2014年职称英语卫生类B级答案版完形填空

完形填空Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their 1 lungs .Two million people die 2 of it. The disease has 3 increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to 4 take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop 5 as soon as they feel better. Doing that can 6 lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how 7 effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients 8 cured.It would also mean 9 fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They10 tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might 11 prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these 12 reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization 13 developed the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make 14 sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research 15 into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells __1plants __ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells __2 insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal __3 affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4 because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short __5days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6 flight twice each year. Birds __7 prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip，__8 but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9 parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10 seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These __11 cells tell a person when to __12 awaken，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying __13 how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._14 It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said __15 such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,：One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980，when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it — one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?1 In reality, of course, it was naive to_2 imagine that everyone would let_3 go of such a potent potential weapon.1 Undoubtedly several nations still have_4 a few vials._5 And the last “official”stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,2_6 for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have_7 found an animal model of the human disease, opening the__8 way for tests on new treatments and vaccines.So once again there’s a good reason to_9 keep the virus —just in_10 case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_11 deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia?_ 12 Simple Keep the virus_13 under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t14mea n the idea is wrong. If the virus__15 is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity — not just a part of itDiet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to1 tobacco as a leading_1 cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease_2 in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to_3.cancer，but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity_4 play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided_5 if nobody was obese,”he said.While tobacco is linked to about 30_6 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol_7in about six percent.Obesity raises the_8.risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. Its dangerous impact is_9 increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK_10 that other elements of diet linked to cancer are_11 still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some_12 answers .Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the the_13 lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while lta1y and Spain have the highest. Eating at_14 least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key , principal scientist on EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers_15 including colorecta1, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of1 an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look _1 at domestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don’t hear about it_2 often,”Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle , one of the study's authors ，told Reuters Health. “They often don't tell_3 and we don't ask. We want to get the message out2 to men who_4 do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to_5 them.”The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical_6 abuse, such as threats that made them_7 fear for3 their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go)，and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner_8 violence in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and_9older，with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of_10 domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men_11 experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn’t as harsh as_12 that suffered by women in a previous study；20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of_13 womenMen who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems_14 than those who had not, especially older men, the_15 researchers found.Onec-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill. Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/ ADDS2，for example, are all treated with_1 combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be_2 simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just_3 starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have_4 developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market. Bristol-MyersSquibb sells one of them_5 under the name of Sustiva3. Gilead combined the_6 others Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than_7 technical issues. It also involves issues of competition_8 if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of_9 what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV.In January the New England Journal of Medicine4 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its_10 effectiveness to5 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir_11 contains two drugs, AZT6 and 3TC7. The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with_12 fewer side effects8. Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, Glaxo Smith Kline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted_13. to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration9 to_14 approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, 15 pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders10. Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV.ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds_1 to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain_2 amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exercise_3which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should _4 take merits careful consideration. The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports.1 They fatigue to the_5 point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with__6 those of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is_7 of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is a question_8 hard _to answer. Individual variability is_9 too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The safe limit for exercise_10 depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will_11 serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of this heart and general health should be_12 determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The_13 other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should_14 choose depends upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities.2 Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate_15 in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.3练习：Old And ActiveIt is well-known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A_1 recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world. A healthy long life is the result of the_2 improvement in social environment1.Scientists are trying to work_3 out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be_4 learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we_5 make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret_6ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly_7 beneficia l to the human body?Another factor_8 contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate. Although longer life should be celebrated, it is__9 actually considered a social problem. The number of older people had_10 double d in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs. The country could soon be_11 facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked_12 after,and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them.13 Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem2. Work can give the elderly a_14 sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active15 roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _1 them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a __2 problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to 3 treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _4 drug.，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _5 for.4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _6 marks appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are _7 printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _8 side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. 9 Hence，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will _10 begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，”Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _11 prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home _12 without. it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _13 which approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider _14 updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where _15 does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.Hospital MistreatmentIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. __1 While |some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East1, _2 where |increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to_3 call in |outsiders to improve local facilities. 4 Thus|the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, _5 including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East,2_6 surprising|it is not 6 that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least_7 twice as much |money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it.3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. _8For example the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other_9 for safety and comfort. 10 In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly _11 because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge engineers who prefer to find sollutions _12 to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which_13affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents._14In any case, migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the_15 considerable financial benefits which they receive.。