosity.
Viscosity depends on: • Pressure • Temperature • Shear strain rate
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed. Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
Simplified Contact Equations
Define the ellipticity parameter as: The contact diameters are:
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed. Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
© 2014 CRC Press
Viscosity Conversion Factors

2024年英语专八作文的范文

2024年英语专八作文的范文2024年英语专八作文范文。

In recent years, the issue of environmental pollution has become a global concern. With the rapid development of industry and the increasing demands of human beings, our environment has been greatly damaged. In order to protect our planet and ensure a sustainable future, urgent action needs to be taken. In this essay, I will discuss the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to environmental pollution.Firstly, the main cause of environmental pollution is human activities. Industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the release of harmful pollutants into the air, water, and soil. Factories emit large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, leading to global warming and climate change. The burning of fossil fuels for energy production also contributes to air pollution. Additionally, the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture contaminates water sources and harms biodiversity.The consequences of environmental pollution are severe and far-reaching. Air pollution leads to respiratory diseases such as asthma and lung cancer. Water pollution not only affects aquatic life but also poses a threat to human health. The contamination of soil reduces its fertility, making it difficult to grow crops. Moreover, the destruction of natural habitats and the extinction of species disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems.To address these challenges, a multi-faceted approach is required. Firstly, governments should implement stricter regulations on industrial emissions and promote the use of clean and renewable energy sources. Investing in research and development of green technologies can help reduce pollution and create a sustainable future. Secondly, individuals should adopt eco-friendly practices in their daily lives. This includes reducing energy consumption, recycling waste, and using public transportation whenever possible. Education and awareness campaigns can play a crucial role in promoting environmental consciousness.Furthermore, international cooperation is essential in combating environmental pollution. Countries should work together to develop global strategies and agreements to protect the environment. Sharing knowledge and resources can lead to more effective solutions. For instance, developed countries can provide financial and technological support to developing nations to help them transition to a greener economy.In conclusion, environmental pollution is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. Human activities are the main cause of pollution, and its consequences are significant. However, by implementing stricter regulations, adopting eco-friendly practices, and promoting international cooperation, we can mitigate the effects of pollution and create a sustainable future for generations to come. It is our responsibility to protect our planet and ensure a healthy environment for all.。

Glider Flying Handbook说明书

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

Fluid-Structure Interaction

Fluid-Structure Interaction Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) is a complex and fascinating field thatdeals with the interaction between a fluid and a solid structure. This interaction occurs in various engineering applications, such as aerospace, civil, and biomedical engineering. FSI plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior and performance of structures subjected to fluid forces, and it has significant implications for design, analysis, and optimization. One perspective to consider when discussing FSI is the engineering viewpoint. From an engineering standpoint, FSI is essential because it allows engineers to accurately predict and analyze the behavior of structures under fluid loads. For example, in aerospace engineering, FSI is critical in understanding how an aircraft wing responds to aerodynamic forces during flight. By considering the interaction between the fluid flow andthe wing structure, engineers can optimize the wing's design for improved performance and safety. Another perspective to consider is the scientific viewpoint. FSI is a topic of interest for researchers in fluid dynamics and structural mechanics. It provides an opportunity to study the complex andintricate behavior of fluids and structures under dynamic conditions. Through experimental testing and numerical simulations, scientists can gain insights into the underlying physics of FSI phenomena, such as vortex shedding, fluid-elastic instability, and wave-structure interaction. This knowledge not only enhances our understanding of natural phenomena but also contributes to the development of new technologies and materials. From a practical standpoint, FSI has numerous real-world applications. In civil engineering, FSI is crucial for designing structures that can withstand extreme events, such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Byconsidering the interaction between the fluid and the structure, engineers can develop more resilient buildings and infrastructure. FSI also plays a significant role in the design of offshore structures, such as oil platforms and wind turbines, which are subjected to strong ocean currents and waves. Understanding the fluid-structure interaction helps ensure the safety and reliability of these structuresin harsh marine environments. Moreover, FSI is relevant in the field ofbiomedical engineering. For instance, it is vital in studying blood flow through arteries and veins. By considering the interaction between the blood and thevessel walls, researchers can gain insights into the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. FSI simulations and experiments can help identify potential risk factors and design better medical devices, such as stents and artificial heart valves. Despite its importance, FSI poses numerous challenges. One major challenge is the computational complexity involved in simulating fluid and structure interactions. The governing equations for fluid flow and structural mechanics are highly nonlinear and coupled. Solving these equations requires advanced numerical methods and high-performance computing resources. Additionally, accurately modeling the fluid-structure interface and capturing the relevant physics adds further complexity to the simulations. Another challenge is the lack of experimental data for validation and verification. Due to the complex nature of FSI phenomena, it is often difficult to obtain reliable experimental measurements. This limits the ability to validate and verify numerical models and simulations. However, advancements in experimental techniques, such as particle image velocimetry and laser Doppler anemometry, are helping to overcome these challenges by providing more accurate and detailed measurements of fluid flow and structural response. In conclusion, Fluid-Structure Interaction is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses engineering, science, and practical applications. It plays a crucial role in understanding and predicting the behavior of structures subjected to fluid forces. FSI has significant implications for various industries,including aerospace, civil, and biomedical engineering. Despite the challenges involved, advancements in computational methods and experimental techniques are continuously improving our ability to simulate and analyze fluid-structure interactions. As a result, FSI is contributing to the development of safer and more efficient structures, as well as enhancing our understanding of natural phenomena.。

飞机滑行作用下水泥混凝土道面板动响应分析

关键词：机场工程；泥混凝土道面；水半解析法；弹性层状地基；粘矩形板；移动荷载
中图分类号：Ｕ１．１４６２６文献标识码：Ａ
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第３第１１卷４期
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前
飞机滑行作用下水泥混凝土道面板动响应分析
翁兴中，寇雅楠，颜祥程
（空军工程大学工程学院，西安７０３）１０８
摘要：研究了飞机滑行作用下机场水泥混凝土道面板动响应问题。将道面结构视为粘弹性层状地基上单块四
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ch08领导

31
8.3 领导理论
领导权变理论
菲德勒模型(the Fiedler Model）
菲德勒根据以上研究，得出的结论是：（1）不能简单地评价哪种领导方式好或不好。必须把领导者和下属的状况、环境、工作类型等因素综合起来考虑，不同情况适合不同的领导方式。
（2）要提高领导效率。一方面，通过改变领导者的个性和领导方式；另一方面改变情境，这又可以从三个方面进行，即改变领导者与下属的关系、改变工作结构程度的高低和改变领导者的职位权力。
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8.2 领导理论的基础——人性假设
Y理论
员工视工作如休息、娱乐一般自然；如果员工对某项工作作出承诺，他们会进行自我
指导和自我控制，以完成任务；一般而言，员工不仅能承担责任，而且会主动寻求承担责任；绝大多数人都具备作出正确决策的能力（而不仅仅是管理者）。
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8.2 领导理论的基础——人性假设
管理者关于人性的观点是建立在一些假设
基础上的，而管理者又根据这些假设来塑造他们自己对下属的行为方式。
10
8.2 领导理论的基础——人性假设
X理论
员工天生不喜欢工作，只要可能，他们就会逃避工作；由于员工不喜欢工作，因此必须采取强制措施或惩罚办法，迫使他们实现组织目标；员工只要有可能就会逃避责任，安于现状；大多数员工喜欢安逸，没有雄心壮志。
专家Expert Power 感召Referent Power
7
个人权力
8.1 领导与领导者
领导者素质
领导艺术
基础素质
领导者素质
职能素质科学决策能力组织协调能力知人善任的能力激励能力创新能力危机管理能力
8
政治素质思想素质道德素质知识素质心理素质

曼昆微观经济学答案ch04

The Market Forces of Supply and DemandWHAT’S NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION:This chapter has been completely rearranged and rewritten.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:what a competitive market is.what determines the demand for a good in a competitive market.what determines the supply of a good in a competitive market.how supply and demand together set the price of a good and the quantity sold.the key role of prices in allocating scarce resources in market economies.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 4 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work. Chapter 4 shows how supply and demand for a good determines both the quantityproduced and the price at which the good sells. Chapter 5 will add precision to the discussion of supply and demand by addressing the concept of elasticity —the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic variables. Chapter 6 will address the impact of government policies on prices and quantities in markets.The purpose of Chapter 4 is to establish the model of supply and demand. The model of supply and demand is the foundation for the discussion for the remainder of this text. For this reason, time spent studying the concepts in this chapter will return benefits to your students throughout their study of economics. Many instructors would argue that this chapter is the most important chapter in the text.THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND52 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandKEY POINTS:1.Economists use the model of supply and demand to analyze competitive markets. In a competitivemarket, there are many buyers and sellers, each of whom has little or no influence on the market price.2.The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good demanded depends on the price. According tothe law of demand, as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises. Therefore, the demand curve slopes downward.3.In addition to price, other determinants of how much consumers want to buy include income, theprices of substitutes and complements, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers. If one of these factors changes, the demand curve shifts.4.The supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends on the price. According to thelaw of supply, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises. Therefore, the supply curve slopes upward.5.In addition to price, other determinants of how much producers want to sell include input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers. If one of these factors changes, the supply curve shifts.6.The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the market equilibrium. At theequilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.7.The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium. When themarket price is above the equilibrium price, there is a surplus of the good, which causes the market price to fall. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, there is a shortage, which causes the market price to rise.8.To analyze how any event influences a market, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to examinehow the event affects equilibrium price and quantity. To do this we follow three steps. First, we decide whether the event shifts the supply curve or the demand curve (or both). Second, we decide which direction the curve shifts. Third, we compare the new equilibrium with the initial equilibrium.9.In market economies, prices are the signals that guide economic decisions and thereby allocatescarce resources. For every good in the economy, the price ensures that supply and demand are in balance. The equilibrium price then determines how much of the good buyers choose to purchase and how much sellers choose to produce.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Markets and CompetitionChapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 53A. Definition of market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good orservice.B. Definition of competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers andmany sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.C. Competition: Perfect and Otherwise1. Characteristics of a perfectly competitive market:a. The goods being offered for sale are all the same.b. The buyers and sellers are so numerous that none can influence themarket price.2. Because buyers and sellers must accept the market price as given, they are oftencalled "price takers."3. Not all goods are sold in a perfectly competitive market.a. A market with only one seller is called a monopoly market.b. A market with only a few sellers is called an oligopoly.c. A market with a large number of sellers, each selling a product that isslightly different from its competitors‘ products, is called monopolisticcompetition.D. We will start by studying perfect competition.II. DemandA. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded1. Definition of quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers arewilling and able to purchase.2. One important determinant of quantity demanded is the price of the product.a. Quantity demanded is negatively related to price. This implies that thedemand curve is downward sloping.b. Definition of law of demand: the claim that, other things equal,the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of thegood rises.54 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand3. Definition of demand schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity demanded.4. Definition of demand curve: a graph of the relationship between theprice of a good and the quantity demanded. a. Price is generally drawn on the vertical axis.b.Quantity demanded is represented on the horizontal axis.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 55B. Market Demand Versus Individual Demand1.The market demand is the sum of all of the individual demands for a particular good or service.2.The demand curves are summed horizontally —meaning that the quantities demanded are added up for each level of price.3.The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies with the price of the good, holding constant all other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy.C.Shifts in the Demand Curve1. The demand curve shows how much consumers want to buy at any price,holding constant the many other factors that influence buying decisions.2. If any of these other factors change, the demand curve will shift.a. An increase in demand can be represented by a shift of the demandcurve to the right.b.A decrease in demand can be represented by a shift of the demand curve to the left.3.Income56 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demanda.The relationship between income and quantity demanded depends on what type of good the product is.b.Definition of normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.c.Definition of inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.4. Prices of Related Goodsa.Definition of substitutes: two goods for which an increase in theprice of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.b.Definition of complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.5. Tastes6.Expectationsa. Future Incomeb.Future Prices7. Number of BuyersD.Case Study: Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity of Smoking Demanded1.Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and the prohibition of cigarette advertising on television are policies designed to reduce the demand for cigarettes (and shift the demand curve to the left). 2.Raising the price of cigarettes (through tobacco taxes) lowers the quantity of cigarettes demanded.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 57a. The demand curve does not shift in this case, however.b. An increase in the price of cigarettes can be shown by a movementalong the original demand curve.3. Studies have shown that a 10% increase in the price of cigarettes causes a 4%reduction in the quantity of cigarettes demanded. For teens a 10% increase inprice leads to a 12% drop in quantity demanded.4. Studies have also shown that a decrease in the price of cigarettes is associatedwith greater use of marijuana. Thus, it appears that tobacco and marijuana arecomplements.III. SupplyA. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Supplied1. Definition of quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers arewilling and able to sell.a. Quantity supplied is positively related to price.b. Definition of law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, thequantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the goodrises.2. Definition of supply schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity supplied.3. Definition of supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the priceof a good and the quantity supplied.58 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandB.Market Supply Versus Individual Supply1. The market supply curve can be found by summing individual supply curves.2. Individual supply curves are summed horizontally at every price.3.The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied varies as the price of the good varies.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 59C. Shifts in the Supply Curve1. The supply curve shows how much producers offer for sale at any given price, holding constant all other factors that may influence producers‘ decisions about how much to sell.2. When any of these other factors change, the supply curve will shift.a. An increase in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the right.b.A decrease in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the left.3. Input Prices4.Technology5. Expectations6. Number of SellersIV. Supply and Demand Together A.Equilibrium 1. The point where the supply and demand curves intersect is called the market‘s equilibrium.2.Definition of equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.60 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandDefinition of equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.4.The equilibrium price is often called the "market-clearing" price because both buyers and sellers are satisfied at this price.5.Definition of equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.6. If the actual market price is higher than the equilibrium price, there will be asurplus of the good.a. Definition of surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied isgreater than quantity demanded.b.To eliminate the surplus, producers will lower the price until the marketreaches equilibrium.7. If the actual price is lower than the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage ofthe good.a. Definition of shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded isgreater than quantity supplied.b.Sellers will respond to the shortage by raising the price of the good untilthe market reaches equilibrium. Array8. Definition of the law of supply and demand: the claim that the price ofany good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good intobalance.B.Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium1. Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or perhaps both).2. Decide in which direction the curve shifts.3.Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift changes the equilibrium price and quantity.A.Example: A Change in Demand — the effect of hot weather on the market for ice cream.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Go through these examples of events that would shift either the demand or supply of #2 lead pencils:▪ an increase in the income of consumers▪ an increase in the use of standardized exams (using opscan forms) ▪ a decrease in the price of graphite (used in the production of pencils) ▪ a decrease in the price of ink pens ▪ the start of a school year▪ new technology that lowers the cost of producing pencilsD.Shifts in Curves versus Movements Along Curves 1.A shift in the demand curve is called a "change in demand." A shift in the supply curve is called a "change in supply."2.A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a "change in quantity demanded." A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a "change in quantity supplied."E.Example: A Change in Supply — the effect of a hurricane that destroys part of the sugar-cane crop and drives up the price of sugar.F.In the News: Mother Nature Shifts the Supply Curve1.Newspaper articles about specific industries can give students practice understanding the things that affect supply and demand.2.This is an article from The New York Times that describes the effect of a freeze on the citrus market.G.Example: A Change in Both Supply and Demand —the effect of both hot weather and an earthquake which destroys several ice cream factories on the market for ice cream.H. Summary1. When an event shifts the supply or demand curve, we can examine the effectson the equilibrium price and quantity.2. Table 4 reports the end results of these shifts in supply and demand.V. Conclusion: How Prices Allocate Resources A. The model of supply and demand is a powerful tool for analyzing markets.B.Supply and demand together determine the price of the economy‘s goods and services. 1.These prices serve as signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources in the economy.2.Prices determine who produces each good and how much of each good is produced.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes 1. A market is a group of buyers (who determine demand) and a group of sellers (who determinesupply) of a particular good or service. A competitive market is one in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identical product so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.2. Here‘s an example of a demand schedule for pizza:The demand curve is graphed in Figure 1.Figure 1Examples of things that would shift the demand curve include changes in income, prices ofrelated goods like soda or hot dogs, tastes, expectations about future income or prices, and the number of buyers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this demand curve; it would only lead us to movefrom one point to another along the same demand curve.3. Here is an example of a supply schedule for pizza:The supply curve is graphed in Figure 2.Figure 2Examples of things that would shift the supply curve include changes in prices of inputs liketomato sauce and cheese, changes in technology like more efficient pizza ovens or automaticdough makers, changes in expectations about the future price of pizza, or a change in thenumber of sellers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this supply curve; it would only move from onepoint to another along the same supply curve.4. If the price of tomatoes rises, the supply curve for pizza shifts to the left because of theincreased price of an input into pizza production, but there is no effect on demand. The shift to the left of the supply curve causes the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium quantity todecline, as Figure 3 shows.If the price of hamburgers falls, the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left because the lower price of hamburgers will lead consumers to buy more hamburgers and less pizza, but there is no effect on supply. The shift to the left of the demand curve causes the equilibrium price to falland the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4 shows.Figure 3Questions for Review1. A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identicalproduct so that each has a negligible impact on the market price. Other types of markets includemonopoly, in which there is only one seller, oligopoly, in which there are a few sellers that do notalways compete aggressively, and monopolistically competitive markets, in which there are many sellers, each offering a slightly different product.2. The quantity of a good that buyers demand is determined by the price of the good, income, theprices of related goods, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers.3. The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity demanded. The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded. The demand schedule and demand curve are related because the demand curve is simply a graph showing the points in the demand schedule.The demand curve slopes downward because of the law of demand—other things equal, whenthe price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls. People buy less of a goodwhen its price rises, both because they cannot afford to buy as much and because they switch to purchasing other goods.4. A change in consumers' tastes leads to a shift of the demand curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the demand curve.5. Since Popeye buys more spinach when his income falls, spinach is an inferior good for him.Since he buys more spinach, but the price of spinach is unchanged, his demand curve for spinach shifts out as a result of the decrease in his income.6. The quantity of a good that sellers supply is determined by the price of the good, input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers.7. A supply schedule is a table showing the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity a producer is willing and able to supply. The supply curve is the upward-sloping linerelating price and quantity supplied. The supply schedule and the supply curve are relatedbecause the supply curve is simply a graph showing the points in the supply schedule.The supply curve slopes upward because when the price is high, suppliers' profits increase, sothey supply more output to the market. The result is the law of supply—other things equal,when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.8. A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads toa movement along the supply curve.9. The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the quantity demanded is equal to quantitysupplied. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below the equilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price withoutlosing customers. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price.10. When the price of beer rises, the demand for pizza declines, because beer and pizza arecomplements and people want to buy less beer. When we say the demand for pizza declines, we mean that the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left as in Figure 5. The supply curve for pizza is not affected. With a shift to the left in the demand curve, the equilibrium price and quantityboth decline, as the figure shows. Thus the quantity of pizza supplied and demanded both fall.In sum, supply is unchanged, demand is decreased, quantity supplied declines, quantitydemanded declines, and the price falls.Figure 511. Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If theprice is different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded are notequal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarceresources.Problems and Applications1. a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges. This can beseen in Figure 6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for oranges. The newequilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price.Figure 6b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, sodemand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer peopletravel to the Caribbean, since northern climes are more pleasant. The result, as shownin Figure 7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Caribbeanhotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figure shows.Figure 7c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oilproduction takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve forgasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price ofgasoline. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzlingautomobile, like a Cadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs willdecline, as people in the market for cars will not find Cadillacs as attractive. In addition,some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result is that thedemand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to theright, as shown in Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of usedCadillacs.Figure 8 Figure 92. The statement that "an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooksdemanded, but not the quantity supplied," in general, is false. As Figure 10 shows, the increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve was a vertical line, as shown in Figure 11.Figure 10Figure 113. a. If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they will want larger vehiclesfor hauling their kids around, so the demand for minivans will increase. Supply won't beaffected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 12 shows.Figure 12b. If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the cost of producing a minivan rises (a risein input prices), so the supply of minivans decreases. Demand won't be affected. Theresult is a rise in the price of minivans and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 13 shows.Figure 13c. The development of new automated machinery for the production of minivans is animprovement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase in supply.Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of minivans and an increase inthe quantity, as Figure 14 shows.Figure 14d. The rise in the price of sport utility vehicles affects minivan demand because sport utilityvehicles are substitutes for minivans (that is, there is a rise in the price of a related good).The result is an increase in demand for minivans. Supply is not affected. In equilibrium,the price and quantity of minivans both rise, as Figure 12 shows.e. The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock-market crash reduces their income,leading to a reduction in the demand for minivans, since minivans are likely a normalgood. Supply isn‘t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 15shows.Figure 154. Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline inan input price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply ofcomputers, as shown in Figure 16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows.Figure 16Since computer software is a complement to computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 17 shows, the result is a rise in both theequilibrium price and quantity of software.Figure 17Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 18 shows, the result is a decline in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of typewriters.Figure 185. a. When a hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop, it raises input prices forproducing sweatshirts. As a result, the supply of sweatshirts shifts to the left, as shownin Figure 19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 19b. A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets,reducing the demand for sweatshirts. The result, shown in Figure 20, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 20c. The effects of colleges requiring students to engage in morning calisthenics inappropriate attire raises the demand for sweatshirts, as shown in Figure 21. The result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 21d. The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of sweatshirts. As Figure 22shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibriumquantity of sweatshirts.Figure 226. A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysittingservices in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year olds who needsitters, so the demand for babysitting services rises, as shown in Figure 23. The result is ahigher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 24. The result is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 23 Figure 247. Since ketchup is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises, the quantitydemanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for ketchup, causing both price andquantity of ketchup to fall. Since the quantity of ketchup falls, the demand for tomatoes byketchup producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of tomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts out, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise. The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so thedemand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!Figure 258. a. Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higher price forcigarettes would increase the demand for cigars and chewing tobacco.b. An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigars and chewingtobacco. The result, as shown in Figure 25 for cigars, is a rise in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of cigars and chewing tobacco.c. The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people to substitute cigarsand chewing tobacco for cigarettes when the tax on cigarettes rises. To reduce totaltobacco usage, policymakers might also want to increase the tax on cigars and chewingtobacco, or pursue some type of public education program.9. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81 pizzas (Figure26). If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed quantity demanded, sosuppliers would reduce their price to gain sales. If price were less than $6, quantity demandedwould exceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there isneither a surplus nor a shortage.。

风暴潮灾害损失评估的主成分模型研究

风暴潮灾害损失评估的主成分模型研究一、内容描述本研究旨在探讨风暴潮灾害损失评估的主成分模型，以期为我国风暴潮灾害的防治提供科学依据。

风暴潮是一种自然灾害，其强度和范围对沿海地区的人类生活、经济发展和生态环境产生严重影响。

因此准确评估风暴潮灾害损失具有重要意义。

主成分分析(PCA)是一种广泛应用于数据分析的技术，它通过线性变换将多个相关变量降维到一个新的坐标系中，从而实现对原始数据的有效表示。

在风暴潮灾害损失评估中，PCA可以用于提取影响风暴潮灾害损失的关键因素，为决策者提供科学依据。

本研究首先对国内外关于风暴潮灾害损失评估的研究现状进行了梳理，总结了各种方法的优缺点。

然后针对风暴潮灾害损失评估的特点，提出了一种基于PCA的主成分模型。

该模型主要包括以下几个部分：数据预处理；特征选择；PCA降维；主成分分析；损失指标构建；模型验证与优化。

在数据预处理阶段，本文采用了归一化、标准化等方法对原始数据进行处理，以消除量纲和数值范围的影响。

特征选择阶段通过计算各特征之间的相关性，筛选出与风暴潮灾害损失关系密切的特征。

PCA降维阶段采用主成分法将原始数据降维到一个较低的维度，以便于后续的分析。

主成分分析阶段通过对降维后的数据进行旋转和缩放，得到各个主成分的权重系数。

损失指标构建阶段根据主成分分析的结果，构建了反映风暴潮灾害损失的新指标。

模型验证与优化阶段对所建立的主成分模型进行了实证研究，并对其进行了改进和优化。

通过对大量实际数据的实证分析，本文证明了所建立的主成分模型具有较高的预测精度和稳定性，能够有效评估风暴潮灾害损失。

同时本文还对模型的应用前景进行了展望，并提出了一些改进和完善的建议。

1. 研究背景和意义随着全球气候变化的加剧，风暴潮灾害频发，给人类社会和自然环境带来了严重的损失。

风暴潮灾害不仅对沿海地区的基础设施、建筑物、交通运输等造成破坏，还对海洋生态环境产生影响，如海水倒灌、海浪侵蚀等。

因此对风暴潮灾害损失进行科学、准确的评估具有重要的现实意义。

ABB 传感器选型指南说明书

GeneralThe following questionnaires are used to select sensors according to the client's requirements.The characteristics shown in the catalogue are given with respect to a defined environment (worst case conditions).The technical requirements will not always reach these extreme limits, and it is possible, following confirmation by us, to propose higher maximum electrical or thermal values to those published, thanks to a knowledge and detailed analysis of the sensor operating environment.A technical relationship between the client and ABB will allow the proposal of the best selection of sensors, equally from the viewpoint of performance and economy.Two principal areas are considered in the selection of a sensor:–the electrical aspect–the thermal aspectThe sensor performance is based on a combination of electrical and thermal conditions; any values other than those indicated in this catalogue cannot be guaranteed unless validated by us. The information below is only valid for sensors using closed loop Hall effect technology.Contact your local supplier for other technologies.Profile missionDue to the design of converters with integrate more power with less volume, sensors are very constraint; leading to reduce their life time. As a matter of fact, even though the application main conditions are well within the sensors characteristics, these conditions have an impact on the sensor life time.The main general characteristics that involves the sensors life time are the following:–the ambient temperature above 40 °C. It is usually said that every additional 10 °C, the life time is reduced by a factor of 2. Of course, this value is a theoretical value and has to be defined in line with the concerned project.–the ambient temperature variations also impact the sensor life time. Even small variations (like 10 °C) can change the life time of the sensor especially on the electronic part.–the way the sensors are used also impact its duration (numbers of ON/OFF per day, average current or voltage value, powersupply value, load resistor value, vibrations levels…)The above general impacting conditions are well defined in standards like IEC 62380, UTE C 80-810 and must be consider during any new converter design.ABB can provide theoretical reliability calculation based on specific profile mission of your projects.Electrical characteristicsThe electrical characteristics values mentioned in this catalogue are given for a particular sensor operating point. These values may vary, according to the specific technical requirement, in the following way:–The primary thermal current (voltage) (I PN or U PN) may be increased if:-t he maximum operating temperature is lower than thevalue shown in the technical data sheet-the sensor supply voltage (V A) is reduced-the load resistance value (R M) is increased–The maximum current (voltage) measurable by the sensor may be increased if:-the maximum operating temperature is lower than thevalue shown in the technical data sheet-the sensor supply voltage (V A) is increased-the secondary winding resistance value (R S) is reduced(e.g. by using a lower transformation ratio)-the load resistance value (R M) is reducedThermal characteristicsThe operating temperature values mentioned in this catalogue are given for a particular sensor operating point. These values may vary, according to the specific technical requirement, in the following way:–The maximum operating temperature may be increased if: -the primary thermal current (voltage) (I PN or U PN) is reduced -the sensor supply voltage (V A) is reduced-the load resistance value (R M) is increasedPS: The minimum operating temperature cannot be lower than that shown in the technical data sheet as this is fixed by the lower temperature limit of the components used in the sensor.74S21Application1. Application :–Variable speed drive ................................................................ –UPS ....................................................................................... –Wind generator ....................................................................... –Active harmonic filter ............................................................... –Welding machines ................................................................... –Solar ...................................................................................... –Other (description) ......................................................................2. Quantity per year: ...........................................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Sensor fixing:–By soldering to the PCB .......................................................... –By the enclosure ..................................................................... –By the primary conductor ........................................................ 2. Primary conductor:–Cable diameter ................................................................... (mm) –Cable connection size ......................................................... (mm) –Bar size .............................................................................. (mm)3. Secondary connection:–By connector .......................................................................... –By cable without connector ..................................................... –Other ......................................................................................Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Presence of strong electromagnetic fields ....................................4. Max. continuous primary conductor voltage ................................ (V)5. Main reference standards ................................................................Electrical characteristics1. Nominal current (I PN ) ......................................................... (A r.m.s.)2. Current type (if possible, show current profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ...................................................... (Hz)4. Current measuring range:–Minimum current .................................................................... (A) –Maximum current ................................................................... (A) –Duration (of max. current) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (of max. current) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max current .............................. (V)5. Overload current (not measurable):–Not measurable overload current ........................................... (A) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ...................................................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal current I PN ............................. (mA) 8. Current output (NCS range only)–Secondary current at maximum current I PMAX ....................... (mA)9. Voltage output–Secondary voltage at nominal current I PN ............................... (V)10. Voltage output (NCS range only)–Secondary voltage at maximum current I PMAX (V)Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Rolling stock:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ................................................................... –Other ......................................................................................Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ................................................................... Fixed installation (e.g. substation)..................................................... 3. Quantity per year: ............................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Sensor fixing:–By the enclosure ..................................................................... –By the primary conductor ........................................................ 2. Primary conductor:–Cable diameter ................................................................... (mm) –Bar size .............................................................................. (mm) 3. Secondary connection:–Screw or Faston...................................................................... –By connector .......................................................................... –By shielded cable .................................................................... –Other ...................................................................................... Electrical characteristics1. Nominal current (I PN ) .......................................................... (A r.m.s.)2. C urrent type (if possible, show current profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ....................................................... (Hz)4. Current measuring range:–Minimum current .................................................................... (A) –Maximum current ................................................................... (A) –Duration (of max. current) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (of max. current) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max current .............................. (V)5. Overload current (not measurable):–Not measurable overload current ............................................(A) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ...................................................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal current I PN ............................. (mA) 8. Current output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary current at maximum current I PMAX ....................... (mA)9. Voltage output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary voltage at nominal current I PN ............................... (V)10. Voltage output (NCS125 & NCS165 only for fixed installations)–Secondary voltage at maximum current I PMAX (V)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature ......................................(°C)4. Maximum continuous primary conductor voltage ..........................(V)5. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Fixed installation (e.g. substation) ................................................ 3. Quantity per year: ............................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Mechanical characteristics1. Primary connection:–By screw ................................................................................ –Other ...................................................................................... 2. Secondary connection:–Screw or Faston...................................................................... –By connector .......................................................................... –Other ...................................................................................... Electrical characteristics1. Nominal voltage (U PN ) ........................................................ (V r.m.s.)2. Voltage type (if possible, show voltage profile on graph):–Direct ..................................................................................... –Alternating .............................................................................. 3. Bandwidth to be measured ...................................................... (Hz)4. Voltage measuring range:–Minimum voltage .................................................................... (V) –Maximum voltage ................................................................... (V) –Duration (at max. voltage) .................................................... (sec) –Repetition (at max. voltage) ......................................................... –Measuring voltage (on R M ) at max voltage ............................... (V)5. Overload voltage (not measurable):–Not measurable overload voltage ............................................ (V) –Duration.............................................................................. (sec) –Repetition ................................................................................... –Category (from OV1 to OV3) ........................................................6. Sensor supply voltage:–Bipolar supply voltage .......................................................... (±V) –Unipolar supply voltage .......................................... (0 +V or 0 -V)7. Output current–Secondary current at nominal voltage U PN ............................ (mA)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature .....................................(°C)4. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201Company:Address:Tel:Name:Fax:Email:Other requirements (description)Application1. Project name ...................................................................................2. Application:Short or long distance train:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Metro or tramway:–Power converter ..................................................................... –Auxiliary converter ...................................................................Fixed equipment (e.g. substation) ................................................ 3. Quantity per year: ...........................................................................4. Total quantity for the project.............................................................Electrical characteristics1. Nominal voltage (U PN ) ............................................................ (V DC)2. Maximum voltage long duration: 5 min (U MAX2) ........................ (V DC)3. Maximum voltage overload: 20 ms (U MAX3) .............................. (V DC)4. Minimum voltage to be detected . (V)Sensor environmental conditions1. Minimum operating temperature ................................................ (°C)2. Maximum operating temperature ............................................... (°C)3. Average nominal operating temperature ..................................... (°C)4. Pollution degree ..............................................................................5. Over voltage category (from OV1 to OV3) .........................................6. Maximum ambient light level ......................................................(lux)7. Main reference standards ................................................................74S 0201。

结构设计常用专业英语词汇汇编

accidental combination偶然组合accidental load偶然荷载action作用apartment公寓arched roof拱形屋面area projected on a horizontal plane水平投影面ash load积灰荷载attic阁楼balcony阳台ballroom/ dance hall舞厅basic load combination基本荷载组合basic variable基本变量basic wind speed基本风速boundary condition边界条件boundary layer边界层cab驾驶室（吊车）canopy雨棚cantilever member悬挑构件cantilever slab悬臂板case工况catwalk马道characteristic value标准值nominal value标准值standard value标准值characteristic/nominal combination标准组合cladding system围护系统coefficient of thermal expansion温度膨胀系数column effective length柱有效长度combination value组合值comply with requirement of Chinese code满足中国规范要求concentrated load集中荷载concentration of plastic deformation塑性变形集中construction and maintenance load施工和检修荷载construction load施工荷载construction sequence施工顺序control room控制室corner转角，角部corridor走廊crane load吊车荷载crane wheel load吊车轮压dead load恒载dead-load-resisting moment恒载产生的弯矩deformed position变形后位置degree of reliability可靠度density密度design reference period设计基准期design situation设计状况design value设计值design value of a load荷载设计值design working life设计使用年限determinate structure静定结构diaphragm stiffness楼板刚度differential settlement不均匀沉降distribution factor of snow pressure屋面积雪分布系数double span double pitched roof双跨双坡屋面during service life使用期间dynamic analysis动力分析dynamic coefficient动力系数earthquake action地震作用eave屋檐/挑檐edge beam边梁edge column边柱elasticity modulus弹性模量electric hoist电动葫芦element check构件校核enclosed structure封闭式结构energy能量equibrium equation平衡方程equivalent uniform live load等效均布活荷载expansion膨胀exposure category地面粗糙度类别（美）exposure factor for wind pressure风压高度变化系数（美）field experiment现场试验fire escape防火楼梯first mode第一振型fixed seats固定座位flat roof平屋顶flexible lifting hook软钩吊车floor live load楼面活荷载fluid pressure流体压力fractile分位值frequent combinations频遇组合frequent value频遇值fundamental combination基本组合gable山墙garage车库geometrical parameter几何参数gradient height梯度风高度gust阵风gust factor coefficient阵风系数gymnasium健身房hand-geared bridge crane手动吊车handrail栏杆，扶手hard lifting hook硬钩吊车height variation factor of wind pressure风压高度变化系数height-to-width ratio高宽比heliport直升飞机平台horizontal component水平分量horizontal load水平荷载horizontal load on railing栏杆水平荷载hydrostatic uplift load水浮力impact factor冲击系数impact load冲击荷载importance factor重要性系数indeterminate structure超静定结构interpolation内插值法laboratory实验室large(long)-span structure大跨结构lateral force on crane runaway beam吊车横向水平荷载lateral load侧向力leeward背风面lifted load吊重limit state极限状态live load活荷载load code for the design of building structures建筑结构荷载规范load combination荷载组合load combination coefficient荷载组合系数load effect荷载效应lobby大厅local area局部部位local load局部荷载longitudinal force on crane runaway beam吊车纵向水平荷载long-term deflection长期变形magnification factor of wind fluctuation脉动增大系数manned roof上人屋面mass质量material property材料性能maximum wheel load最大轮压mean roof height平均屋面高度minimum potential energy principle最小势能原理mode superposition振型叠加法mountainous region山区movable seats活动座位multi degree-of-freedom system多自由度体系multi-defense system多道设防体系occupancy category房屋类别office building办公楼on adjacent span相邻跨on alternate span隔跨on the entire span满跨on the half span半跨open-frame tower敞开式塔架operating load操作荷载operating room手术室overturning倾覆overturning moment倾覆弯矩parapet wall女儿墙partial safety factor for loads荷载分项系数partially enclosed structure半敞开式结构partition load隔墙荷载passenger vehicle客车patient room病房performance function功能函数period for no.1第一周期period reduction factor周期折减系数permanent action（load）永久作用（荷载）permanent load永久荷载permanent partition固定隔墙pitched roof坡屋顶，斜屋面place of public assembly人口密集处plant厂房platform看台Poisson's ratio泊松比pond load积水荷载portable partition可移动隔墙primary load-resisting system主要承重体系probability distribution概率分布probability of failure失效概率purlin檩条quasi-permanent combinations准永久组合quasi-permanent value准永久值rated capacity额定起重量（吊车）reading room阅览室recurrence interval重现期reducing coefficient of live load活荷载折减系数reduction of live load活荷载折减reference snow pressure基本雪压reference wind pressure基本风压reliability可靠性reliability index可靠指标repeated service load反复荷载representative value代表值representative value of a load荷载代表值representative value of gravity load重力荷载代表值residential住宅resistance抗力ridge屋脊roof garden屋顶花园roof live load屋面活荷载roof slope屋面坡度safety category安全等级saw-toothed roof锯齿形屋面scaffolding脚手架self-straining force自应力荷载serviceablility limit state正常使用极限状态shape factor of wind load风荷载体形系数shear modulus剪切模量single degree-of-freedom system单自由度体系single span monopitched roof单跨单坡屋面skylight天窗sliding滑移snow load雪荷载soil pressure土压力stack room书库stage舞台stair楼梯stair tread踏步板statistical data统计资料statistical parameter统计参数steel rail钢轨，轨道stiffness刚度stiffness enlargement factor for middle-span beam中梁刚度放大系数stiffness restraint of backfill soil to basement回填土对地下室约束的相对刚度storey drift层间位移strain energy应变能stress-strain relationship应力－应变关系strong shear – weak bending强剪弱弯suburban area城市郊区take-off weight起飞重量temporary partition临时隔墙terrain roughness地面粗糙度the most critical combination最不利组合the most critical effect最不利效应the worst case最不利情况theatre剧院time history analysis时程分析transverse traveling load横向行驶的荷载（吊车）tributary area从属面积trolley小车（吊车）tunnel test风洞试验ultimate limit state承载能力极限状态unbalanced accumulation不均匀堆积unenclosed structure敞开式结构unmanned roof不上人屋面urban area城市市区variable action（load）可变作用（荷载）variational principal变分原理vertical component竖向分量vertical element竖向构件vertical load竖向荷载virtual work虚功wind fluctuation factor脉动影响系数wind fluttering factor风振系数wind load风荷载wind shield挡风板wind-excited oscillation风致振动windward迎风面work功working grade工作级别（吊车）accidental eccentricity偶然偏心additional bending moment附加弯矩additional damping附加阻尼additional seismic action factors at top of the building顶部附加地震作用系数allowable value of drift angle层间位移角限值amplifying factor for elaso-plastic story drift弹塑性层间位移放大系数artificial acceleration time-history curve人工模拟加速度时程曲线avalanche崩塌axial-force-ratio轴压比backing bar垫板base shear force底部剪力base shear method基底剪力法bearing wall承重墙boundary of slope边坡边缘brittle mode of failure脆性破坏buried depth埋置深度cast-in-situ concrete floor现浇混凝土楼板center of mass质量中心center of rigidity刚度中心circular natural frequency自振圆频率code for seismic design of buildings建筑抗震设计规范compaction method加密法composite floor with fluted plate压型钢板钢筋混凝土组合楼板compound hoop复合箍筋compound or continuous compound rectangular复合或连续复合矩形螺旋箍 spiral hoopconcentrically braced frame中心支撑框架confining boundary element约束边缘构件core column芯柱corner column角柱coupled torsion method扭转藕联方法coupling beam连梁critical damping临界阻尼crosswise brace交叉支撑damped free vibration有阻尼自由振动damping ratio阻尼比deformations predominantly due to shear剪切变形为主design basic acceleration of ground motion设计基本地震加速度design characteristic period of ground motion设计特征周期design earthquake groups设计地震分组design parameters of ground motion设计地震动参数detail of seismic design抗震构造措施diaphragm discontinuity楼面不连续discontinuity in bearing capacity承载力突变discontinuity in vertical anti-lateral-force members竖向抗侧力构件不连续displacement-relevant type位移相关型dog-bone connection狗骨节点double plate贴板double-limb coupling wall双肢抗震墙ductility延性dynamic characteristics动力特性earthquake action地震作用eccentrically braced frame偏心支撑框架elasto-plastic deformation analysis弹塑性变形分析elato-plasic time-history analyzing method弹塑性时程分析end-column端柱energy-dissipating beam segment耗能梁段energy-dissipating component耗能构件equivalent static lateral force等效侧向静力荷载equivalent viscous damping ratio等效粘滞阻尼比expansion joint/contraction joint伸缩缝favorable有利fixing location嵌固部位frame structure框架结构frame-brace框架-支撑frame-core-tube structure框架-核心筒结构framed tube框架-筒体frame-support wall structure部分框支抗震墙结构frame-wall structure框架-抗震墙结构frequently earthquake多遇地震full penetration butt welds完全熔透坡口焊geotechnical stability岩土地震的稳定性grade 1/2/3 framed structure1/2/3级框架grade 1/2/3 wall1/2/3级抗震墙grade of liquefaction液化等级gravity additional bending moment重力附加弯矩great frame巨型框架ground subsidence震陷height-width ratio高宽比hidden column暗柱hidden-beam暗梁horizontal brace水平支撑horizontal seismic influence coefficient水平地震影响系数horizontal transmission member水平转换构件inverted-v shape brace人字支撑isolation joint抗震缝joint-panel shear deformation节点域剪切变形k-shape brace K型支撑landslide滑坡lateral braced point侧向支承点lateral displacement(sway) stiffness侧移刚度lateral-force-resisting system抗侧力体系limit value of elaso-plastic story drift rotation弹塑性层间位移角限值limit value of elastic story drift rotation弹性层间位移角限值linear static/dynamic analyzing method线性静/动力分析方法liquefaction液化liquefaction index液化指数liquefaction mitigation measure抗液化措施liquefaction subsoil液化地基lonely tall hill高耸孤立的山丘long-cantilevered structure长悬臂结构longitudinal wall纵墙lumped mass集中质量major earthquake大震maximum pressure on foundation bottom基底最大压力maximum ratio of total height to total width最大高宽比mean pressure on foundation bottom基底平均压力mechanic model力学模型mode振型、模态mode participation factor振型参与系数moment resisting frame框架non-liquefaction不液化non-rocky steep slope非岩石的陡坡oblique direction lateral-force-resisting member斜交抗侧力构件ordinary boundary element构造边缘构件ordinary braced frame普通支撑框架ordinary hoop普通箍筋overlaying depth覆盖层厚度parapet without anchorage无锚固女儿墙partial factor for horizontal seismic action水平地震作用分项系数partial factor for vertical seismic action竖向地震作用分项系数peak ground acceleration地面加速度峰值plastic hinge塑性铰polar moment of inertial极惯性矩pre-cast floor/roof装配式楼盖/屋面prefabricated concrete roof/floor预制楼盖/屋盖probability of exceedence超越概率rarely earthquake罕遇地震recurrence interval重现周期reduction factor for the liquefaction effect of soil layer土层液化影响折减系数reentrance corners irregularity凹凸不规则reentrant corner凹角regular seismic building规则抗震建筑reinforced concrete spandrel girder钢筋混凝土托墙梁reinforced concrete wall plane with hidden steel brace 内藏钢支撑钢筋混凝土墙板reinforced concrete wall plane with vertical separators 带竖缝钢筋混凝土墙板representative value of gravity重力荷载代表值response spectrum反应谱response spectrum method for modal analysis振型分解反应谱法restoring-force characteristic model恢复力模型retaining wall抗撞墙rigid base刚性地基rigid/semi-rigid/flexible diaphragm刚性/半刚性/柔性隔板river bank河岸rubber isolator unit橡胶隔震单元saturated sand饱和砂土saturated silt饱和粘土secant stiffness割线刚度secondary effect of gravitation重力二阶效应seismic adjusting factor for loading capacity承载力抗震调整系数seismic capacity for the nodes of frame框架节点核心区地震承载力seismic concept design of buildings建筑抗震概念设计seismic detail requirement抗震构造要求seismic fortification category抗震设防类别seismic fortification criterion抗震设防标准seismic fortification intensity抗震设防烈度seismic fortification measures抗震措施seismic multiple-defense lines多道抗震防线seismic overturning moment地震倾覆弯矩seismic shear factor value of floor level楼层地震剪力系数seismic shear force地震剪力seismic soil bearing capacity地基抗震承载力seismically isolated隔震的settlement caused by liquefaction液化沉陷settlement joint沉降缝shear-wave velocity of soil剪切波速single diagonal brace单斜杆支撑site场地site-classes场地类别slab-column-structural wall structure板柱-抗震墙结构soft subsoil软土地基special concentrically braced frame特殊中心支撑框架speed linear relevant type速度线性相关型speed non-linear relevant type速度非线性相关型spiral hoop螺旋箍stiffness irregularity侧向刚度不规则story displacement楼层位移story strengthening with outrigger member加强层story yield strength coefficient楼层屈服强度系数strength reducing factor under cycling load受循环荷载时强度降低系数stress concentration应力集中strip-protruding spur条状突出的山嘴strong-column/weak-beam强柱弱梁supporting-column框支柱the adjusting factor of slope for the linear decreasesection直线下降段的下降斜率调整系数the damping adjustment factor阻尼调整系数the horizontal dynamic stiffness水平动刚度the minimum hoop characteristic最小配箍率特征值the natural vibration period自振周期the power index of the curvilinear decrease section曲线下降段的衰减指数the spacing of hoops箍筋间距the ultimate shear capacity of a bolt一个螺栓的极限受剪承载力the yield capacity for the joint-panel of beam and column 梁柱节点区域屈服承载力tie column构造柱torsion effect扭转效应torsional irregularity扭转不规则transference story转换层transverse wall横墙truss tube桁架-筒体tube in tube structure筒中筒结构tubes束筒vertical and lateral distribution web reinforcement竖向和横向分布钢筋(抗震墙) vertical seismic action竖向地震作用vertical seismic influence coefficient竖向地震影响系数volumetric ratio of hoop reinforcement体积配箍率wall structure抗震墙结构weak region of seismic building抗震建筑薄弱部位weak story薄弱层a under-reamed cast-in-situ pile扩底灌注桩a weak underlying stratum软弱下卧层active earth pressure主动土压力adjacent excavation相邻基坑adjacent pile相邻桩allowable differential settlements容许差异沉降allowable subsoil deformation地基变形允许值allowable value允许值anchor depth锚固深度anchor force锚固力anchor pile锚桩anchor plate锚垫板anchor rod锚杆anchored retaining wall锚杆挡墙angle of inclination倾角angle of internal friction of the soil土的内摩擦角angular gravel角砾arc sliding surface method圆弧滑动面法average additional pressure平均附加压力average pressure平均压力base failure地基破坏base plate of mat foundation筏基底板beams on elastic foundation弹性地基梁block stone块石bored pile钻孔桩boring钻孔boulders漂石box foundation箱型基础braced excavation支撑开挖brick foundation砖基础broken stone/crushed stone碎石cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙casing套管casing filled with concrete套管内灌混凝土cast-in-situ concrete pile foundation混凝土灌注桩基础center pile中心桩changing of ground water level地下水位变化characteristic value特征值check on compression抗压验算check on shear strength抗剪验算clay粘土clearance space净空coarse sand粗纱cobble卵石coefficient of additional stress附加应力系数coefficient of compressibility压缩系数coefficient of consolidation固结系数coefficient of permeability渗透系数cohesion force粘聚力cohesive soil粘性土combined foundation联合基础compaction piles压实桩compensated foundation补偿基础composite subgrade /composite foundation复合地基concrete against infiltration抗渗混凝土concrete foundation混凝土基础cone foundation锥形基础cone penetration test圆锥灌入试验connection beam联系梁consolidation固结consolidation curve固结曲线consolidation test固结试验consolidation theory固结理论constant head常水头contents of grains颗粒含量corner pile角桩corner point method角点法correction factor for depth深度修正系数counter-fort walls扶壁式挡土墙cushion course垫层deep basement深层地下室deep excavation深开挖deep-mixing pile深层搅拌桩deformation compatibility变形协调degree of saturation饱和度depth of excavation开挖深度design of wall against sliding挡土墙抗滑设计diaphragm walls地下连续墙difference in settlements沉降差direct shear test直剪试验drainage layer排水层drainage of footing基础排水drainage of wall挡墙的排水driven cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩driven pile打入桩driving打桩driving shoe桩头/桩靴drop hammer落锤dry density干密度dry unit weight干容重dynamic pile capacity桩的动承载力earth works土方工程eccentric load偏心荷载eccentrically loaded foundation偏心受荷基础effective gravitational density浮重度embedment depth埋深end bearing piles端承桩end resistance of a pile桩端承载力excavation开挖基坑excavation support structure基坑维护结构excess pore water pressure超空隙水压力external ground level室外地面标高field vane test现场十字板试验filled and leveled area填方整平地区filled ground level填土面标高filled soil人工填土final settlement最终沉降量fine sand细纱flange of varying thickness变厚度翼缘floating foundation浮筏基础foundation基础foundation base基础底面foundation top基础顶面foundation types基础类型fraction粒组含量friction piles / floating piles摩擦桩general shear failure整体剪切破坏geological conditions地质条件gravitational density重度gravity density重力密度gravity retaining walls重力式挡土墙ground anchor土锚/地锚ground beams地梁ground surface室外地面ground treatment地基处理high socket foundation高杯口基础high-rise pile cap高桩承台H-pile H 型桩hydraulic gradient水力梯度inclined anchor斜锚杆inclined wall倾斜式挡土墙initial ground water level初始地下水位insertion depth插入深度in-situ static loading test of a single pile单桩静载荷试验internal ground level室内地面标高jacked-down piles静压桩laboratory vane test室内十字板试验large diameter pile大直径桩large displacement pile大量挤土桩large-area storage loading大面积堆载lateral earth pressure侧向土压力lateral earth pressure at rest侧向静止土压力laterite /red clay红粘土layered soil成层土lifting of piles桩上拔lime concrete foundation三合土基础lime-soil foundation灰土基础liquid limit液限liquidity index液性指数loaded pile受荷桩local shear failure局部剪切破坏low pile cap低桩承台main load-bearing layer主要受力层mat slab筏板medium sand中砂method of beams and slabs on elastic foundation弹性地基梁板法modulusof compressibility压缩模量Mohr's stress circle摩尔应力圆moisture content of soil土的含水量muck淤泥mucky soil淤泥质土multi-layer summation method分层总和法natural subsoil天然地基negative skin friction负摩阻力net pressure净压力net water pressure净水压力non-displacement pile非挤土桩non-reinforced spread foundation无筋扩展基础non-uniform soils不均匀地基normally consolidated正常固结offshore foundation海岸基础optimum water content最佳含水量order of driving打桩顺序overburden pressure超载压力over-consolidated超固结overturning of retaining wall挡土墙的倾覆pad foundation beneath columns柱下独立基础partial tilting局部倾斜particle shape颗粒形状particle size粒径passive earth pressure被动土压力penetration depth灌入深度penetration-resistant grade抗渗等级per liner meter每延米pile cap承台pile defect桩的缺陷pile failure桩破坏pile failure mode桩的破坏模式pile foundation桩基础pile group群桩pile point桩尖pile shaft桩身pile shaft strength桩身强度pile space桩距pile type桩型plastic limit塑限plasticity index塑性指数plate load test平板载荷试验pore pressure空隙压力pore water pressure空隙水压力porosity空隙率pre-cast concrete pile foundation混凝土预制桩基础preloaded foundation soils预压地基primary consolidation主固结primary settlement初始沉降pull out resistance of footing at depth深基础的抗拔力pull out resistance of shallow footing浅基础的抗拔力punching冲切punching failure冲切破坏punching failure cone冲切破坏锥体racked piles斜桩raft foundation筏基redriving of piles桩复打reinforced earth加劲土reinforced earth wall加劲土墙retaining walls挡土墙retraining structure支挡结构rigid foundation刚性基础risen pile上抬的桩rock岩石rock anchor岩锚rock discontinuity structure plan岩体结构面rock-inlaid cast-in-situ pile嵌岩灌注桩rounded gravel圆砾rubble concrete foundation毛石混凝土基础rubble foundation毛石基础sample disturbance土样扰动screw piles螺旋桩secondary consolidation次固结settlement沉降，沉降量settlement observation沉降观测settlement rate沉降速率shallow foundation浅基础shear key in sliding wall抗滑墙上的剪力键side of pile group群桩的周边silky clay粉质粘土silky sand粉沙silky soil粉土single-story bent structures单层排架结构skin friction of a pile桩侧摩阻力skin area of piles桩周面积slab foundation平板式筏基sliding moment滑动力矩sliding-resistant moment抗滑力矩slip surface滑动面slope边坡slope angle边坡坡角slope stability边坡稳定性slurry excavation泥浆开挖slurry trench pile泥浆护壁类桩型slurry walls泥浆连续墙small displacement pile少量挤土桩socket base杯底socket foundation杯口基础socket wall杯臂soft cohesive soil软弱粘土soil aggregate gravelly soil碎石土soil classification土的分类soil of high compressibility高压缩性土soil of low compressibility低压缩性土soil of medium compressibility中压缩性土soil-compacting effectsqueezing effect挤土效应soil-rock composite subgrade土岩组合地基solidier pile直桩spread foundation扩展基础stability of foundation地基稳定性standard frost penetration标准冻深standard penetration test标准灌入试验static water pressures静止水压力steel sheet piles钢板桩stepped foundation阶梯型基础stiffened slab foundation梁板式筏基stress increase应力增量stress release应力释放strip foundation beneath columns柱下条形基础strip foundation beneath walls墙下条形基础strip foundation with cross beams交叉条形基础strip load条形荷载struts critical depth支撑临界深度subgrade地基subgrade bearing capacity地基承载力substratum下卧层superstructure上部结构surface-empty phenomena脱空现象the bearing stratum持力层depth of foundation for settlement calculation地基沉降计算深度the medium weathered rock中风化岩石the minimum reinforcement ratio最小配筋率the peripheral length of the pile shaft桩身周长the principle of stress superposition应力叠加原理the report of engineering geological survey工程地质勘查报告the slightly weathered rock微风化岩石the Winkler foundation model文可勒地基模型three-pile cap三桩承台thrust due to land slide滑坡推力tilting倾斜toe of retaining wall挡土墙趾triaxial test三轴试验ultimate load of pile group群桩极限荷载unconfined compression test无侧限压缩试验undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度uniaxial compression单轴压缩unit weight of soil土的容重vertical bearing capacity of a pile单桩竖向承载力void ratio/ porosity ratio空隙比water saturation水饱和weighted average gravitational density加权平均重度width-height ratio of step台阶高宽比abamurus挡土墙，扶壁abutment wall/flange wall翼墙accelerant/accelerated agent促凝剂accelerated cement快凝水泥acceptance specification验收规范acid and alkali-resistant grout耐酸碱水泥浆acid and alkali-resistant mortar耐酸碱水泥砂浆addition agent添加剂adhesive胶粘剂adhesive attraction附着力adhesive bitumen primer冷底子油aeroconcrete加气混凝土age龄期aggregate骨料allowable stress design容许应力设计axial compression轴压axial compressive load轴心压力axial tension轴拉be bent cold冷弯beam depth梁高beam-to-column connections梁柱节点bent-up bar弯起钢筋bottom reinforcement底筋boundary elements边缘构件bundle绑轧buttress扶壁柱cantilever beam悬臂梁cast-in-place concrete现浇混凝土centroidal axis中心轴clear cover保护层clear spacing净距clear span净跨coarse aggregate粗骨料collar tie beam/ring-beam圈梁column柱column-to-footing connection柱脚节点compression reinforcement受压钢筋compression-controlled section受压控制截面compressive strength抗压强度concrete structures混凝土结构construction joints施工缝continuing bar连续钢筋continuous连续continuous beams连续梁continuous slabs连续板corrosion protection防腐crack开裂，裂缝cracking moment开裂弯矩creep徐变cross section横截面cross section截面cure养护deep beam深梁deformed/spiral reinforcement螺纹钢筋depth of slab板厚depth-span ratio高跨比design load combinations设计荷载组合development length/lap length搭接长度ducts for grouted灌浆管durability耐久性dynamic amplification factor动力放大系数effective compressive flange有效受压翼缘effective cross-sectional area有效截面effective depth of section截面有效高度effective prestress有效预应力elastic deflection弹性变形embedment length锚固长度equivalent rectangular column正方形截面柱expansive cement膨胀水泥exterior basement wall地下室外墙factored load乘以分项系数的荷载fine aggregate细骨料fire protection防火fixed固定flange翼板flexural and compression members压弯构件footings of buildings建筑物底部form模板formulas公式frame structure with special-shaped columns异型柱框架结构frame-truss structure with special-shaped columns异型柱框架－桁架结构grade等级grade 60 concrete C60混凝土grade beam地基梁gross section全截面grout水泥浆grouting灌浆high-early-strength cement早强水泥high-strength steel bar高强钢筋hollow-core slab空心楼板hydraulic cement水泥inclined beam斜梁inclined stirrup斜向箍筋in-plane force面内荷载isolation joint分隔缝joint节点lap splices搭接large volumes of concrete大体积混凝土lateral force-resisting systems抗侧体系layer层length over梁、柱全长lift-slab construction升板施工lightweight aggregate轻骨料lightweight concrete轻质混凝土loaded area荷载面积longitudinal reinforcement纵筋long-time deflection永久变形loss of prestress预应力损失materials for grout灌浆料mechanical anchorage机械锚固mechanical connections机械连接midspan跨中minimum slab thickness最小板厚mix搅拌mix proportions配比moment magnification factor弯矩放大系数moment of inertia惯性矩moment-resisting frames刚架negative moment负弯矩negative moment reinforcement梁上部纵筋neutral axis中和轴nominal diameter of bar钢筋直径nominal strength强度标准值non pre-stressed reinforcement非预应力钢筋nonbearing wall非承重墙non－potable water非饮用水nonstructural members非结构构件nonsway column非摇摆柱nonsway frame无侧移框架one-way slabs单向板opening开洞overall thickness总厚overstressed超应力pedestal基座pilaster壁柱plain concrete素混凝土plain reinforcement光面钢筋plastic hinge region塑性铰区Portland cement波特兰水泥positive moment正弯矩positive moment reinforcement梁下部纵筋post-tension后张拉pre-cast concrete预制混凝土prestress losses预应力损失pre-stressed concrete预应力混凝土pre-stressing tendons预应力钢筋pretension先张法rectangular beam矩形梁reduction factors折减系数reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced gypsum concrete钢筋石膏混凝土reinforcement around structural steel core钢骨外包混凝土reinforcement ratio配筋率relaxation of tendon stress钢筋预应力松弛residual deflection/deformation残余变形rib肋seismic hook箍筋抗震钩seismic zones地震区settlement of supports支座沉降seven-day strength7天强度shear bar抗剪钢筋shear key抗剪键shear reinforcement梁箍筋shear walls剪力墙shore支撑架short-limb shear wall短肢剪力墙short-limb shear wall structure with special-shaped异型柱－短肢剪力墙结构columnsshrinkage/contraction收缩shrinkage-compensating concrete无收缩混凝土side face reinforcement梁腰筋simply supported beams简支梁simply supported solid slabs简支板six-bar-diameter六倍钢筋直径slab楼板slab without beams.无梁楼盖slag矿渣slag cement火山灰水泥span length跨度special-shaped column异形柱spiral reinforcement柱箍筋splitting tensile strength拉裂强度standard deviation标准差steam curing蒸汽养护steel-encased concrete core钢包核心混凝土stiffness reduction factor刚度折减系数stirrup箍筋strength强度strength design强度设计strength-reduction factor强度折减系数stripping拆模strong column/weak beam强柱弱梁strong connection强节点structural diaphragm结构隔板structural members结构构件structural system with special-shaped columns异型柱结构体系structural trusses结构桁架strut支柱support支座support reaction支座反力tensile strain拉应变tensile strength抗拉强度tension and shear act simultaneously拉力与剪力同时作用tension reinforcement受拉钢筋tension-controlled section受拉控制截面tolerance公差top reinforcement顶筋torsion reinforcement抗扭钢筋transverse reinforcement横向钢筋two-way slab双向板volumetric ratio体积比wall pier短肢墙water-cement ratio水灰比water-cement ratio by weight重量水灰比web腹板welded splices焊接white Portland cement白水泥a rigid beam-to-column connection梁柱刚性连接accuracy of construction(fabrication)安装精度acid-pickle酸洗additional tests附加检验additional tests on steels钢材附加检验alignment对准allowable slenderness ratio容许长细比allowable stress range容许应力幅angle of stress dispersal应力扩散角automatic welding自动焊automatic or semi-automatic process全自动或半自动方式backing plate衬板，垫板battened members缀板柱battens，batten plate缀板beam-columns压弯构件bearing connection承压连接bearing stength承压强度bearing stiffener支承加劲肋bend test弯曲试验blast-clean磨砂bolt tightening螺栓拧紧bolted connections螺栓连接bolting螺栓branch member支管brittle fracture脆断butt welds对头焊接camber起拱carbon content碳含量carbon structural steels碳素结构钢cast steel铸钢Charpy V-notch impact test v形坡口冲击试验chord member弦杆cladding涂层closed section闭口截面coefficient of linear expansion线膨胀系数cold-formed steel structural member冷弯型钢构件compact section厚实截面component stability单肢稳定condition of bolts螺栓状态condition of steel钢材状况constant amplitude fatigue常幅疲劳couposite rubber and steel support橡胶支座crane girder吊车梁crane truss吊车桁架cross diagonals交叉斜杆cutting切割defect acceptance criteria缺陷可接受准则design value of strength of steel钢材强度设计值diagonal stiffeners斜加劲肋dimensions and tolerances尺寸和允许误差direct dynamic loading/直接动力荷载distortion/deformation变形double-stepped column双阶柱doubly symmetric section双轴对称截面edge distance边距effective length计算长度，有效长度effective length factor计算长度系数effective length for torsional bucking扭转屈曲计算长度effective thickness of fillet welds角焊缝有效厚度effective width有效宽度effective width factor有效宽度系数end bearing端面承压end moment端弯矩equal leg angles等边角钢equivalent slenderness ratio换算长细比erection安装erection drawing安装图evaluation of welding techniques焊接工艺评定excessive deformation过度变形eyebar眼杆factor of equivalent moment等效弯矩系数fatigue failure疲劳破坏faying surfaces for hsfg fasteners高强摩擦连接的构件表面field /site welding现场焊接field connection现场接头fillers填板fillet welds角焊缝finish/surface layer面层first order elastic analysis一阶弹性分析flame-cut edge焰切边flange凸缘flexural buckling弯曲失稳flexural-torsional buckling弯扭屈曲forged steel connection node pieces节点锻造钢构件forming成孔frame braced with strong bracing system强支撑纯框架frame braced with weak bracing system弱支撑纯框架frequency of weld examination焊接检验次数。

I78评估指标的伴随性采集采集工具

I78评估指标的伴随性采集采集工具介绍本文档提供了关于I78评估指标的伴随性采集采集工具的详细信息。

这些工具旨在辅助I78评估指标的收集并提供准确和全面的数据。

I78评估指标I78评估指标是用于测量和评估特定问题或目标的一组指标。

这些指标用于确定I78项目在达到预期结果方面的效果和影响。

伴随性采集采集工具伴随性采集采集工具是用于收集I78评估指标的数据的工具。

这些工具可以包括问卷调查、访谈指南、观察表等。

问卷调查问卷调查是一种常用的伴随性采集工具，可以收集大量数据。

可以使用定量和定性问题来获得关于I78评估指标的意见和反馈。

访谈指南访谈指南是一种面对面交流的工具，可以深入了解参与者对于I78评估指标的看法和体验。

通过访谈指南，可以收集来自不同参与者的定性数据。

观察表观察表是一种通过观察记录参与者行为和活动的工具。

通过观察表可以收集关于I78评估指标的客观数据。

观察表可以根据需要进行自定义，以确保收集到相关和准确的数据。

使用伴随性采集采集工具的注意事项在使用伴随性采集采集工具时，需要注意以下事项：1. 选择合适的工具：根据需要选择合适的工具收集数据，例如，如果需要收集量化数据，可以使用问卷调查，如果需要深入了解参与者的体验，可以使用访谈指南。

2. 确保工具的有效性和可靠性：确保使用的工具能够收集准确的数据，并且能够重复使用以获取可靠的结果。

3. 保护参与者隐私：在收集数据时，确保采用适当的隐私保护措施，以保护参与者的个人信息和隐私权。

结论通过使用伴随性采集采集工具，可以帮助收集I78评估指标所需的数据，以评估I78项目的效果和影响。

选择合适的工具，并注意有效性和可靠性，以确保收集到准确和全面的数据。

保护参与者的隐私也是非常重要的。

2008北京奥运会英语版报告

2008北京奥运会英语版报告Title: 2008 Beijing Olympics ReportIntroduction:The 2008 Beijing Olympics, also known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, were held in the capital city of China from August 8th to August 24th, 2008. It was a highly anticipated event that attracted worldwide attention due to China's growing global influence and its determination to host a successful Olympic Games. This report aims to provide an overview of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, highlighting key events, notable achievements, and the lasting impact it has had on China and the world. Hosting the Olympics:China won the bid to host the 2008 Olympics in 2001, beating out several other deserving cities, including Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. This marked the first time that the Olympics were held in China, signifying the country's emergence as a global powerhouse. Beijing invested heavily in infrastructure development, including the construction of new stadiums and a state-of-the-art transportation system, to accommodate the influx of athletes, officials, and spectators.Key Events and Highlights:1. Opening Ceremony: The 2008 Beijing Olympics' opening ceremony was widely regarded as one of the most spectacular in Olympic history. Directed by acclaimed Chinese filmmaker Zhang Yimou, it showcased Chinese culture, history, and technological innovation. The precision and grandeur of the ceremony set the tone for the entire Games.2. Olympic Record Breakers: Several world records were broken during the 2008 Olympics across various sports. The most notable of these was Michael Phelps, the American swimmer, who won an unprecedented eight gold medals in a single Olympic Games, surpassing Mark Spitz's record of seven gold medals.3. Usain Bolt's Dominance: Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt captured the world's attention by setting new world records and winning three gold medals in the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay events. His incredible speed and showmanship made him one of the standout stars of the Games.4. China's Success: China, the host nation, topped the medal table with a total of 51 gold medals, 21 silver medals, and 28 bronze medals. Chinese athletes excelled in sports like gymnastics, diving, table tennis, and badminton, showcasing the country's prowess in these disciplines.Legacy and Impact:The 2008 Beijing Olympics left a lasting legacy and had a significant impact on China and the world. Some key implications include:1. Urban Development: The Games prompted extensive urban development in Beijing, leading to improved infrastructure, transportation, and sustainable urban planning practices.2. Positive International Perception: The successful hosting of the Olympics boosted China's international image, demonstrating itscapabilities in organizing large-scale events and promoting cultural exchange.3. Sporting Achievements: The Games inspired a new generation of athletes in China, resulting in increased sports participation and the development of world-class athletes in various disciplines.4. Environmental Awareness: The Beijing Olympics emphasized environmental sustainability, leading to the introduction of eco-friendly practices and policies, such as green transportation and energy conservation.Conclusion:The 2008 Beijing Olympics were a milestone event for China, marking its ascension on the global stage. The Games showcased Chinese culture, history, and technological prowess while also leaving a lasting legacy in terms of infrastructure development and international perception. The sporting achievements and record-breaking performances of athletes further highlighted the significance of the event. Overall, the 2008 Olympics in Beijing were a monumental success and a symbol of China's rising influence in the world.。

给CD带来一场革命的FLUENCY滤波器

给CD带来一场革命的FLUENCY滤波器
张达
【期刊名称】《实用影音技术》
【年(卷),期】2010(000)002
【摘要】正当几乎所有人都认为在CD播放机中将22kHz以上的频率成分完全滤除是理所当然的时候．LUXMAN公司推出了一款让22kHz以上频率成分稍有残留的D／A变换单元DA-07．播放的声音更为平滑．给CD的再生音质带来了一场革命。

在此之后很多音响设备的生产厂家也纷纷效仿．相继推出了多种使用慢滚降截止型数字滤波器的音响设备。

【总页数】10页(P74-83)
【作者】张达
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
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伯克毕生发展心理学第四版 LS4_ch08_rev

Emotional Self-Regulation
By age 3-4, know strategies for adjusting emotional arousal Effortful control impoperament
Individual Differences in Empathy
Temperament Sociable, assertive, good at emotional regulation More likely to display sympathy and prosocial behavior
I-Self Self as knower & actor: Separate from surrounding world Same over time Private inner life Controls own thoughts and actions
Me-Self Self as object of knowledge Consists of all qualities that make self unique: Physical, material Psychological Social
Me-Self and I-Self
Self Concept
Based on: Observable characteristics Appearance Possessions Behavior Typical Emotions and Attitudes Asserting rights to objects (“Mine!”) helps define boundaries of self
Guilt Overly strict superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt Related to excessive Threats Criticism Punishment from adults

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8.2 Influence Lines
As a moving load passes over a structure, the internal forces at each point in the structure vary. If a structure is to be safely designed, we must proportion its members and joints so that the maximum force at each section produced by live and dead load is less than or equal to the available capacity of the section. To establish maximum design forces at critical sections produced by moving loads, we frequently construct influence lines.
CHAPTER 8 Live Load Forces: Influence Lines for Determinate Structures
本章介绍活荷载作用下结构分析的重要工具——影响线，主要包括影响线的概念及特点、绘制影响线的基本方法、米勒—布雷斯劳原理、影响线的应用、支承楼板系统的主梁的影响线、桁架的影响线、公路及铁路桥梁的活荷载、增—减法、绝对最大弯矩和最大剪力。本章内容对活荷载作用下的结构分析具有重要作用，首先必须清晰地区分影响线与结构内力、反力的区别与联系，掌握影响线的特征和绘制原理；其次必须掌握影响线的应用原理；同时还要熟练掌握常用情况下影响线的绘制方法和特点。学习本章仍需熟练应用平衡 1 方程，并需加强与梁和框架分析的对比。
0≤x2≤ 5.
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
Solution For x2=0, RA=0; for x2=5, RA = -1/2 Using the foregoing values of RA from Equations 1 and 2, we draw the influence line. To draw the influence line for RC
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
To introduce the procedure for constructing influence lines, we will discuss in detail the steps required to draw the influence line for the reaction RA at support A of the simply supported beam in Figure a. We begin by placing the unit load at support A. By summing moments about support B,we compute RA =1 kip.
We have not distinguished between dead load, which is fixed in position, and live load, which can change position. In this chapter our objective is to establish how to position live load to maximize the value of a certain type of force at a designated section of a structure.
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
EXAMPLE8.2
Draw the influence lines for shear and moment at section B of the beam
Solution Pass an imaginary cut through the beam at B and consider the equilibrium of the free body to the left of the section.
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
Solution We place the unit load directly over the support at A and compute the shear and moment at section B. The shear and moment at section B are zero.
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
EXAMPLE 8.1 Construct the influence lines for the reactions at A and C for the beam
Solution
We place the unit load a distance x1 to the right of support A and sum moments about support C.
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
Solution The unit load, which passes through the moment center, does not contribute to MB. When we sum forces in the vertical direction to evaluate the shear VB, the unit load appears in the summation.
8.6 Influence Lines for Girders Supporting Floor Systems
8.7 Influence Lines for Trusses 8.8 Live Loads for Highway and Railroad Bridges 8.9 Increase–Decrease Method
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
We then arbitrarily move the unit load to a second position located a distance L/4 to the right of support A. Summing moments about B, we compute RA =3/4 kip Next, we move the load to midspan and compute RA =1/2 kip For the final computation, we position the 1-kip load directly over support B, and we compute RA = 0
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8.2 Influence Lines
An influence line is a diagram whose ordinates, which are plotted as a function of distance along the span, give the value of an internal force, a reaction, or a displacement at a particular point in a structure as a unit load of 1 kip or 1 kN moves across the structure. Once the influence line is constructed, we can use it (1) to determine where to place live load on a structure to maximize the force for which the influence line is drawn, (2) to evaluate the magnitude of the force produced by the live load.
We next position the unit load at point 2, an infinitesimal distance to the left of section B, and evaluate the shear VB and moment MB at the section
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0≤ x1 ≤ 10
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8.3 Construction of an Influence Line
Solution Evaluate RA for x1=0, 5, and 10 m. A general expression for RA, when the unit load is located between C and D, can be written by summing moments about C for the free-body diagram
8.10 Absolute Maximum Live Load Moment
8.11 Maximum Shear Summary
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8.1 Introduction