Expatriate_Study
汉译英
Choice of WordsI. Comprehension1. (1) 他们对我真好。
They are really kind to me.(2) 好了，这下可麻烦了。
Well, we are in trouble now.(3) 这个问题好回答。
This question is easy to answer.(4) 人人尽说江南好，游人只合江南老。
Everybody says Jiangnan is a place quite fair, Wanderers will wander no more after being there.(5) 楚王好细腰。
The king of Tsu liked the slender waist being there.(6) 论脾气，她是个好妻子；论事业，她是个好护士。
She is a tender wife in her nature and a successful nurse in her business.(7) 身体好、学习好、工作好Keep fit，study well and work hard.2. (1) 各级干部要认真学习马列著作和邓小平理论，刻苦钻研业务，提高领导水平。
Cadres at a11 levels should apply themselves to the study of works by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin and Deng Xiaoping theory, gain the professional proficiency required by their jobs and improve their art of leadership.(2) 要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平。
We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army.(3)他的英语水平比我高。
美国文学期末复习
作家作品Naturalism1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家.Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义”在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs.1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law.Dreiser's Writing Features:✓As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side.✓As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time.✓His narrative method is natural and free from artifice.Modern Poetry3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-196320世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗☐He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country.A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;New Hampshire 《新罕布什尔West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树a masque of reason《理智的假面具》a masque of mercy慈悲的假面具complete poems诗歌全集a steeple bush尖塔丛林The Analysis of “The Road Not Taken”1.when confronted with important decisions which one must make in life, one must accept theconsequences, for he will not have a chance to go back.2.He encourages people to try things new and choose the road less traveled by. At the same time,he expresses the regrets that one can not choose two at the same time.3.The poem is written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB4.Symbolism is used as a very effective writing technique.4、Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972Imagism1) With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian.2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.3) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet (creating an image). It calls for brief language, and pinpoints the precise picture in as few words as possible.美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。
剑桥商务英语中级(词汇)
《新编剑桥商务英语中级》Unit 1a Teamworktoiletries：n. 化妆品厂、清洁、化妆用品公司major brands：主导品牌expatriate：n. 旅居海外的,移居国外的creative thinking：创新思维 a survival course：生存技巧培训课程profile：n. 简介、小传、概况simulation：n. 模拟训练go for profit：追求利润behind schedule：进度落后于计划stick to the schedule：严格按计划进行Unit 1b Communicationexceed：v. 超越、胜过over-estimate：vt. 过高的估计manageable：adj. 便于管理understate：vt. 轻描淡写的说seminar：n. 研讨会、讨论会management：n.〔企业、机关的〕管理人员follow-up evaluation：后续评估deadline：n.最终期限complimentary ticket：免费赠送的票Self-study and Exam practicehave everything to do with：与…关系密切curriculum vitae：个人简历、履历,简称CV human factor：认为因素aggressive：adj. 咄咄逼人的、好斗indicate：vt. 显示、表明Unit 2a Entertainingcustomer satisfaction form：顾客满意、情况问卷表complete the form 填写表格questionnaire：n.调查表、问卷criteria：n. 标准〔为criterion的复数形式〕atmosphere：n.氛围attentiveness：n.殷勤、周到value for money：物有所值程度enhance：vt. 提高、增加mezzanine：n. 〔尤指介于一层与二层之间的〕中层楼reasonable prices：合理的价格interior design：室装修group dining：团体用餐catering requirement：餐饮要求tour groups：旅游团corporate events：公司社交活动wine tastings：品酒会steak：n.牛排company presentations：公司业务报告会business trip：公务旅行vegetarian：素食者call in：顺路到某处alike：adv. 一样的,相似的evolve：逐渐发展或完成pride ourselves on/upon：为…感到骄傲along with：同…一道be of importance：具有重要性to cater for：提供餐饮服务,接待gently：adv. 轻轻地,小心地strive：为获得…而努力奋斗concept：n. 概念,观念,想法distinctive：adj.与众不同的suitable：adj. 舒适,合适memorable：adj. 难忘的tourist：n. 游客,观光客awful：adj. 糟糕的,恶劣的Unit 2b Corporate hospitalitycorporate hospital：商务接待,企业社交tip：n. 技巧,窍门,忠告be in need of：需要mention：v. 提起,说起social setting：社交场合in due course：经过一段时间,到适当的时候poor timing：不合事宜trade fair：贸洽会teenage：adj. 少年的prospect：n. 可能的,潜在的顾客hook：钩子,吸引人们兴趣或注意力的方式a fact-finding mission：情况调查,实地考察substantial：adj.重大的,有影响的fortunately：adv. 幸运的concern：v. 对…有印象；n.担心sociable：adj. 好交际的,喜欢与人交往的ensure：v.确保,保证rugby：n. 〔英式〕橄榄球intimate：adj.亲密的；n.至交,密友ability：n. 能力,技能,本领purposeful：adj.有清晰目的,有明确目标chit-chat：n.〔非正式〕聊天,闲谈disposal：n. 丢弃,处理therefore：adv. 因此,所以see…as：把…看作lie in…：〔原因、兴趣、答案等〕在于…stand around：闲站着add up to：意味着,说明whisper into his ear：在某人耳边低声说话in term of：从…的角度来看,就…而言in due course/time：经过一段时间,到适当的时候Self-study and Exam practicecontinental breakfast：欧式早餐bilingual applicants：具有双语能力的申请者end-of-year party：年终聚会job advertisement：招工广告marketing secretary：营销部秘书P.A. 〔Personal Assistant〕：私人助理administrative support：行政管理上的支持secretarial skills：文秘技能up-to-date information technology：最新的信息技术communications skills：沟通能力,交际技能science marketing assistant：科技营销助理an internal recruitment policy：部招工政策official working hours：正式的工作时间long-term employment：长期雇用production manager：生产经理work overtime：加班take legal action against：对…提出诉讼settle the dispute：解决纠纷secretarial and administrative staff：文秘及行政人员unforeseen circumstances：难以预料的情况meet agreed delivery dates：按约定的日期准时送货place your order with：向…定货outlet：n.代销店,专卖店legal advisers：法律顾问established customers：老顾客bring…up：把…提出来give…priority：优先考虑,处理某事 a backlog of orders：积压的订单at one’s disposal：由…自由支配be popular with ab.：为惯用搭配,深受喜爱on…basis：在…基础上look forward to sth.：期盼,盼望price前一把用介词at value for money：物有所值cater for：承办an overview of…：对…的概述call in：来访call by: 顺道访问推迟到某个时间用postpone till/until…a long way from：离…还差得很远Unit 2 Customersreorganise：n.改组,改编loan：n.银行贷款forecast：n.预测consume：v.消费,消耗venture：n.风险项目warranty：n.〔产品的〕保证书oval：椭圆形finalise：v. 确定,最后定下backlog：n.积压未办的事情substantial：adj.重大的,可观的,坚固的,有影响的Unit 3aOrdering goodsmail order company：邮购计划headquarters：n.〔公司〕总部catalogue：n.商品目录单recommendation：n.推荐信、建议item：n. 产品、货物in standard length：标准长度的article：n. 商品、项目measurements charts：尺寸图knitted skirts：针织裙子vendor：n. 销售商asap〔as soon as possible〕尽快Unit 3bCash flowcash flow：现金流向、现金流量,现金流动cash flow gap：现金流量差额case study：案例分析finalpayment：最后付款bar chart：柱形图down payment：订金bill：vt. 要求支付…的费用remainder：n.剩余物early settlement discount：提前付款折扣labour cost：劳动力成本credit terms：信用期限、信用条件outstanding：adj. 剩余的outstanding balance：剩余金额order books：订货薄 a shortage of cash：现金短缺turnover：n. 营业额financing costs：筹措成本cash on delivery：货到即付款margin：n. 利润inventory：n.库存、存货penalty：n. 处罚、罚款potential customer：潜在客户hard sell：强行推销flat management culture：扁平化的管理结构Self-studyand Exam practiceworkmanship：〔尤指精细的〕工艺,手艺negotiate：v.谈判,商定retail：v.零售detail：n.细节deliver：v. 把…送往delivery：n.送货measurement：n.长度,高度gap：n.缺口,差距forecast：n.预测,预报settlement：正式协议penalty：n.惩罚,处罚charge：n.费用,v.收费potential：adj.潜在的,可能的n.潜在性,可能性grant：n.给予,准予patient：adj.有耐心的,忍耐的patience：耐心,忍耐familiar：adj. 熟悉的average：adj.平均的lack：n. v. 没有,不足,缺乏aggressive：n.好斗的,雄心勃勃的furthermore：adv. 而且,不仅如此however：然而,不过,但是sector：n. 〔尤指商业、贸易等的〕部门,行业accordion：n. 手风琴for instance：例如combination：组合,联合promotional：〔电影、活动等〕旨在推销〔宣传〕的combine：v. 〔使〕组合equally：adv. 相同的,相等的equalize：v. 使相等的equality：n.平等segment：n. 部分alternate：adj. 轮流,交替cable：n. 电缆,缆绳forthcoming：adj. 即将,到来demonstrate：v. 证明,证实flatter：v. 奉承,讨好,感到荣幸cash on delivery：货到付款credit terms：信用期限,信用条件interest on…：…的利息,习惯用onpay for…：支付…的费用,用介词for pay in cash：in表示付款方式,以现金形式price…at：以…的价格,习惯用介词at cost of labour：劳动成本as down payment：作为订金outstanding balance：剩余金额30 days net：净30天early settlement discount：提前付款折扣penalty charge：罚款Unit 3 Commercecurrency：n.货币paying-in slip：[英]〔银行〕存款单payee：n.收款人deduct：v.减去,扣除transaction：n.交易,事务counterfoil：n.存根adviser：n. 顾问interest：n.利息cashier：n.出纳deposit：n.定金,首付dividend：n. 股息,红利deductible：adj. 减去haulage：n. 货运业,货运费consignment：n. 托运的货物margin：n. 页边,空白courier：n. 〔递送包裹或文件的〕信徒logistic：n. 后勤；逻辑custom duty：关税overdraft：n.透支额Unit 4a Brand powerselling point：卖点environmental-friendliness：n. 对环境无害,有环保的特点user-friendliness：n.用户使用方便kitchen appliances：厨房用具competitive advantage：竞争优势diversify：vt. 多样化经营,增加产品种类own-label clothing：贴〔名牌超市〕自己品牌的服装saturate：vt. 使饱和supermarket chains：连锁超市industry analyst：行业分析家cut-price：削价出售retail food marker：食品零售市场mortgage：n.住房按揭,抵押margin：n. 利差,赚头boost profit：提高利润estate agent：房产商bonus points：〔消费积分〕loyalty scheme：忠实〔顾客〕奖励计划voucher：n.优惠,奖券interest rate：利率incentive：n.刺激,鼓励reputation：名誉、名望gradually：adv.逐渐的,逐步的eventually：adv.终于、最终survey：n.调查、审视combine：v.组合,综合outlet：n. 专卖店、分销店fixed rate：固定利率banking on a Brand：bank on既可解释为"依赖…获利",也含有"对…抱有信心"。
大学六级词汇汇总
大学六级词汇汇总Agony n.痛苦，苦恼例句：He was in agony with his broken legs.他因为断腿而痛苦不堪。
Contempt n.轻视，轻蔑show contempt for 藐视hold in contempt 轻视，认为···不屑一顾例句：Small wonder that many voters hold those politicians in contempt.难怪许多选民对那些政客不屑一顾。
Essence n.1.本质，要素2,。
精髓，精华Being thoughtful of others is the essence of politeness.体贴别人是礼貌的本质。
In essence 本质上，基本上Absolutely ad.完全地，绝对地Reunion n.重聚，团聚，联欢会Skip vi. 蹦跳，跳跃，跳绳，vt.略过，跳过，不看，n.蹦跳Nasty a.1.令人厌恶的，令人讨厌的2.严重的，恶劣的3.下流的，不道德的Suppress vt.1.压制，镇压2.禁止发表，查禁3.抑制，忍住Coward n.胆小鬼，懦夫1.He turned coward after hearing this news.他听到这个消息后害怕起来。
2.John was coward enough to agree.约翰真是个胆小鬼，居然会同意。
Privacy n.1个人自由，私人权力，（不受干扰的）独处2.隐私，隐秘1.He preferred to read the documents in the privacy of his study.他比较喜欢在书房里无干扰的情况下阅读文件。
2.They got married in privacy.他们秘密结婚了。
Groan v.1.呻吟，发出呻吟的声音2.发吱嘎声3.叹息4.抱怨n.1.呻吟，呻吟般的声音2.抱怨例句：He gave a groan of pain.他发出痛苦的呻吟。
《高级综合商务英语1》参考答案
高级商务英语系列教材总主编：叶兴国王光林高级综合商务英语1主编：彭青龙（习题答案）外语教学与研究出版社Unit 1 GlobalizationLead-in1. Quiz1) B 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) A2. A Mini CaseSuggested answers:●As Zara continues to expand, it might have to open other distribution centers onother continents. Language, culture, and work relations may vary significantly from the closely-managed operation currently in place in Spain. The company may run into more specific challenges in accommodating customers‘requirements due to a lack of cultural sensitivity. Zara‘s expansion globally may pose the challenge of moving from a more centralized management style to a more global style.●Lorena needs to ensure that she has a truly international team in place withmembers from both multilingual and multicultural background; draw up a plan on how global logistics will support global expansion; start a succession plan and train new logistics managers who could be ready to take on overseas responsibilities; and encourage store managers to include suggestions on cultural specifics which may help in making the final product and brand expansion successful.Text AI.Reading Comprehension1.Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Write a T fortrue, an F for false, and an NG for not given.1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) F 6) T 7) T 8) F 9) T 10) NG2.Essay Questions1)The modern multinational companies have had passed through three phases. Firstcame the 19th-century ―international model‖, with firms based in their home country and selling goods through overseas sales offices. This was followed by the classic multinational firm in which the parent company created smaller versions of itself in countries around the world. And now it has been replaced by a single integrated global entity in which the firm will move people and jobs anywhere in the world, based on the right cost, the right skills and the right business environment.2)The big attractions from emerging markets are low-cost labor, highly skilledpersonnel, and a chance to cooperate with the government as a potential customer.3)They are lacking the management talents who can practice and support businessoperating models that will allow them to generate profitable growth in more mature markets over the long term.4)The single biggest challenge facing Western multinationals is the lack ofemerging-market experience in their senior ranks. Moreover, multinationals have great trouble retaining the managers they do have in emerging markets.―Well-trained, good, honest people are scarce in emerging markets. Multinationals are better at training these people than emerging-market companies, which prefer to poach them once they are trained.‖II.Blank-filling: Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when necessary.1) cutting-edge 2) commoditized 3) aggressive 4) forge 5) benchmark 6) blueprint 7) expatriates 8) deploy 9) ferocious 10) substantial III.Paraphrasing1.Rewriting: Rewrite the underlined part of each sentence in your own words.1) ―In the 97 years of the company‘s history, never had a particular kind of product or merchandise been managed outside the U.S.,‖he says excitedly, noting that ―Latin America now reports to Shanghai.‖2) But the assault on its services business led by a trio of Indian outsourcing upstarts, Tata Consulting Services, Infosys and Wipro, posed a big threat to the field that might be the main sources of growth for the company as expected by Mr. Palmisano.3) In many emerging markets the most attractive potential customer is the government, because of the government‘s urgent needs to improve the infrastructure facilities in a wide range, from the mobile telephone networks to roads, airports and ports, energy and water supply.4) A 2007 study of China‘s top 200 publicly traded companies found that it is still difficult even for the leading companies in China to compete with those global giants.5) American multinationals now have a ―ferocious interest in attracting non-Americans to the board‖, but they can find only a few qualified executives from the European countries, not to mention those from emerging markets.2. Sentence Transformation: Complete the following sentences based on the structures given.1) Because of the fact that hot labor markets in emerging markets are causing extremely high turnover rates, every big multinational is aiming to win the ―war for talent‖ and taking it as one of the most urgent issues.2) It is believed that as a big multinational company it enjoys advantages in recruiting and retaining talented managers than the local competitors.3) Despite the growth of their revenue which increased on the back of China‘s continued economic growth, they could only create half of the value of their global competitors.4) No longer the ―young bucks or retirement-posing types‖as they used to be,nowadays the expatriate managers appointed by multinationals to work in emerging markets are generally of a much higher quality.5) Compared with those old multinationals, the firms in emerging markets are typically lacking the depth of management talent, though the founders are often impressive.IV.Translation1.Sentence Translation1) 这一雄心勃勃的策略是对来自新兴市场的激烈竞争做出的回应。
高英2第五课背景资料
Lesson 5 The Sad Young MenRod W. Horton and Herbert W.EdwardsI.Background information about the text1. Francis Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)Fitzgerald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He went to Princeton University, but quit in 1917. In 1920, Fitzgerald published his first novel, This Side of Paradise.The novel deals with the post-World War I generation and their disillusioned lives. Later that year, Fitzgerald married Zelda Sayre, the quintessential 1920s flapper. Fitzgerald's writings grew in popularity, and his short stories especially were in high demand. These stories appeared in 4 books: Flappers and Philosophers(1920), Tales of the Jazz Age(1922), All the Sad Young Men (1926), and Taps at Reveille(1935). The Great Gatsby(1925), Fitzgerald's masterpiece, discusses the pursuit and disillusionment with the American Dream. Unfortunately, this novel sold poorly and Fitzgerald descended into alcoholism. Tender is the Night(1934) was an almost autobiographical novel about Fitzgerald's life with Zelda, and also sold poorly. The Last Tycoon (1941) remained unfinished at Fitzgerald's death. F. Scott Fitzgerald is now regarded as one the most important American authors of the 20th century. He chronicles the good and the bad and especially the disillusionment that defined America in the 1920s.2. About the author:Horton and Edwards are joint authors of the book, “Backgrounds of American Literary Thought” (1967), from which this piece is taken.Rod W Horton (1910---)∙Born in White Plains N. Y∙Instructor, New York University, (1937---1945)∙Assistant professor (1945---1949)∙Associate Professor (1949---1957)∙Cultural affairs officer (1957-1964)∙Professor, Colorado University (1964---)∙Visiting professor, University of Brazil, CoimbraPublications:∙“Backgrounds of American Literary Thought” (1952)∙“ Backgrounds of European Literature” (1954)3. About the title:Some terms:the sad young menthe lost generationthe beat generationthe angry young menSome literary figures:Gertrude SteinE. HemingwayF. Scott FitzgeraldThe twenties:∙ a period in American history∙WW1(1914-1918)∙economic development∙attitudes of the young people∙its literature.The Sad Young Men and the Lost Generation:Rfer to the same group of people. The first name was created and used by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his book “All the Sad Young Men” to name a group of writers who experie nced the World War I and disillusioned and immigrated to Europe and came back to America again and wrote works to attack.and the second by Gertrude Stein who once said to Ernest Hemingway, “Oh, you are all of you a lost generation” ( later Hemingway public ized it widely by using it as a preface to his novel The Sun also Rises).. These names were applied to the disillusioned young intellectuals, who were cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era after the WWI and aesthetes of the years following the WWI, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. So they rebelled against social conventions by a likd of despair or cynical hedonism.(享乐主义).When the first World War broke out, many idealistic young Americans volunteered to take part in the “war to end wars” and test their own bravery before the USA declared war in 1917. They discovered that modern warfare was not glorious or heroic. They saw the best youth of England and France being slaughtered and at the end, they saw their ideals for a better world being bargained away for power and profit by the world's leaders in the treaty of Versailles.Lost Generation:group of expatriate (移居国外)American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group never formed a cohesive literary movement, but it consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams, Thornton Wilder, Archibald MacLeish, and Hart Crane. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who, in a conversation with Hemingway, used an expression she had heard from a garage manager, une géneration perdue (“a lost generation”), to refer to expatriate A mericans bitter about their World War I (1914-1918) experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph (引语)for his novel The Sun Also Rises (1926).What is it?The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American writers who were rebelling against what America had become by the 1900‟s. At this point in time, America had become a great place to, “go into some area of business” (Crunden, 185). However, the Lost Generation writers felt that America was not such a success story because the country was devoid of a cosmopolitan culture. Their solution to this issue was to pack up their bags and travel to Europe‟s cosmopolitan cultures, such as Paris and London. Here they expected to find literary freedom and a cosmopolitan way of life.A cosmopolitan culture is one which includes and values a variety of backgrounds and cultures.In the 1920's the White Anglo Saxon Protestant work ethic was the only culture that was considered valued by the majority of Americans. It was because of ethics such as this which made the cosmopolitan culture of Paris so alluring.American Literature went through a profound change in the post WWI era. Up until this point, American writers were still expected to use the rigid Victorian styles of the 19th Century. The lost generation writers were above, or apart from, American society, not only in geographic terms, but also in their style of writing and subjects they chose to write about. Although they were unhappy with American culture, the writers were instrumental in changing their country's style of writing, from Victorian to modern.Who was involved in it?T.S.EliotT.S. Eliot was born into a prominent New England family. His education consisted of Harvard University, the Sorbonne, and the University of Oxford. Eliot was a disciple of the author/editor Ezra Pound who will be discussed later. His permanent residence became London, because Eliot found London more appealing due to its cultural tradition. Eliot's studies and interests stemmed from anthropology, mythology, and religion. His works ranged from subjects such as religion, serenity, the Italian poet Dante, English metaphysical poets, and Elizabethan dramatists. His poetry has no fixed verse, form, or regular pattern, with an occasional rhyme scheme. Eliot's most celebrated work "The Wasteland" is a long poem, which construes his views of the modern society, in comparison of the past. Eliot gave Ezra Pound the poem to edit, and pound and his wife cut through the poem, often emitting large portions that they felt irrelevant. In "The Wasteland" Eliot incorporates many footnotes. Some critics claimed it was Eliot's egocentrism that allowed him to do this, because he felt smarter than the average person did, and they would need the footnote to decode his writings. Others said he was crazy (he did suffer anervous breakdown while writing "The Wasteland." Eliot was an essential figure in the modernistic times, and his methods of literary analysis, such as he develops in the work "Sacred Wood" influenced literary criticism for future writers.From "The Hollow Men"We are the hollow menWe are the stuffed menLeaning togetherHeadpiece filled with strawOur dried voices, whenWe whisper togetherAre quiet and meaninglessAs wind in dry grassOr rat's feet over broken glassIn our dry cellarEzra PoundEzra Pound was born in Idaho, and at an early age moved to Pennsylvania with his family. His education consisted of Hamilton College, and the University of Pennsylvania where he meets literary figures such as William Carlos Williams, and Hilda Doolittle. Hilda Doolittle, Pound, and Richard Aldington published an anthology based on their famous teashop conversations called "Des Imgistes: An Anthology." Pound had this published to help further his friend's careers. He entitled the book in French because he felt that they owed a debt to French literature. Pound was an instructor in Romance Languages at Wabash College. Pound's friendship with various authors and poets helped establish the birth of modernism with regards to French, English, and American literature. Pound later moved to Europe, as he found nothing of interest in America. It was in Europe that Pound met T.S. Eliot. His course of readings in Europe had a profound effect on his writings. In addition to the Romance Languages, Pound studied Chinese. Pound felt a greater admiration to French and Chinese past histories than he did for American and British. Ezra Pound had a penetrating impact on literature. Not only did he write his own highly acclaimed works; he helped others to achieve the same recognition.From "Portrait d'unne Femme"Your mind and you are our Sargasso SeaLondon has swept about you this score yearsAnd bright ships left you this or that in feeIdeas, old gossip, oddments of all thingsStrange spars of knowledge and dimmed waves of priceGreat minds have sought you-lacking someone else.Gertrude SteinGertrude Stein was born into an affluent family, which enabled her to spend a considerable amount of time in Europe. Having such a diverse background, Stein did not know the conventional life that many Americans lived. Her areas of study include Radcliffe College, where she studied with the philosopher William James. To further her education, Stein attended Johns Hopkins Medical School, but she did not have the drive to finish her degree. Stein used her knowledge of medicine and philosophy (particularly what she learned from James about stream of consciousness) and incorporated them into her writings. Stein then went off to Europe, and with her brother Leo, set up a salon which was visited by such figures as Picasso, Henri Matisse, Sherwood Anderson, and Ernest Hemingway. With influences such as Picasso, Stein explored Cubism, with concentration on illumination of the present moment. A good example of this was the work "Tender Buttons." Stein's first and most celebrated work was "Three Lives"- where she tried to establish new verb forms, and a way to enable the reader's consciousness to be able to study the workings of another mind. Dialogue was a main focus, because dialogue allowed the reader to understand the perceptions of the characters, while allowing the reader to understand the perceptions of the self. Freud was also an influence, as seen in Stein's attempt to get into ones conscious and unconscious mind while merging the two together.From "The Gentle Lena"Poor Lena had no power to be strong in such trouble. She did not know how to yield her sickness nor endure. She lost all her little sense of being in her suffering. She was so scared, and then at her best, Lena, who was patient, sweet, and quiet, had not self-control, nor any active courage.Ernest HemingwayHemingway is probably one of the most celebrated authors of his time. Hemingway is well known for his fiction. His take on fiction is something invented or imagined. Main topics were centralized around his love of embellishment of the facts. Hemingway did not have the educationas many other writers of his time, rebelling against his parents attempts to send him to colleges. His idea of education did not consist of lectures, and research papers, but of life experiences, and his love of reading. Hemingway's readings centered around Russian writers such as Tolstoy and Turgrnev, Tolstoy was a primary influence in Hemingway's writings. WWI also had a profound impact on him as well, as he was an ambulance driver during the war. He hated the abstract, especially abstract words such as honor, glory, and courage. Hemingway held strong to old beliefs, and symbolism, as he used symbolism to depict the Protestant religion he could not accept. He used observation and description in his works, rather than rhetoric views. The concept of war fascinated Hemingway, as well as the experiences one could endure in a lifetime. One of the most famous works, "Farewell to Arms" depicted the uselessness for words such as honor and glory, because they were not the first things in a soldier's mind as he walked onto the battlefield. Hemingway's works were raw, and dilled with the notion that one could be inside the characters mind, the concrete, and not around in the abstract view of his works.From "Big Two Hearted River Part I"From the time he had gotten down off the train and the baggage man had thrown his pack out of the open car door things had been different. Seney was burned, he knew that. He hiked along the road, sweating in the sun, climbing to cross the range of hills that separated the railway from the pure plains.When did it occur?The term "lost generation" was coined by Gertrude Stein, a lost generation writer herself, after World War I. It was between the first and second World Wars, that these writers spent their time abroad. "In the 1930's, the forces of politics and war drove artists back to America."Why was it significant to American Culture?This temporary emigration of American talent into cosmopolitan cities such as Paris, is significant to American culture in two parts. One, because it aided in the desire for a cosmopolitan culture to be established and to exist in America. Two, because when American Culture became more defined, European and other countries began to recognize a distinctive Democratic American culture.Works CitedBayne, Nina. (1994). The Norton Anthology of American Literature. NY:Crunden, Perkins, George & Barbara. (1994). The American Tradition in Literature. NY: McGraudillBeat Generation:The term Beat Generation was first used by Kerouac in the late 1940s. This term was applied to certain American artists and group of American writers who were popular during the 1950s. They rejected traditional social and artistic froms and sought immediate expression in multiple intense experiences and beatific illumination like that of some Eastern religions(e.g. Zen Buddhism). In literature, their writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values and they adopted rhythms of simple American speechand of so-called progressive jazz. Among those associated with the movement were the novelists Jack Kerouac and Chandler Brossard, numerous poets (e.g, Kenneth Rexroth, Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Gregory Corso), and others, many of whom had worked in and around San Francisco. During the 1960s “beat” ideas and attitudes were absorbed by other cultural movements, and those who practised the “beat” life style were called “hoppies”.The term sometimes is used to refer to those who embraced the ideas of these writers. The word beat had various connotations for the writers, including despair over the beaten state of the individual in mass society and belief in the beatitude, or blessedness, of the natural world and in the restorative powers of the beat of jazz music and poetry. Beat writing generally called for a renunciation of material goods and acquisitiveness in favor of a rediscovery of the erotic, artistic, and spiritual self through the use of drugs, casual sex, music, and the mysticism of Zen禅宗Buddhism.Angry Young MenAt this time there appeared in England a group called “the angry young men”. This term was applied to a group of English writers of the 1950s whose heroes shared certain rebellious and critical attitudes towards society. This phrase, which was originally taken from the title of Leslie Allen Paul's autobiography, “Angry Young Men”(1951), became current with the production of John Osborne's play “Look Back in Anger”(1956).3. PuritanismPuritanism began during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) when some English Protestants objected to Catholic elements in worship. They also charged that bishops reinforced royal control over the church; Puritans believed that the church should be independent from the Crown. They also wanted to end abuses such as plural office holding, absenteeism, and low standards for clergy. Puritans wished to "purify" the church by several means. They gathered like-minded people into independent "congregational" churches, some declaring separation from the church of England and some remaining within it. Moderates advocated a polity or church structure called presbyterianism, as implemented by John Knox in Scotland. In the 1630s under Archbishop Laud, congregational churches were repressed. Thousands of Puritans left England, and their "great migration" contributed to the colonial settlement of New England. Puritanism's hallmarks were the authority of Scripture, the conversion experience, and a theology of sin and grace. Their chief theological mentor was John Calvin. Puritans believed community life to be defined by covenant, or solemn agreement. The Christian life was to be a pilgrimage of joyful discipline; John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress expresses this ideal.Attitude of a party within the Established Church of England, which, under Elizabeth and the Stuarts, describe a more thoroughgoing reformation of the Church in the direction of Continental Protestantism.The word …Puritan‟ has been used to denote a strictness in morality that verges on intolerance, and refers to a supposed parallel with the moral severity of the early New England setters.It religious doctrine: sin—once enters your life, no way to avoid it. People were born with incurable sin. People are sinful when they are born. They believe the seven deadly sins: greed (avarice), envy, loath, gluttony, wrath, luxury and pride. Human beings are permanent sinners. It is difficult to live a good life, after sin, we can go to a paradise. In a way, sin leads to a good way.Sin helps people to be redeemed. Where there is good, there is evil, there is no one pure, everyone is capable of sin. They believe in after-world life. Strict puritans even regarded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.This point came from Calvinism. Man is naturally bad, people are helpless. In America, New England used to be haunted by Puritanism, Hawthorn was the writer who focused on these themes.General Information Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century.There are two categories of Puritanism. One is the English Puritanism, the other is American Puritanism.This point came from Calvinism. Man is naturally bad, people are helpless. In America, New England used to be haunted by Puritanism, Hawthorn was the writer who focused on these themes.General Information Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century.Strict Puritans even regarded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.Jazz Age or the Roaring TwentiesThe 1920s may have been the decade of the greatest social changes in American history. Reacting perhaps to both the disillusionment from the First World War and against the strictures of Victorian culture, Americans abandoned old ideas with a vengeance and adopted new concepts wholesale. The Twenties were known as The Roaring Twenties, The Jazz Age, the Age of the Lost Generation, flaming youth, flappers, radio, movies, bathtub gin, the speakeasy, confession magazines, Hemingway and Fitzgerald, Lindbergh, Babe Ruth, Bobby Jones & the Golden Age of Sports, the Great Crash, Sacco and V anzetti, Al Smith, cosmetics, Freud, the "New" woman, the Harlem Renaissance, consumerism--all these and more.It was also a time of deep divisions: wets against drys, town against country, nativists versus foreigners, Catholic against Protestant, and included the Ku Klux Klan revival and an American sense of alienation from the rest of the world. The decade began amidst the ashes of the Great War, blossomed into a riotous age of spending and profit making, cheap automobiles and new consumer products. Everybody seemed to be on a roll. Then in 1929 the Crash hit the stock market, and for many complicated reasons the Great Depression followed. The 1930s became a time of unimaginable economic hardship for millions of Americans. Thus the "roaring twenties" ended with the bleak prospect of lessened expectations and strange new challenges--and for many the challenge was simply to stay alive.The Twenties were in a sense a reactionary decade reaction against Victorian ideas of morality that saw young men and women openly defy what their parents still viewed as proper behavior forrelationships between the sexes. Young people went wild, in the eyes of some, though studies have suggested that there was more talk than action. It was also a rebellious age, in which women continued the process of breaking out of older social patterns as they had begun to do during World War I. That phenomenon led to changes in family relationships, as birth rates fell and young people had more freedom, provided in part by the automobile, but also by shifting cultural practices.The twenties were also a time of reaction against war—the Great War in particular and war in general or although the Americans suffered relatively few casualties in 1918, they came during a very short period of time over 100,000 men died from all causes in about 6 months of actual fighting. From that disillusionment the Twenties also brought a reaction against the expansionist ideas that had gotten America an Empire and embroiled her in the Great War.Although Americans wanted to be left alone at peace, there were may internal struggles in the 1920s. The decade saw city divided against country, the resurgence of the KKK, a rebellion against the open-door immigration policy that had gone on since the Civil war. There was a fight for law and order as prohibition made technical criminals out of many otherwise law-abiding citizens. It was a decade of huge figures eroes of the kind we don see any more, or not often: Charles Lindbergh, Babe Ruth, Bobby Jones and others. Americans started going to the movies and listening to the radio in enormous numbers, and they found themselves becoming more affluent as the markets rose, seemingly without end. If was a time of new awakening for African-Americans, many of whom had fought in France, and the Harlem Renaissance opened Americans to Black literature, poetry, music and other arts of a quality never seen before. Literary figures like Fitzgerald, Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe brought white American literature to a new plane as well. The Progressive movement was not dead in the twenties Progressive Presidential candidate got almost 5 million votes in 1924 ut it was not an activist decade. Everybody knew what Harding meant when he called for a return to "normalcy," even though there was no such word in the dictionary.The Twenties began on a somber note, rose to great heights of excitement and then, on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, it all came crashing down. Things were never the same again, but then again, they never are.Victorian Age (Victorian gentility)Victoria (1819-1901) was queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837-1901 and became one of the most rulers in English history. Her 63-year reign was the longest in British history. Great Britain reached ther height of its power during this period. It built a great colonial empire and enjoyed tremendous industrial expansion at home. As a result, the time of Victoria reign is often called the Victorian Age.During the Victoria Age, great economic, social, and political changes occurred in Britain. The British Empire reaches its height and covered about a fourth of the world抯land. Industry and trade expanded rapidly, and railroads and lands crisscrossed the country. Science and technology made great advances. The size of the middle-class grew enormously. Bt the 1850s, more and more people were getting an education. In addition. The government introduced democratic reforms. For example, an increasing number of people received the right to vote.In spite of the prosperity of the Victorian Age, factory and farm workers lived in terrible poverty. Rich people lived on poor people with the cover of religion. New scientific theories seemed tochallenge many religious beliefs. The most controversial theory appeared in the Origin of Species(1859) by the biologist Charles Darwin in the book other scientists led many people feel that traditional values could no longer guide their lives. Writers also analyzed the loss of faith in traditional values.The writers in Victorian Age criticized the courts, the clergy, and the neglect of the poor. England was two nations, one rich and one poor. Charles Dickens Oliver Twist, William Thackery Vanity Fair the three Bronte Sisters---Jane Eyre, all these writers attacked the greed and hypocrisy they saw in society, discuss the relationship between society and the individual. Victorian society was vulgar, coarse, philistine and pretentious. The term Victorian, like the middle-class society in the time of Queen Victoria, very respectable and religious in a formal way that sometimes only pretends to be good and pure (esp. in matters of sex, (His opinions are very Victorian. (指该时代陈腐伪善的道德标准和华丽藻饰的文艺风格。
翻译常用的八种技巧
翻译常用的八种技巧1.增译法、增词法：amplification2.重译法、重复法：repetition3.省译法、减词法：omission4.词性转换法、词类转移法：conversion5.正说反译、反说正译法：negation6.语态变换法：the change of the voices7.分译法、分句法（OPP：合句法）：division8.语序调整法、词序调整法（顺序法与逆序法）inversion增词法译文中添加一些原文没有的词句，表面上看似不忠实于原文，但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有，而是隐含在原文中的。
要知道，从一种语言文字向另一种语言文字转换，有时可以找到一种语言文字在另一种语言文字中的对等词，然而要想全部依赖对等词的转换来达到翻译的目的是几乎不可能的。
不同语言文字所持有的习惯决定了必须根据其中一种语言文字的习惯来适当地增词（或减词）达到语言交际的目的。
如果机械地按照字面意义直译，不仅不能表达原文的思想，精神与形象，而且还会使译文前后矛盾，闹出笑话。
例1 听到你平安的消息，非常高兴！译文: I was very glad on hearing that you were in safety！例2对不起，打扰一下！译文: Excuse me for interrupting you！（增补作宾语的代词you）例3 Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.译文：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
（译文中添补了谓语和宾语：增词法；重译法）例4：We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.译文：我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。
《了不起的盖茨比》所反映的社会意义
On the Social Significance Reflected in The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》所反映的社会意义摘要弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨杰拉德，美国小说家和短篇故事作家。
他是爵士时代的发言人，同时也被认为是二十世纪最伟大的作家。
二十世纪二十年代是当代美国社会初步形成的年代。
第一次世界大战造就了新的一代人，爵士乐时代也由此拉开序幕。
1925年《了不起的盖茨比》问世，这部小说无论是在思想上还是艺术手法上都是一部杰出的作品，奠定了弗朗西斯·斯科特·基·菲茨杰拉德在美国最伟大的小说家的地位。
这部小说为我们描绘了一幅爵士乐时代的生动画面，展现了当时整个美国社会的缩影。
爵士时代指的是二十世纪二十年代，开始于1919年结束于1929年的十年期间。
这一时期，美国经历了深刻的文化与社会变革，新的发明与生产技术大大改变了人们的生活方式，许多人搬离乡村，妇女们获得了投票权。
成千上万的人们活在一个富裕，奢侈，空虚赚钱的生活中，疯狂的追求个人的成功与享乐。
在《了不起的盖茨比》这部作品中，作者刻画了美国所谓的“爵士乐时代”追求金钱和享乐的潮流，并以冷静的笔触反思了社会现实和浮华表面下蕴藏的精神危机和美国梦的破灭。
本文通过分析这部作品揭示了小说中美国梦的破灭所反映的社会意义。
关键词：社会意义；美国梦的破灭；爵士乐时代AbstractF. Scott Fitzgerald was an American novelist and author of short stories. He was regarded as one of the greatest writers in twentieth century and was considered the spokesman of Jazz Age. The outline of contemporary America clearly formed in 1920s. A new generation and a new time—the Jazz Age was created in World War I. The Great Gatsby was written by Fitzgerald and first published in 1925. This novel is his best work in both thought and art and become one of the greatest American novelists. As an epitome of the whole American society, the novel showed us a vivid picture of Jazz Age. The time beginning from 1919 to the end of 1929 has a nickname which is called the Jazz Age. It is a time of profound cultural and social changes. In these ten years, many new inventions and techniques greatly changed the way people lived. Lots of people moved from countryside and women won the right to vote. Millions of people lived a rich, extravagant, frivolous money-making life, pursued individual “success” and personal enjoyment frantically. In The Great Gatsby, the writer—Fitzgerald describes the American tide of seeking wealth and enjoyment in Jazz Age, and makes introspection on the spirit crisis reflected from the reality and ostentation and the disillusionment of American Dream. This study aims at exploring the social significance embodied in the disillusionment of the American Dream.Key Words: Social significance; disillusionment of American Dream; the Jazz AgeContents摘要 (I)Abstract ........................................................................................................................ I I1. Introduction (1)2. An Analysis of the Novel (2)2.1 An Introduction of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2)2.2 The Social Background of the Novel (4)2.3 A Brief Introduction to the Plot (5)3. A Detailed Analysis on American Dream (6)3.1 The Definition of the American Dream (7)3.2 The Evolution of the American Dream (7)3.3 The Disillusionment of the American Dream (9)4. The Social Significance of the Novel (10)5. Conclusion (11)Bibliography (13)Acknowledgments (14)1. IntroductionF. Scott Fitzgerald is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and first published in 1925. Even today it is generally considered one of the best novels in twentieth century.It is a love story between a man and a woman. The hero—Gatsby was a bounder by selling wine and attending other unlawful activities to earn money in the 1920s. The fiction shows the break of the American Dream by describing the disillusionment of Gatsby’s dream and it indicated the tragedy of American society at that time. The background of the whole story is set on Long Island in New York City in 1922. In the novel, Gatsby’s great passion for Daisy was described clearly by the author. The American Dream makes every person believe that as long as he works hard, a poor man can get a lot of opportunities and become a millionaire on this wonderful land. (Gao, 2008) This kind of spirit encourages American people to make their dreams come true. However, when Gatsby’s life ended tragically and Daisy did not feel ashamed and sad and went to another city with his husband—Tom, which indicated Gatsby’s American Dream was shattered. In the novel, Gatsby’s passionate love for Daisy is earthy and enthusiastic, and he is willing to do anything for Daisy. Daisy fell in love with Gatsby when she learned that Gatsby was a young junior military officer. Unfortunately, she broke off with Gatsby quickly because Gatsby was born in a poor family. When Gatsby became a millionaire, Daisy fell in love with him at once. When Gatsby died, she did not attend to Gatsby’s funeral and went out of the city to have a journey with her husband. Gatsby’s American Dream was that he could become richer than Tom, Daisy’s husband who was wealthy enough and he could provide anything to Daisy. In their competition, Tom won Daisy’s love finally. Actually, Gatsby’s American Dream can not come true because there is a huge gape between Gatsby and Daisy in many respects. Daisy was born in a fortunate family, living in a wealthy life all the time. It is difficult for Gatsby to live an affluent life and become one of theupper echelons of society figures, because Gatsby came from a poor family in North Dakota. He also can not afford the extravagant life of Daisy. As a love story,The Great Gatsby aims to criticize the present context of society at that time. In fact, it is a story of the disillusionment of American Dream in an era of unprecedented prosperity and material excess, in which lies this novel’s social meaning.2. An Analysis of the NovelAs one of the greatest novelists in the American literature of the 1920s, F. Scott Fitzgerald was called the spokesman of Jazz Age. As his masterpiece,The Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925, and the background of the novel is in a long island and New York City of 1920s.2.1 An Introduction of F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald was a great Irish-American Jazz Age novelist, short story writer and was widely considered as the famous representatives of the lost generation. He was given birth in Saint Paul during World War I. Fitzgerald was named after his ancestor Francis Scott Key, but was commonly known as “Scott”.He crafted five novels and dozens of short stories about youth, despair, and age. The figures are vivid and authentic in his novels. His heroes—handsome, confident, and his heroines are typically beautiful, intricate, and alluring.Fitzgerald spent several years with his father in New York, and then, he went to school in Saint Paul Minnesota from 1908-1911. In the following two years, he had to go to a boarding school of New Jersey because he was weak at his studies. Despite being a mediocre student there, he managed to enter in Princeton and became a member of this school in 1913. Then, he became friends with Edmund Wilson and John Peale Bishop there. He burdened with academic difficulties and apathy plagued in the University throughout his three-year career. So Fitzgerald left the school to enroll in the United States Army when American was involved in World War I. Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan. There he met Zelda Sayre，the “top girl”, in Fitzgerald’s words, of Montgomery, Alabama.Fitzgerald realized that he was unable to provide what Zelda really want, so he decided to make money by working at an advertising firm and writing short stories. And Zelda’s overpowering desire for wealth, fun, and leisure led to delay their weeding until he could prove a success. This Side of Paradise was published in 1920, which caused a great literary sensation. Fitzgerald earned enough money to convince Zelda that he could support her. Then, Scott and Zelda were married in New York’s St. Patrick’s Cathedral.The 1920s proved the most influential decade of Fitzgerald’s development. His second novel—The Beautiful and Damned, which represents an impressive development beyond his previous immature, was published in 1922. The Great Gatsby, which was considered as his masterpiece, was published in 1925. Fitzgerald made several famous journeys to Europe, especially Paris and the French Riviera. He became friends with people who were the members of the American expatriate community in Paris; His wife’s intense personality had great effect on Fitzgerald’s writings. Sometimes, he even quoted several segments of his wife’s personal diaries in his own works. Zelda has ever mentioned this in 1922, saying that “In fact, Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how he spells his name—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home”(Zelda Fitzgerald: The Collected Writings, 1922: 338). Fitzgerald began to work on his fourth novel during the late 1920s. However, he was sidetracked by financial difficulties that necessitated him began to wrote commercial short stories. And the schizophrenia struck Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald in 1930. Her emotional health remained frangible for the rest of her life. She was hospitalized in Maryland of Baltimore in 1932. Tender Is the Night was published in 1934, which was regarded as one of Fitzgerald’s finest works by critics. Fitzgerald suffered two heart attacks in late 1940. After the first heart attack, the doctor told him not to do physical exertion and to live in a first floor apartment. Then, he followed doctor’s recommendation and moved in an apartment with his lover.Fitzgerald died at the age of forty-four due to the second heart attack in 1940. Few people attended his simple and small funeral. However, Dorothy Parker, who was one of the attendants cried and murmured, “The poor son of a bitch”, a line from JayGatsby’s funeral in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. His wife—Zelda died in a fire at a mental institution in North Carolina, in 1948.2.2 The Social Background of the NovelIn the twentieth century, Americans’ life changed greatly since the emergence of a large part of great writers in the history of American literature. They are representatives of “the Lost Generation” in that age. At the same time, there are many famous works wrote by them to express their minds and feelings, such as the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and T.S. Eliot.America has entered a new era of the unprecedented economic prosperity after the World I, because the World War I has a great impact on that period of America. A lot of people attending the war believed that defending the country is their duty and they hoped their country to be a better place to live in. During the war, America earns a large sum of money by selling munitions and becomes the richest country. American Dream becomes the main purpose of Americans. They believe that their dreams can be realized by hard work.World War I witnessed a new generation and a new time, the Jazz Age. With F. Scott Fitzgerald’s own words, “This is a miracle era, an era of art harvest, an era of big spenders, but also full of sarcasm era”. (李雪顺，2001: 165) It is a time of profound cultural and social changes and many new inventions and techniques greatly widen people’s horizon, changed the way people lived directly. Some new products were made by intelligent people. Along with society’s progress, scientific development, people’s living standard had the very big enhancement.With the economic prosperity, American people began use money and wealth to measure a person. Society had been disoriented by changing values. At the same time, since traditional moral standards were breaking down and confront challenges and the new moral system is not formed yet, the United States faced with the collapse of moral system in the 1920s. Therefore, a car slowly became a symbol of status and wealth at this time. Millions of people lived a rich, extravagant, frivolous money-making life, pursed individual “success”, personal freedom and enjoyment frantically. During this period, social polarization is serious, the society presentstremendous spiritual crisis hidden behind the prosperous.Therefore, the writers who are the representatives of “the Lost Generation”began to publish a large amount of works to express the present situation of the America society. In 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby to express his attitudes towards the America society and openly criticized the distorted American Dream.2.3 A Brief Introduction to the PlotThe Great Gatsby was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald and was published in 1925.F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the great representative writers of the lost generation and the spokesman of Jazz Age. Though this work did not receive many positive responses from critics and readers until 1950s, it has important values and a great impact on America society.This novel describes a love story between a man and a woman in New York City and long island. The hero is called Gatsby who was born in a poor family. However, he became a wealthy man by some illegal ways. In fact, he is the representative of pursing the illusory American Dream. In that social context, people believe that everyone has the equal rights and opportunities, as long as he works hard, he can gets whatever he wants, like money, status, love. However, we know that his hopes were destroyed at last, which is also a symbol of the American Dream. So, we can say that he is the representative of collapse of American Dream. Gatsby’s dream is devastated by its object’s invalidity, just as the American Dream in the 1920s is destroyed by the meaningless pursuit of wealth and entertainment.The Great Gatsby is a love story about a young man named Gatsby and the beautiful girl called Daisy. During the war, Gatsby was in love with the nice girl called Daisy, who was always addicted to wealth and entertainment. He loved Daisy very much, but Daisy still firmly refused his proposal and left him.After the war, Gatsby learned that Daisy had married a wealth man—Tom. However, Daisy was not happy because her husband—Tom had a mistress whose name was called Myrtle. At this time, Gatsby has a deep affection and love for Daisy. Therefore, he earned money strenuously, in order to regain the love of Daisy. Just in afew years, Gatsby had made a fortune by smuggling and other illegal trade. Then, he bought a luxury house because it was only a bay away from Daisy’s and he always held fabulous parties at his house so that he could have chances to approach her. In order to catch Daisy’s attention, Gatsby often held luxurious parties. Nick, a man who was Daisy’s second cousin came to New York to do business met Daisy and he was Gatsby’s neighbor. He also was invited to Gatsby’s house and Gatsby wanted Nick to help him to invite Daisy to his party and without telling her that he would be also there. After an initially awkward reunion, they reestablish their connection and fell in love with each other again. After a short time, Daisy’s husband—Tom discovered Gatsby was involved with his wife, he realized Gatsby was in love with Daisy. He hated Gatsby seriously and regarded Gatsby as a social inferior. At the same time, Daisy confronted the tough choices between Gatsby and Tom. She drank wine and drove a car outside. Unfortunately, Tom’s mistress—Myrtle was killed by Daisy’s car. However, in order to protect Daisy, Gatsby took all the blame directly. But he did not know that Daisy had decided to abandon him with Tom and they would go out of the city to have a honey journey.The next day when Nick got back home, he discovered that Gatsby had been killed, shot by George, Myrtle’s husband. Gatsby’s funeral was prepared by Nick and no one came except Gatsby’s father and another man who was a former guest at Gatsby’s party. However, Daisy and Tom traveled outside happily. The Great Gatsby is a story told by Nick who is a central figure of the novel. He is not only in the story, but also he is out of the story. He reflects the sound of the novel and he also expresses the author’s voice.3. A Detailed Analysis on American DreamSince 1776, Americans are convinced that everyone can be successful and live a happy life through their own efforts. They acquired opportunities and equal rights to get their achievements by their courage. This ideology is carved in people’s mind as a belief from generation to generation. In The Great Gatsby, the hero Gatsby is one ofthe representatives of pursuing the American Dream. But we know that his dream is illusory and meaningless. However, the American Dream is very popular in that age. Then, let us explore the American Dream in details.3.1 The Definition of the American DreamAs a term, the “American Dream”was originally developed by an American writer James Truslow Adams in his book—The Epic of America written in 1931. He defined American Dream as “dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.” (James Truslow Adams, 1931: 265)He also wrote: “The American Dream that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of material plenty, though that has doubtlessly counted heavily. It has been a dream of being able to grow to fullest development as a man and a woman, unhampered by the barriers which had slowly been erected in the older civilizations, unrepressed by social orders which had developed for the benefit of classes rather than for the sample human being of any and every class.” (ibid)We can understand some meanings from James Truslow Adams’ words. He gave us a definite interpretation about the American Dream. He made us believe that the true spirit of the American Dream lies in the fullest development. It describes an attitude of hope and faith that looks forward to the fulfillment of human wishes. However, slowly as time goes by, the true spirit of the American Dream has been distorted.3.2 The Evolution of the American DreamThe American Dream was influenced by the first group of immigrants. The first settlers who are the vulnerable persons from Europe became the founding father of the American Father in 18th century. A few of the European immigrants are Puritans of the England and insolvents of the Germany. These people in Europe got many kinds of harsh sufferings. They want to get away, to be rich and to take their values and philosophies into practice.The puritans wanted to escape the religious persecution and rebuild the religious,so they moved to the North American continent to make their dream came true in the New World. Therefore, their arrival had a great influence on the America society at that moment. These people believe that the America is a wonderful place and represented a new life of democracy, equality and freedom. People could acquire spiritual and material happiness finally. For those settlers of bankrupts, they were not so religiously inclined; they believed that America was a fairyland and a land of possibilities. If they got the land, they can be rich and get a happiness life rapidly. In fact, at that time, everyone can get large tracts of land to support all the expenses of them.The first thirteen colonies came into being and the first settlers was given the religious and material hopes. The United States gave the world a wonderful vision when it was first established as a nation.The American Dream began to sprout up quietly when American gained independence as a nation from the colonies of Britain in the mid-18th century. From that moment, In Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of the Independence of 1776, there is a famous sentence goes like this: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”As the Founding Fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin is the archetype of American Dream. Without noble birth and top education, Benjamin Franklin taught himself almost everything and succeeded in many aspects such as literature, science, philosophy and politics. Benjamin Franklin pioneered the spirit of self-help in America. (Jim Powell, 1997: 329) He not only achieved his success through hard work and persistence, but also won both wealth and respect from others. (Yao, 2002: 156) Everyone was given the opportunity in this country, no matter what social class he lived in, what circumstance he was born, can be successful and made his dream come true through his own efforts.Many gold mines were discovered in the western of the United States of the late 18th century and the early 19th century. A lot of lucky ones taped into the gold mines and became fortunate overnight. And many people have flocked to the EasternSeaboard and the thirteen colonies. To avoid overcrowding, the settlers began to move the West to pursue their American Dream. Along with the expansion to the West, the American Dream had changed a lot. After the Civil War, the American Dream becomes more popular and more concrete. During the 18th and 19th century, when the industrial revolution was coming, the American Dream was transformed into self-confidence, the pursuit of happiness and success, including career, love and wealth. Lots of persons have great achievements in the field of work and became the role models of diligence and wisdom. During this period, a lot of commercial geniuses have a common feature—all of them were born in a poor family and succeed by their own efforts finally. Then, the United States experienced a period of rapid economic expansion. After the World War I, the America became the most developed country in the world. More and more people swarm there and seek their own the America Dream. In the twentieth century, the American Dream becomes the main aim of Americans. But the nature of the American Dream has changed. The young generation disgusted the changeless conservatism and turned to purse money and pleasure as their new lifestyle. Success occupied an important position in society, people tried to realize their own dreams as much as possible because this kind of success was an important condition to measure the social status and the significance of life. There emerged a state of material well-being but lacking in spiritual life. So the author F. Scott Fitzgerald produced Jay Gatsby, a poor young man who earned money through some illegal ways to attract Daisy to get her love. Jay Gatsby embodies many positive and negative aspects of this dream. The author created this character as the representative of the American Dream to express his own minds and confusion under that social context.3.3 The Disillusionment of the American DreamAmericans are convinced that everyone can be successful and live a happy life through their own efforts. They have equal rights and opportunities to get their achievements. However, with the development of the American society, the disappearance of equal opportunity became one of the reasons which lead to the disillusionment of the American Dream.There is another reason that leads to this result of the American Dream. The contradiction between the aristocrats of the eastern and the upstarts of the western is serious.The last reason is that the material aspects of the dream do not keep up with and even obliterated the early spiritual ideals.For all the declaration of democratic principles, for all progress and prosperity, there are still poverty, discrimination and exploitation. And as for values and morality, there are also hypocrisy, corruption and suppression. Everyone began to dispute for money and profits insanely. So who can make their dream come true? The Americans attain their pursuit of the material by hook or by crook and make the wealth as a sign of the life. They equate the pursuit of material with the pursuit of the dream. The disillusionment of the American Dream is inevitable result.4. The Social Significance of the NovelEarly in 1920s when the capitalism of the American developed to a stage of the monopoly, the industry developed rapidly. The development of the economy has been a polarization of society and the young Americans experienced the prosperity of the Jazz Age and felt confused about the social context. They had an empty feeling of spirit. Then, they began to drink wine and spent money like water to seek the pleasure of the life.In the novel, Gatsby was the hero and the representative of the American Dream made by the author F. Scott Fitzgerald. Gatsby was born in a poor family with no money and status. However, Daisy was born in a rich family. At first, it is a blow for Gatsby for the huge gap between their social status and wealth when he fell in love with Daisy. He used his whole life to love Daisy and began to attend many illicit activities to earn money. The purpose of these behaviors was that he could retain Daisy’s love. He made every possible effort to realize his dream. The American Dream has deviated from its original way obviously in Gatsby’s pursuit of the wealth and status. When he earned much money, he held parties and invited many personseveryday to attract Daisy. In fact, Gatsby did not get others’respect in the novel. When Daisy drove a car and killed her husband’s mistress, Gatsby helped her, took all the blame and lost his life finally. However, she did not have any shameful and grateful feelings for Gatsby’s behavior. In the end, Daisy went to other city with her husband to spend their holiday happily. Gatsby’s dream falling down represents the disillusionment of the American Dream. F. Scott Fitzgerald describes a progress of a man’s American Dream from beginning to the end, which is similar to the hero--Gatsby. So Fitzgerald expresses his own feelings sincerely in the novel. But the difference between Fitzgerald and Gatsby is that the author realized his American Dream was broken, Gatsby did not realized it at all. Gatsby did not know that he built an illusionary dream and this dream can not realize forever. The sharp contrast between the ideal and the reality will inevitably result in the breakup of the dream. Gatsby’s whole life is a tragedy because he lived in the past and made an illusionary dream of the future. Although it is the American success story that hard working allows a man to become wealthy, the history of the American was mocked seriously by the author in the novel. The American Dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness. The novel describes the social phenomenon of money first in the 1920s.5. ConclusionIn the novel, the author describes the hero—Gatsby’s whole life. When he was young, he fell in love with the beautiful girl—Daisy and he took her as his dream. He could do everything for her and gave up his nature to earn money as much as he could. Unfortunately, when he sacrificed his live for Daisy, he still did not get Daisy’s love. The author use Gatsby’s dream to symbolize the American Dream at that time. So his dream fallen down means the disillusionment of the American Dream. Gatsby lived in the past and made an illusionary dream of his life. His dream is illusory and unworthy and it is not the right time for him to use an inappropriate manner of self-display. When his native nature confronted with the ruthless and indifferent society, thedisillusionment of the American dream is inevitable. For Gatsby, there will be no place to escape but he has to die in the end. However, the novel gives people some enlightenment in their life. It makes people believe that there will be a harvest if you work hard enough. Gatsby was influenced greatly by the dream of Franklin and Carnegie. He made a work schedule and wrote some proverbs to encourage himself. He showed a fighting spirit for young people in modern society.Bibliography[1] Adams, James Truslow. The Epic of America[M]. Boston: Little, Brown, andcompany, 1931.[2] Francis Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby[M]. Beijing: Beijing University Press1982.[3] Jim Powell. Benjamin Franklin: The Man Who Invented the American Dream.1997, 47(4).[4] 常耀信. 美国文学简史[M]. 天津: 南开大学出版社, 2008:220-221.[5] 高慧. Doom of American Dream—The Social Meaning of The Great Gatsby [J].2008, (24).[6] 李雪顺. 了不起的盖茨比和它的色彩象征[J]. 重庆: 涪陵师范学院学报,2001.[7] 毛信德. 美国小说史纲. 北京: 北京出版社, 1988.[8] 史志康. 美国文学背景概观. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1998.[9] 吴建国. 菲茨杰拉德研究. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2008(24): 220.[10] 姚文俊. 盖茨比—美国梦在“爵士乐时代”的化身[J]. 佳木斯大学社会科学学报, 2002(20).[11] 周新平. 论盖茨比悲剧的必然性[J]. 湖北: 黄冈师范学院学报, 2002.。
工程词汇(中英对照)
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幂指数
power term
（费用）分类、分项价格 breakdown
外汇
foreign currency
当地货币
local currency
可兑换货币
convertible currency
系列 日历日 日历月 机械（试车）完工 试车 初次试车 开车 注油 投料 首次出料 保证试运转 装置验收 移交 议定书 估算 1.4 估算 概算 推算
train calender day calender month mechanical completion trial operation initial oeperation start up oil in feed in first drop guarantee test run plant acceptance turnover protocol
中央化验室 内部通信设施 广播系统 寻呼系统 消防设施 安全器具 生活设施 公用设施 娱乐设施
1.9 相关企业 承包商 主承包商 分包商 直接费用 专利商 转专利者 专利使用者
central laboratory intercommunication facility pulic address system paging facility fire fighting facility safety equipment colony townshop recreation facility
一 项目建议 1.11 项目 概况
资格 预备资格 商务条款与条件 商务 技术 技术说明 建议书 资料费 估价 报价 报价书
化工常用翻译词汇(全面完整)
工艺专业词汇1项目建议1.1项目建议概况资格qualification预备资格 prequalification商务条款与条件commercial terms and condition 商务 commercial技术 technical技术说明 technical specification建议书 proposal book资料费 information price估价 estimated price报价 quoted price报价书 quotation1.2报价资料工艺说明 process description工艺特点 process feature经验记载 experience record工艺特性 process performance设备表 equipment list说明规定规格 specification简要说明 short specification条件图 sketch drawing流程图 flow diagram平衡图 balance diagram方框图 block diagramP&I 图 P&I diagram单线图single line diagram布置图 layout平面布置图 plot plan总图general plot plan附件 appendix资料文件 document1.3合同技术用语保证 guarantee性能保证 performance guarantee 时间保证 time guarantee交货保证 delivery guarantee建造保证 workmanship guarantee生产能力 capacity质量 quality消耗量 consumption原材料 feedstock原料 raw material辅助原料 sub-raw material产品 product副产品 by-product中间产品 intermediate公用工程 utility燃料 fuel化学品 chemical界区 battery limit(界区)进料 incoming(界区)出料 outgoing界区条件battery limits condition(配管图)分界区 match line工厂装置 plant设备 equipment关键设备 critical equipment专利设备 proprietary equipment有位号设备 itemized equipment无位号设备 non-itemized equipment散装材料 bulk material施工材料material of construction仪表 instrument备品备件 spare part建筑工具 construction aid(现场)居住设施 accommodation现场派遣 expatriate运转率on stream factor运转天数stream day系列train日历日calendar day日历月calendar month机械(试车)完工 mechanical completion 试车 trial operation初次试车 initial operation开车 start up注油 oil in投料 fees inPage 1 of 120首次出料 first drop保证试运转guarantee test run装置验收 plant acceptance移交 turnover议定书 protocol1.4估算估算 estimate概算 budgetary estimate推算 slide幂指数 power term(费用)分类,分项价格 breakdown 外汇 foreign currency当地货币 local currency可兑换货币 convertible currency 专利费 license fee专利权税 royalty变动专利权税 running royalty专有技术费 know-how fee基础设计费basic engineering fee 代理费 agent fee手续费 commission不可预见费 contingency外汇风险 exchange risk易货补偿 compensation直接费用 direct cost间接费用 indirect cost项目管理费 project expense现场管理费 field expense一般管理费 overhead利润 profit生活费 living expense出勤津贴 daily allowance(出差)准备费 outfit allowance劳务费 labor cost基本工资 base wage补偿费 payroll burden福利费 fringe benefit1.5可行性研究可行性 feasibility现场选定 site selection (现场)位置 location市场 marketing可获利润率 profitability生产成本 production cost经营费 operation cost可变成本 variable cost不变成本 fixed cost总投资 total capital cost折旧费 depreciation现金流量 cash flow折现现金流量 discount cash flow工况研究 case study产权资本,自有资金 equity建设资本利息interest during construction 1.6业务范围现场勘测 site survey工艺设计 process design基础设计 basic engineering基础设计包 basic design package详细设计 detail engineering采购 procurement海运 ocean transportation陆运 inland transportation安装 erection work土建工作 civil work施工 construction work临时工作 temporary work投料试车 commissioning培训 training(现场)指导 supervisory service顾问 advisor service初步设计 preliminary project最终设计 final project基础设施 infrastructure上部结构 superstructure软件 software硬件 hardware1.7工厂分类与设计处女地工厂grass root plant总厂 integral plantPage 2 of 120分厂 single plant成套装置 package plant翻版(设计)厂 copy plant生产厂 commercial plant中试工厂 pilot plant实验室规模装置bench scale unit石化总厂 petrochemical complex下游(厂) downstream(工业)放大 scale-up扩建 expansion改建、更改 modification镜象布置 mirror image设计余量 over design降负荷运转 turndown消除瓶颈 Debottlenecking工厂模型 plant model1.8设备工艺装置 process plant装置区内 on site装置区外 off site界区内inside battery limit界区外outside battery limit公用工程设施 utility facility贮存设施 storage facility辅助设施 auxiliary facility衔接 interconnection主变电所 main substation发电设施power generation facility事故发电设备emergency power generation facility 水处理装置water treatment facility冷却塔 cooling tower抽水设施water intake facility海水淡化装置 desalination facility蒸汽发生装置steam generation facility仪表空气发生装置 instrument gas generation facility 惰性气发生装置inert gas generation facility空分装置air separation facility罐区 tank yard散装贮藏设备bulk storage facility包装机械 bagging facility制袋设备bag making facility装瓶设备 bottling facility 装货设施 loading facility卸货设施 unloading facility铁路侧线 railway siding栈桥 jetty行政办公楼 administration building维修车间 maintenance shop中央化验室 central laboratory内部通用设施 intercommunication facility 广播系统 public address system询呼设施 paging facility消防设施fire fighting facility安全器具 safety equipment生活设施 colony公用设施 town-shop娱乐设施 recreation facility1.9相关企业承包商 contractor主承包商 prime contractor分包商 subcontractor直接雇佣 direct hire专利商 licenser转专利者 sub-licenser专利使用者 licensee专利拥有者 patent-owner竞争者 competitor国际财团 consortium合作者 collaborator买方 (1)buyer (2)purchaser卖方 seller厂商 vendor制造商 (1)maker (2)manufacture业主 owner顾问 consultant技术顾问 Technical adviser用户 User最终用户 End user客户 (1)customer (2)client代理商 agent挂名人 dummyPage 3 of 1202.投标合同2.1 投标概况询价 inquiry报价估价书 quotation estimation投标书 bid tender投标资料 bid document预审 pre-qualification意向书letter of intent2.2合同用语协议 agreement合同契约 contract注销 cancellation约定 Consideration合同转让 Assignment of contract不可抗力 force majeure仲裁 attribution基本法 governing law秘密条款 (1)secrecy clause (2)non-disclosure clause预定损坏赔偿费 liquidated damages总赔偿额度 total liability连带(债务) joint and several预先债权 lien免除 waiver保证 guaranty担保 warranty赔偿 indemnity定义 definition增额 escalation罚款 penalty支付条款terms of payment税金tax and duties侵犯专利 patent infringement最高限额 ceiling委任书power of attorney保证金 bond 2.3合同形式投标合同competitive bid contract议付合同 negotiated contractFOB合同 fob-type contract成套承包合同 (1)turnkey contract (交钥匙合同) (2)chef montage contract总付合同lump sum price contract单价契约unit price contract正价加附加费合同cost plus fee contract预投标协议 pre-bid agreement产品抵债 products sharing互购交易 counter-purchase transaction3支付金融财务3.1支付 金融支付条款支付条件 payment terms延期付款 deferred payments存留款项保留资金 retention payment定期付款 schedule payment施工分期付款 progressive payment付款交单D/P documents against payment承兑交单调D/A documents against acceptance信贷信用 credit卖方信贷供应商信贷 supplier’s credit买方信贷 buyer’s credit银行借贷 bank loan财政金融 finance借款借贷 loan偿还 reimburse reimbursement保证书letter of guarantee信用证信贷书 letter of credit外汇兑换率 exchange rate兑换单汇款单据 documentary bill of exchange汇款汇兑基金 remittance3.2财务自然增长基数 accrual basis资产负债表决算表 balance sheet损益报表P&L profit and loss statementPage 4 of 1204采购运输保险4.1进出口手续出口许可证 export license出口许可证变更 E/L amendCOCOM coordinating committee标准结算方法 standard payment非标准结算方法 non-standard paymentDBC draw back cargo (dbc)出口申报银行export declaration bank e/d进口申报单export declaration custom进口许可证 import license保税区域 bonded area关税 import duty原产地说明书certificate of origin发票 Invoice4.2运输装箱单 packing list提单bill of lading (B/L)指示提单 order B/L直接提单 straight B/L装运提单shipped B/L, on board B/L备运提单 received B/L不附带条件的提单 clean B/L不洁提单dirty B/L, foul B/L直运提单 direct B/L联运提单 through B/L船上收货单 mate’s receipt装货通知单shipping order (S/O)交货单delivery order (D/O)空运货单 airway bill海上运费 ocean freight海上运费同盟 freight conference目的地付费freight payable at destination码头人工搬运费 stevedorage空载运费 dead freight船到港预定时间expected time of arrival (ETA)船离港预定时间expected time of departure (ETD) 海关快速发货custom quick despatch (CQD)滞船费 demurrage 码头搬运商 stevedore超尺寸运输over-dimension cargo (ODC)4.3保险海上保险marine cargo insurance现场指导失误保险supervisor’s risk insurance4.4贸易条件出厂价(1)ex works (2)ex factory (3)ex mill海上交货fob-named port of shipment含保险海上交货cif-named port of destination国境交货条件 franco frontier4.5采购采购 procurement厂家 vendor厂家一览表 vendor list市场价 market price黑市价 dark price现价 up-to-date price level报价 quotation偏差表 deviation list到货时间time of delivery支付方式(1)terms of payment (2)payment condition (3)payment terms延缓支付 deferred payment现金支付cash on delivery预先支付 down payment发货前支付 advance payment到货后支付 progress payment计划支付 scheduled payment购买条件terms and conditions of purchase折价 discount谈判交涉 negotiation澄清 clarification购买意向intent to purchase比较表 tabulation评语 evaluation价格分析 value analysis定购单 purchase order变更定购单 change orderPage 5 of 120支付方式method of payment现金 cash支票 check期票 promissory note催货 expediting跟踪系统 follow-up system4.6包装包装 packing防锈包装 rust-proof packing防潮湿包装 moisture-proof packing 防水包装 water-proof packing软包装 shrink packing木箱 wooden box板条箱 crate滑橇底座 skid base框架箱 framed box码垛盘 pallet侧板 side plate吊具 sling fitting花篮螺栓 turnbuckle钢带 steel strapping角保护袋edge protector closure plate 防护角 corner protector板 board合板 plywood缓冲材料 cushioning material通气孔盖 ventilation cover超载 superimposed load开包 unpacking船上标志 shipping mark注意标志 care mark5项目执行及费用管理5.1项目执行总图会议 kick-off meeting项目研究会议project study meeting 开工会议 launching meeting项目报告 project reporting审查会议 screening meeting 进展报告 progress report协调过程 coordination procedure变更指示 change order认可 approval复阅 review5.2工程项目完工报告job close-out report项目执行报告job performance report完工汇编 close-out book反馈系统feed back system项目设计条件project design information会签 inter-department check工程设计 engineering design工艺条件确认 engineering review工艺条件校核 engineering checking项目完成指标审核表 project performance check sheet施工版approved for construction (AFC)设计变更 error report技术文件technical data book管道材料工艺条件process data for piping material载荷条件 loading data关键路径法critical path method关键路径进度表 critical path schedulingPERT（计划评价与审查技术） program evaluation and review technique5.3费用及工时管理工程预算 project control budget工时 man-hour (M/H)工日 man-day (M/D)人月 man-month (M/N)考勤表 time sheet工作号 work number项目号 job number预期项目号 proposal number改进工作 improvement work闲滞 idle工时报告 man-hour report项目工时汇总job man-hour performance reportPage 6 of 1205.4费用分类费用分类code of account主账 major account分账 sub-account设备位号 item number5.5组织指定 assign借调 on-loan项目成员 project number项目经理project manager (PM)项目经理助理assistant project manager (APM)施工经理construction manager (CM)开工经理operation manager (OM)现场指挥 field manger项目前期经理 proposal manager估算员 estimator原始采购员 originator协调员 coordinator项目设计协调员project design coordinator (PDC) 6标准化资料管理法规规格6.1标准化标准化 standardization标准规格 standard工程规定 engineer specification项目特殊要求specific job requirement工程手册 engineering manual标准图 standard drawing工程用表格 engineering form法规law and regulation法律 law6.2资料管理情报管理information and documentation信息中心 information center调研(追述) retrospective searching信息选择服务selective dissemination of information 情报跟踪 current awareness检索效率 retrieval efficiency资料 documents原文献 primary sources文献摘抄 secondary sources连载刊物 serials定期刊物 periodieals(学会)纪要 memoirs会报 transactions会议论文 conference paper会议记录 proceedings索引期刊 index journal文摘期刊 abstract journal情报摘要 information abstract提示文稿 indicative abstract图书目录 book catalog标题目录 title catalog总目录 union catalog标准目录 standard catalog关键词 keyword省略词 stopwordKWIC索引 keyword-in-context indexKWOC索引 keyword-out-of-context index顺序索引 permuted index相关索引 coordinate index主题分析 subject analysis统计分类 statistical classification国际十进分类法universal decimal classification 阅读卡片 visible card书卡 book card档案系统 filing system微缩复制 microcopy微缩系统 micro-system穿孔卡夹 aperture card微缩胶片 fiche film6.3法规高压气体取缔法high pressure gas control law 消防法fire service law劳动安全卫生法industry safety and health law 建筑基本法building standard law单位制system of units国际单位制international system of unitsPage 7 of 120系统图、设备布置图、配管图及材料统计7图纸、条件表7.1图纸工艺流程图 Process flow diagram(PFD)管道仪表流程图 Process piping & instrument flow diagram(PID)公用工程流程图Utility balance diagram(UFD)框图Block flow diagram公用工程介质平衡图Utility balance diagram(UBD)平面布置图 Plot plan立面布置图 General arrangement总图General plot plan规划图 Planning drawing管道研究图Piping study drawing管道布置图（配管图）Piping arrangement drawing 分区图 Key plan管道走向研究图Piping routing study drawing地下管道图Underground piping drawing管道特殊管件图Piping special parts drawing管架详图Piping hanging drawing预制图 Prefabrication drawing参考图 Reference drawing通用图 Typical drawing制造厂图 Vendor’s drawing管道轴测图Isometric piping drawing竣工图 As-built drawing模型 Model管线表 line schedule计算书 Calculation sheet图纸目录 Drawing schedule发图阶段 Issue stage版次 Revision number编号体系 Numbering system比例 Scale工厂北向 Plant north海平面标高Over-sea mean level(OSL)标高 Elevation(EL)已有钢结构 Existing structure装货区 Loading area公用工程站 Utility station 柱号 Column number净空 headroom通道 Access way小通道 Cat way钢结构顶部标高Top of structure elevation管底标高Bottom of piping elevation主管口径 Run size顶平偏心异径管Eccentric reducer top flat中心到面的距离Center to face工作点标高Working point elevation管架标注 Hanging marking冷拉 Cold spring管线记号 Line symbol管线接口 Line connection物流号 Stream NO.管线号 Line NO.管道等级号(1)class designation (2) spec designation 阀门号 Valve NO.等级分界 Specification break重要管道 Critical piping总管 Header pipe仪表管道 Instrument piping排放管道 Blowdown piping火炬气管道 Flare piping输送管线 Transfer line入口管线 Suction line排水管 Effluent line旁通管 Bypass line吹扫系统 Purge system放空接口 Vent connection软管接口 Hose connection双切断阀及排放阀Double block and bleeder污水沟 Sewer ditch冷凝液池 Condensate pit积水坑 Sump box漏斗 Drip funnel管段 Spool piece垫环 Space ring限流孔板 Restriction orifice流量喷嘴 Flow nozzle液体混合用三通 Mixing tee喷头 Spray nozzle粗滤器 Strainer临时粗滤器 Temporary strainerPage 8 of 120疏水阀 Steam trap爆破膜 Rupture disk蒸汽伴热管道 Steam-traced piping夹套管道 Jacketed piping地下管道 Underground piping7.2管道要素钢管 Steel pipe螺纹端管 Threaded pipe法兰端管 Flanged pipe锻制的 Swage光滑弯管 Smooth bendU型弯管 U-bend弯管 Bending pipe波纹管膨胀节 Expansion bellows柔性管 Flexible pipe管件接头Pipe fitting joint机械连接 Mechanical joint活套连接 Lapped joint环行垫连接 Ring type joint扩口接头 Flare type joint非扩口接头Flareless type joint承插连接Bell and spigotVictaulic 接头 Victaulic joint弯头 Elbow异径管 Reducer管接头 Coupling活接头 Union短管 Nipple法兰 Flange配对法兰 Companion flange法兰盖 Blind flange异径法兰 Reducing flange八字盲板(1) spectacle blind (2) reversible blind 平板式法兰 Plate flange带颈法兰 Hubbed flange对焊法兰 Welding flange松套法兰 Loose flange管端突缘 Stub end法兰面 Flange face垫片沟槽 Gasket groove满平面 Full face突面 Raised face 大准槽面Large tongue and groove face双凹凸面Double male & female face大凹凸面Large male & female face金属垫片 Metallic gasket非金属垫片 Non-metallic gasketO型环 Semi-metallic gasket透视垫 O-ring对焊 Lens ring承插焊接 Butt weld滑套焊接 Socket weld焊接支管台 Slip-on weld插入环 Insert ring管帽 Cap7.3条件表材料表Bill of material材料统计 Take-off管段表Line bill of material估算汇总表Estimation summary sheet备品备件表Spare parts list报价单 Quotation sheet订货表Purchase order schedule材料汇总表Bill of material summary状态报告 Status report分布报告 Distribution report价格、重量一览表Cost & weight summary 价格、重量汇总表Cost & weight total定货管理表 Order control管道材料管理表Piping material control sheet 元件代码 Item code标记号 Tag number标准形态 Standard shape轴测图 Isometric drawing管线号 Line reference批号 Batch reference管子下料表Piping cutting list制作件表Fabrication parts list组装件表Erection part list固定架 Anchor滑动架 Resting support导向架 Guide限位架 Directional stop减振架 DampenerPage 9 of 120支架 Support管托 Shoe保冷管托 cradle鞍座 Saddle耳轴 Trunnion吊架 Hanger刚性吊架 Rigid hanger弹簧吊架 Spring hanger恒力吊架 Constant hanger阀门 Valve截止阀 Globe valve闸阀 Gate valve针行阀 Needle valve球阀 Ball valve止回阀 Check valve隔膜阀 Diaphragm valve三通阀 Three-way valve角阀 Angle valve蝶阀 Butterfly valve旋塞阀 CockTrunnion ball valve轴承式球阀伸长杆操作 Extension stem-operation链操作 Chain-operated齿轮操作 Gear-operated扳手操作 Wrench-operated电动操作 Motor-operated阀芯 Trim阀盖 Bonnet焊接支管 Weld branch偏置 Offset焊缝根部间隙Weld root gap现场调整后再下料和焊接 Cut and weld after adjusting坡度 Slope工作点 Working point管架说明Notes for piping hanging部门间校核版Interdepartmental check print平端 Plain end坡口端 Beveled管道联接图Piping hook-up drawing管道图说明Notes for piping drawing标题栏 Title block询价单Piping requisition sheet 8配管及一般设备设计8.1保温、保冷绝热 Insulation设备绝热表Equipment insulation schedule绝热符号 Insulation code保温设计Design of cold insulation正常操作所用的保温Insulation for stable operating 人身防护 Personnel protection防火层 Fire-proofing防结露 Anti-sweat防冻 Winterizing防音 Sound protection保温材料 Hot insulation material保冷材料Cold insulation material石棉 asbestos硅藻土 Diatomaceous earth岩棉 Rock wool玻璃棉 Glass wool碳酸镁 Magnesium carbonate硅酸铝 Calcium silicate珍珠岩 Perlite软木板 Cork boards毛毡 Hair felt泡沫聚氨酯 Foam polystyrene硬泡沫氨基甲酸乙酯Rigid foam urethane硬泡沫橡胶Rigid foam rubber玛碲脂 Mastic耐磨损材料Anti-abrasion coating material管壳 Lagging cloth铁丝网Hexagonal wire netting填缝材料 Caulking material保护层(1) jacketing sheet (2) cover sheet波纹铝板Corrugated aluminum sheet有色镀锌钢板Precoated galvanized sheet搭板 Butt strapZ型接头 Z-joint8.2防腐、涂漆色标 Colour-code孟塞尔色系 Munsell notationPage 10 of 120管道识别色Identification of piping system防腐层 External coating油漆 Paint清漆 Varnish防腐漆(1) anti-corrosive paint (2) rush-proof paint含铝漆 Aluminum paint底漆 Primer耐酸漆 Acid-proof paint耐碱漆 Alkali-proof paint耐热漆 Heat-resisting paint测温漆 Thermo-paint绝缘漆 Insulating varnish表面处理 Surface preparation涂漆 painting阴极保护 Cathodic protection8.3振动解析机械振动 Mechanical vibration自由振动 Free vibration强制振动 Forced vibration自励振动 Self-excited vibration固有频率 Natural frequency固有周期 Natural period波谷 Loop波峰 Node正弦振动 Sinusoidal oscillation非线性振动 Non-linear oscillation阻尼振动 Damped vibration临界阻尼 Critical damping衰减系数 (1) attenuation (2) decay coefficient (3) decay factor共振 Resonance扭曲振动 Torsional vibration挠性振动 Flexural vibration极限速度 Critical speed固有值 Characteristic value临界条件 Boundary condition弹簧系数 Spring constant惯性矩Moment of inertia回转半径Radius of gyration振动吸收装置Dynamic vibration absorber液压减振器 Hydraulic damper弹簧减振器(1) spring dampener (2) spring damper 油压锁定 Oil lock8.4耐振设计固有振动方式Natural frequency mode卓越周期 Predominant period基本周期First natural frequency横波 Transverse wave纵波 Longitudinal wave相对位移 Relative displacement质量比 Mass ratio静解析法 Static method修正静解析法Corrected static method动解析法 Modal analysis时历响应解析法Time history response analysis设计响应光谱Design response spectrum加速响应光谱Acceleration response spectrum地板响应光谱Floor response spectrum标准响应光谱Standard response spectrum加速响应增幅比 Acceleration response amplitude ratio刚性结构 Rigid structure柔性结构 Flexible structure长周期结构 Long-period structure刚性框架Rahmen rigid frame地震波 Earthquake accelerogram位移量记录 Displacement record设计地震 Design earthquake设计震度 Design seismic coefficient地震 Earthquake震源距离 Distance to centrum震中距离Distance to epicenter震级 Magnitude地震波显示仪 Seismoscope地震仪 Seismograph耐震等级 Seismic class基岩 Base rock8.5应力分析外力 External force内力 Internal force反作用力 Reaction force力偶Couple of force弯矩 Bending moment扭矩 Twist moment应力 Stress弯曲应力 Bending stress扭曲应力 Torsional stress圆周应力 Hoop stress峰值应力 Peak stress一次应力 Primary stress二次应力 Secondary stress轴向应力 Axial stress重复应力 Repeated stress脉动应力 Pulsating stress交变应力 Alternating stress应变 Strain应变能 Strain energy主应力 Principal stress主应力理论 Principal stress theory最大剪切应力理论Maximum shearing stress theory 残余应力 Residual stress热应力 Thermal stress热破坏 Thermal shock疲劳 Fatigue疲劳曲线 S-N diagram疲劳极限(1) fatigue limit (2) endurance limit腐蚀疲劳 Corrosion fatigue蠕变 Creep蠕变疲劳 Creep fatigue尺寸效应 Size effect应力集中系数Coefficient of stress concentration形状系数 Shape coefficient缺口系数 Notch factor应力强度系数Stress intensity factor几何惯性矩Geometrical moment of inertia断面系数Modulus of section断面极惯性矩Polar moment of inertia of area杨氏模量 Young’s modulus横向弹性系数Modulus of transverse elasticity体积弹性系数Modulus of volumetric elasticity泊松比 Poissor’s ratio弹性极限 Elastic limit屈服点 Yield point拉伸强度 Tensile strength伸长 Elongation永久变形 Permanent set 弹性 Flexibility弹性分析 Elastic analysis弹性屈服 Elastic buckling塑性 Plasticity塑变滞后 Plasticity hysteresis极限分析 Limit analysis弹塑性分析 Elastic-plastic analysis疲劳分析 Fatigue analysis有限元法Finite element method静荷载 Dead load8.6流体流动水锤 Water hammer急关 Rapid closure缓关 Slow closure冲击波 Shock closure液压振动Acoustic vibration of liquid flow 脉动 Pulsation flow两相流 Two-phase flow气压振动 Acoustic vibration卡门涡街 Karman eddies颤动 Fluttering气蚀 cavitation8.7噪音噪音(1) noise (2) undesired sound听力范围Auditory sensation area掩蔽 Masking背景噪音 Background noise声强 Sound intensity声压 Sound pressure声压值Sound pressure level噪声值(1) noise level (2) sound level 噪声计Sound level meter听觉校正回路 Weighting network音平 Soundness level音能 Sound power音能值Sound power level总体值 Overall level90%范围 90% range中间值 MedianNR数Noise rating number频率分析器 Frequency analyzer倍频器 Octave band1/3的倍频带1/3 octave band波段值 Band level音场 Sound field方向性 Directivity方向系数 Directivity factor衍射 Diffraction声源 Sound source房间常数 Room constant吸音率 Sound absorption coefficient穿透率 Transmission coefficient穿透损失 Transmission loss质量原理 Mass law8.8设计条件操作压力 Operating pressure最高操作压力Maximum operating pressure操作温度 Operating temperature最高操作温度Maximum operating temperature 温度基准 Base temperature腐蚀裕度 Corrosion allowance许容应力 Allowable stress安全系数 Safety factor地理条件 Geological conditions9塔、槽、换热器、加热炉9.1图面用语设备表 vessel schedule工程图 engineering drawing管口表 (1)nozzle chart (2)nozzle schedule 管口方位 nozzle orientation予焊件图 clip schedule切线 tangent line(TL)焊缝线 weld line(WL)参照线 working line(WL)基准线 base line 9.2容器容器 vessel塔 tower自支承塔 self-supported tower板式塔 tray tower填料塔 packed tower喷淋塔 spray tower槽、罐 drum贮罐 tank球罐 (1)spherical tank (2)ball tank 浮顶罐floating roof tank锥顶罐cone roof tank拱顶罐dome roof tank双壁罐double wall tank湿式气柜wet gas holder干式气柜dry gas holder料仓 (1)silo (2)bin料斗 hopper9.3内件内件 internals塔盘 tray泡罩塔盘bubble cap tray筛板塔盘 perforated tray浮阀塔盘 valve tray单流向式塔盘 uni-flux tray波纹塔盘 ripple tray塔盘板 deck溢流堰 weir降液管 downcomer密封槽 seal pot取液槽 draw-off pot密封盘 seal pan塔盘支承环tray support ring鲍尔环 Pall ring泪孔 weep hole填料 packing拉希环 Rasching ring矩鞍形填料 intalox saddle分布器 distributor除沫器 demister进料挡板 feed deflecter防涡流挡板 vortex breaker内筒 cartridge9.4主要附属品壳体 shell变颈段 reducing section封头 head椭圆形封头 ellipsoidal head碟形封头 (1)dished head (2)torispherical head 半球形封头 hemispherical head椎形封头 conical head平封头 flat head加强圈 reinforcing ring夹套 jacket人孔 manhole手孔 hand hole检查孔 inspection hole接管 nozzle凸缘 pad nozzle锻制接管 forged nozzle补强板 reinforcing pad信号孔 tell-tale hole容器支座 vessel support裙座 skirt支腿 leg支耳 support lug底座 base block基础环 base ring筋板 gusset plate压环 compression ring鞍座 saddle模板 template通道 acess opening套管 pipe sleeve连结板 lug予焊件 clip接地板 earth lug吊耳 lifting lug平台 platform梯子 ladder保温支承 insulation support吊柱 davit 人孔绞链 manhole hinge放空口 vent nozzle呼吸阀 breather valve计量口 gauge hatch9.5换热器换热器 heat exchanger换热面积heat transfer area总传热系数overall heat transfer coefficient境膜传热系数 film coefficient对数平均温差 logarithmic mean temperature difference(LMTD)平均温差mean temperature difference(MTD)污垢系数 fouling factor布管图 tube arrangement三角形排列 triangular arrangement转角三角形排列rotated triangular arrangement正方形排列 square arrangement转角正方形排列rotated square arrangement最大布管图outside tube limit管壳式换热器sheet and tube heat exchanger固定管板式换热器fixed tube sheet heat exchanger 浮头式换热器floating head type heat exchangerU形管式换热器U-tube type heat exchanger釜式换热器kettle type heat exchanger套管式换热器double tube type heat exchanger冲洗式冷却器 irrigation cooler蛇管式换热器coil type heat exchanger插管式换热器bayonet type heat exchanger板式换热器plate type heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral heat exchanger夹套式换热器jacket type heat exchanger石墨换热器graphite heat exchanger空冷式换热器air-cooled heat exchanger换热管 tube折流板 baffle plate管箱 channel分程隔板pass partition plate浮头 floating head防冲挡板 impingement baffle管束 tube bundle管板 tube sheet管子与管板的连接tube-to-tube sheet joint管接头 ferrule9.6加热炉加热炉 direct-fired heater热负荷 (1)heat duty (2)heat release热损失 heat loss加热炉效率 efficiency of heater热流率 heat flux管壁温度tube skin temperature体积热负荷volumetric heat release辐射段 radiant section对流段 convection section屏蔽段 shield section坝墙 bridge wall暴露墙 exposed wall屏蔽墙 shielded wall管支承 tube support炉管 (1)heater tube (2)furnace tube扩大表面管extended surface tube联箱 (1)header (2)header box回弯头 return bend管群间连接管 crossover通风 draft烟道 flue（烟道）挡板 damper烟囱 stack烧嘴 burner过量空气 excess air风箱 wind box观察孔 (1)observation door (2)peep door 检修孔 access door防爆门 explosion door吹灰器 soot blower油漆清车导轨 painter trolley陶瓷纤维 ceramic fiber耐火砖 fire brick保温耐火砖insulation fire brick保温板 insulation board可铸耐火材料 castable衬里支撑 linking anchor炉壁横梁 lintel膨胀节 expansion joint 10.转动机械10.1转动机械轴 shaft轴承 bearing轴承箱 bearing housing联轴节 shaft coupling滑轮 pulleyV形皮带（三角皮带） V-belt转动设备 turning equipment润滑 lubrication润滑油 (1) lubricating oil (2)lube oil 密封 seal轴封 shaft seal填料函 packing填料箱 stuffing box油膜密封 oil film seal油封 seal oil机械密封 mechanical seal齿轮 gear曲轴 crankshaft连杆 connecting rod十字头 crosshead气缸 cylinder缸套 cylinder liner气缸阀 cylinder value活塞 piston金属填料 metallic packing予埋板 soleplate基座 baseplate柱塞 plunger箱体（壳体） casing转子 rotor平衡活塞 balance piston迷宫密封 labyrinth叶轮 impeller轴套 sleeve耐磨环 wearing ring灯笼环 (1)latern ring (2)seal cage10.2转动机械性能轴动力 (1)shaft power (2)brake horsepower 额定制动马力rated brake horsepower齿轮传动损失 gear loss机械效率 mechanical efficiency机械损失 mechanical loss额定转数 rated speed最大连续转数maximum continuous speed旋转油膜 oil whirl临界速度 critical speed顺时针 clockwise转矩 torque起动转矩 starting torque性能 performance特性 characteristics压头 head液压功率 hydraulic horsepower活塞位移 piston displacement体积效率 volumetric efficiency显示图 indicator diagram压力脉冲率pressure pulsation ratio10.3泵泵 pump泵效率 pump efficiency气蚀 cavitation气蚀系数 cavitation coefficient净正吸入压头net positive suction head离心泵 centrifugal pump混流泵（斜流泵） mixed-flow pump轴流泵 axial pump容量泵displacement type pump往复泵（活塞泵） reciprocating pump旋转泵 rotary pump再生泵 regenerative pump底阀 foot valve10.4压缩机，风机等压缩机 compressor压缩机效率 compressor efficiency 往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor间隙容积 clearance volumn隙囊 clearance pocket减压器 unloader离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor轴面压缩机 axial compressor涡轮压缩机 turbocompressor鼓风机 blower风机 fan涡轮式鼓风机 turboblower涡轮风机 turbofan多叶片风机 multi-blade fan旋桨式风机 propeller fan罗茨鼓风机 (1)roots blower (2)two-lobe blower 螺杆式压缩机 screw compressor湍振 surging中间冷却器 intercooler后冷却器（二次冷却器） aftercooler缓冲器 snubber10.5透平透平 turbine冲动式透平 impulse turbine反作用式透平 reaction turbine凝汽式透平 condensing turbine抽气式透平 extraction turbine背压式透平back pressure turbine透平效率 turbine efficiency调速器 governor速度范围 speed range速度调节阀speed governing valve应急调速器 emergency governor跳闸速度（应急速度限） trip speed应急阀 trip valve操纵阀 sentinel valve10.6冷冻机冷冻机 refrigerator制冷剂 refrigerant。
casestudy范文
casestudy范文英文回答：Case Study: Evaluating the Effectiveness of a New Marketing Campaign.Executive Summary.A leading consumer goods manufacturer launched a new marketing campaign to promote its flagship product. The campaign employed a multi-channel approach, including television, print, and digital advertising, as well as social media and influencer marketing. The primary objective of the campaign was to increase brand awareness and drive sales.Methodology.To evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign, a comprehensive data analysis was conducted. Key performanceindicators (KPIs) were identified and tracked, including brand awareness, website traffic, and sales conversion rates. Data was collected from various sources, including Google Analytics, social media platforms, and internal sales records.Results.The campaign was highly successful in achieving its objectives. Brand awareness increased by 20%, website traffic surged by 35%, and sales conversion rates improved by 15%. The campaign also generated significant buzz on social media, with over 1 million impressions and 50,000 shares.Analysis.The positive results of the campaign can be attributed to a combination of factors. The multi-channel approach ensured that the message reached a wide audience. The creative execution was impactful and memorable, resonating with consumers. The use of influencers and social mediamarketing amplified the reach and credibility of the campaign.Recommendations.Based on the findings of the evaluation, several recommendations were made to further enhance the effectiveness of future campaigns. These include:Optimizing creative assets for different channels and platforms.Increasing the frequency and consistency of messaging across channels.Exploring additional channels, such as paid search and email marketing.Continuously monitoring and analyzing campaign performance to identify areas for improvement.Conclusion.The new marketing campaign was a resounding success. It effectively increased brand awareness, drove website traffic, and boosted sales conversion rates. The multi-channel approach, impactful creative execution, and strategic use of social media and influencers were key factors contributing to the positive results.中文回答：案例分析，评估新营销活动的效果性。
建筑工程英语词汇大全
资料，文件documentation工程词汇大全一项目建议Projectsuggestion1.3合同技术用语1.11项目概况Projectgeneralsituation1.12保证guarantee资格qualification性能保证performanceguarantee 预备资格prequalification时间保证timeguarantee商务条款与条件commercialtermsandcondition交货保证deliveryguarantee商务commercial建造保证workmanshipguarantee 技术technical生产能力capacity技术说明technicalspecification质量quality建议书proposalbook消耗量consumption资料费informationprice原材料feedstock估价estimatedprice原料rawmaterial报价quotedprice辅助原料sub-rawmaterial 报价书quotation产品product1.2报价资料Quotationdocument工艺说明processdescription 公用工程utility工艺特点processfeature燃料fuel经验记载experiencerecord 工艺性能processperformance设备表equipmentlist界区（进料）incomingWOED格式说明，规定，规格specification简要说明shortspecification条件图sketchdrawing（配管图）分界线matchline流程图flowdiagram工厂、装置plant平衡图balancediagram设备equipment方框图blockdiagramP&图P&Idiagram单线图singlelinediagram有位号设备itemizedequipment布置图layout无位号设备non-itemizedequipment 平面布置图plotplan散装材料bulkmaterial总图generalplotplan(generallayout)附件appendix施工材料materialofconstruction Page1of67仪表instrument专有技术费knowhowfee备品备件spareparts基础设计费basicengineeringfee建筑工具constructionaid代理费agentfee（现场）居住设施accommodation手续费commission现场派遣expatriate不可预见费contingency运转率onstreamfactor外汇风险exchangerisk运转天数streamday易货风险compensation系列train直接费用directcost日历日calenderday间接费用indirectcost日历月calendermonth项目管理费projectexpense机械（试车）完工mechanicalcompletion现场管理费fieldexpense 试车trialoperation一般管理费overhead初次试车initialoeperation利润profit开车startup生活费livingexpense注油oilin出勤津贴dailyallowance投料feedin（出差）准备费outfitallowance首次出料firstdrop劳务费labourcost保证试运转guaranteetestrun基本工资basewage装置验收plantacceptance补偿费payrollburden移交turnover福利费fringebeneft议定书protocol1.13估算estimate1.5可行性研究估算estimate可行性feasibility概算budgetaryestimate现场选定siteselection推算slide（现场）位置location幂指数powerterm市场marketing（费用）分类、分项价格breakdown可获利润profitability外汇foreigncurrency生产成本productioncost当地货币localcurrency经营费operationcost可兑换货币convertiblecurrency可变成本variablecost专利费licensefee不变成本fixedcost专利权税royalty总投资totalinvestmentcost变动专利权税runningroyalty流动资本workingcapitalPage2of671.14工厂分类与设计固定资本fixedcapitalcost处女地工厂grassrootplant总资本totalcapitalcost总厂integralplant折旧费depreciation分厂singleplant现金流量cashflow成套装置packageplant折现现金流量Discountcashflow翻版（设计）厂copyplant工况研究casestudy生产厂commercialplant产权资本，自有资本equity中试工厂pilotplant建设资本利息interestduringconstruction试验室规模装置benchscaleunit 1.3业务范围石化总厂petrochemicalcomplex现场勘测sitesurvey下游（厂）downstream工艺设计processdesign(工业）放大scale-up基础设计basicengineering扩建expansion基础设计包basicdesignpackage改建、更改modification详细设计detailengineering镜像布置mirrorimage采购procurement设计余量overdesign海运oceantransportation降负荷运转turndown陆运inlandtransportation清除瓶颈debottlenecking安装erectionwork工厂模型plantmodel土建工作civilwork1.8设备施工constructionwork工艺装置processplant临时工作temporarywork装置区内onsite投料试车commissioning装置区外offsite培训training界区内insidebatterylimit（现场）指导supervisoryservice界区外outsidebatterylimit顾问advisoryservice公用工程设施utilityfacilityWOED格式初步设计preliminaryproject贮存设施storagefacility最终设计finalproject辅助设施auxiliaryfacility基础设施infrastructure衔接interconnection上部结构superstructure主变电所mainsubstation软件software发电设施powergenerationfacility硬件hardware事故发电设备emergerncypowergenerationfacility Page3of67WOED格式水处理装置watertreatmentfacility直接费用dicrecthire冷却塔coolingtower专利商licenser抽水设备waterintakefacility转专利者sub-licenser海水淡化装置desalinationfacility专利使用者licensee蒸汽发生装置steamgenerationfacility专利拥有者patentowner仪表空气发生装置instrumentairgenerationfacility竞争者competitor惰性气发生装置inertgasgenerationfacility国际财团consertium空分装置airseparationfacility合作者collaberator（1）buyer罐区tankyard买方散装贮存设备bulkstoragefacility（2）purchaser包装机械baggingfacility卖方seller制袋设备bagmakingfacility厂商vender装瓶设备bottlingfacility(1)maker制造商装货设备loadingfacility(2)manufacturer卸货设备unloadingfacility业主owner铁路侧线railwaysiding顾问consultant栈桥jetty技术顾问technicaladviser行政办公室administrationbuilding用户user维修车间maintenanceshop最终用户enduser（1）customer中央化验室centrallaboratory客户内部通信设施intercommunicationfacility（2）client广播系统pulicaddresssystem代理商agent寻呼系统pagingfacility挂名人dummy消防设施firefightingfacility二投标合同安全器具safetyequipment2.1投标概况生活设施colony询价inquiry公用设施townshop报价、估价书quotation/estimation娱乐设施recreationfacility投标、投标书bid/tender投标资料biddocuments1.4相关企业预审pre-qualificationWOED格式承包商contractor意向书letterofintent主承包商primecontractor分包商subcontractor2.2合同用语Page4of67WOED格式协议agreement（交钥匙合同）（2）chefmontagecontract合同、契约contract总付合同lumpsumpricecontract注销cancellation单价契约unitpricecontract约定consideration正价加附加费合同costplusfeecontract合同转让assignmentofcontract预投标协议pre-bidagreement不可抗力forcemajeure产品抵债productssharing仲裁arbitration互购交易counterpurchasetransaction基本法governinglaw秘密条款（1）secrecyclause（2）non-disclosureclause三支付、金融、财务1.15支付、金融支付条款、支付条件paymentterms预定损坏赔偿费liquidateddamages延期付款deferredpayment总倍偿额度totalliability留存款项、保留资金retentionmoney 连带（债务）jointandseveral定期付款schedulepayment优先债权lien施工分期付款progressivepayment免除waiver付款交单D/Pdocumentsagainstpayment 保证guaranty担保warranty赔偿indemnity定义definition增额escalation罚款penalty支付条款termsofpayment税金taxandduties侵犯专利patentinfringement最高现额ceiling委任书powerofatterney保证金bondWOED格式1.5合同形式招标合同competitivebidcontract议付合同negotiatedcontractFOBFOB-typecontract合同承兑交单D/Adocumentagainstacceptance信贷、信用credit卖方信贷，供应商信贷supplier,scredit,scredit,scredit 买方信贷buyer银行借贷bankloan成套承包合同（1）turnkeycontractPage5of67WOED格式财政、金融finance指示提单orderB/L借款、借贷loan直接提单straightB/L偿还reimburse,reimbursement装运提单shippedB/L,ON-boardB/L保证书letterofguarantee备运提单receivedB/L信用证、信贷证letterofcredit不附带条件的提单cleanB/L外汇兑换率exchangerate不洁提单dirtyB/L,foulB/L兑换单，汇票单据documentarybillofexchange直运提单directB/L汇款、汇兑基金remittance联运提单throughB/L船上收货单mate,sreceipt3.2财务装货通知单shippingorder[s/o]自然增长基数accrualbasis交货单deliveryorder[d/o] 资产负债表，决算表balancesheet空运货单airwaybill损益报表P&Lprofitandlossstatement海上运费oceanfreight四采购、运输、保险海上运费同盟freightconference目的地付费freightpayableatdestination1.16进出口手续exportlicese1.17出港前付费freightprepaid出口许可证变更E/Lamend码头工人搬运费stevedorageCOCOMcoordinatingcommittee空载运费deadfreight标准结算方法standardpayment船到港预定时间expectedtimeofarrival[ETA]非标准结算方法non-standardpayment船离港预定时间expectedtimeofdepartureDBCdraw-backcargo海关快速发货customquickdespatch 出口申报银行exportdeclarationbankE/D滞船费demurrage出口申报单exportdeclarationcustom码头搬运商stevedore进口许可证importlicense超尺寸运输over-dimensioncargo 进口申报单importdeclaration4.3保险保税区域bondedarea海上保险marinecargoinsurance关税importduty原产地证明书certificateoforigin 现场指导失误保险supervisor,sriskinsurance,sriskinsurance发票invoice4.4贸易条件（1）EXworks4.2运输出厂价（2）EXfactonyWOED格式装箱单packinglist（3）EXmill提单billoflading[B/L]海上交货FOB-namedportofshipment Page6of67合保险海上交货CIF-namedportofdestination支付方式methodofpayment国境交货条件francofrontier现金cash支票check1.18采购期货promissorynote 采购procurement催货expediting厂家vendor跟踪系统follow-upsystem 厂家一览表vendorlist市场价marketprice4.6包装黑市价darkprice包装packing现价up-to-datepricelevel防锈包装rust-proofpacking报价quotation防潮湿包装moisture-proofpacking偏差表deviationlist防水包装water-proofpacking到货时间timeofdelivery软包装shrinkpacking（1）termsofpayment木箱woodenbox支付方式（2）paymentconditions板条箱crate（3）paymentterms框架箱framedbox延缓支付deferredpayment滑撬底座skidbase现金支付cashondelivery码垛盘pallet分期支付instalmentpayment侧板sideplate预先支付downpayment吊具slingfitting发货前支付advancepayment花蓝螺丝turnbuckle到货后支付progresspayment钢带steelstrapping计划支付scheduledpayment角保护带edgeprotecterclosureplate购买条件termsandconditionsofpurchase保护角cornerprotecter折价discount板board谈判、交涉negotiation合板plywood澄清clarification缓冲材料cushioningmaterial购买意向intenttopurchase通气孔盖ventilationcover比较表tabulation超载superimposedload评标evaluation开包unpacking价格分析valueanalysis船上标志shppingmark订购单purchaseorder注意标志caremark 变更订购单changeorderPage7of67五项目执行及费用管理工程预算projectcontrolbudget 1.19项目执行工时man-hourM/H 总图会议kick-offmeeting工日man-dayM/H项目研究会议projectstudymeeting人月man-monthM/H开工会议launchingmeeting考勤表timesheet项目报告projectreporting工作号worknumber审查会议screeningmeeting项目号jobnumber进展报告progressreport前期项目号propesalnumber协调过程coordinationprocedure改进工作improvementwork变更指示changeorder闲滞idie认可approval工时报告man-hourreport 复阅review项目工时汇总jobman-hoursperformancereport5.2工程项目完工报告jobclose-outreport5.4费用分类项目执行报告jobperformancereport费用分类codeofaccount完工汇编close-outbook主帐majoraccount反馈系统feedbacksystem分帐sub-account项目设计条件projectdesigninformation设备位号itemnumber会签inter-departmentcheck工程设计engineeringdesign5.5组织工艺条件确认engineeringreview指定assign工艺条件校核engineeringcheckingWOED格式借调on-lcan项目完成指标审核表projectperformancechecksheet项目成员projectmember施工版approvedforconstruction(AFC)项目经理projectmanager设计变更errorreport项目经理助理assistantprojectmanager 技术文件technicaldatabook施工经理constructionmanager管道材料工艺条件processdataforpipingmaterial开车经理operationmanager荷载条件loadingdata现场指挥fieldmanager关键路径法criticalpathmethod项目前期经理proposalmanager关键路径进度表criticalpathscheduling估算员estimatorprogramevaluationandreview原始购销员originatorPERTtechnique协调员coordinator项目设计协调员projectdesigncoordinator1.6费用及工时管理Page8of67WOED格式提示文稿indicativeabstracts 标准化，资料管理，法规，图书目录bookcataing六规格标题目录titlecataing6.1标准化总目录unioncatalog 标准化standardization标准目录standardcutalog标准、规格standard关键词keyword工程规定engineerspecification省略词stopword项目特殊要求specificjobrequirementKWIC索引keyword-in-contersindex工程手册engineeringmanualKWOC索引keyword-out-of-contextindex 标准图standarddrawing顺序索引penmutedindex工程用表格engineeringform相关索引coordinateindex法规lawandregulation主题分析subjecktanalysis法律law统计分类statisticalclassification微缩复制microcopy微缩系统micro-system1.20资料管理情报管理informationanddocumentation书卡bookcard信息中心informationcenter档案系统filingsystem调研（追述）retrospectivesearching信息选择服务informat ion微缩卡片fichefil m情报跟踪currenta wareness检索效率retrievalefficieney 资料documents原文献primarysources文献摘要secondaryscurces边载刊物seriais定期刊物periodieals（学会）纪要memoirs会报transactions 1.21法规高压气体取缔法highpressuregascontrollaw消防法fireservicelaw劳动安全卫生法industrialsafetyandhealthlaw建筑基本法buildingstandardlaw单位制systemofunits国际单位制internationalsystemofunits会议论文conferencepaper工厂系统图.设备布置会议纪录proceedings七图.配管图及材料统计索引期刊indexjournal7.1图纸、条件图文献期刊abstractjournal工艺流程图processflowdiagram情报摘要informativeabstracts管道仪表流程图processpiping&instrument Page9of67flowdiagram(PID)装货区loadingarea公用工程流程图utilityflowdiagram(UFD)公用工程站utilitystation框图blockflowdiagram柱号columnnumber公用工程介质平衡图utilitybalancediagram净空headroom平面布置图plotplan通道accessway立面布置图generalarrangement小通道catway总图generalplotplan钢结构顶部标高topofstructureelevation规划图planningdrawing管底标高bottomofpipingelevation管道研究图pipingstudydrawing主管口径runsize管道布置图(配管图)pipingarrangementdrawing顶平偏心异径管eccentricreducertopflat分区图keyplan中心到面的距离centertoface管道走向研究图pipingroutingstutydrawing工作点标高workingpointelevation地下管道图undergroundpipingdrawing管架标注nangingmarking管道特殊管件图pipingspecialpartsdrawing冷拉coldspring管架详图pipinghangingdrawing管线记号linesymbol预制图prefabricationdrawing管线接口lineconnection参考图referencedrawing物流号streamNO通用图typicaldrawing管线号lineNO.,管道等级号(1)classdesignation制造厂图vendersdrawing(2)specdesignation 管道轴测图isometricpipingdrawing阀门号valveNO竣工图as-builtdrawing等级分析specificationbreak模型model重要管道criticalpiping管线表lineschedule总管headerpipe计算书calculationsheet仪表管道instrumentpiping图纸目录drawingschedule排放管道blowdownpiping发图阶段issuestage火炬气管道flarepiping版次revisionnumber输送管线transferlineWOED格式编号体系numberingsystem入口管线suctionline比例scale排水管effluentline工厂北向plantnorth旁通管bypassline 海平面标高over-seameanlevel吹扫系统purgesystem标高elevation放空接口ventconnection已有钢结构existingstructurePage10of67软管接口hoseconnection环形垫连接ringtypejoint双切断阀及排放阀doubleblockandbleeder扩口接头flaretypejoint污水沟sewerditch非扩口接头flarelesstypejoint冷凝液池condensatepit承插连接bellandspigot积水坑sumpboxvictaulic接头victaulicjoint漏斗dripfunnel弯头elbow管段spoolpiece异径管reducer垫环spacerring管接头coupling限流孔板restrictionorifice活接头union流量喷咀flownozzle短管nipple液体混合用三通mixingtee法兰flange喷头spraynozzle配对法兰companionflange粗滤器strainer法兰盖blindflange临时粗滤器temporarystrainer异径法兰reducingflange（1）spectactleblind疏水阀steamtrap八字盲板爆破膜rupturedisk（2）reversibleblind蒸汽伴热管道steam-tracedpiping平板式法兰plateflange夹套管道jacketedpiping带颈法兰hubbedflange地下管道undergroundpiping对焊法兰weldingneckflange松套法兰looseflange1.22管道要素管端突缘stubend 钢管steelpiping法兰面flangeface螺纹端管threadedpipe垫片沟槽gasketgroove法兰端管flangedpipe满平面fullface锻制的swage突面raisedface 光滑弯管smoothbend大准槽面largetongueandgrooveface U型弯管u-bend双凹凸面doublemale&femaleface 弯管bendingpipe大凹凸面largemale&femaleface 波纹管膨胀节expansinonbellows金属垫片metallicgasket柔性管flexiblepipe管件接头pipefittingjoint 非金属垫片n on-metallicgasketsemi-metallicgasket机械连接mechanicaljointO型环O-ring活套连接lappedjoint透镜垫lensringPage11of67WOED格式对焊buttweld减振架dampener承插焊接socketweld支架support滑套焊接slip-onweld管托shoe焊接支管台weldolet保冷管托cradle插入环insertting鞍座saddle管帽cap耳轴trunnion材料表billofmaterial吊架hanger材料统计take-off刚性吊架rigidhanger管段表linebillofmaterial弹簧吊架springhanger估算汇总表estimationsummarysheet恒力吊架constanthanger备品备件表sparepartslist阀门valve报价表quotationsheet截止阀globevalve订货单purchaseorderschedule闸阀gatevalve材料汇总表billofmaterialsummary针形阀needlevalve状态报告statusreport球阀ballvalve分布报告distributionreport止回阀checkvalve价格、重量一览表cost&weightsummary隔膜阀diaphragmvalve价格、重量汇总表cost&weighttotal三通阀three-wayvalve定货管理表ordercontrol角阀anglevalve管道材料管理体表pipingmaterialcontrolsheet蝶阀butterflyvalve元件代号itemcode旋塞阀cock标记号tagnumber伸长杆操作extensionstem-operation标准形态standardshape链操作chain-operated轴测图isometricdrawing齿轮操作gear-operated管线号linereference扳手操作wrench-operated批号batchreference电动操作motor-operated管子下料表pipingcuttinglist阀芯trim制作件表fabricationpartslist阀盖bonnet组装件表erectionpartlist焊接支管weldbranch固定架anchor偏置offset滑动架restingsupport焊接根部间隙weldrootgap现场调整后在下料和焊导向架guide接cutandweldafteradjustingWOED格式限位架directionalstopPage12of67WOED格式坡度slope毛毡hairfelt工作点workingpoint泡沫聚氨酯foampolystyrene管架说明notesforpipinghanging硬泡沫氨基甲酸乙酯rigidfoamurethane部门间校核版interdepartmentalcheckprint硬泡沫橡胶rigidfoamrubber平端plainend玛碲脂mastic坡口端beveledend耐磨损材料anti-abrasioncoatingmaterial管道连接图pipinghook-updrawing管壳laggingcloth管道说明图notesforpipingdrawing铁丝网hexagonalwirenetting标题栏titleblock填缝材料caulkingmaterial寻价单pipingrequisitionsheet保护层jacketingsheetcoversheet八配管及一般设备设计波纹铝板corrugatedaluminumsheet8.1保温，保冷有色镀锌钢板precoatedgalvanizedsheet 绝热insulation搭板buttstrap设备绝热表equipmentinsulationscheduleZ型接头Z-joint绝热符号insulationcode保温设计designofcoldinsulation8.2防腐涂漆正常操作所用的保温insulationforstableoperating色标colour-code人身防护personnelprotection孟塞尔色系munsellnotation防火层fire-proofing管道识别色identificationofpipingsystem防结露anti-sweat防腐层externalcoating 防冻winterizing油漆paint防音soundprotection清漆varnish保温材料hotinsulationmaterial保冷材料coldinsulationmaterial 防腐漆anti-corrosivepaint rush-proofpaint石棉asbestos含铝漆aluminumpaint 硅藻土diatomaceousearth底漆primer岩棉rockwoolWOED格式耐酸漆acid-proofpaint 玻璃棉glasswool耐酸漆acid-proofpaint 碳酸镁magnesiumcarbonate耐碱漆alkali-proofpaint硅酸铝calciumsilicate耐热漆heat-resistingpaint珍珠岩perlite测温漆thermo-paint软木板corkboards绝缘漆insulationvarnishPage13of67表面处理surfacepreparation油压锁定oillock涂漆painting1.23耐振设计阴级保护cathodicprotection固有振动方式naturalfrequencymode1.7振动解析卓越周期predominantperiod机械振动mechanicalvibration基本周期firstnaturalfrequency自由振动freevibration横波transversewave强制振动forcedvibration纵波longitudinalwave自励振动self-excitedvibration相对位移relativedisplacement固有频率naturalfrequency质量比massratio固有周期naturalperiod静解析法staticmethod波谷loop修正静解析法correctedstaticmethod波峰node动解析法modalanalysis正弦振动sinusoidaloscillation时历响应解析法timehistoryresponseanalysis非线性振动non-linearoscillation设计响应光谱designresponsespectrum阻尼振动dampedvibration加速响应光谱accelerationresponsespectrum临界阻尼criticaldamping地板响应光谱foorresponsespectrum（1）attenuationconstant标准响应光谱standardresponsespectrum 衰减系数（2）decaycoefficient加速响应增幅比accelerationresponseamplituderatio（3）decayfactor刚性结构rigidstructure共振resonance柔性结构flexiblestructure扭曲振动torsionalvibration长周期结构long-periodstructure挠性振动flexuralvibration刚性框架rahmenrigidframe极限速度criticalspeed地震波earthquakeaccelerogram固有值characteristicvalue位移量记录displacementrecord临界条件boundarycondition设计地震designearthquake弹性系数springconstant设计震度designseismiccoefficient惯性矩momentofinertia地震earthquake回转半径radiusofgyration震源距离distancetocentrum振动吸收装置dynamicvibrationabserber震中距离distancetoepicenter液压减振器hydraulicdamper震吸magnitude(1)springdampener地震波显示仪seismoscope弹簧减振器(2)springdamper地震仪seismographPage14of67耐振等级seismicclass腐蚀corrosionfatigue基岩baserock蠕变creep蠕变疲劳creepfatigue1.24应力分析尺寸效应sizeeffect外力externalforce应力集中系数coefficientofstressconcentration 内力internalforce形状系数shapecoefficient反作用力reactionforce缺口系数notchfactor力偶coupleofforce应力强度系数stressintensityfactor 弯矩bendingmoment几何惯性矩geometricalmomentofinertia 扭矩twistingmoment断面系数modulusofsection应力stress断面极惯性矩polarmomentofinertiaofarea 弯曲应力bendingstress 扬氏模量young,smodulus,smodulus 扭曲应力torsionalstress横向弹性系数modulusoftransverseelasticity圆周应力hoopstress体积弹性系数modulusofvolumetricelasticityWOED格式峰值应力peakstress一次应力primarystress二次应力secondarystress轴向应力axialstress重复应力repeatedstress脉动应力pulsatingstress交变应力alternatingstress应变strain应变能strainenergy主应力principalstress主应力理论principalstresstheory最大剪切应力理论maximumshearingstresstheory 残余应力residualstress热应力thermalstress热破坏thermalshock疲劳fatigue疲劳曲线s-ndiagram 泊松比poissor,sratio,sratio 弹性极线elasticlimit屈服点yieldpoint拉伸强度tensilestrength伸长elongation永久变形permanentset弹性flexibility弹性分析elasticanalysis弹性屈服elasticbuckling塑性plasticity塑变滞后plasticityhysteresis极限分析limitanalysis弹塑性分析elastic-plasticanalysis 疲劳分析fatigueanalysis有限元法finiteelementmethod静荷载deadload(1)fatiguelimit疲劳极限1.25流体流动(2)endurancelimit水锤waterhammerPage15of67WOED格式急关rapidclosure1/3的倍频带1/3octaveband缓关slowclosure波段值bandlevel冲击波shockwave音场soundfield液压振动acousticvibrationofliquidflow方向性directivity脉动pulsationflow方向系数directivityfactor两相流two-phaseflow衍射diffraction气压振动acousticvibration声源soundsource卡门涡街karmaneddies房间常数roomconstant颤动fluttering吸音率soundabsorptioncoefficient气蚀cavitation穿透率transmissioncoefficient穿透损失transmissionloss1.26噪音质量原理masslaw(1)noise噪音(2)undesiredsound8.8设计条件听力范围auditorysensationarea操作压力operatingpressure掩蔽masking最高操作压力maximumoperatingpressure背景噪音backgroundnoise操作温度operatingtemperature声强soundintensity最高操作温度maximumoperatingtemperature声压soundpressure温度基准basetemperature声压值soundpressurelevel腐蚀裕度corrosionallowance(1)noiselevel许容应力allowablestress噪声值(2)soundlevel安全系数safetyfactor噪声计soundlevelmeter地理条件geologicalconditions听觉校正回路weightingnetwork九塔.槽.换热器.加热炉音平loundnesslevel1.8图面用语音能soundpower设备表vesselschedule 音能值soundpowerlevel工程图engineeringdrawing总体值overalllevel（1）nozzlechart 90%范围90%rangeWOED格式管口表（2）nozzleschedule 中间值median管口方位nozzleorientationNR数noiseratingnumber于焊件图clipschedule频率分析器frequencyanalyzer切线tangentline(TL)倍频带octavebandPage16of67WOED格式焊缝线weldline(WL)塔盘板deck参照线wrokingline(WL)溢流堰weir基准线baseline(BL)降液管downcomer密封糟sealpot1.27容器取液糟draw-offpot 容器vessel密封盘sealpan塔tower塔盘支承环traysupportring 自支承塔self-supportedtower鲍尔环pallring板式塔traytower泪孔weephole填料塔packedtower填料packing喷淋塔spraytower拉希环raschingring槽。
剑桥商务英语中级完整笔记(词汇)必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。
研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。
如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。
反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一) 篇首：封面(Title)序言(Preface)谢词(Acknowledge)提要(Summary)目录(Tables and Appendixes)(二) 本文：引言(Introduction)主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes)(三)参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography)附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。
题目可以提供研究者：一.研究的方向二.研究的范围三.资料搜集的范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。
构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。
高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》试题及答案指导(2025年)
2025年高等教育自学考试自考《英语二》模拟试题及答案指导一、阅读判断（共10分）第一题Read the following passage and then answer the questions below by choosing the correct answer (T for True, F for False):The passage is about the impact of technology on modern education.In recent years, the integration of technology into education has revolutionized the way students learn. Online learning platforms, digital textbooks, and interactive educational software have become increasingly popular. This has led to a significant increase in the number of students enrolling in online courses and pursuing higher education independently.1、The integration of technology into education has not changed the way students learn.2、Online learning platforms have decreased in popularity over the years.3、Digital textbooks are a common feature in modern education.4、The number of students pursuing higher education independently has decreased due to technology.5、Technology has had no impact on the number of students enrolling in onlinecourses.Answers:1、F2、F3、T4、F5、FSecond Question: Reading and JudgmentPassage:The concept of lifelong learning has become increasingly popular in recent years. As the world changes rapidly, people are realizing that formal education is just the beginning of a journey of continuous personal and professional development. Lifelong learning encourages individuals to pursue knowledge and skills throughout their lives, not only for career advancement but also for personal satisfaction and social engagement. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from traditional classroom learning to online courses, workshops, and even self-directed study. In today’s digital age, access to information and educational resources has never been easier, making it possible for anyone with an internet connection to engage in learning at any time and place.Lifelong learners often find that they have a more positive outlook on life, as the pursuit of new knowledge can be both challenging and rewarding. Moreover, in a competitive job market, the ability to learn and adapt quickly can be asignificant advantage. Many employers value employees who demonstrate a commitment to ongoing learning, as it shows initiative and a willingness to stay relevant in their field. Therefore, whether for personal or professional reasons, embracing lifelong learning can lead to a more fulfilling and successful life.Questions:1、Lifelong learning is becoming less popular due to the fast pace of the world.•Answer: False•Explanation: The passage states that the concept of lifelong learning has become increasingly popular because the world is changing rapidly,indicating that people see the need for continuous learning.2、Formal education is considered sufficient for one’s entire career in the context of lifelong learning.•Answer: False•Explanation: The text suggests that formal education is just the beginning, and there is a need for continuous personal and professional development through lifelong learning.3、Lifelong learning includes a variety of learning methods, such as online courses and self-study.•Answer: True•Explanation: The passage explicitly mentions that lifelong learning encompasses a wide range of activities, including online courses andself-directed study.4、In the current job market, the capacity to learn and adjust swiftly is seen as a disadvantage by most employers.•Answer: False•Explanation: The passage indicates that the ability to learn and adapt quickly is actually viewed as a significant advantage by many employers in a competitive job market.5、The benefits of lifelong learning are restricted to professional growth only.•Answer: False•Explanation: The text points out that lifelong learning is beneficial for both personal satisfaction and professional development, suggesting its benefits are not limited to career advancement alone.二、阅读理解（共10分）Passage:The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, offering a wealth of information and opportunities. However, it also brings along challenges and risks, particularly for children and teenagers. This passage discusses the impact of the Internet on young people and the measures that can be taken to mitigate the potential negative effects.One of the most significant impacts of the Internet on young people is the potential for excessive screen time. Spending hours in front of a computer or smartphone can lead to physical health issues such as eye strain, neck and backpain, and obesity. Additionally, excessive screen time can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to fatigue and poor academic performance.Another challenge is the exposure to inappropriate content. The Internet is a vast repository of information, but not all of it is suitable for young people. They may come across explicit material, violence, or cyberbullying, which can have a detrimental effect on their mental health.To address these issues, parents and educators should implement several measures. Firstly, they should monitor and regulate the amount of time young people spend online, ensuring that it does not interfere with their physical health and academic responsibilities. Secondly, parents and educators should educate young people about the importance of digital literacy, teaching them how to critically evaluate the information they find online and how to identify and avoid inappropriate content. Finally, promoting healthy online habits, such as taking regular breaks from screens, can help mitigate the negative effects of excessive screen time.Questions:1.What is one of the primary physical health issues associated with excessive screen time for young people?A) Sleep disturbancesB) Eye strainC) CyberbullyingD) Obesity2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential negative effectof the Internet on young people?A) Disruption of sleep patternsB) CyberbullyingC) Improved academic performanceD) Exposure to inappropriate content3.What is the first measure mentioned in the passage that parents and educators should take to address the issue of excessive screen time?A) Promoting healthy online habitsB) Monitoring and regulating the amount of time spent onlineC) Educating young people about digital literacyD) Providing access to appropriate online content4.According to the passage, what is the role of digital literacy in mitigating the negative effects of the Internet on young people?A) It helps young people find suitable online content.B) It teaches young people how to critically evaluate the information they find online.C) It replaces traditional education methods with online resources.D) It ensures young people have access to the latest technology.5.The passage suggests that which of the following can help mitigate the negative effects of excessive screen time?A) Limiting the time spent onlineB) Providing access to inappropriate contentC) Encouraging continuous screen timeD) Ignoring the issue of screen timeAnswer:1.B) Eye strain2.C) Improved academic performance3.B) Monitoring and regulating the amount of time spent online4.B) It teaches young people how to critically evaluate the information they find online.5.A) Limiting the time spent online三、概况段落大意和补全句子（共10分）First QuestionRead the following passage and then summarize the main idea of each paragraph in your own words. Then complete the sentences that follow based on the information given in the passage.Passage:The role of technology in education has been a topic of discussion among educators and policymakers for many years. With the advent of the internet and digital devices, there is an increasing trend towards incorporating technology into the classroom as a tool to enhance learning. Proponents argue that technology can make learning more engaging and accessible, while critics express concerns over the potential for distraction and reduced social interaction amongstudents.On the other hand, technology offers unprecedented access to educational resources from around the world. Online platforms provide a wealth of information and opportunities for collaborative learning that were not previously available. This democratization of knowledge means that students no longer need to be physically present in a classroom to gain an education. However, it also raises questions about the quality and reliability of online content, prompting the need for critical evaluation skills among learners.Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that digital tools can personalize the learning experience by adapting to individual student needs. Adaptive learning software can track student progress and offer tailored resources to help learners overcome specific challenges. Yet, this shift towards digital learning environments also highlights disparities in access to technology, particularly in underprivileged areas where students may lack the necessary hardware or internet connectivity.Finally, the integration of technology into education requires training for teachers who must adapt their teaching methods to incorporate new tools effectively. Professional development programs aimed at equipping educators with the necessary skills to leverage technology in the classroom are becoming essential. Without proper support, teachers may struggle to integrate these innovations successfully, which could hinder rather than help the learning process.Questions:1.Summarize the main point discussed in the first paragraph.Answer: The first paragraph discusses the growing trend of integrating technology into education and the differing viewpoints of supporters and critics regarding its impact on engagement and social interaction.2、Complete the sentence: Critics of technology in the classroom are concerned primarily about________and ________.Answer: Critics of technology in the classroom are concerned primarily about distraction and reduced social interaction.3、What does the second paragraph suggest about the impact of technology on access to education?Answer: The second paragraph suggests that technology provides unprecedented access to educational resources globally, making education less dependent on physical presence in a classroom but also raises concerns about the quality of online content and the need for critical evaluation skills.4、According to the passage, how can digital tools personalize learning experiences?Answer: According to the passage, digital tools can personalize learning experiences by adapting to individual student needs, tracking progress, and offering tailored resources to address specific challenges.5、Summarize the final point made in the last paragraph regarding teacher training.Answer: The final paragraph states that the successful integration of technologyin education requires adequate training for teachers, highlighting the necessity of professional development programs to support educators in adopting new tools effectively.第二题Passage:The rapid advancements in technology have significantly transformed the field of education, particularly in higher learning. E-learning platforms have become increasingly popular, offering flexibility and accessibility to students worldwide. One such platform is the Higher Education Self-study Examination (HESA), which allows individuals to pursue higher education without traditional classroom settings.The HESA program for English as a Second Language (ESL) is known as “English Two.” It is designed to enhance the language proficiency of students who wish to further their studies or career in English-speaking environments. The course covers a variety of topics, including grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, and writing skills.Questions:1、What is the primary purpose of the HESA program for English as a Second Language (ESL)?a)To provide in-person classroom education.b)To offer flexibility and accessibility for students worldwide.c)To restrict access to higher education.d)To promote traditional learning methods.Answer: b) To offer flexibility and accessibility for students worldwide.2、Which of the following is NOT a subject covered in the “English Two” course?a)Vocabulary.b)Reading comprehension.c)Math problems.d)Writing skills.Answer: c) Math problems.3、How does the HESA program differ from traditional higher education settings?a)It requires more classroom time.b)It is only available in certain geographical locations.c)It offers self-study opportunities without traditional classrooms.d)It has stricter admission requirements.Answer: c) It offers self-study opportunities without traditional classrooms.4、The passage mentions that the HESA program is beneficial for individuals who wish to:a)Attend in-person classes.b)Study at prestigious universities.c)Further their studies or career in English-speaking environments.d)Avoid learning English.Answer: c) Further their studies or career in English-speaking environments.5、What is the overall impact of technology on the field of education,according to the passage?a)It has diminished the value of traditional education.b)It has made education less accessible to a broader population.c)It has significantly transformed higher learning, especially through e-learningplatforms.d)It has had no significant impact on the education system.Answer: c) It has significantly transformed higher learning, especially through e-learning platforms.四、填空补文（共10分）Part IV: Cloze Test (20 points)Read the following passage and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D to fill in each blank. Then mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet with a single line through the center.The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, (1)_______the way we communicate, work, and entertain ourselves. It connects people across (2)_______distances, allowing them to share information, collaborate on projects, and form communities based on common interests. With the rise of social media platforms, the Internet has (3)_______transformed the way we interact with one another, giving us the ability to stay connected with friends and family no matter where they are in the world.However, this increased connectivity comes with its own set of challenges.Privacy concerns have grown as personal data is often collected and used by companies for (4)_______purposes. Additionally, there is the issue of misinformation, as false or misleading content can spread quickly online, potentially (5)_______public opinion and even influencing political processes.1.A) alteringB) changingC) modifyingD) transforming2.A) greatB) vastC) largeD) huge3.A) furtherB) moreC) additionallyD) likewise4.A) commercialB) businessC) economicD) financial5.A) shapingB) formingC) moldingD) affectingCorrect Answers:1.D) transforming2.B) vast3.A) further4.A) commercial5.D) affecting五、填词补文（共15分）第一题Please read the following passage and complete the blanks with the most suitable words from the given options below the passage.Passage:In the modern world, technology has become an indispensable part of our daily lives. From the moment we wake up to the time we go to bed, technology surrounds us. It has transformed the way we communicate, work, and even the way we entertain ourselves. One of the most significant advancements in technology is the internet, which has revolutionized the way we access information and connect with others.Options:A) connectB) transformC) accessD) entertainE) surroundF) accessG) communicateH) wake1、Technology has made it possible for us to________with people all over the world.2、In the past, information was limited and ________. Now, we can access it easily.3、The internet has________the way we share and exchange information.4、Technology________us in every aspect of our lives.5、We use technology to________ourselves during our leisure time.Answers:1、A) connect2、C) access3、B) transform4、E) surround5、D) entertainSecond QuestionRead the following passage carefully and choose the appropriate word to fill in each blank.The rapid development of technology has had a profound effect on modern education. (1)__________, the use of digital resources has become increasingly important for students to stay competitive in today’s society. Educators are now faced with the challenge of integrating these tools into their teaching methods while also ensuring that students can use them responsibly.(2)__________ is clear that the internet provides an almost unlimited amount of information, but it is up to both teachers and learners to filter out what is relevant and credible. Moreover, as more courses move online, accessibility to high-quality educational content has improved, making learning more (3)__________ than ever before. However, this shift towards e-learning also means that students must develop strong self-discipline skills to manage their time effectively and stay motivated. (4)__________ the benefits of digital learning, there are concerns about the potential for increased social isolation among students who primarily learn through screens rather than face-to-face interactions. Thus, it is crucial that educational institutions continue to find ways to balance (5)__________ learning experiences with the advantages of technology.Questions:1、The first blank could be filled with:A) ConsequentlyB) InterestinglyC) UnexpectedlyD) FortunatelyAnswer: A) Consequently2、The second blank could be filled with:A) ItB) ThereC) ThisD) ThatAnswer: A) It3、The third blank could be filled with:A) convenientB) challengingC) expensiveD) traditionalAnswer: A) convenient4、The fourth blank could be filled with:A) DespiteB) BeyondC) AmongD) BesidesAnswer: D) Besides5、The fifth blank could be filled with:A) virtualB) practicalC) theoreticalD) physicalAnswer: A) virtualThis example is designed to test vocabulary knowledge, comprehension skills, and the ability to maintain coherence within a paragraph. Please note that the answers provided are suggestions based on context clues and sentence structure.六、完型补文（共15分）第一题阅读内容：In recent years, the importance of lifelong learning has been increasingly recognized. As the world becomes more interconnected, the need for individuals to continuously update their skills and knowledge has never been greater. One effective way to achieve this is through self-study examinations, such as the National Self-study Examination for Higher Education (NSHE). This exam allows individuals to study at their own pace and convenience, making education more accessible to a wider audience.The NSHE consists of various subjects, including English. The second level of English, often referred to as “English Two,” is designed for students who have already completed basic English studies. The exam aims to assess the students’ ability to understand and use Engl ish in both written and spokenforms.In this passage, you will read a paragraph that has been broken into five sections. Each section contains a blank space that needs to be filled with the appropriate word from the list provided below. Choose the word that best fits each blank to complete the paragraph.List of Words:1.diverse2.proficient3.acquire4.adapt5.enhanceprehensive7.effectively8.participate9.significant10.utilizeParagraph:The NSHE English Two exam is a 1 way to 2one’s English lan guage skills. It covers a 3range of topics, including grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, and listening. By 4 in the exam, students can 5 their understanding and usage of English, which is 6in today’s globalized world. The exam also 7candidates to 8 in the field of English language studies, providing them with valuableopportunities to 9 their knowledge and 10 their careers.Fill in the Blanks:1、_______2、_______3、_______4、_______5、_______Answers:1、effective2、acquire3、comprehensive4、participate5、enhance第二题Read the following passage and fill in each blank with one suitable word from the list provided below.The 1, 2, and 3 of the brain are crucial for processing language and understanding. The 4 is responsible for 5, while the 6 handles 7 and 8. The 9, on the other hand, is involved in 10.The 11 region, located at the back of the brain, is responsible for 12 and 13. It receives information from the eyes and ears and sends it to the 14 for further processing. The 15 is important for 16, 17, and 18.The 19 region, found on the left side of the brain, is the primary area for 20 and 21. It also plays a key role in 22, 23, and 24. The 25 region, located on the right side of the brain, is involved in 26, 27, and 28.List of words: 1. cerebrum, 2. cortex, 3. lobes, 4. frontal, 5. planning, 6. temporal, 7. memory, 8. speech, 9. occipital, 10. vision, 11. parietal, 12. sensory perception, 13. spatial awareness, 14. frontal lobe, 15. Broca’s area, 16. language production, 17. speech, 18. thou ght, 19. Wernicke’s area, 20. language comprehension, 21. understanding, 22. auditory processing, 23. reading, 24. writing, 25. angular gyrus, 26. non-verbal reasoning, 27. creativity, 28. imagination.Complete the passage with the appropriate words:1.__cerebrum__2.__cortex__3.__lobes__4.__frontal__5.__planning__6.__temporal__7.__memory__8.__speech__9.__occipital__10.__vision__11.__parietal__12.__sensory perception__13.__spatial awareness__14.__frontal lobe__15.__Broca’s area__16.__language production__17.__speech__18.__thought__19.__Wernicke’s area__20.__language comprehension__21.__understanding__22.__auditory processing__23.__reading__24.__writing__25.__angular gyrus__26.__non-verbal reasoning__27.__creativity__28.__imagination__Answers:1.cerebrum2.cortex3.lobes4.frontal5.planning6.temporal7.memory8.speech9.occipital10.vision11.parietal12.sensory perception13.spatial awareness14.frontal lobe15.Broca’s areanguage production17.speech18.thought19.Wernicke’s areanguage comprehension21.understanding22.auditory processing23.reading24.writing25.angular gyrus26.non-verbal reasoning27.creativity28.imagination七、写作（30分）Section VII: WritingTask:Write an essay of about 200 words on the following topic:Many people believe that it is more important to learn from others’ mistakes rather than from our own. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Example:In my opinion, it is indeed more beneficial to learn from others’ mistakes rather than our own. This is because making mistakes can be costly, and we can save ourselves a lot of trouble by avoiding the same errors that others have made.For instance, consider a student who is preparing for an exam. If this student fails to study properly and, as a result, fails the exam, it will be a waste of time and resources. However, if this student learns from the mistakes of a friend who has already passed the exam, they can avoid making the same mistakes and increase their chances of success.Similarly, in the workplace, it is crucial to learn from the experiences of others. A new employee can save themselves a lot of time and frustration byfollowing the advice of a more experienced colleague. This way, they can avoid making costly mistakes and contribute more effectively to the company.In conclusion, I firmly believe that learning from others’ mistakes is a more effective way to gain knowledge and improve ourselves. By doing so, we can save ourselves time, resources, and potential frustration.Analysis:This essay clearly states the writer’s opinion from the outset, making it easy for the reader to follow. The essay provides specific reasons and examples to support the writer’s viewpoint. The example of a student preparing for an exam effectively illustrates the point about avoiding costly mistakes, and the workplace example further strengthens the argument.The essay demonstrates coherence and cohesion, with a clear structure and logical flow of ideas. The conclusion summarizes the main points and reinforces the writer’s position. Overall, this essay is a good example of how to effectively address the given writing prompt.。
evaluation research 和evaluation study
evaluation research 和evaluation study
"Evaluation research" 和"evaluation study" 是两个类似的术语，通常用于描述对项目、计划、政策或干预措施进行评估的研究。
"Evaluation research" 更加强调研究方法和过程，通常涉及使用科学的研究设计和方法来收集和分析数据，以评估干预措施的效果、影响或价值。
"Evaluation study" 则更侧重于研究的具体内容和结果，通常是对特定干预措施或项目的评估，旨在确定其有效性、效率或其他相关方面。
这两个术语在含义上有些微妙的差别，但在实际使用中可以互换使用。
一般过去时英语作文(我的研学)
一般过去时英语作文(我的研学)My Unforgettable Study Travel ExperienceLast summer, I went on the most amazing study travel trip with my classmates and teachers. It was a week-long adventure that taught me so much and gave me memories I'll never forget!We started by boarding a big coach bus early one Monday morning. Everyone was buzzing with excitement about the journey ahead. After a few hours of driving, we arrived at our first destination - a dairy farm!As soon as we stepped off the bus, the potent smells of cows and hay hit our noses. The farmer greeted us with a big smile and immediately got us involved in the morning's activities. We learned all about how cows are milked and saw the huge machines that do it. I even got to try milking a cow myself! It was much harder than I expected. Cows are very strong animals.After our farm tour, we got back on the bus and headed to a nature reserve. There, we went on a long hike through the woods, observing different plants and animals along the way. Our guide taught us how to identify trees from their leaves and bark. We saw squirrels scampering up trunks, birds making nests, andeven spotted a family of deer in a meadow. Being out in nature was so peaceful and refreshing.The next day, our study adventure took us to a science museum. This was probably my favorite part! There were so many amazing interactive exhibits that made learning fun. We got to experience what it's like during an earthquake in a simulation room that shook violently. In another area, we experimented with building sturdy structures using different materials. My team's tower could withstand quite a bit of shaking before tumbling down! We also saw an incredible 3D movie about the solar system that made me feel like I was floating in space.On Wednesday, we visited an art studio run by a local artist. She taught us all about different painting and sculpting techniques. We each got to make our own clay sculptures, which the artist fired in a kiln for us to take home as souvenirs. Mine was a turtle because they are my favorite animals. In the afternoon, we did outdoor landscape painting using the beautiful nature around the studio as our inspiration. Getting messy with paints and clay was so liberating!The next place we went was a living history village that recreated what life was like long ago. We got to see pioneers inperiod costumes doing activities like churning butter, grinding corn, and making candles. An actor playing a blacksmith even showed us how to make tools and horseshoes by heating and hammering metal. We all agreed this place gave us a tiny glimpse into how difficult life used to be before modern technology.On our last full day, we went to an aquarium and got anup-close look at so many incredible marine creatures. We watched in awe as sharks, rays, and huge schools of fish glided past the enormous tank windows. I was able to reach my hand into a petting pool and feel velvety rays swim past my fingers! Seeing all the vibrant tropical fish made me want to go snorkeling someday. The aquarium also had a really cool playground designed to teach about water physics through interactive games and activities.Unfortunately, our study travel had to come to an end. Boarding that bus for the last time to head home was bittersweet.I felt so lucky to have experienced and learned so much that week, but I was also sad to leave it all behind. Thankfully, all the amazing memories from our adventure would stay with me forever.When I got home, the first thing I did was hug my parents tightly. They asked me what my favorite part was, but I just couldn't pick one! Every new place we went opened my eyes to something completely different. Whether it was the dairy farm teaching me where our food comes from, the nature reserve showing me the beauty of our planet, or the living history village giving me an appreciation for how far we've come - it was all so incredibly enriching.Most importantly though, this study travel experience showed me there is a whole huge world out there just waiting to be explored. I may be young, but I now understand how much there is to learn, see, and do in this life. They always tell you that learning happens beyond the classroom walls, but going on this trip really drilled that truth into me. I am so grateful to my teachers for giving me this opportunity at such a young age.From milking cows to digging for fossils to watching fish swim overhead, every single moment of that study travel burned itself into my mind. I had read about those things in books before, but there's just no replacing the value of experiencing them for yourself. This may have been a school trip, but it gave me lessons about the world that went far beyond what you can learn sitting at a desk.So while a study travel adventure requires hard work, long days, and being away from home - it is absolutely worth it in the end. Not everyone is lucky enough to get that chance, so I will never take that experience for granted. No matter where life takes me from here, those unforgettable memories of discovery, amazement, and awakening will forever be a core part of who I am.。
study's exp
学习心得--------------------------------------------------------------------------------我在大学里学的是计算机专业，为了能够从事自己喜欢的工作，我来到了软通动力，一个能让我实现理想的地方。
去年11月份，我开始了课程学习。
这里的老师比较能够抓住学生的心理，在很轻松的状态下就能学到知识，这样对于初学者来说可以更容易的接受计算机语言的思想，对于我而言也不会觉得枯燥乏味了。
我们学习了日语和软件技术基础、网页编程、SQL server应用开发，Java面向对象程序设计，有些以前不懂的通过学习现在理解了；以前已经理解的，通过学习现在理解的更加透彻了。
在软通动力的学习并不是在一味的学习理论知识，对于日语方面，会有日语老师及外教帮助我们充分理解日本的风土人情和各种难点语法。
计算机方面，每节理论课结束都伴随着实践，这样可以及时的将理论转化为能够实现的代码，既能够加深印象，也有助于理解。
在实践中遇到问题可以及时向任课老师提问，一般都能得到很好的解决，我想这也许就是软通动力的特色吧。
在学习日语和专业知识的同时，老师也给我们进行了非常及时的职业导向训练，主要是对表达能力和沟通技巧的训练，为我们的以后的求职面试做准备。
在培训过程中我们学会了团队精神，信任，和沟通的同时，我们还收获了许多东西：学会挑战自己,学会正视自己的缺点，了解自己的长处和短处,学会鼓励他人和欣赏他人。
在此，衷心感谢我们的老师、公司领导和同事。
我愿意和我们的老师、同事们一起探讨，一起努力，去完善我们这个大团体，去开拓更广阔的天地，把我们共同的事业进行得更好！学习心得-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 每个人都有自己人生的美好规划，我也不例外。
再回首，也曾经雄心壮志，要做一番大事业，也曾经出生牛犊不怕虎，独自去闯外面那精彩的世界；也曾经在人生的十字路口徘徊犹豫；也曾经无数次的幻想着某一天自己中了彩票成为了百万富翁。
英语语法词汇详解explortary
英语语法词汇详解explortary exploratory英[ɪkˈsplɒrətri]美[ɪkˈsplɔːrətɔːri]adj.探险的；探索（性）的；探究的英文释义：done with the intention of examining something in order to find out more about it为了对某事有更多的了解而进行检查举个例子：1.Surgeons performed an exploratory operation外科医生进行了一次探索性手术2.It was developed within a two-year period and used on actual exploratory projects.它们是在两年内发明的，并且用于实际探索项目。
3.Chefs and suppliers: An exploratory look at supply-chain issues in an upscale restaurant alliance厨师长和供应商：探索性地观察一个高档餐馆联盟的供应链问题常用短语：exploratory study探索性研究；探索研究；探究性学习exploratory research探索性研究；试探性研究exploratory discussion探索性讨论；勘探方面的讨论exploratory operation探查术feed英[fiːd]美[fiːd]v.给…食物吃；喂；为…提供原料；使移动；使穿过；进食；助长；吃食；增进；吃东西n.喂食；进食；进料器；给料器；提词；提白；一餐；饲料；原料供给；进料英文释义：1. [transitive] to give food to a person or an animal给人或动物食物feed somebody/something/yourself喂某人/某物/自己2. [intransitive] (of a baby or an animal) to eat food【不及物动词】(指婴儿或动物)进食3. [transitive] feed somebody to provide food for a family or group of people为一个家庭或一群人提供食物4. [transitive] feed something to give a plant a special substance to make it grow给植物提供特殊的物质使其生长5. [transitive] to give advice, information, etc. tosomebody/something【及物的】提供建议、信息等。
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Expatriate, China Hire, and Returnee Study
•430+ Expatriate Positions/3,100 Expatriate Incumbent Data
•Assignee: Western, Hong Kong/Singapore, Taiwan, Other Asian •Local Hires: China Hired foreigner, Returnee
• China 2008 sets 5.9-7.2% target CPI for 2008 • CPI eased to 8.5% in April • Food – 18.2% increase from 2006 to 2007
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Study Background
To protect the confidential and proprietary information included in this material, it may not be disclosed or provided to any third parties without the approval of Hewitt Associates LLC.
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Typical Benefits Practices – Which policy does your company have?
Assignees
Global Package
Benefits arrangement that is applied globally, usually for expatriates hired directly from global corporate headquarters.
Delivery
HR Process HR Process Outsourcing Outsourcing Payroll & Benefits Payroll & Benefits Outsourcing Outsourcing HR Efficiency HR Efficiency & Effectiveness & Effectiveness
Benefits arrangement that is applied for PRC returnees (Chinese nationals who have more than 3 years of overseas work experience).
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Expatriate Cost Landscape
“Other Asian” Executives form other Asian economies
Hired Locally
China Hires Foreign nationals who were hired in China Returnees Chinese nationals with overseas working experience who have returned to work in China
Retention & Talent Retention & Talent Management Management Leadership Leadership & Management & Management Development Development Compensation & Compensation & Rewards Rewards Benefits & Benefits & Actuarial Actuarial
Data Source: Central Bank, China website
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Cash Analysis Key Findings
To protect the confidential and proprietary information included in this material, it may not be disclosed or provided to any third parties without the approval of Hewitt Associates LLC.
Falling Purchasing Power for USD Packages
Exchange Rate in 2007
8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 7
2007 Exchange Rate Jan. 7.81 Feb. 7.76 Mar. 7.75 Apr. 7.73 May 7.71 Jun. 7.61 Jul. 7.57 Aug. 7.56 Sep. 7.55 Oct. 7.51 Nov. 7.46 Dec. 7.38
Organizational Organizational Change Change Mergers & Mergers & Acquisitions Acquisitions
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Economic Outlook
To protect the confidential and proprietary information included in this material, it may not be disclosed or provided to any third parties without the approval of Hewitt Associates LLC.RegionaFra bibliotek Package
Benefits arrangement that is applied within AP (Asia Pacific) Region, usually for employees hired from a companies’ regional headquarters.
6.0%
2.0% 0.4% 0.0% 1999 2000 2001 2002 0.7%
1.8% 1.2%
1.3%
2003 GDP CPI
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Salary Increases
*Data sources: 1. National Bureau of Statistics, PRC 2. Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, PRC 3. Hewitt China Salary Increase Survey 1995-2007 4. 2007 GDP and CPI figures are data of full year
Agenda
2007 China Expatriate Trends
– Economic Outlook – Study Background – Expatriate Cost Landscape – Cash Trends & Key Findings – Benefits Trends & Key Findings
Hired Locally
China Hire Package
Benefits arrangement that is applied for China Hired Foreigners (Foreign citizens hired locally in China).
Returnee Package
% = Headcount by Category & Level / Total Expatriate Headcount in that Level
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Sr. Middle Sr. Professional Professional Management Management / Supervisor 6.4% 2.3% 7.0% 3.5% 5.2% 75.6% 8.2% 6.7% 4.6% 8.5% 30.1% 41.8% 14.0% 5.1% 7.0% 7.8% 19.1% 47.0% 24.1% 3.3% 5.5% 6.5% 17.1% 43.5% Top Executive 51.1% 3.7% 4.2% 5.3% 14.7% 21.1%
Looking Ahead 2008 Study Methodology, Process and Timeline Q&A
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ThinkFullSpectrum
Our China services encompass the entire spectrum of HR consulting and outsourcing Process Strategy
0.0%
Western HK/Singapore Taiwan Other Asian Returnee China Hire
Data Source: Hewitt 2007 Expatriate C&B Study
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Expatriate Distribution – By Level & Category
Danish Chamber of Commerce
May 2008
2008 Hewitt Expatriate, China Hire & Returnee Compensation and Benefits Study in China
To protect the confidential and proprietary information included in this material, it may not be disclosed or provided to any third parties without the approval of Hewitt Associates LLC.