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经典英语文摘大全

经典英语文摘大全

经典英语文摘大全(经典版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!经典英语文摘大全“兴趣是最好的老师”这句话放到英语学习上是千真万确。

英语文摘_精品文档

英语文摘_精品文档

英语文摘Introduction:The English language is spoken by millions of people worldwide and is considered the lingua franca of the modern era. As a result, there is a vast amount of written material available in English, ranging from books and news articles to academic papers and online blogs. In this English language digest, we will explore various aspects of the English language, including its history, grammar, vocabulary, and usage.Part 1: The History of the English LanguageThe English language traces its roots back to the Germanic languages spoken by tribes in the British Isles over 1,500 years ago. Over time, the English language evolved through various influences, including the Viking invasions, Latin and French borrowing during the Norman Conquest, and global colonization by the British Empire.During the Renaissance period, English underwent a significant transformation with the introduction of new wordsand ideas from classical languages such as Greek and Latin. The printing press also played a crucial role in standardizing the English language and making it accessible to the masses.Part 2: Grammar and SyntaxEnglish grammar can be a complex subject for learners due to its numerous rules and exceptions. However, understanding the basic concepts of grammar is essential for effective communication. This section will cover fundamental topics such as verb tenses, sentence structures, subject-verb agreement, and the correct usage of articles and prepositions.Additionally, we will explore common grammatical errors and provide tips on how to avoid them. By improving your understanding of English grammar, you can enhance your writing and speaking skills.Part 3: Vocabulary and IdiomsBuilding a strong vocabulary is crucial for expressing oneself eloquently in English. In this section, we will examine various methods for expanding your vocabulary, such as readingbooks, encountering new words in context, and using vocabulary learning apps.Moreover, we will delve into the world of idioms, which are expressions that cannot be understood by examining the individual words. Understanding and using idiomatic expressions can greatly enhance your fluency in English.Part 4: Common Writing and Speaking MistakesEven advanced English speakers often make mistakes when writing or speaking. This section will discuss some of the most common errors made by non-native English speakers, such as subject-verb agreement, word order, verb tense consistency, and pronunciation.Furthermore, we will provide practical tips to help you avoid these mistakes and improve your overall language skills. By becoming aware of these errors and working to correct them, you can communicate more effectively in English.Part 5: English in the Digital AgeThe rise of the internet and digital technology has greatly impacted the English language. In this section, we will explore how social media, texting, and online communication have influenced the way English is used today. We will discuss the use of abbreviations, emoticons, and emojis in digital communication and their implications for language evolution.Additionally, we will examine the role of English as a global language and the challenges and opportunities it presents in an interconnected world.Conclusion:This English language digest provides a comprehensive overview of the history, grammar, vocabulary, and usage of the English language. By understanding these aspects, learners can improve their language skills and become more proficient in English communication.Remember, mastering a language takes time and practice. Keep exploring different resources, engaging with native speakers, and immersing yourself in English-language environments to further enhance your abilities. With dedication and perseverance, you can achieve fluency inEnglish and unlock countless opportunities in the globalized world.。

英语文摘精选5篇

英语文摘精选5篇

英语文摘精选5篇如果能够抄之前先好好读读,并且理解其意思,然后再抄完了之后是不是翻阅自己的摘抄本,那么效果又会更进一步!今天小编在这给大家整理了英语文摘大全,接下来随着小编一起来看看吧!英语文摘(一)给你一篇小情书You’re the one, It was you all the time.你一直都是我的最爱。

I love everything about you, except the fact that youre not with me.我爱你的一切,可事实是你并不爱我。

I wish that you were here or I were there or me and you we anywhere together..多么希望我们此刻能够紧紧相依。

I know its too much to ask for you to think of me as much as I think of you but I just hope that someday, somehow, you think of me too.但愿你哪天也会很想念我,正如我想念你一般。

My heart wont let you go, and I need you to know, I miss you. 我不舍得你离开我,我只想告诉你,我很想你。

When I miss you, I dont have to go far...I just have to look inside my heart because thats where Ill find you.其实,我的心里一直都有你。

Im waiting and hoping, and wishing for the time when we can be together again... I miss you so much.我等待着,期盼着,我们可以再次重逢,而你会重新爱上我…Even though we are far apart you will always be in my little heart.哪怕相距千里,你也依旧在我心里。

英语文摘

英语文摘

Bull Earthquake Eng(2008)6:645–675DOI10.1007/s10518-008-9078-1ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPERNumerical analyses of fault–foundation interactionI.Anastasopoulos·A.Callerio·M.F.Bransby·M.C.R.Davies·A.El Nahas·E.Faccioli·G.Gazetas·A.Masella·R.Paolucci·A.Pecker·E.RossignolReceived:22October2007/Accepted:14July2008/Published online:17September2008©Springer Science+Business Media B.V.2008Abstract Field evidence from recent earthquakes has shown that structures can be designed to survive major surface dislocations.This paper:(i)Describes three differentfinite element(FE)methods of analysis,that were developed to simulate dip slip fault rupture propagation through soil and its interaction with foundation–structure systems;(ii)Validates the developed FE methodologies against centrifuge model tests that were conducted at the University of Dundee,Scotland;and(iii)Utilises one of these analysis methods to conduct a short parametric study on the interaction of idealised2-and5-story residential structures lying on slab foundations subjected to normal fault rupture.The comparison between nume-rical and centrifuge model test results shows that reliable predictions can be achieved with reasonably sophisticated constitutive soil models that take account of soil softening after failure.A prerequisite is an adequately refined FE mesh,combined with interface elements with tension cut-off between the soil and the structure.The results of the parametric study reveal that the increase of the surcharge load q of the structure leads to larger fault rupture diversion and“smoothing”of the settlement profile,allowing reduction of its stressing.Soil compliance is shown to be beneficial to the stressing of a structure.For a given soil depthH and imposed dislocation h,the rotation θof the structure is shown to be a function of:I.Anastasopoulos(B)·G.GazetasNational Technical University,Athens,Greecee-mail:ianast@civil.ntua.grA.Callerio·E.Faccioli·A.Masella·R.PaolucciStudio Geotecnico Italiano,Milan,ItalyM.F.BransbyUniversity of Auckland,Auckland,New ZealandM.C.R.Davies·A.El NahasUniversity of Dundee,Dundee,UKA.Pecker·E.RossignolGeodynamique et Structure,Paris,France123(a)its location relative to the fault rupture;(b)the surcharge load q;and(c)soil compliance.Keywords Fault rupture propagation·Soil–structure-interaction·Centrifuge model tests·Strip foundation1IntroductionNumerous cases of devastating effects of earthquake surface fault rupture on structures were observed in the1999earthquakes of Kocaeli,Düzce,and Chi-Chi.However,examples of satisfactory,even spectacular,performance of a variety of structures also emerged(Youd et al.2000;Erdik2001;Bray2001;Ural2001;Ulusay et al.2002;Pamuk et al.2005).In some cases the foundation and structure were quite strong and thus either forced the rupture to deviate or withstood the tectonic movements with some rigid-body rotation and translation but without damage(Anastasopoulos and Gazetas2007a,b;Faccioli et al.2008).In other cases structures were quite ductile and deformed without failing.Thus,the idea(Duncan and Lefebvre1973;Niccum et al.1976;Youd1989;Berill1983)that a structure can be designed to survive with minimal damage a surface fault rupture re-emerged.The work presented herein was motivated by the need to develop quantitative understan-ding of the interaction between a rupturing dip-slip(normal or reverse)fault and a variety of foundation types.In the framework of the QUAKER research project,an integrated approach was employed,comprising three interrelated steps:•Field studies(Anastasopoulos and Gazetas2007a;Faccioli et al.2008)of documented case histories motivated our investigation and offered material for calibration of the theoretical methods and analyses,•Carefully controlled geotechnical centrifuge model tests(Bransby et al.2008a,b)hel-ped in developing an improved understanding of mechanisms and in acquiring a reliable experimental data base for validating the theoretical simulations,and•Analytical numerical methods calibrated against the abovefield and experimental data offered additional insight into the nature of the interaction,and were used in developing parametric results and design aids.This paper summarises the methods and the results of the third step.More specifically: (i)Three differentfinite element(FE)analysis methods are presented and calibratedthrough available soil data.(ii)The three FE analysis methods are validated against four centrifuge experiments con-ducted at the University of Dundee,Scotland.Two experiments are used as a benchmark for the“free-field”part of the problem,and two more for the interaction of the outcrop-ping dislocation with rigid strip foundations.(iii)One of these analysis methods is utilised in conducting a short parametric study on the interaction of typical residential structures with a normal fault rupture.The problem studied in this paper is portrayed in Fig.1.It refers to a uniform cohesionless soil deposit of thickness H at the base of which a dip-slip fault,dipping at angle a(measured from the horizontal),produces downward or upward displacement,of vertical component h.The offset(i.e.,the differential displacement)is applied to the right part of the model quasi-statically in small consecutive steps.123hx O:“f o c u s ”O ’:“e p i c e n t e r ”Hanging wallFootwallyLW –LW hx O:“fo c u s ”O ’:“e p i c e n t e r ”Hanging wallFootwallyL W –LWq BStrip Foundation s(a )(b)Fig.1Definition and geometry of the studied problem:(a )Propagation of the fault rupture in the free field,and (b )Interaction with strip foundation of width B subjected to uniform load q .The left edge of the foundation is at distance s from the free-field fault outcrop2Centrifuge model testingA series of centrifuge model tests have been conducted in the beam centrifuge of the University of Dundee (Fig.2a)to investigate fault rupture propagation through sand and its in-teraction with strip footings (Bransby et al.2008a ,b ).The tests modelled soil deposits of depth H ranging from 15to 25m.They were conducted at accelerations ranging from 50to 115g.A special apparatus was developed in the University of Dundee to simulate normal and reverse faulting.A central guidance system and three aluminum wedges were installed to impose displacement at the desired dip angle.Two hydraulic actuators were used to push on the side of a split shear box (Fig.2a)up or down,simulating reverse or normal faulting,respectively.The apparatus was installed in one of the University of Dundee’s centrifuge strongboxes (Fig.2b).The strongbox contains a front and a back transparent Perspex plate,through which the models are monitored in flight.More details on the experimental setup can be found in Bransby et al.(2008a ).Displacements (vertical and horizontal)at different123Fig.2(a)The geotechnicalcentrifuge of the University ofDundee;(b)the apparatus for theexperimental simulation of faultrupture propagation through sandpositions within the soil specimen were computed through the analysis of a series of digital images captured as faulting progressed using the Geo-PIV software(White et al.2003).Soil specimens were prepared within the split box apparatus by pluviating dry Fontainebleau sand from a specific height with controllable massflow rate.Dry sand samples were prepared at relative densities of60%.Fontainebleau sand was used so that previously published laboratory element test data(e.g Gaudin2002)could be used to select drained soil parameters for thefinite element analyses.The experimental simulation was conducted in two steps.First,fault rupture propagation though soil was modelled in the absence of a structure(Fig.1a),representing the free-field part of the problem.Then,strip foundations were placed at a pre-specified distance s from the free-field fault outcrop(Fig.1b),and new tests were conducted to simulate the interaction of the fault rupture with strip foundations.3Methods of numerical analysisThree different numerical analysis approaches were developed,calibrated,and tested.Three different numerical codes were used,in combination with soil constitutive models ranging from simplified to more sophisticated.This way,three methods were developed,each one corresponding to a different level of sophistication:(a)Method1,using the commercial FE code PLAXIS(2006),in combination with a simplenon-associated elastic-perfectly plastic Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model for soil; 123Foundation : 2-D Elastic Solid Elements Elastic BeamElementsInterfaceElements hFig.3Method 1(Plaxis)finite element diecretisation(b)Method 2,utilising the commercial FE code ABAQUS (2004),combined with a modifiedMohr-Coulomb constitutive soil model taking account of strain softening;and(c)Method 3,making use of the FE code DYNAFLOW (Prevost 1981),along with thesophisticated multi-yield constitutive model of Prevost (1989,1993).Centrifuge model tests that were conducted in the University of Dundee were used to validate the effectiveness of the three different numerical methodologies.The main features,the soil constitutive models,and the calibration procedure for each one of the three analysis methodologies are discussed in the following sections.3.1Method 13.1.1Finite element modeling approachThe first method uses PLAXIS (2006),a commercial geotechnical FE code,capable of 2D plane strain,plane stress,or axisymmetric analyses.As shown in Fig.3,the finite element mesh consists of 6-node triangular plane strain elements.The characteristic length of the elements was reduced below the footing and in the region where the fault rapture is expected to propagate.Since a remeshing technique (probably the best approach when dealing with large deformation problems)is not available in PLAXIS ,at the base of the model and near the fault starting point,larger elements were introduced to avoid numerical inaccuracies and instability caused by ill conditioning of the element geometry during the displacement application (i.e.node overlapping and element distortion).The foundation system was modeled using a two-layer compound system,consisting of (see Fig.3):•The footing itself,discretised by very stiff 2D elements with linear elastic behaviour.The pressure applied by the overlying building structure has been imposed to the models through the self weight of the foundation elements.123Fig.4Method1:Calibration of constitutive model parameters utilising the FE code Tochnog;(a)oedometer test;(b)Triaxial test,p=90kPa•Beam elements attached to the nodes at the bottom of the foundation,with stiffness para-meters lower than those of the footing to avoid a major stiffness discontinuity between the underlying soil and the foundation structure.•The beam elements are connected to soil elements through an interface with a purely frictional behaviour and the same friction angleϕwith the soil.The interface has a tension cut-off,which causes a gap to develop between soil and foundation in case of detachment. Due to the large imposed displacement reached during the centrifuge tests(more than3m in several cases),with a relative displacement of the order of10%of the modeled soil height, the large displacement Lagrangian description was adopted.After an initial phase in which the geostatic stresses were allowed to develop,the fault displacement has been monotonically imposed both on the right side and the right bottom boundaries,while the remaining boundaries of the model have beenfixed in the direction perpendicular to the side(Fig.3),so as to reproduce the centrifuge test boundary conditions.3.1.2Soil constitutive model and calibrationThe constitutive model adopted for all of the analyses is the standard Mohr-Coulomb for-mulation implemented in PLAXIS.The calibration of the elastic and strength parameters of the soil had been conducted during the earlier phases of the project by means of the FEM code Tochnog(see the developer’s home page ),adopting a rather refined and user-defined constitutive model for sand.This model was calibrated with a set of experimental data available on Fontainebleau sand(Gaudin2002).Oedometer tests (Fig.4a)and drained triaxial compression tests(Fig.4b)have been simulated,and sand model parameters were calibrated to reproduce the experimental results.The user-defined model implemented in Tochnog included a yielding function at the critical state,which corresponds to the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion.A subset of those parameters was then utilised in the analysis conducted using the simpler Mohr-Coulomb model of PLAXIS:•Angle of frictionϕ=37◦•Young’s Modulus E=675MPa•Poisson’s ratioν=0.35•Angle of Dilationψ=0◦123hFoundation : Elastic Beam ElementsGap Elements Fig.5Method 2(Abaqus)finite element diecretisationThe assumption of ψ=0and ν=0.35,although not intuitively reasonable,was proven to provide the best fit to experimental data,both for normal and reverse faulting.3.2Method 23.2.1Finite element modeling approachThe FE mesh used for the analyses is depicted in Fig.5(for the reverse fault case).The soil is now modelled with quadrilateral plane strain elements of width d FE =1m.The foun-dation,of width B ,is modelled with beam elements.It is placed on top of the soil model and connected through special contact (gap)elements.Such elements are infinitely stiff in compression,but offer no resistance in tension.In shear,their behaviour follows Coulomb’s friction law.3.2.2Soil constitutive modelEarlier studies have shown that soil behaviour after failure plays a major role in problems related to shear-band formation (Bray 1990;Bray et al.1994a ,b ).Relatively simple elasto-plastic constitutive models,with Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion,in combination with strain softening have been shown to be effective in the simulation of fault rupture propagation through soil (Roth et al.1981,1982;Loukidis 1999;Erickson et al.2001),as well as for modelling the failure of embankments and slopes (Potts et al.1990,1997).In this study,we apply a similar elastoplastic constitutive model with Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and isotropic strain softening (Anastasopoulos 2005).Softening is introduced by reducing the mobilised friction angle ϕmob and the mobilised dilation angle ψmob with the increase of plastic octahedral shear strain:123ϕmob=ϕp−ϕp−ϕresγP fγP oct,for0≤γP oct<γP fϕres,forγP oct≥γP f(1)ψmob=⎧⎨⎩ψp1−γP octγP f,for0≤γP oct<γP fψres,forγP oct≥γP f⎫⎬⎭(2)whereϕp andϕres the ultimate mobilised friction angle and its residual value;ψp the ultimate dilation angle;γP f the plastic octahedral shear strain at the end of softening.3.2.3Constitutive model calibrationConstitutive model parameters are calibrated through the results of direct shear tests.Soil response can be divided in four characteristic phases(Anastasopoulos et al.2007):(a)Quasi-elastic behavior:The soil deforms quasi-elastically(Jewell and Roth1987),upto a horizontal displacementδx y.(b)Plastic behavior:The soil enters the plastic region and dilates,reaching peak conditionsat horizontal displacementδx p.(c)Softening behavior:Right after the peak,a single horizontal shear band develops(Jewelland Roth1987;Gerolymos et al.2007).(d)Residual behavior:Softening is completed at horizontal displacementδx f(δy/δx≈0).Then,deformation is accumulated along the developed shear band.Quasi-elastic behaviour is modelled as linear elastic,with secant modulus G S linearly incre-asing with depth:G S=τyγy(3)whereτy andγy:the shear stress and strain atfirst yield,directly measured from test data.After peak conditions are reached,it is assumed that plastic shear deformation takes placewithin the shear band,while the rest of the specimen remains elastic(Shibuya et al.1997).Scale effects have been shown to play a major role in shear localisation problems(Stone andMuir Wood1992;Muir Wood and Stone1994;Muir Wood2002).Given the unavoidableshortcomings of the FE method,an approximate simplified scaling method(Anastasopouloset al.2007)is employed.The constitutive model was encoded in the FE code ABAQUS(2004).Its capability toreproduce soil behaviour has been validated through a series of FE simulations of the directshear test(Anastasopoulos2005).Figure6depicts the results of such a simulation of denseFontainebleau sand(D r≈80%),and its comparison with experimental data by Gaudin (2002).Despite its simplicity and(perhaps)lack of generality,the employed constitutivemodel captures the predominant mode of deformation of the problem studied herein,provi-ding a reasonable simplification of complex soil behaviour.3.3Method33.3.1Finite element modeling approachThefinite element model used for the analyses is shown for the normal fault case in Fig.7.The soil is modeled with square,quadrilateral,plane strain elements,of width d FE=0.5m. 123Fig.6Method 2:Calibration ofconstitutive model—comparisonbetween laboratory direct sheartests on Fontainebleau sand(Gaudin 2002)and the results ofthe constitutive modelx D v3.3.2Soil constitutive ModelThe constitutive model is the multi-yield constitutive model developed by Prevost (1989,1993).It is a kinematic hardening model,based on a relatively simple plasticity theory (Prevost 1985)and is applicable to both cohesive and cohesionless soils.The concept of a “field of work-hardening moduli”(Iwan 1967;Mróz 1967;Prevost 1977),is used by defining a collection f 0,f 1,...,f n of nested yield surfaces in the stress space.V on Mises type surfaces are employed for cohesive materials,and Drucker-Prager/Mohr-Coulomb type surfaces are employed for frictional materials (sands).The yield surfaces define regions of constant shear moduli in the stress space,and in this manner the model discretises the smooth elastic-plastic stress–strain curve into n linear segments.The outermost surface f n represents a failure surface.In addition,accounting for experimental evidence from tests on frictional materials (de 1987),a non-associative plastic flow rule is used for the dilatational component of the plastic potential.Finally,the material hysteretic behavior and shear stress-induced anisotropic effects are simulated by a kinematic rule .Upon contact,the yield surfaces are translated in the stress space by the stress point,and the direction of translation is selected such that the yield surfaces do not overlap,but remain tangent to each other at the stress point.3.3.3Constitutive model parametersThe required constitutive parameters of the multi-yield constitutive soil model are summari-sed as follows (Popescu and Prevost 1995):a.Initial state parameters :mass density of the solid phase ρs ,and for the case of porous saturated media,porosity n w and permeability k .b.Low strain elastic parameters :low strain moduli G 0and B 0.The dependence of the moduli on the mean effective normal stress p ,is assumed to be of the following form:G =G 0 p p 0 n B =B 0 p p 0n (4)and is accounted for,by introducing two more parameters:the power exponent n and the reference effective mean normal stress p 0.c.Yield and failure parameters :these parameters describe the position a i ,size M i and plastic modulus H i ,corresponding to each yield surface f i ,i =0,1,...n .For the case of pressure sensitive materials,a modified hyperbolic expression proposed by Prevost (1989)and Griffiths and Prévost (1990)is used to simulate soil stress–strain relations.The necessary parameters are:(i)the initial gradient,given by the small strain shear modulus G 0,and (ii)the stress (function of the friction angle at failure ϕand the stress path)and strain,εmax de v ,levels at failure.Hayashi et al.(1992)improved the modified hyperbolic model by introducing a new parameter—a —depending on the maximum grain size D max and uniformity coefficient C u .Finally,the coefficient of lateral stress K 0is necessary to evaluate the initial positions a i of the yield surfaces.d.Dilation parameters :these are used to evaluate the volumetric part of the plastic potentialand consist of:(i)the dilation (or phase transformation)angle ¯ϕ,and (ii)the dilation parameter X pp ,which is the scale parameter for the plastic dilation,and depends basically on relative density and sand type (fabric,grain size).With the exception of the dilation parameter,all the required constitutive model parameters are traditional soil properties,and can be derived from the results of conventional laboratory 123Table1Constitutive model parameters used in method3Number of yield surfaces20Power exponent n0.5Shear modulus G at stress p1 (kPa)75,000Bulk modulus at stress p1(kPa)200,000Unit massρ(t.m−3) 1.63Cohesion0 Reference mean normal stressp1(kPa)100Lateral stress coefficient(K0)0.5Dilation angle in compression (◦)31Dilation angle in extension(◦)31Ultimate friction angle in compression(◦)41.8Ultimate friction angle inextension(◦)41.8Dilation parameter X pp 1.65Max shear strain incompression0.08Max shear strain in extension0.08Generation coefficient in compressionαc 0.098Generation coefficient inextensionαe0.095Generation coefficient in compressionαlc 0.66Generation coefficient inextensionαle0.66Generation coefficient in compressionαuc 1.16Generation coefficient inextensionαue1.16(e.g.triaxial,simple shear)and in situ(e.g.cone penetration,standard penetration,wave velocity)soil tests.The dilational parameter can be evaluated on the basis of results of liquefaction strength analysis,when available;further details can be found in Popescu and Prevost(1995)and Popescu(1995).Since in the present study the sand material is dry,the cohesionless material was modeled as a one-phase material.Therefore neither the soil porosity,n w,nor the permeability,k,are needed.For the shear stress–strain curve generation,given the maximum shear modulus G1,the maximum shear stressτmax and the maximum shear strainγmax,the following functional relationship has been chosen:For y=τ/τmax and x=γ/γr,withγr=τmax/G1,then:y=exp(−ax)f(x,x l)+(1−exp(−ax))f(x,x u)where:f(x,x i)=(2x/x i+1)x i−1/(2x/x i+1)x i+1(5)where a,x l and x u are material parameters.For further details,the reader is referred to Hayashi et al.(1992).The constitutive model is implemented in the computer code DYNAFLOW(Prevost1981) that has been used for the numerical analyses.3.3.4Calibration of model constitutive parametersTo calibrate the values of the constitutive parameters,numerical triaxial tests were simulated with DYNAFLOW at three different confining pressures(30,60,90kPa)and compared with the results of available physical tests conducted on the same material at the same confining pressures.The parameters are defined based on the shear stress versus axial strain curve and volumetric strain versus axial strain curve.Figure8illustrates the comparisons between numerical simulations and physical tests in terms of volumetric strain and shear stress versus123Table2Summary of main attributes of the centrifuge model testsTest Faulting B(m)q(kPa)s(m)g-Level a D r(%)H(m)L(m)W(m)h max(m) 12Normal Free—field11560.224.775.723.53.1528Reverse Free—field11560.815.175.723.52.5914Normal10912.911562.524.675.723.52.4929Reverse10919.211564.115.175.723.53.30a Centrifugal accelerationFig.9Test12—Free-field faultD r=60%Fontainebleau sand(α=60◦):Comparison ofnumerical with experimentalvertical displacement of thesurface for bedrock dislocationh=3.0m(Method1)and2.5m(Method2)[all displacements aregiven in prototype scale]Structure Interaction(FR-SFSI):(i)Test14,normal faulting at60◦;and(ii)Test29,reverse faulting at60◦.In this case,the comparison is conducted for all of the developed numerical analysis approaches.The main attributes of the four centrifuge model tests used for the comparisons are syn-opsised in Table2,while more details can be found in Bransby et al.(2008a,b).4.1Free-field fault rupture propagation4.1.1Test12—normal60◦This test was conducted at115g on medium-loose(D r=60%)Fontainebleau sand,simu-lating normal fault rupture propagation through an H=25m soil deposit.The comparison between analytical predictions and experimental data is depicted in Fig.9in terms of vertical displacement y at the ground surface.All displacements are given in prototype scale.While the analytical prediction of Method1is compared with test data for h=3.0m,in the case of Method2the comparison is conducted at slightly lower imposed bedrock displacement: h=2.5m.This is due to the fact that the numerical analysis with Method2was conducted without knowing the test results,and at that time it had been agreed to set the maximum displacement equal to h max=2.5m.However,when test results were publicised,the actually attained maximum displacement was larger,something that was taken into account in the analyses with Method1.As illustrated in Fig.9,Method2predicts almost correctly the location of fault out-cropping,at about—10m from the“epicenter”,with discrepancies limited to1or2m.The deformation can be seen to be slightly more localised in the centrifuge test,but the comparison between analytical and experimental shear zone thickness is quite satisfactory.The vertical displacement profile predicted by Method1is also qualitatively acceptable.However,the123Method 2Centrifuge Model TestR1S1Method 1(a )(b)(c)Fig.10Test 12—-Normal free-field fault rupture propagation through H =25m D r =60%Fontainebleau sand:Comparison of (a )Centrifuge model test image,compared to FE deformed mesh with shear strain contours of Method 1(b ),and Method 2(c ),for h =2.5mlocation of fault rupture emergence is a few meters to the left compared with the experimen-tal:at about 15m from the “epicenter”(instead of about 10m).In addition,the deformation predicted by Method 1at the ground surface computed using method 1is widespread,instead of localised at a narrow band.FE deformed meshes with superimposed shear strain contours are compared with an image from the experiment in Fig.10,for h =2.5m.In the case of Method 2,the comparison can be seen to be quite satisfactory.However,it is noted that the secondary rupture (S 1)that forms in the experiment to the right of the main shear plane (R 1)is not predicted by Method 2.Also,experimental shear strain contours (not shown herein)are a little more diffuse than the FE prediction.Overall,the comparison is quite satisfactory.In the case of Method 1,the quantitative details are not in satisfactory agreement,but the calculation reveals a secondary rupture to the right of the main shear zone,consistent with the experimental image.4.1.2Test 28—reverse 60◦This test was also conducted at 115g and the sand was of practically the same relative density (D r =61%).Given that reverse fault ruptures require larger normalised bedrock123Fig.11Test28—Reversepropagation through H=15mD r=60%Fontainebleau sand:Comparison of numerical withexperimental verticaldisplacement of the surface forbedrock dislocation h=2.0m(all displacements are given inprototype scale)displacement h/H to propagate all the way to the surface(e.g.Cole and Lade1984;Lade et al.1984;Anastasopoulos et al.2007;Bransby et al.2008b),the soil depth was set at H=15m.This way,a larger h/H could be achieved with the same actuator.Figure11compares the vertical displacement y at the ground surface predicted by the numerical analysis to experimental data,for h=2.0m.This time,both models predict correctly the location of fault outcropping(defined as the point where the steepest gradient is observed).In particular,Method1achieves a slightly better prediction of the outcropping location:−10m from the epicentre(i.e.,a difference of1m only,to the other direction). Method2predicts the fault outbreak at about−7m from the“epicenter”,as opposed to about −9m of the centrifuge model test(i.e.,a discrepancy of about2m).Figure12compares FE deformed meshes with superimposed shear strain contours with an image from the experiment,for h=2.5m.In the case of Method2,the numerical analysis seems to predict a distinct fault scarp,with most of the deformation localised within it.In contrast,the localisation in the experiment is clearly more intense,but the fault scarp at the surface is much less pronounced:the deformation is widespread over a larger area.The analysis with Method1is successful in terms of the outcropping location.However,instead of a single rupture,it predicts the development of two main ruptures(R1and R2),accompanied by a third shear plane in between.Although such soil response has also been demonstrated by other researchers(e.g.Loukidis and Bouckovalas2001),in this case the predicted multiple rupture planes are not consistent with experimental results.4.2Interaction with strip footingsHaving validated the effectiveness of the developed numerical analysis methodologies in simulating fault rupture propagation in the free-field,we proceed to the comparisons of experiments with strip foundations:one for normal(Test14),and one for reverse(Test29) faulting.This time,the comparison is extended to all three methods.4.2.1Test14—normal60◦This test is practically the same with the free-field Test12,with the only difference being the presence of a B=10m strip foundation subjected to a bearing pressure q=90kPa.The foundation is positioned so that the free-field fault rupture would emerge at distance s=2.9m from the left edge of the foundation.123。

英语文摘在线阅读

英语文摘在线阅读

英语文摘在线阅读篇一:双语阅读英语文摘人一天最重要的40分钟人一天最重要的40分钟,你用好了吗? 英语生活贴士 The Forty Most Important Minutes Each Day: Are You Using Them Well? 人一天最重要的40分钟,你用好了吗?Recently I had a conversation in Beijing with an adult Chinese friend who was complaining how difficult it is to study English. No surprises there. It is a difficult language to master, just like Chinese.最近我在北京听一位中国朋友吐槽英语难学。

这并不奇怪,英语跟中文一样,都不好学。

I made a few suggestions based on my own experience. One involved a very valuable fact which I learned from my high school Latin and Greek teacher. He was a Jesuit priest, a gifted linguist, and had an amazing ability to memorize things, like poetry, essays, speeches, etc.根据亲身经历,我有几点建议,其中也包括我高中拉丁语和希腊语老师的真传。

这位老师是名耶稣会的牧师,很有语言天分,对诗歌、论文、演讲等记忆力超群。

His advice to us students was that for memorization purposes, there are forty minutes each day in which our memory is vastly more receptive than it is during the other 23 hours and 20 minutes. This 40-minute “super memory” period is divided into two parts: the20 minutes before we sleep, and the 20 minutes after we first awake.他告诉我们这些学生,人在一天之中有40分钟记忆力最强,接收能力超过其余23小时20分。

英语文摘

英语文摘

最痛苦的一件事情是,你无法离开的那个人,却可以离开你。

The most painful thing is when someone you can't live without, can live without you.曾经爱过你。

现在我走了。

将来,我还会想念你。

I loved you. I leave you. I’ll miss you.对自己好点,因为一辈子不长;对身边的人好点,因为下辈子不一定能遇见。

Be good to yourself for life is not too long; be good to others, because you are not sure to meet them in next life.试着用左手握住右手,给了自己最简单的温暖。

不会再奢求别人的给予,开始学着自己给自己。

Try holding your right hand with left one to give the simplest warth to yourself. Don't long for the giving from others, start to learn to be self-sufficient.当生活给你100伤心的原因,你就还它1000个微笑的理由。

When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry, show life that you have a thound reasons to smile.是你的,就是你的。

越是紧握,越容易失去。

我们努力了,珍惜了,问心无愧。

其他的,交给命运。

Is your,is you.The more,the more likely to lose grip.We are trying,cherish,have a clear conscience.The,to fate.你不能躲在林中的角落里等着别人来找你,有时你必须自己去找他们。

优美英语文摘语段

优美英语文摘语段

优美英语文摘语段勤朗读。

这是学好英语的法宝之一。

朗读的内容一般说来只限于课本,并不以背诵为目的,而着重将注意力集中于自己的正确发音、连续语气等等。

今天小编在这给大家整理了英语文摘大全,接下来随着小编一起来看看吧!英语文摘(一)1. I’m going to make him an offer he can’t refuse. 我会开出令他无法拒绝的条件。

--来自1972年的《教父》2. Love means never having to say you’re sorry. 爱就是永远不说对不起。

--来自1970年的《爱情故事》3. Louis,I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship. 路易斯,我想,这将是一段美好友谊的开始。

--来自1942年的《卡萨布兰卡》4. There’s no place like home. 没有一个地方可以像家一样。

--来自1939年的《绿野仙踪》5. I’ll have what she’s having. 我会拥有她所拥有的。

--来自1989年的《当哈利遇上莎莉》6. Today,I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth. 今天,我感觉自己是全世界最幸运的人。

--来自1942的《扬基的骄傲》7. Oh,Jerry,don’t let’s ask for the moon.We have the stars.噢,杰瑞,不要再乞求能得到月亮了,我们已经拥有星星了。

--来自1942年的《扬帆》8. A boy’s best friend is his mother. 一个男孩最好的朋友是他的母亲。

--来自1960年的《惊魂记》9. I have always depended on the kindness of strangers. 我总是非常依赖陌生人的仁慈。

英语文摘精选5篇

英语文摘精选5篇

英语文摘精选5篇如果能够抄之前先好好读读,并且理解其意思,然后再抄完了之后是不是翻阅自己的摘抄本,那么效果又会更进一步!今天小编在这给大家整理了英语文摘大全,接下来随着小编一起来看看吧!英语文摘(一)给你一篇小情书You’re the one, It was you all the time.你一直都是我的最爱。

I love everything about you, except the fact that you're not with me.我爱你的一切,可事实是你并不爱我。

I wish that you were here or I were there or me and you we anywhere together..多么希望我们此刻能够紧紧相依。

I know it's too much to ask for you to think of me as much as I think of you but I just hope that someday, somehow, you think of me too.但愿你哪天也会很想念我,正如我想念你一般。

My heart won't let you go, and I need you to know, I miss you.我不舍得你离开我,我只想告诉你,我很想你。

When I miss you, I don't have to go far...I just have to look inside my heart because that's where I'll find you.其实,我的心里一直都有你。

I'm waiting and hoping, and wishing for the time when we can be together again... I miss you so much.我等待着,期盼着,我们可以再次重逢,而你会重新爱上我…Even though we are far apart you will always be in my little heart.哪怕相距千里,你也依旧在我心里。

优秀的英语简单的文摘

优秀的英语简单的文摘

优秀的英语简单的文摘学习一篇优秀的英语文摘也可以提升作文的写作能力,所以今天就给大家分享一下英语文摘,有需要的就看看吧Sexism at Work工作中的性别歧视Recent years see more girl students on the campus than boys, and girls perform as excellently as boys. Some are even superior and receive more praises and honors. Indeed, girls are equal to boys.近年来,在校园里女学生比男学生越来越多,而且女学生和男学生一样的优秀。

有些人甚至更出众得到更多的赞扬和荣誉。

事实上,女学生与男学生都是平等的。

However, when they are getting out of the pure schoolyard and venture into the complicated society, they find themselves faced with many things different. Among them is sexism at work.然而,当他们走出纯真校园和冒险进入复杂的社会,他们发现自己面临的许多事情都不同了。

其中之一是在工作中的性别歧视。

It begins with the job interview. Though females havemade full preparation to cope with the situation, blatant sexism in the selection of staff will make it tough for them to please the interviewer and render him to nod. More vacancies are open only to males. Sometimes, females will be rejected just because of their sex.从面试开始。

四年级英语文摘

四年级英语文摘

四年级英语文摘1.What will you do on Sunday? I’ll play football. 星期天你打算做什么?我计划踢足球。

2.This is Ms Smart. She’s a nice teacher. 这是斯玛特老师。

她是一个亲切的老师。

3.This is my uncle. He’s very clever. 这是我的叔叔。

他非常聪明。

4.This is my big brother. He’s cool. 这是我的哥哥。

他很酷。

5.This is my little sister. She’s cute. 这是我的妹妹。

她很可爱。

6.My house is very small, but it’s beautiful. 我的房子很小但很漂亮。

7.What’s this? It’s a book about London. London is a big city. 这是什么?它是一本关于伦敦的书。

伦敦是一个大城市。

8.It’s Buckingham Palace. It’s very big and very beautiful. It’s the Queen’s house. 这是白金汉宫。

它很大又漂亮。

它是女王的房子。

9.This is Big Ben. It is very old and very tall. 这是大本钟。

它很古老又很高。

10.This is Hyde Park. It is very beautiful. 这是海德公园。

它很漂亮。

11.This is Tower Bridge. It is very famous and very beautiful.这是塔桥。

它很出名也很漂亮。

12.One day, robots will do everything. They will do the housework. 有一天,机器人将会做任何事。

如何评价 英语文摘

如何评价 英语文摘

如何评价《英语文摘》《英语文摘》是一本旨在帮助读者提高英语阅读和理解能力的杂志。

为了全面评价这本杂志,我们将从内容完整性、准确度、语言质量、结构清晰以及信息筛选五个方面进行评估。

1. 内容完整性《英语文摘》的内容相对完整,覆盖了政治、经济、文化、科技等多个领域,有助于读者全面了解国际时事。

此外,该杂志还提供了不同难度的文章,满足了不同读者的需求。

总体而言,在内容完整性方面,《英语文摘》表现出色。

2. 准确度在准确度方面,《英语文摘》也表现得相当不错。

文章中的信息来源经过严格审核,确保了所提供信息的准确性。

同时,该杂志还配有专业的注释和解读,帮助读者更好地理解文章内容。

因此,我们可以认为,《英语文摘》在准确度方面具有较高水平。

3. 语言质量《英语文摘》的语言质量相对较高,表达清晰、简洁明了。

同时,该杂志还注重语言的多样性,有助于提高读者的语言运用能力。

因此,在语言质量方面,《英语文摘》也得到了较高的评价。

4. 结构清晰《英语文摘》的文章结构清晰,逻辑性强。

这有助于读者快速理解文章的主旨和要点。

此外,该杂志还注重排版和布局,使得文章更加易于阅读。

因此,在结构清晰方面,《英语文摘》也得到了好评。

5. 信息筛选在信息筛选方面,《英语文摘》表现出色。

该杂志注重选取具有代表性的文章,同时还会对文章进行分类和整理,方便读者查找和阅读。

此外,该杂志还会对热点问题进行深入剖析,提供多角度的解读和分析。

因此,在信息筛选方面,《英语文摘》也得到了较高的评价。

综上所述,《英语文摘》在内容完整性、准确度、语言质量、结构清晰以及信息筛选等方面都表现得相当不错。

英语文摘 空中英语

英语文摘 空中英语

英语文摘空中英语《空中英语教室》是一本非常受欢迎的英语学习杂志,以其独特的“听、说、读、写”综合英语学习法而著名。

以下是一篇从《空中英语教室》中摘录的文章,供您参考:The Power of PerseveranceIn life, we encounter countless obstacles and challenges that test our resolve and resilience. Some days, the going gets tough, and it seems like giving up is the easier path. But the truth is, perseverance is the key to unlocking our full potential and achieving our dreams.Perseverance is the ability to keep going despite difficulties and setbacks. It's about hanging in there, staying positive, and never giving up. When faced with adversity, the individual who perseveres ultimately prevails.The road to success is not always smooth. It's full of twists and turns, ups and downs. But it's these challenges that shape us and make us stronger. We learn from our mistakes, grow from our failures, and discover new strengths we didn't know we had.The secret to success is to never give up. Successful people don't see obstacles as insurmountable problems; they see them as opportunities for growth and learning. They believe in themselves, their abilities, and their dreams with unwavering faith.So the next time you hit a roadblock or face a challenge, remember this: Perseverance is power. With every step you take, you're getting closer to your goal. Hang in there, stay positive, and never give up. Your dreams are within reach—just keep pushing forward.。

英语文摘和英语沙龙对比

英语文摘和英语沙龙对比

英语文摘和英语沙龙对比
英语文摘和英语沙龙是两本不同的英语杂志,它们在内容、风格和目标读者方面有一些区别。

1. 内容:英语文摘是一本以英语语言学习为主的杂志,主要涵盖了英语语法、词汇、阅读、写作等方面的教学内容,同时也包括了一些英语考试方面的练习题和解析。

而英语沙龙则更加注重英语文化、口语交流和实用英语方面的内容,更强调英语的实际应用能力。

2. 风格:英语文摘的风格比较严谨,文章语言规范,内容较为正式和学术性。

而英语沙龙的风格则更加轻松、活泼,文章语言比较生动,更注重读者的阅读体验和参与感。

3. 目标读者:英语文摘主要针对的是学生和英语学习者,特别是那些需要提高英语语言水平和考试成绩的人群。

而英语沙龙的目标读者则更加广泛,包括了对英语文化、口语交流和实用英语感兴趣的人群,也包括了一些职场人士和旅游爱好者等。

总的来说,英语文摘和英语沙龙各有千秋,读者可以根据自己的需求和兴趣选择适合自己的杂志进行阅读和学习。

英语文摘大全(双语)

英语文摘大全(双语)

英语文摘大全(双语)英语是世界上最优美的语言之一,平时在学习英语的时候要多注意她的优美之处、合理之处、生动之处,不能总盯着她让你觉得别扭的地方,你觉得不好理解的地方。

今天小编在这给大家整理了英语文摘大全,接下来随着小编一起来看看吧!英语文摘(一)《TITANIC》泰坦尼克号Outwardly,I was everything a well-brought up girl should be.Inside, I was screaming.外表看,我是个教养良好的小姐,骨子里,我很反叛。

There is nothing I couldn't give you,there is nothing I would deny you,if you would not deny me.Open you're heart to me.如果你不违背我,你要什么我就能给你什么,你要什么都可以.把你的心交给我吧.Remember, they love money,so just pretend like you own a goldmineand you're in the club.只要你装得很有钱的样子他们就会跟你套近乎。

All life is a game of luck.生活本来就全靠运气。

I love waking up in the morningand not knowing what's going to happen,or who I'm going to meet,where I'm going to wind up.我喜欢早上起来时一切都是未知的,不知会遇见什么人,会有什么样的结局。

I figure life is a gift and I don't intend on wasting it.You never know what hand you're going to get dealt next. You learn to take life as it comes at you.我觉得生命是一份礼物,我不想浪费它,你不会知道下一手牌会是什么,要学会接受生活。

英语文摘唯美

英语文摘唯美

英语文摘唯美为什么世界上公认汉语比英语难学?这是因为汉语的语法比较难的关系!也许上学的时候我们也要学习英语语法,但比汉语简单多了,英语的学习主要还是词汇量。

今天小编在这给大家整理了英语文摘大全,接下来随着小编一起来看看吧!英语文摘(一)1、Life is a journey to experience to learn and to enjoy.生活是不断经历、学习和享受的旅程。

2、life to learn to enjoy: enjoy working happy laughter, enjoy friends, enjoy the warmth of family, enjoy the joy to create, enjoy the sweet fruit.生活中要学会享受:享受工作的欢快,享受朋友的笑声,享受家人的温馨,享受创造的快慰,享受果实的甜美。

3、With the friends there are always laughs and shared happy moments, the friends are like the small drops of water of the morning dew, where the heart is it and freshens up.总是能与朋友一齐笑和分享快乐时光的朋友,就像心里面一小滴清晨的露水,可以使人精神饱满。

4、Life is a chain of moments of enjoyments; not only about survival.生活是一串快乐时光,我们不仅仅是为了生存而生存。

5、Health is certainly more valuable than money,because it is by health that money is procured.健康当然比金钱更为重要,因为我们所赖以获得金钱的就是健康。

英语文摘寻找属于自己的宁静

英语文摘寻找属于自己的宁静

英语文摘寻找属于自己的宁静有时候,离开熙熙攘攘的人群只是为了做更真的自己,为了获得那份完全属于自己的宁静。

接下来,小编给大家准备了英语文摘寻找属于自己的宁静,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。

英语文摘寻找属于自己的宁静I’m an introvert—someone who prefers solitary[2] to social activities. Don’t misunderstand this as me being an awkward computer-nerd you see portrayed on televisions who can’t hold a decent conversation; instead, think of it as someone who simply needs to re-energize after spending the day in a crowd: like a battery with a low lifetime of sorts.[3]1. extrovert: 性格外向者;introvert: 性格内向者。

2. solitary: 单独,独处。

3. 别误会,不要把我想象成你在电视上看到的那种笨拙的电脑呆子,连正常的对话都应付不来;相反,你可以想象我只是个待机时间短的电池,在人群中熙熙攘攘一天之后,需要恢复能量。

awkward: 尴尬的,笨拙的;nerd: 书呆子;portray: 扮演,描绘;decent: 体面的,合适的。

My ideal day during the weekend would begin by getting nine hours of sleep and then lifting some weights in the morning after my breakfast has properly settled.[4] After a stress-relieving workout, I would get my post-workout meal in whilst watching a few episodes of Parks & Recreationto get some good laughs in.[5] Next would be to dance, nap, listen to music, stretch/yoga, walk my dog, or some activity to pass time that I enjoy doing at the time. After spending the majority of the day alone doing these activities I would then sit down in my room and play video games like League of Legends, or binge-watch on some anime that I’m currently obsessed with until I feel like it’s time to go to bed.”[6]4. lift weights: 举重;settle: 解决。

英语文摘带翻译

英语文摘带翻译

英语文摘带翻译的英语文摘(一)对于我来说,没有愿不愿意,只有应不应该。

Ready or not, for me, not only should.天空没有了太阳,那向日葵如何仰望她的爱。

The sky without the sun, the sunflower how to look up to her love.只要是个喜剧结局,过程你让我怎么哭都行。

As long as is a comedy ending, process you let I how cry will do.停下来休息的时候,不要忘记别人还在奔跑。

Stopped to rest, don't forget people still running.所谓的一见钟情,只是喜欢上你的外表罢了。

The so-called love at first sight, just like your appearance.我相信只要踏踏实实的走,总会走出我的天。

I believe that as long as the steadfast walk, always out of my day.又回到了原点,就从现在开始我的新生活吧。

Back to the origin, from now on, my new life.对相爱的人来说,对方的心才是的房子。

For people who love each other, each other's heart is the best house.很多改变,不需要你自己说,别人会看得到。

A lot of change, don't need you say it, people will see.你我曾经激荡的青春,是我今生最美的回忆。

You I used to agitate the youth, is I this life the most beautiful memories.男人多心,问东问西,女人多心,翻东翻西。

优美的英语经典的文摘完整版.doc

优美的英语经典的文摘完整版.doc

优美的英语经典的文摘看多一点英语的文摘也是很好的学习英语,今天我就给大家整理了英语文摘,欢迎大家学习聪明的熊猫 A Clever PandaA little panda picks up a pumpkin and wants to take it home. But the pumpkin is too big. The panda can't take it home.一只小熊猫摘了一只大南瓜,想把它拿回家。

但是这只南瓜太大了,她没有办法把这么大的南瓜带回家。

Suddenly she sees a bear riding a bike toward her. She watches the bike. "I know! I have a good idea." she jumps and shouts happily, "I can roll a pumpkin. It's like a wheel."突然她看见一只狗熊骑着一辆自行车朝她这边来。

她看着自行车,跳着说:“有了!我有办法了。

我可以把南瓜滚回家去。

南瓜好像车轮。

”So she rolls the pumpkin to her home. When her mother seesthe big pumpkin, she is surprised, "Oh, my God! How can you carry it home?" the little panda answers proudly, "I can't lift it, butI can roll it." Her mother smiled and says,"What a clever girl! Use you heard to do something,"于是她把那瓜滚回家。

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COLLEGE STUDENTS SHOULD ATTEND PHYSICAL EXERCISEPhysical exercise is a necessary part of college life. However, still some college students do not like to attend sports activities, they think those activities waste their time and influence their study. Indeed, it is very unwise for college students to keep distance from physical exercise because physical exercise is not harmful but good to them.College students can benefit a lot from physical exercise. First of all, attending physical sports can help students build a strong body, and keep abounding energy. Moreover, physical exercise is an effective way to relief pressure and keep a pleasant move. Besides, by attending physical activities, students can have chances to contact and communicate with others which can help them improve their social skills. Nowadays, all colleges and universities have provided many sports facilities for students to do physical exercises, students can chose freely according to their interests and needs.As for me, I am keen on all kinds of ball games, especially football and basketball. From these games, I have gained a lot, and enjoined great pleasure. To conclude, physical exercise is beneficial to every college students, and therefore do not hesitate to attend sports activities.Online gamesAs a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become very popular among college students. Many students have enjoyed great pleasure and satisfaction from these games. But as we see, some students lacking self discipline on too much indulge in these games. So that their health and academic performances are affected.This phenomenon has caused much worry from the teachers and parents. However, some others argue that online games are not always harmful. They can train their ability of youngsters to respond to things quickly. Moreover, they can stimulate their imagination and their interest in computer science. More importantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their pressure greatly.Form my point of view, online games are wonderful entertainment if you play them in a clever way. When they interfere too much with your study, it is better for you to give them up at once, but if you have enough self control over them, you can certainly obtain real pleasure and benefit a lot from them.Certificates Craze on CampusIn recent years, to get a certificate has become a new craze among college students. Just randomly, ask a student on campus what he or she is busy doing, quite possibly, you may get the answer that he or she is preparing for a certificate of some kind.Why does this craze appear? There are two mainly reasons behind this phenomenon. First, it is the employments pressure that forces college students to get more certificates. With the admission expansion of colleges, a large more graduates have to face the fierce competition in the job markets. How can one make himself more competitive, more certificates at hands maybe. Second, the diplomas and certificates are still important standard by which many employers measure a person’s ability in order to increase qualification for a job, the students compel themselves to run from one exam to another.Form my point of view, we should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since certificates do not necessarily prove one’s ability, being crazy in getting certificates blindly. It is nothing but wasting time. To conclude, we should focus on improving our ability but not getting a certificate of no practical value.Should college students be tutors?Nowadays there are more and more provided tutors among college students. Some students even take a few tutor jobs at the same time. People have different opinions about this phenomenon.Some people believe college students can benefit a lot from being tutors. On the one hand they can earn some money and lessen the burden on their family. On the other hand they can have chances to apply their knowledge to the solution to the practical problems.However still others object to college students being a tutor. They think that a student should focus on his study instead of doing a part-time job. If they spend too much time on teaching, they will not have enough time to study, and naturally their academic performance will be affected.In the two arguments, I’m in favor of the former one. In my opinion, to be a tutor is a good practical activity for us college students, from which we can gain practical experience and skills. But it is worth noting that we cannot spend too much time in being tutors. We should balance the relationship between the tutor job and study.How to deal with peer pressure?College students are often obsessed by peer pressure from their classmates or schoolmates. Facing others’ hard work and good performance in academic and other aspects, many students feel great pressure.Then, how to deal with this kind of peer pressure? The following measures can be taken.First, you should take a careful look at your present level and set a practical object. Y ou needn’t always compare yourselves with those on the top and just make your efforts towards your object.Second, under peer pressure, you shouldn’t feel discouraged and pressed. Instead, youshould make it your motivation for harder work.Finally, if you find pressure is nearly beyond your control, you’d better turn to professional psychological guidance.As a college student, I have no way to avoid peer pressure, so I try to figure out the way to do with it well. I set my own goal, including my practical level and my position among the peers. Because of my focus on my own goal, I have no time and energy to th ink about the pressure. So I’m little troubled by it.To conclude, we should not escape from peer pressure, but learn to make best use of it, since it can hardly be avoided.Welcome to the camera clubWelcome to the camera club. With the sponsor of the student’s union, the camera club has been set and served all the students for 15 years. Many wonderful activities are organized and arranged in our club. As is expected by all, the training on how to make the best use of the camera to provide a wonderful picture is open to all new members. Besides we will organize traveling activities at times, during which the participants have the chance to show the pictures, as well as enjoy beautiful scenery. In addition, photo contests will be held is the opportunities to show your progress. We have good reasons to believe that all these activities are quite beneficial to both your study and life, not only can they help you improve your camera technique, but also enrich your college life greatly. Moreover by participating in the traveling activities and photo contests, you can be close to the nature and broaden your views. Anyone who is interested in photography welcome warmly. What you need to do is just to call us at 62514479 or email us at cameraclub@. Looking forward to your participation.We Chinese place a high value on responsibility. It is traditional deal for us Chinese to take care of our parents. We owe them a great deal for the love they give us while we are growing up. It is right, then, when they are getting older with each passing day, we help them and see that they are well cared for. In this way, we give back some of the love and care they have given to us.As loyal Chinese citizens, we must have a strong sense of responsibility to our country. I t is our duty to keep China strong in the eyes of the world. Therefore, we should study and work hard for China’s strongness which also depends on the advanced science and technology. We must be willing to join the Army and defend our country,would we be threatened by an invader. In short, to be a responsible citizen ,we must put our country’s welfare above our own needs.Finally, we must remember that we have a responsibility to the world we live in. It is important that we learn to live in peace with the other nations of the world and to protect our environment. If we carry out these responsibilities, we will be respected citizens of our country.Behind every daily activity lies a motive. Generally speaking, those who have good motives may succeed both in their career and life. For example, prominent men like scientists usually have very clear motives in fields they are exploring. Ordinary men like those young parents work hard to support families. Students study diligently either to rank the top in their class or to be prepared for future success. So holding positive motives will contribute to people leading a healthy and useful life.Evil can also be a motive. The motive for obtaining money without hard work makes a pickpocket steal a purse. To fulfill his evil desire, a robber can grab others’ belongings, and a murderer can kill an innocent person. These wicked motives are the kind that people need to get rid of because they are harmful to other people and society.But all good motives do not necessarily result in satisfactory outcomes. Some of them lead to bad ends. Actions should not be guided solely by a motive without any attention to effects. We often find people who tend to be good to others end up with the opposite results. It is those people who pay attention both to their motives and effects can achieve worthy goals.With the development of the society, more and more people enroll in the postgraduate examination for getting a high diploma. It is believed that high diploma equals to high ability and profound knowledge. Most companies are inclined to hire the people with high diploma. It seems that having high diploma means a better future.However, is it really true that high diploma equals to high ability or profound knowledge? Some people do not agree on this kind of idea. They claim that ability or knowledge means more than diploma. Take Bill Gates, the head of the Microsoft, for example, he does not have a MBA degree which is believed to play a vital role in the success in commercial life.Furthermore, Sam Walton of Wal---Mart Stores Inc. does not a MBA degree, but they are the most successful man in commercial.In my opinion, diploma does not equal to knowledge. A diploma is a piece of paper which establishes your education degree. But your true ability and the real knowledge come from your hard work and endowment. If you got a diploma by dishonest behavior, no matter how high a diploma it is, it were just a piece of paper, and you were as blank as that paper.Dear Fang,I understand that you are in a dilemma. Although so many graduates are eager to set feet on their work-life road, there are still some who prefer to start their new life after gaining another degree to make better preparation for entering society. In my opinion, the latter are more admirable. You are good at all your course these years, so if you do like to spend another two or three years on campus, you should stick to it. In today's society, the achievement and status you can get and the devotion you can make are no doubt in proportion to your educational background and degrees, coupled with the efforts you put in them. If you want to stride to your destinations more smoothly and easily, why not head for the further study courageously? Whichever you choose, I firmly believe your industry will ensure your success. After all, it is you who have the finally say on the final choice.Best wishes,Yours sincerely.10年四六级范文:手机给生活带来的利和弊Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mobile PhoneWith the rapid economic development, the mobile phone has found its way into campuses and a host of students take advantage of this wonderful gadget to communicate with each other. This phenomenon gives rise to this question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the mobile phone?It is widely believed that it greatly facilitates students’ campus life. Many instances could be found to support this type of opinion. A graduating student in our university bought a mobile phone in the course of hunting for his job. He told me that through the mobile phone he could easily keep in touch with the employer of the company he intends to work with and would not miss any opportunities.However, everything has both positive and negative facets. The mobile phone also has many disadvantages. For instance, the ringing of the mobile phone often disturbs the teacher’s teaching and other students’ learning.Personally, the advantages of the mobile phone outweigh the disadvantages of it as long as we don’t interfere with others while using it.10年四六级范文:政府是否应限制私车发展[范文]The private motor vehicle has given us a freedom our ancestors could not dream about. We can travel swiftly, and usually safely, over the roads which have been built to accommodate our cars. People can display their wealth b y driving a car which may cost as much as another person’s home. - Introduction: advantages of cars (brief)Sadly the car has become a disadvantage as well as a boom. The car pollutes the atmosphere, may be involved in serious accidents, and by its very numbers blocks roads and chokes cities. How can we reduce its use? - Brief statement of problem: disadvantages of carsThe car is only desirable if we can use it easily, so we might begin by reducing access to parking spaces in the cities and simultaneously increasing the quality and availability of public transport. Cars could be banned form certain parts of the city, thus forcing people to walk or to use public transport. - Ideas for cutting the number of carsThe expense of buying and running a car can be raised. If the motorist is faced with a high purchase price, high road tax, high insurance premiums and substantial fines he or she may reconsider the purchase. A corresponding reduction in the price of public transport would help this financial argument against car ownership.Neither of these arguments will sway the super rich who can afford the status cars, but it would perhaps encourage them to look at other ways of demonstrating their wealth. However we do it, reducing the number of cars on the road will reduce the problems of pollution and the congestion which can bring cities to a standstill. - Conclusions: states the benefits of reducing the number of cars.。

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