anti war movement
anti war
和平标志被马丁路德金的朋友在一次民权运 动中使用之后，在美国得到广泛应用，尤其 是在各种权利运动和美国信奉正统基督教的 组织中。
不是故意的侵权，这个标志至今仍作为英国的核 裁军标志。但在世界范围内，人们把它看成爱与 和平、非暴力的象征。
Remember John Lennon
GIVE PEACE A CHANCE
ANTI WAR MOVEMENT
BACKGROUND
In mid and late 1960s to the early 70s,the United States launched the war in Vietnam, caused a huge domestic anti-war movement in the United States.
ANTI-WAR SIGNS
这个标志是按照“核裁军运动（CND）”领 导人伯特兰·罗素的要求，由运动的参与者 Gerald Holton 设计，作为抗议1958年在 英国奥尔德马斯顿村成立“原子武器发展研 究中心”的行动委员会的徽章。标志最初构 想是由伦敦皇家艺术学校的设计师和毕业生 提出，用基督教的十字架套在圆圈里面表示， 但遭到了基督教徒的反对。
THANKnow Everybody's talking about Revolution, Evolution, Mastication, Flagelolation, Regulations. Integrations, Meditations, United Nations, Congratulations All we are saying is give peace a chance All we are saying is give peace a chance Oh Let’s stick to it Everybody's talking about John and Yoko, Timmy Leary, Rosemary, Tommy smothers, Bob Dylan, Tommy Cooper, Derek Tayor, Norman Mailer, Alan Ginsberg, Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna All we are saying is give peace a chance All we are saying is give peace a chance
反主流文化时期1960s[1]
![反主流文化时期1960s[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6a7a1abff121dd36a32d825a.png)
反主流和反战运动随着国家感到震惊和瘫痪的越南战争，成千上万的美国青年的反战示威活动表明他们的关注，通过校园集会，并为和平音乐会。
青少年的许多国家的强烈反对战争以世界上发生的中途跨越，其中他们的父亲，兄弟和丈夫死亡的年轻人。
联合国在其反战的情绪，数以千计加入他们的反文化创造的“。
”这一新的文化，培养出的叛乱的原则，在1960年代后期迅速蔓延的。
它展示了一个备用的生活方式象征性的药物，以及反战抗议。
“所有我们要求的是给和平一个机会”，是在高呼反战口号抗议和示威。
青年更直言不讳前比以往任何时候。
城市的抗议，他们在大学校园和专业。
就连美国国会也不能幸免于这个新时代的叛逆青年。
在一个大胆的激增，5万儿童和爱花嬉皮士“夏日的怀抱为旧金山。
”反文化群体涌现出全国各地。
一些例子包括激进的学生团体芝加哥七和民主社会（SDS）对。
“新左派”成为社会不公的一个术语，用来描述人的激进年轻的一代，公民权利的斗争，以及越南战争。
这些团体激怒了该草案，美国在越南的参与，并响应有时举行暴力示威者，如底特律，芝加哥举行，并在哥伦比亚大学肯特州立大学校园和喜欢。
站在反对的反文化，阶级社会的传统价值观中，表现出了几种方法的叛乱：长头发，摇滚音乐，展示在伍德斯托克，塔伊，染料，免费色情，毒品，和暴乱是其中只有一些车辆通过主张反战示威的反文化本身。
通过抗议和反，反文化的挑战的美国社会的政府机构和青年大声为他们认为，只有The Counterculture and the Antiwar MovementWith the nation shocked and paralyzed by theVietnam War, thousands of American youthshowed their concern through campus rallies,antiwar demonstrations, and concerts forpeace. Many of the nation's youth werestrongly opposed to the war taking placehalfway across the world, in which theirfathers, brothers, and husbands were dying. United in their antiwar sentiment, thousands of young people joined in their creation of the "counterculture." This new culture, which fostered the tenets of rebellion, spread rapidly during the late 1960s. It showcased an alternate lifestyle symbolized by drugs, sex, and antiwar protest."All we are asking is give peace a chance," was the mantra chanted in antiwar protests and demonstrations. The youth were more outspoken than ever before. They protested on college campuses and in major cities. Even the United States Capitol was not immune to this new age of rebellious youth. In a surge of boldness, 50,000 flowerchildren and hippies journeyed to San Francisco for the"Summer of Love."Counterculture groups sprung up across the nation. Someexamples include such radical groups as the Chicago Seven andStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS). "New Left"became a term used to describe the generation of young peopleradicalized by social injustice, civil rights struggles, andthe Vietnam War. These groups were enraged by the draft andAmerican involvement in Vietnam, and in response stagedsometimes violent demonstrations such as those held inChicago and Detroit, and on college campuses like Kent Stateand Columbia University.The counterculture stood against the traditional values of middle-class society, and manifested its rebellion in several way: long hair, rock music as showcased at Woodstock, tye-dye, free sex, drugs, and riots are only some of the vehicles through which the counterculture asserted itself. Through protests and anti-war demonstrations, the counterculture challenged the governmental institutions of American society and the youth spoke out for what they believed in.随着一个烂摊子国家，由于战争导致了越南，数千名妇女参加的青年男女，他们的立场，通过抗议集会和音乐会。
反战运动
20 世纪60 年代，在二十世纪美国历史上最分裂势力之一的民权运动。
反战运动实际上包括若干个独立的利益，往往只是模糊地结盟，争夺彼此在许多问题上，美国只有反对越南战争。
吸引来自大学校园、中产阶级郊区、工会和政府机构成员，运动于1965 年，在1968 年，达到顶峰而名声和仍然强大在整个冲突期间。
包括政治、种族、和文化领域，反战运动暴露深在20 世纪60 年代美国社会内部分裂。
Mark BarringerA long with the Civil Rights campaigns of the 1960s, one of the most divisive forces in twentieth-century U.S. history. The antiwar movement actually consisted of a number of independent interests, often only vaguely allied and contesting each other on many issues, united only in opposition to the Vietnam War. Attracting members from college campuses, middle-class suburbs, labor unions, and government institutions, the movement gained national prominence in 1965, peaked in 1968, and remained powerful throughout the duration of the conflict. Encompassing political, racial, and cultural spheres, the antiwar movement exposed a deep schism within 1960s American societ。
USA in the 1960s
The Stonewall Riots were a turning point in the struggle for homosexual equality Developing sub-culture
Renewed repression The rise of gay activism
WHY: against a police raid
INFLUENCE
They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world.
The Vietnam War
What: a Cold War military conflict Where :occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia When :from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Who: North Vietnam (communist allies) VS South Vietnam (U.S. and other anti-communist nations )
美国青年反战运动
Anti-war movement
Anti-war movement
The conflict in Vietnam resulted in over 55,producd a large-scale antiwar movement in the United States. Students became a powerful and disruptive force and university campuses sparked a national debate over the war.
The social movements in 1960s
The civil rights movement
The youth movement /anti-war movement
The women’s liberation movements
Why did the social movement begin?
The youth anti--war
“Hell, no ,we won’t go,” anti—war demonstrators chanted, refusing government orders to be drafted into the army and fight in Vietnam.
As the movement's ideals spread beyond college campuses, doubts about the war also began to appear within the administration itself.
英语文学作品赏析50题
英语文学作品赏析50题1. In the poem, the image of the rose often represents _____.A. love and beautyB. sadness and painC. anger and hateD. fear and anxiety答案：A。
本题考查诗歌中常见意象的含义。
玫瑰在诗歌中通常象征着爱与美，选项A 符合常见的文学象征意义。
选项B 中悲伤和痛苦一般不由玫瑰来代表；选项C 愤怒和憎恨与玫瑰的象征意义相差较大；选项D 恐惧和焦虑也不是玫瑰常见的象征。
2. The rhyme scheme of the poem is _____.A. ABABB. AABBC. ABBAD. ABCD答案：A。
本题考查诗歌的韵律模式。
ABAB 是一种常见的韵律模式，在很多诗歌中被使用。
AABB 是每行的韵脚相同；ABBA 则是首尾押韵；ABCD 是没有固定韵律规律。
3. The main theme of the poem is about _____.A. nature and its beautyB. human relationshipsC. war and destructionD. the passage of time答案：A。
此诗的主题主要是关于自然及其美丽，通过对自然景观和元素的描绘来表达。
选项B 人类关系在诗中未重点体现；选项C 战争与破坏并非主题重点；选项D 时间的流逝在诗中没有突出展现。
4. In the poem, the use of metaphor can be found in _____.A. "The stars are like diamonds in the sky."B. "The wind sings a gentle song."C. "The tree stands tall and proud."D. "The river flows swiftly."答案：A。
英美概况期末考简答题
1. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves.Roger Williams, one of the Puritants who protested that the state should not interfere with region, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religions freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The Americans values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritans beliefs.2. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think the two political parties arefundamentally different?Democratic Party and the Republican Party. differences :1、The Democratic Party is regarded as liberal, while the Republican Party conservative. 2、The former advocates the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasizing full employment; favors civil rights laws, a strong social security system and less restrictive abortion laws, etc.; It is more disposed to search out a method of living with Russia and China and to look for reduction in arms spending. However, the Republican Party favors economic system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demands the government to control inflation; stresses the need for law and order; opposes complete governmental social programs and free choice of abortion; favors a strong military posture and assertive stands in international relations.3、Donkey is the symbol of the Democratic Party and the symbol of Republican Party is Elephant.3. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?Some phenomena in American religion are uniquely American. First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law. That is to say, they claim the variety of beliefs. Secondly, the religions beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. They emphasize on social progblems and humanitarian ideals. Thirdly, in the US every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.Major differences are:1) In Europe,scientific and economic advance and rising material prosperity have accompanied by a decline in religious observance ,but in the United States this has not happened.2) There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history.3)Generally speaking,Americans have enjoyed greater religious freedom than European.4、 What is the main theme in American literature? As to this point, it is quite different fromCanadian literature and British literature. How do you understand them?The questing of the American people has indeed been a drama of many parts.In one way or another, however, it has always been a "pursuit of happiness".American literature is the continuous narrative of that pursuit. 第二问American literature has the same themes as any other concentration area, with the exception of The American Dream, but that could translate to The English, Indian, British, African, and so on。
美国1960年青年反战运动ppt课件
They believed they were living the American Dream.
However three groups---AfoAmerican,young people and women-were dissatisfied with their lives.
White, middle-class youth — who made up the bulk of the counterculture — had sufficient leisure time to turn their attention to social issues.
5
These social issues included support for civil rights, women's rights, and gay rights movements, and a rejection of the Vietnam War.
"If you're old enough to die for your country, you're old enough to vote." Many of the youth involved in the politics of the movements distanced themselves from the "hippies".
Hippies became the largest countercultural group in the United States.
The counterculture also had access to a media eager to present their concerns to a wider public.
the anti-war movement
Vietnam War protesters. Wichita, Kansas, 1967
Protests against the Vietnam War in Washington D.C. on April 24, 1971
Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking to an anti-Vietnam War rally at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul on April 27, 1967
• As the deaths mounted and
Americans continued to leave for Southeast Asia, the Johnson administration was met with the full weight of American anti-war sentiments.
Cornelis Vreeswijk, Fred Å kerström, Gösta Cervin in a protest march against the Vietnam War in Stockholm, 1965
• In the course of the war,there developed in the United Stiwar movement te nation had ever
experienced,a movement that played a critical role in bringing the war to an end.
------Howard Zinn
What do you think of the women in the antiwar movement?
anti-war movement
Subjective factors
people’s reflection after World War Two and the desire for peace
Major events of the civil rights movement
to the British colonialists
• In 1955. in Alabama, Montgomery, black citizens took full strike against the bus segregation of black and white .
• 1964 • Muslim Mosque穆斯林清真 寺社团 • Organization of Afro— American Unity非裔美国人 团结组织 • 1965 • He died when he was 39
Comment
• Positive: • African American Rights非裔 美国人权利 • Racial discrimination • Negative : • Violence • Hatred • Black Supremacy黑人优越主 义 • Racism • Anti—Semitism反犹太主义
the baby boom the peace movement developed in 1940s and 1950s
How the anti-war movement develop?
Time:1965-1975 Major force:students and youths In 1964,Tonkin Gulf Resolution , troops and funds In 1965, students wrote articles, made speeches, participated in the debate and held “teach-ins” (宣讲会) and to express their voice.Students for a Democratic Society，short for SDS, was set up. In 1966-1967,campaign of resisting conscription In 1968,the anti-war movement turned into a violent revolution. In 1969, heyday.
美国1960年青年反战运动。。。
MUSIC
Woodstock Rock Festival
Peace, equality, anti--war
Blowing in The Wind-Bob Dylan
lyrics
How many roads must a man walk down Before you call him a man
Details
The antiwar movement was initially based on the older 1950s Peace movement, heavily influenced by the American Communist Party.
But by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered in universities and churches.
The youth anti--war
“Hell, no ,we won’t go,” anti—war demonstrators chanted, refusing government orders to be drafted into the army and fight in Vietnam.
As the US government sent more troops to Vietnam and the number of war death grew, public feeling against government policy grew so strong that President Johnson decided not to run for re-election in 1968.
反战运动
Anti-warmovementAnti-war quotation by Albert Einstein.An anti-war posterAn anti-war movement (also antiwar )is a social move-ment ,usually in opposition to a particular nation’s deci-sion to start or carry on an armed conflict,unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause .The term can also refer to pacifism ,which is the opposition to all use of militaryforce during conflicts.Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements .Anti-war ac-tivists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments)to put an end to a particular war or conflict.1UsageMany groups call themselves anti-war activists though their opinions may differ:some anti-war activists may be equally opposed to both sides’military campaign ;in con-trast,many modern activists are against only one side’s campaigns (usually the one they see as mostunethical).A peace symbol ,originally designed by the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament movement(CND).Demonstration against Israel-Gaza conflict in 2014in Dublin.Pacifist and anti-war movements are similar,but not thesame.Pacifism is the belief that violent conflict is never acceptable and that society should not be ready to fight in a conflict (see disarmament );the anti-war movement is not necessarily opposed to national defense.Pacifistsoppose all war,but anti-war activists may be opposed to only a particular war or wars.The historic peace churches such as the Brethren ,the Mennonites and the Quakers teach that Jesus advocates nonviolence ,and that his followers must do likewise.122HISTORY OF MODERN MOVEMENTS2History of modern movements2.1Antebellum EraSubstantial anti-war sentiment developed in America during the period roughly falling between the end of the War of 1812and the commencement of the Civil War,or what is called the antebellum era.(A similar movement developed in England during the same period.)The movement reflected both strict pacifist and more moderate non-interventionist positions.Many promi-nent intellectuals of the time,including Ralph Waldo Emerson ,Henry David Thoreau (see Civil Disobedience )and William Ellery Channing contributed literary works against war.Other names associated with the move-ment include William Ladd ,Noah Worcester ,Thomas Cogswell Upham and Asa Mahan .Many peace soci-eties were formed throughout the United States,the most prominent of which being the American Peace Society .Numerous periodicals (e.g.,The Advocate of Peace))and books were also produced.The Book of Peace ,an anthol-ogy produced by the American Peace Society in 1845,must surely rank as one of the most remarkable works of anti-war literature ever produced.[1]A recurring theme in this movement was the call for the establishment of an international court which would ad-judicate disputes between nations.Another distinct fea-ture of antebellum anti-war literature was the emphasis on how war contributed to a moral decline and brutaliza-tion of society in general.2.2American CivilWarRioters attack federal troops.Further information:Opposition to the American Civil War A key event in the early history of the modern anti-war stance in literature and society was the American Civil War ,where it culminated in the candidacy of George Mc-Clellan for President of the United States as a “Peace Democrat”against incumbent President Abraham Lin-coln .The outlines of the anti-war stance are seen:the argument that the costs of maintaining the present con-flict are not worth the gains which can be made,the ap-peal to end the horrors of war,and the argument that war is being waged for the profit of particular interests.Dur-ing the war,the New York Draft Riots were started as vi-olent protests against Abraham Lincoln 's Enrollment Act of Conscription plan to draft men to fight in the war.The outrage over conscription was augmented by the ability to “buy”your way out;the amount of which could only be afforded by the wealthy.After the war,The Red Badge of Courage described the chaos and sense of death which resulted from the changing style of combat:away from the set engagement,and towards two armies engaging in continuous battle over a wide area.2.3Second Boer War Further information:Opposition to the Second Boer War William Thomas Stead formed an organization against the Second Boer War :the Stop the War Committee .2.4World WarIThe Deserter by Boardman Robinson ,The Masses ,1916.Further information:Opposition to World War IIn Britain,in 1914,the Public Schools Officers’Train-ing Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings ,near Salisbury Plain .Head of the British Army LordKitchener was to review the cadets ,but the immenence ofthe war prevented him.General Horace Smith-Dorrienwas sent instead.He surprised the two-or-three thou-sand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christo-pher Smith,a Bermudian cadet who was present)that war2.6World War II3should be avoided at almost any cost,that war would solve nothing,that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin,and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated.In our ignorance I,and many of us,felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatri-otic sentiments,but during the next four years,those of us who survived the holocaust-probably not more than one-quarter of us-learned how right the General’s prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it.[2]Having voiced these sentiments did not hinder Smith-Dorien’s ca-reer,or prevent him from carrying out his duty in the First World War to the best of his abilities.With the increasing mechanization of war,opposition to its horrors grew,particularly in the wake of the First World War.European avant-garde cultural movements such as Dada were explicitly anti-war.The Espionage Act of1917and the Sedition Act of1918 gave the American authorities the right to close newspa-pers and jailed individuals for having anti-war views. On June16,1918,Eugene V.Debs made an anti-war speech and was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917.He was convicted,sentenced to serve ten years in prison,but President Warren G.Harding commuted his sentence on December25,1921.2.5Between the World WarsIn1924Ernst Friedrich published Krieg dem Krieg!(War Against War!):an album of photographs drawn from Ger-man military and medical archives from thefirst world war.In On the pain of others Sontag describes the book as'photography as shock therapy'that was designed to 'horrify and demoralize'.It was in the1930s that the Western anti-war movement took shape,to which the political and organizational roots of most of the existing movement can be traced.Char-acteristics of the anti-war movement included opposition to the corporate interests perceived as benefiting from war,to the status quo which was trading the lives of the young for the comforts of those who are older,the con-cept that those who were drafted were from poor families and would befighting a war in place of privileged individ-uals who were able to avoid the draft and military service, and to the lack of input in decision making that those who would die in the conflict would have in deciding to engage in it.In1933,the Oxford Union resolved in its Oxford Pledge,“That this House will in no circumstancesfight for its King and Country.”Many war veterans,including US General Smedley But-ler,spoke out against wars and war profiteering on their return to civilian life.Veterans were still extremely cynical about the motivations for entering WWI,but many were will-ing tofight later in the Spanish Civil War,indicating that pacifism was not always the motivation.These trends were depicted in novels such as All Quiet on the Western Front,For Whom the Bell Tolls and Johnny Got His Gun.2.6World WarIIProtest at the White House by the American Peace Mobilization. Further information:Opposition to World War II Opposition to World War II was most vocal during its early period,and stronger still before it started while appeasement and isolationism were considered viable diplomatic munist-led organizations,in-cluding veterans of the Spanish Civil War,[3]opposed the war during the period of the Hitler-Stalin pact but then turned into hawks after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.The war seemed,for a time,to set anti-war movements at a distinct social disadvantage;very few,mostly ardent pacifists,continued to argue against the war and its re-sults at the time.However,the Cold War followed with the post-war realignment,and the opposition resumed. The grim realities of modern combat,and the nature of mechanized society ensured that the anti-war viewpoint found presentation in Catch-22,Slaughterhouse-Five and The Tin Drum.This sentiment grew in strength as the Cold War seemed to present the situation of an unending series of conflicts,which were fought at terrible cost to the younger generations.2.7Vietnam WarFurther information:Opposition to the Vietnam War Opposition to U.S.involvement in the Vietnam War be-gan slowly and in small numbers in1964on various col-lege campuses in the United States and grew into very large demonstrations from1967until1971.Counter-cultural songs,organizations,plays and other literary works encouraged a spirit of nonconformism,peace,and42HISTORY OF MODERNMOVEMENTSA protester carries aflag in an anti-war march in West Berlin, 1969.anti-establishmentarianism.This anti-war sentiment de-veloped during a time of unprecedented student activism and just after the main events of America’s Civil Rights Movement,and was reinforced in numbers by the de-mographically significant baby boomers.It quickly grew to include a wide and varied cross-section of Americans from all walks of life.The anti-Vietnam war movement is often considered to have been a major factor affecting America’s involvement in the war itself.Many Vietnam veterans,including the present Secretary of State and for-mer U.S.Senator John Kerry and disabled veteran Ron Kovic,spoke out against the Vietnam War on their return to the United States.2.8South African Border WarMain article:South African resistance to war Opposition to the South African Border War spread to a general resistance to the apartheid a-nizations such as the End Conscription Campaign and Committee on South African War Resisters,were set up. Many opposed the war at this time.The counter culture was one main opposing group(anti-war group).2.92001Afghanistan WarFurther information:Opposition to the2001Afghanistan WarThere was initially little opposition to the2001Afghanistan War in the United States and the United Kingdom,which was seen as a response to the September 11,2001,terrorist attacks and was supported by a ma-jority of the American public.Most vocal opposition came from pacifist groups and groups promoting a left-ist political agenda;in the United States,the group A.N.S.W.E.R.was one of the most visible organizers of anti-war protests,although that group faced considerable controversy over allegations it was a front for the extrem-ist Stalinist Workers World Party.Over time,opposition to the war in Afghanistan has grown more widespread, partly as a result of weariness with the length of the con-flict,and partly as a result of a conflating of the conflict with the unpopular war in Iraq.[4]2.10Iraq WarFurther information:Opposition to the Iraq WarThe anti-war position gained renewed support andat-Anti-war rally in Washington,D.C.,March15,2003Thomas on the White House Peace Vigiltention in the buildup to the2003invasion of Iraq by the U.S.and its lions of people staged mass protests across the world in the immediate prelude to the invasion, and demonstrations and other forms of anti-war activism have continued throughout the occupation.The primary5opposition within the U.S.to the continued occupation of Iraq has come from the grassroots.Opposition to the conflict,how it had been fought,and complications dur-ing the aftermath period divided public sentiment in the U.S.,resulting in majority public opinion turning against the war for thefirst time in the spring of2004,a turn which has held since.[5]Anti-war groups protested during the both the Democratic National Convention and2008 Republican National Convention protests held in St.Paul, Minnesota in September2008.2.11Possible war against IranFurther information:Opposition to war against Iran Organised opposition to a possible future military attack against Iran by the United States is known to have started during2005-2006.Beginning in early2005,journalists, activists and academics such as Seymour Hersh,[6][7]Scott Ritter,[8]Joseph Cirincione[9]and Jorge E.Hirsch[10]be-gan publishing claims that United States’concerns over the alleged threat posed by the possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program might lead the US gov-ernment to take military action against that country in the future.These reports,and the concurrent escalation of tensions between Iran and some Western governments, prompted the formation of grassroots organisations,in-cluding Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Inter-vention in Iran in the US and the United Kingdom,to advocate against potential military strikes on Iran.Ad-ditionally,several individuals,grassroots organisations and international governmental organisations,including the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency,Mohamed ElBaradei,[11]a former United Na-tions weapons inspector in Iraq,Scott Ritter,[8]Nobel Prize winners including Shirin Ebadi,Mairead Corrigan-Maguire and Betty Williams,Harold Pinter and Jody Williams,[12]Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament,[12] Code Pink,[13]the Non-Aligned Movement[14]of118 states,and the Arab League,have publicly stated their opposition to a would-be attack on Iran.2.12War in DonbassMain article:2014anti-war protests in RussiaAnti-war demonstrations opposing the War in Donbass took place in Moscow.3Arts and cultureSee also:List of books with anti-war themesEnglish poet Robert Southey's1796poem After Blenheim is an early modern example of anti-warliter-Anti-war demonstration in Moscow,21September2014 ature—it was written generations after the Battle of Blenheim,but at a time when England was again at war with France.World War I produced a generation of poets and writ-ers influenced by their experiences in the war.The work of poets including Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon exposed the contrast between the realities of life in the trenches and how the war was seen by the British public at the time,as well as the earlier patriotic verse penned by Rupert Brooke.German writer Erich Maria Remar-que penned All Quiet on the Western Front,which,hav-ing been adapted for several mediums,has become of the most often cited pieces of anti-war media.Pablo Picasso's1937painting Guernica,on the other hand,used abstraction rather than realism to gener-ate an emotional response to the loss of life from the fascist bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.American author Kurt Vonnegut used sciencefic-tion themes in his1969novel Slaughterhouse-Five,de-picting the bombing of Dresden in World War II(which Vonnegut witnessed).The second half of the20th century also witnessed a strong anti-war presence in other art forms,including anti-war music such as"Eve of Destruction"and One Tin Soldier andfilms such as M*A*S*H and"Die Brücke", opposing the Cold War in general,or specific conflicts such as the Vietnam War.The current American war in Iraq has also generated significant artistic anti-war works, includingfilm maker Michael Moore's Fahrenheit9/11, which holds the box-office record for documentaryfilms, and Canadian musician Neil Young's2006album Living with War.4See also•Anti-warfilm•Anti-militarism•Bed-in66EXTERNAL LINKS•Die-in•List of anti-war organizations•List of anti-war songs•List of peace activists•Conscientious objector•Nonkilling•Nonviolence•Nonviolent resistance•Nuclear-free zone•Peace•Peace movement•Pro-war•Raging Grannies•Tax resistance•Teach-in•War Against War•War resister•Women Against War5References[1]Beckwith,George(ed),The Book of Peace.AmericanPeace Society,1845.[2]Merely For the Record:The Memoirs of Donald Christo-pher Smith1894-1980.By Donald Christopher Smith.Edited by John William Cox,Jr.Bermuda.[3]Volunteer for Liberty,newsletter of the Abraham LincolnBrigade,February1941,Volume III,No.2[4]CNN Poll:Support for Afghanistan war at all time low[5]Iraq[6]Seymour M.Hersh(January24,2005).“Annals of Na-tional Security:The Coming Wars”.The New Yorker. [7]The Iran plans,Seymour Hersh,The New Yorker Mag.,April8,2006[8]Sleepwalking To Disaster In Iran,April1,2005,Scott Rit-ter[9]Fool Me Twice,March27,2006,Joseph Cirincione,Foreign Policy[10]Hirsch,Jorge(2005-11-01).“The Real Reason for Nuk-ing Iran:Why a nuclear attack is on the neocon agenda”..[11]Heinrich,Mark;Karin Strohecker(2007-06-14).“IAEAurges Iran compromise to avert conflict”.Reuters.Re-trieved2007-06-21.[12]“For a Middle East free of all Weapons of Mass Destruc-tion”.Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Interven-tion in Iran.2007-08-06.Retrieved2007-11-03. [13]Knowlton,Brian(2007-09-21).“Kouchner,French for-eign minister,draws antiwar protesters in Washington”.The New York Times.Retrieved2007-11-01.[14]Non-Aligned Movement(2006-05-30).“NAM Coordi-nating Bureau’s statement on Iran’s nuclear issue”.Retrieved2006-10-23.6External links•Guide to anti-war websites by The Guardian •Essays and speeches from the Antebellum Era peace movement7 7Text and image sources,contributors,and licenses7.1Text•Anti-war movement Source:/wiki/Anti-war%20movement?oldid=636189930Contributors:Ed Poor,Stever-tigo,Edward,Infrogmation,Boud,Sam Francis,Shoaler,SebastianHelm,Minesweeper,Angela,Vzbs34,Jeandrédu Toit,GCarty, Bevo,Topbanana,Jmabel,Lowellian,Clarkk,Texture,Stirling Newberry,Ringbark,Halda,MathKnight,Chuck0,Revth,47b,Be-land,Joeblakesley,Alaz,Asbestos,Imjustmatthew,Scottk,Dpm64,Night Gyr,Bender235,CanisRufus,Kwamikagami,RoyBoy,Leif, Bobo192,Smalljim,Krellis,Alansohn,Ricky81682,Riana,JK the unwise,Samohyl Jan,ReyBrujo,Kaibabsquirrel,LukeSurl,Joepzan-der,BadLeprechaun,Tabletop,Randy2063,Graham87,NanaLana,Rjwilmsi,Habap,Lairor,FayssalF,Mirror Vax,SchuminWeb,Gurch, TeaDrinker,Joedeshon,Wavelength,Tommyt,Stan2525,RussBot,Pigman,Yllosubmarine,Chensiyuan,Stephenb,Wimt,NawlinWiki, Nirvana2013,Robertvan1,Peter Delmonte,DeadEyeArrow,Jessemckay,Arthur Rubin,Jogers,Livitup,Saudade7,Nalren,SmackBot,Cat-achrestic,Allixpeeke,Verne Equinox,HalfShadow,Gilliam,Ohnoitsjamie,Kurykh,Sadads,DKalkin,Colonies Chris,Tswold@, Nikolatosic,Flyguy649,Engwar,Rodrigogomespaixao,Green01,NotOneMore,Fremte,Tazmaniacs,Robofish,Accurizer,Jeanmaries-impson,MilanRai,Veteranstruthproject,Goldrushcavi,Levineps,OnBeyondZebrax,Iridescent,CmdrObot,Ale jrb,Bobfrombrockley, Ethnopunk,GeorgeLouis,Fictionscribe,Cumulus Clouds,Aodhdubh,Rw rynerson,A Softer Answer,Prof75,Mombas,Barticus88, Dubc0724,Bombu,AntiVandalBot,Majorly,Heysan,Carolmooredc,NSH001,LibLord,David Shankbone,Geneisner,Bongwarrior, VoABot II,Animum,28421u2232nfenfcenc,MartinBot,CommonsDelinker,Sibi antony,Elfelix,Pajfarmor,JayJasper,Sundar1,Dada-Neem,Olegwiki,Squids and Chips,VolkovBot,Transfinite Sorcerer,Chrbartolf,Black india,Hertz1888,Kaaos,Setfree69,Political Guru, Lightmouse,Rupert Horn,Fratrep,Wardhog,27th infantry,Randy Kryn,Twinsday,ClueBot,Lantay77,Mezigue,Otolemur crassicau-datus,The888th Avatar,Dr. ng,Practical321,DumZiBoT,BarretB,2nd amendment supporter,Set207,Boyd Reimer,David Delony,MystBot,Coldshot89,Addbot,Mypeacecity,Jncraton,Chzz,Tassedethe,Tide rolls,Jarble,Greyhood,Quantumobserver,Htews, Ben Ben,Yobot,Wikipedian2,Azylber,Synchronism,Rubinbot,IRP,Broncoschwanz,Srich32977,Cgnk,Doulos Christos,Nagualdesign, KnutHj,FrescoBot,Tobby72,Elockid,LairepoNight,RedBot,SpringSloth,Trappist the monk,LilyKitty,Hajatvrc,DASHBot,Dewritech, GoingBatty,Wikipelli,Life in General,Brandmeister,Xerographica,Puffin,Helpsome,Jared33344,ClueBot NG,Alltheuseridsiwanted-weretaken,Tom soldier,Lowercase sigmabot,TheJJJunk,Y cRazY gIr Y,Numbermaniac,BurritoBazooka,ProfQuaker,MohandesWiki, Queerear,Monkbot and Anonymous:1707.2Images•File:Berdek71.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Berdek71.jpg License:CC-BY-2.5Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia;transfer was stated to be made by User:Closedmouth.Original artist:Original uploader was Rw ryner-son at en.wikipedia•File:Commons-logo.svg Source:/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License:?Contributors:?Original artist:?•File:Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG Source:/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Day119fwhitehouseb.JPG License:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Nirvana2013using CommonsHelper.Original artist:Chensiyuan at English Wikipedia•File:Gaza_demo_2014.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gaza_demo_2014.jpg License:CC-BY-2.0 Contributors:https:///photos/73man/14456759837Original artist:Eoin O'Mahony•File:He_who_joyfully_marches_-_Albert_Einstein.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/3/35/He_who_ joyfully_marches_-_Albert_Einstein.jpg License:Public domain Contributors:Derivative of File:Albert Einstein photo1921.jpg Original artist:nagualdesign•File:New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/New_York_Draft_Riots_ -_fighting.jpg License:Public domain Contributors:The Illustrated London news[1]Original artist:•File:Peace_sign.svg Source:/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Peace_sign.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia;description page is/was here.Original artist:Original uploader was Schuminweb at en.wikipedia•File:The_Deserter.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/The_Deserter.jpg License:Public domain Con-tributors:The Masses by John Simkin Original artist:Boardman Robinson•File:WHProtest1941.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/2/28/WHProtest1941.jpg License:Public domain Contributors:?Original artist:?•File:War2.png Source:/wikipedia/commons/0/01/War2.png License:?Contributors:http://latuff2./art/War-2-27832944Original artist:Carlos Latuff•File:Washington_March15_2003-02.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Washington_March15_ 2003-02.jpg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:?Original artist:?•File:Марш_мира_Москва_21_сент_2014_L1460776.jpg Source:/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/%D0% 9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0% B0_21_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_2014_L1460776.jpg License:CC-BY-SA-4.0Contributors:Own work Original artist:ПОКАТУТ7.3Content license•Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike3.0。
Anti-war movement
An anti-war movement (also antiwar) is a social movement, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other grassroots means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.Contents1 Usage2 History of modern movements2.1 American Civil War2.2 Second Boer War2.3 World War I2.4 Between the World Wars2.5 World War II2.6 Vietnam War2.7 South African Border War2.8 2001 Afghanistan War2.9 Iraq War2.10 Possible War against Iran3 Arts and cultureUsageMany groups call themselves anti-war activists though their opinions may be different: some anti-war activists may be equally opposed to both sides' military campaign; in contrast, many modern activists are against only one side's (usually the most unethical) campaigns.Pacifist and anti-war movements are similar, but not the same. Pacifism is the belief that violent conflict is never acceptable and that society should not be ready to fight in a conflict (see disarmament); the anti-war movement is not necessarily opposed to national defense. Pacifists oppose all war, but anti-war activists may be opposed to only a particular war or wars.The historic peace churches such as the Brethren, the Mennonites and the Quakers teach that Jesus advocates nonviolence, and that his followers must do likewiseHistory of modern movements1.American Civil WarA key event in the early history of the modern anti-war stance in literature and society was the American Civil War, where it culminated in the candidacy of George McClellan for President of the United States as a "Peace Democrat" against incumbent President Abraham Lincoln. The outlines of the anti-war stance are seen: the argument that the costs of maintaining the present conflict are not worth the gains which can be made, the appeal to end the horrors of war, and the argument that war is being waged for the profit of particular interests. During the war, the New York Draft Riots were started as violent protests against Abraham Lincoln's Enrollment Act of Conscription plan to draft men to fight in the war. The outrage over conscription was augmented by the ability to "buy" your way out; the amount of which could only be afforded by the wealthy. After the war, The Red Badge of Courage described the chaos and sense of deathwhich resulted from the changing style of combat: away from the set engagement, and towards two armies engaging in continuous battle over a wide area.2. Second Boer WarWilliam Thomas Stead formed an organization against the Second Boer War: the Stop the War Committee.3. World War IWith the increasing mechanization of war, opposition to its horrors grew, particularly in the wake of the First World War. The European avant-garde cultural movements such as Dada which were explicitly anti-war.The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 gave the American authorities the right to close newspapers and jailed individuals for having anti-war views.On June 16, 1918, Eugene V. Debs made an anti-war speech and was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917. He was convicted, sentenced to serve ten years in prison, but President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence on December 25, 1921.4. Between the World WarsIn 1924 Ernst Friedrich published Krieg dem Krieg! (War Against War!): an album of photographs drawn from German military and medical archives from the first world war. In On the pain of others Sontag describes the book as 'photography as shock therapy' that was designed to 'horrify and demoralize'.It was in the 1930s that the Western anti-war movement took shape, to which the political and organizational roots of most of the existing movement can be traced. Characteristics of the anti-war movement included opposition to the corporate interests perceived as benefiting from war, to the status quo which was trading the lives of the young for the comforts of those who are older, the concept that those who were drafted were from poor families and would be fighting a war in place of privileged individuals who were able to avoid the draft and military service, and to the lack of input in decision making that those who would die in the conflict would have in deciding to engage in it.In 1933, the Oxford Union resolved in its Oxford Pledge, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country."Many war veterans, including US General Smedley Butler, spoke out against wars and war profiteering on their return to civilian life.Veterans were still extremely cynical about the motivations for entering WWI, but many were willing to fight later in the Spanish Civil War, indicating that pacifism was not always the motivation. These trends were depicted in novels such as All Quiet on the Western Front, For Whom the Bell Tolls and Johnny Got His Gun.5. World War IIOpposition to World War II was most vocal during its early period, and stronger still before it started while appeasement and isolationism were considered viable diplomatic options. Communist-led organizations, including veterans of the Spanish Civil War[1], opposed the war during the period of the Hitler-Stalin pact but then turned into hawks after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.The war seemed, for a time, to set anti-war movements at a distinct social disadvantage; very few, mostly ardent pacifists, continued to argue against the war and its results at the time. However, the Cold War followed with the post-war realignment, and the opposition resumed. The grimrealities of modern combat, and the nature of mechanized society insured that the anti-war viewpoint found presentation in Catch-22, Slaughterhouse-Five and The Tin Drum. This sentiment grew in strength as the Cold War seemed to present the situation of an unending series of conflicts, which were fought at terrible cost to the younger generations.6. Vietnam War.Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War began slowly and in small numbers in 1964 on various college campuses in the United States. Countercultural works such as the notorious MacBird by Barbara Garson encouraged a spirit of nonconformism and anti-establishmentarianism. This anti-war sentiment developed during a time of unprecedented student activism reinforced in numbers by the demographically significant baby boomers, but grew to include a wide and varied cross-section of Americans from all walks of life. The anti-war movement is often considered to have been a major factor affecting America's involvement in the war itself. Many veterans of Vietnam, including U.S. Senator John Kerry, and disabled veteran Ron Kovic spoke out against the Vietnam War on their return to the United States.7. South African Border WarOpposition to South Africa's border war spread to a general resistance to the apartheid military. Organisations such as the End Conscription Campaign and Committee on South African War Resisters, were set up.8. 2001 Afghanistan WarThere was considerable opposition to the 2001 Afghanistan War in the United States and the United Kingdom. Opposition was organised locally by the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan[2] and internationally in the form of protests by variousanti-war organisations who went on to organise much larger protests against the 2003 Iraq War.9. Iraq WarThe anti-war position gained renewed support and attention in the build up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and its allies. Millions of people staged mass protests across the world in the immediate prelude to the invasion, and demonstrations and other forms of anti-war activism have continued throughout the occupation. The primary opposition within the U.S. to the continued occupation of Iraq has come from the grassroots. Opposition to the conflict, how it had been fought, and complications during the aftermath period divided public sentiment in the U.S., resulting in majority public opinion turning against the war for the first time in the spring of 2004, a turn which has held since.[5] Anti-war groups protested during the both the Democratic National Convention and 2008 Republican National Convention protests held in St. Paul, Minnesota in September 2008.10. Possible War against IranOrganised opposition to a possible future military attack against Iran by the United States is known to have started during 2005-2006.Beginning in early 2005, journalists, activists and academics such as Seymour Hersh[6][7], Scott Ritter[8], Joseph Cirincione[9] and Jorge E. Hirsch[10] began publishing claims that United States' concerns over the alleged threat posed by the possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program might lead the US government to take military action against that country in the future. These reports, and the concurrent escalation of tensions between Iran and some Western governments, prompted the formation of grassroots organisations, including Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran in the US and the United Kingdom, to advocate against potential military strikes on Iran. Additionally, several individuals, grassroots organisations and international governmental organisations, including the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohamed ElBaradei[11], a former United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq, Scott Ritter[8], Nobel Prize winners including Shirin Ebadi, Mairead Corrigan-Maguire and Betty Williams, Harold Pinter and Jody Williams[12], Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament[12], Code Pink[13], the Non-Aligned Movement[14]of 118 states, and the Arab League[15], have publicly stated their opposition to a would-be attack on Iran.Arts and cultureEnglish poet Robert Southey's 1796 poem After Blenheim is an early modern example of anti-war literature — it was written generations after the Battle of Blenheim, but at a time when England was again at war with France. Alfred Tennyson's 1854 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade focussed on leadership failures and unnecessary loss of life in the Crimean War, while American author Stephen Crane's 1895 novel Red Badge of Courage, set during the American Civil War, cast war in a negative, anti-heroic light. World War I spawned the English war poets, such as Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen, and Siegfried Sassoon, as well as German novelist Erich Maria Remarque, all of whom (like Crane) used graphic realism to make a contrast with heroic notions of war.Pablo Picasso's 1937 painting Guernica, on the other hand, used abstraction rather than realism to generate an emotional response to the loss of life from the fascist bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. American author Kurt Vonnegut used science fiction themes in his 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five, depicting the bombing of Dresden in World War II (which Vonnegut witnessed). The second half of the 20th century also witnessed a strong anti-war presence in other art forms, including anti-war music such as "Eve of Destruction" and One Tin Soldier and films such as M*A*S*H,opposing the Cold War in general, or specific conflicts such as the Vietnam War. The current American war in Iraq has also generated significant artistic anti-war works, including film maker Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11, which holds the box-office record for documentary films, and Canadian musician Neil Young's 2006 album Living with War.。
美国20世纪60年代(改)1
一天由此被定为“马丁·路德·金的日子”,之后，全美国会 在每年这一天庆祝，赞颂马丁·路德·金，表示对他的尊敬。
He was assassinated by the racist in June,1968, and this day was named "the Day of Martin Luther King" afterwards and celebrated in the U.S. 他在1968年6月被种族歧视者暗杀,这
Historical Background （历史背景）
the conciousness of different Americans （美国人各种不同的意见）
Afro-Americans:They had a taste of life outside the south so that they know that life in the segregated south was not the American way of life. Women:During WWII,women had the opportunity to work in responsible jobs for good pays, but they don't have them in the 1960s. Youth: They resented traditional white male values in US society.
• Beginng Event: Freedom Speech Movement自由演讲运动
In Octomber 1964, a CORE organiser distributed information and collected money at the campus of the University at Berkeley.在1964年 十月，种族平等的国会的组织者在伯克利( 美国加州西部城市)大学公布 消息并筹款。 The university police chief and deans came to stop him, and finally would arrest him. Then a large crowd of students spontaneously surrounded the car and protested so that 800 students were arrested. • However, the university was closed and the teachers voted to change the school rules. The movement was ended with students‘ success.警察局长和大学院长来阻止他,最后逮捕他。那一 大群学生自发地包围了车并且抗议,800名学生被逮捕。 • 然而,大学被关闭,老师们投票决定改变学校的规则。这个运动以学生们 的成功而结束。
英语国家社会与文化2 social movements of 1960s
Chapter 9 Social Movements in 1960sFocal Points in this Topic（重点的知识点）1. Greensboro "sit-in"2.The Civil Rights Movement3.Martin Luther King, jr.4.The Anti-war Movement5.Free Speech Movement6.The Counter Culture7.Women's Liberation MovementI. Brief introductionQ: What is a social movement?Definitiona social movement: a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.Two basic characteristics of all social movements: "structure"(有组织)and "spontaneity"(自发性) structureStructure means organizationsSpontaneity refers to the spontaneous actionsNecessary parts of a social movement：The historical background of the American social movements of the 1960s•1. WW2 & Korean War( the defeat of US in Korean War)•2. Hard times of depression of 1930s•3. American Dream美国梦(用此流行语以强调所谓民主、平等和自由等美国的立国理想)•4. Afro-Americans, young people and women were dissatisfied with their lives.American Negroes experienced different lives in the South and outside the South of AmericaWomen experienced different lives during and after World War IIYoung people resented traditional white male values in US societyCivil Rights Movement (黑人民权运动),i.boycotts抵制(refusals to buy particular products),ii.sit-in 静坐抗议(quite sit down as demonstrations)iii.the actions of freedom riders, 自由乘车客,1961年美国南部黑人民权运动者为抗议长途汽车种族隔离而采取的抗议行动，乘车示威的黑人(尤指美国南部黑人为抗议种族歧视而乘坐专为白人服务的公共汽车者)In 1963 a march to Washington led by Martin Luther King.The Civil Rights Act of 1964 民权法案The Voting Rights Act of 1965 选举权法-------It refers to the US law that forced the southern states to allow African-Americans to enter restaurants, hotels, theatres, train stations, buses etc. which had been reserved for white people for white people only (segregation).---Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina [,kærə'lainə] (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter午餐室and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter 柜台, openly defying 反抗the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement (黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the north.Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X马尔科姆艾克斯, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.Montgomery [mənt'gʌməri] Bus Boycott 蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1955, Rosa Parks, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs. Parks was arrested.Local black leaders decided to boycott the city's bus system.Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.Martin Luther King, Jr.•an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师)the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.•To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of "marches"The March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous "I have a Dream" speech.•As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination (种族歧视) and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.•Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯) in April 1968.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.Results of the civil rights movement•Legal segregation ended in the South.•Southern Afro-Americans can vote.•But Racism is still a problem.III. The Youth Movement青年运动•Because they resented traditional white male values in U.S. society, many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960.•Free Speech Movement 自由言论运动(20世纪60年代兴起于美国加州大学的学生运动)•Mario Savio (马里奥·萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Mississippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.•He demanded that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Mario Savio, 1964•Other students "sat-in"静坐抗议at the administration buildings行政办公室and organized "Free University" classes.•The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus. 800 students were arrested. •Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.•The teachers and professors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments. （Bill of rights）•The young people's "Free Speech Movement" began with success.Counter Culture(反主流文化)•In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the "counter culture".•The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.•They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.•Among the most famous were the hippies (嬉皮士). They sought new experience through dropping out退学, drugs.•Music, rock music in particular became the chief vehicle媒介for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society.•The counter culture exerted发挥a great influence upon people's attitudes toward social mores ['m ɔ:ri:z]习俗, marriage, career, and success.The Anti-War Movement (against the war in Vietnam)Song: “Hell, no, we won’t go.”（战场如地狱，我们绝不去）Organizations---1. some as refugees from religious and political persecution (逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民)---2. some as adventurers from the Old World seeking a better life(从旧大陆来寻求好生活的冒险家)---3. some as captives brought to American against their own will to be sold into slavery （有一些则是被抓获后违背他们的意愿运到美国，被出卖为奴隶）Though people all share a common American culture, the nation contains many racial and ethnic subcultures with their own distinctive characteristics. (虽然人们有共同的美国文化，但美利坚民族包含了许多种族和少数民族的亚文化群)。
1970年3月2日用英语写法
1970年3月2日用英语写法March 2, 1970: A Day of Unrest and Division.On March 2, 1970, a series of violent protests erupted across the United States, marking a tumultuous day in the nation's history. The protests were sparked by President Richard Nixon's decision to expand the Vietnam War into Cambodia, a move that ignited widespread dissent and outrage.The Cambodian Invasion and the Kent State Massacre.On April 30, 1970, President Nixon announced that American troops would be entering Cambodia to target North Vietnamese and Viet Cong sanctuaries. The decision was met with immediate and vehement opposition from anti-war activists and college students across the country.At Kent State University in Ohio, protests against the invasion quickly turned violent. On May 4, 1970, NationalGuardsmen fired into a crowd of unarmed students, killing four and wounding nine. The Kent State Massacre, as it became known, shocked the nation and further fueled theanti-war movement.Protests and Arrests Nationwide.In the aftermath of the Cambodian invasion and the Kent State Massacre, protests erupted in cities and towns across the United States. Students, activists, and ordinary citizens took to the streets to voice their opposition to the war and the government's handling of it.In Washington, D.C., thousands of protesters gathered at the Capitol and the Washington Monument, demanding an end to the war and the resignation of President Nixon. The protests were met with a heavy police presence, and hundreds of arrests were made.Similar protests occurred in other major cities, including New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco. Riots broke out in some areas, leading toproperty damage and injuries.A Nation Divided.The protests of March 2, 1970, laid bare the deep divisions that existed within American society over the Vietnam War. The conflict had become a polarizing issue, pitting anti-war activists against supporters of the government and the military.The war itself was a bloody and costly affair, with over 58,000 American soldiers killed and hundreds of thousands more wounded. The anti-war movement argued that the war was unwinnable and immoral, and that it was causing unnecessary suffering and death. Supporters of the war, on the other hand, believed that it was necessary to contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia and to protect the United States from its enemies.The Legacy of March 2, 1970。
反设计运动名词解释
反设计运动名词解释反设计运动（Anti-design Movement）是一种对传统设计原则和操作方式进行反思和挑战的设计流派。
它质疑和挑战传统设计中强调美观和功能性的价值观，并试图打破常规设计的束缚，推动设计过程中的创新和反思。
反设计运动主张设计应该超越单一的美学追求，将社会、环境、道德和政治因素纳入考量，并在设计过程中积极探讨和解决问题。
它强调设计的目的应该是服务人类社会和大众利益，而不是仅仅满足少数人的欲望和要求。
反设计运动的核心概念包括“非平庸性（non-boringness）”和“批判性思维（critical thinking）”。
非平庸性意味着设计应该追求创意和突破，摆脱平庸和既定的设计模式。
批判性思维指的是设计师需要对现有设计模式和社会结构进行批判性思考，并通过设计来引发对社会和文化的深入思考。
反设计运动的实践形式非常多样化，包括艺术装置、建筑设计、图形设计、产品设计等各个领域。
它通常倡导合作、参与和共享的设计方式，以便在设计中融入更多利益相关者的声音和观点，以实现更公平、可持续和具有社会意义的设计。
总之，反设计运动旨在颠覆传统设计的规范和惯例，通过非平庸性和批判性思维推动设计的发展，以实现更具有社会价值和创新性的设计理念和实践。
反设计运动也可以解释为一种反对消费主义和过度商业化的设计理念和行动。
它强调设计应以人类的福祉和环境的可持续性为中心，而非以商业利益和市场需求为导向。
在反设计运动中，设计师常常倡导从生产到消费的全过程中的可持续性和公平性，关注资源的合理利用和环境的保护。
他们注重设计中的社会和伦理责任，反对剥削和不公正的生产方式，倡导创造可持续和公正的产品和服务。
此外，反设计运动也强调艺术和设计的自由创作，反对商业化对设计的干扰和限制。
设计师被鼓励独立思考，挑战主流设计趋势和规范，表达个人的创造力和观点。
他们试图通过设计来反思和引发社会对社会问题和价值观的思考。
总之，反设计运动是一种反对传统设计原则和商业化趋势的设计流派，强调可持续性、社会责任和创造力。
美国社会与文化第三版答案
美国社会与文化第三版答案The first English permanent settlement was founded in California. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founding fathers of the United States of America. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted by a college ishis/her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错According to the author, larger universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)Many people believe that the economic freedom of capitalism is crucial to America’s economic success. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错Strong domestic demand is one factor contributing to America’s affluence. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错The anti-war teach-in by white students in Berkeley began the civil rights movement in the 1960s, the first of several social movements during that decade. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)During WWII, many American Negroes had a taste of life by moving to and working in the North. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错The United States was founded on the principle of human equality, and in reality the nation has lived up to that ideal. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed The Emancipation Proclamation which together with the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 legally abolished the slavery. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism and inter-ventionism since World War II. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)When Ronald Reagan became president in 1982, he wanted to beat the Soviet Union in the space technology race and so he initiated the Star Wars project. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错In 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal declaration of the implementation of the US containment foreign policy. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错American Indians had developed three brilliant civilizations before the Europeans arrived. These three civilizations were the Aztecs, ______ and ______.[填空题] *空1答案：the Incas空2答案：the MayasNew England was founded by a group of religious believers called ______ while Pennsylvania was planted by William Penn who was a ______ in religion.[填空题] *空1答案：Puritans空2答案：QuakerThe city where the Declaration of Independence was sighed and where the US Constitution was made is ______ [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Philadelphia)The Congress is divided into ______ with 435 members who serve two-year terms, and______ with 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms.[填空题] *空1答案：the House of Representatives空2答案：the SenateAbout 90% of American students go to ______ schools and 10% attend _______ schools. [填空题] *空1答案：public空2答案：privatePublic and private colleges depend on three sources of income: students tuition, endowments and ______. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：government funding)______ and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the United States’ GNP than any other endeavor. GNP stands for ______.[填空题] *空1答案：Agriculture空2答案：Gross National ProductThe spontaneous action of nonviolent civil disobedience of ______ was believed to be the true beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Rosa Parks)In the summer of 1963, hundreds of thousands of peaceful demonstrators, marched to Washington D. C., where ______ gave the famous “ I Have a Dream” speech. [填空题] * _________________________________(答案：Martin Luther King)In 1964, ______ signed into law the Civil Rights Act passed by Congress to improve the racial relations. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：President Johnson)Which of the following is the man whose teachings developed into puritanism? （） [单选题] *A.Martin Luther(正确答案)B.John CalvinC.Thomas MoreD.John WycliffeThe longest war that the United States has fought is ______. （） [单选题] *A.The Independence warB.The Civil WarC.The Vietnam war(正确答案)D.The Gulf WarHow many seats does the Senate of the Congress of the United States have? （） [单选题] *A.100(正确答案)B.345C.435D.534The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as ______. （） [单选题] *A.Federal Bureau of InvestigationB.the Black MuslimsC.Ku Klux Klan(正确答案)D.Student for A Democratic SocietyWhich of the following did not take place in the 1960? （） [单选题] *A.The Anti-Vietnam War MovementB.The Anti-Drug Movement(正确答案)C.Women's Liberation MovementD.Public protests by blacks and other minority groupsAfter ______, the WASPs gradually lost their privileged position. （） [单选题] *A.World War II(正确答案)B.World War IC.Cold WarD.Vietnam WarWhich of the following was not a demand of the black in the Civil Rights Movement? （） [单选题] *A.Equal rights with white peopleB.The abolition of racial discriminationC.Absolute black individualism and liberty(正确答案)D.The abolition of racial segregationWhich of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of Europe? （） [单选题] *A.The growth of capitalismB.The RenaissanceC.The Religious ReformationD.The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church(正确答案)Which of the following American values did NOT come from Puritanism? （） [单选题] *A.Separation of state and church(正确答案)B.Respect of educationC.Intolerant moralismD.A sense of missionWhich of the following was NOT a denomination of Protestantism? （） [单选题] *A.Catholics(正确答案)B.PuritansC.QuakersD.Church of EnglandWhich of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes? （） [单选题] *A.The executiveB.The legislative(正确答案)C.The judicialD.The presidentWhich of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?（） [单选题] *A.The freedom of religionB.The freedom of searching a person’s home by police(正确答案)C.The freedom of speech and of the pressD.The right to own weapons if one wishesThe expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by ______. （） [单选题] *A.teachersB.studentsC.headmastersD.boards of education(正确答案)In the United States school system, which of the following divisions is true? （） [单选题] *A.Elementary school, grammar schoolB.Elementary school, junior high schoolC.Elementary school, secondary school(正确答案)D.Junior high school, senior high schoolIn order to go to university, secondary school students must meet the following requirements except that _____. （） [单选题] *A.they have high school records and recommendations from their teachersB.they make good impressions during the interviewsC.they get good scores in the Scholastic Aptitude TestsD.they pass the College Entrance Examinations(正确答案)In the 1960s, feminism was reborn. Many women were dissatisfied with their lives, and in 1963, with the publication of _____ by _____, they found a voice. （） [单选题] *A.The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan(正确答案)B.Profiles in Courage, John F. KennedyC.The Other America, Michael HarringtonD.Catcher in the Rye, J. D. SalingerWhich of the following is not the reason for the higher arrest rates among minority groups? （） [单选题] *A.The aggressive nature of these groups(正确答案)B.Racial prejudice against themC.Low social status of these groupsD.Poverty and unemployment among minority groupOn one occasion during the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of a nuclear war. What was that occasion? （） [单选题] *A.The US fought the Korean WarB.The US sent 50,000 troops to VietnamC.The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962(正确答案)rge numbers of people fled East Berlin and East Germany to West Germany in 1961Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthy benefactors. Which is the exception? （） [单选题] *A.Harvard UniversityB.The State University of New York(正确答案)C.Yale UniversityD.Princeton UniversityWhich of the following statements was correct around the time of the American Revolution? （） [单选题] *A.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants(正确答案)B.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American IndiansC.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacksD.The American had the blood of the English and their descendants only。