Chapter 09. Core-Periphery Models
药物发现分析软件Schrodinger
药物发现分析软件Schrodinger Suites 2015-2+KNIME WorkflowsSchrodinger Suites 2015-2+KNIME Workflows Win/Mac/Linux⼩分⼦药物发现套件从QSAR到虚拟筛选结合亲和⼒的预测，综合⼩分⼦药物。
发现套件包含必要的fragment-，配体，以及基于结构的药物设计⽤于引导发现和优化的所有⼯具。
Biologics⽣物套件这种新的，易于使⽤的套件是从底层设计是所有的都在模拟⽣物，抗体和蛋⽩质的重要⼯具的第⼀个完整的集合。
材料科学套件这种创新的新套件提供了灵活和强⼤的⼯具，量⼦⼒学为基础的模拟化学系统，使系统的分析和优化，在特种化学品和材料科学应⽤。
信息发现套件作为新⼀代平台的协同药物设计允许多学科的团队，包括药物化学家，⽣物学家建模和IT专业⼈员，共享，查看和管理实时数据。
PyMOLPyMOL是⼀个开放源代码的基础⽤户发起的分⼦可视化系统。
通过购买订阅维护和/或⽀持，请⽀持这个开放的，有效的，和负担得起的软件开发。
-------------------------------------------Small-Molecule Drug Discovery Suite.From QSAR to virtual screening to binding affinity predictions, the comprehensive Small-Molecule Drug.Discovery Suite contains all the tools necessary for fragment-, ligand-, and structure-based drug design for lead discovery and optimization.Biologics SuitsThis new, easy-to-use suite is designed from the ground up to be the first complete collection of all the tools that are important in modeling biologics, antibodies, and proteins.Materials Science SuiteThis innovative new suite provides versatile and powerful tools for the quantum mechanics-based simulation of chemical systems, enabling the analysis and optimization of systems with applications in specialty chemicals and materials science. Discovery Informatics SuiteA next-generation platform for collaborative drug design allows multi-disciplinary teams, including medicinal chemists, biologists modelers, and IT professionals, to share, view, and manage data in real time.PyMOLPyMOL is a user-sponsored molecular visualization system on an open-source foundation. Please support development of this open, effective, and affordable software by purchasing a subscription to maintenance and/or support.。
《哈利波特与秘室》第11章《决斗俱乐部》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets《哈利波特与密室》Chapter ElevenThe Duelling Club第11章决斗俱乐部Harry woke up on Sunday morning to find the dormitory blazing with winter sunlight and his arm reboned but very stiff. He sat up quickly and l ooked over at Colin's bed, but it had been bl ocked from view by the high curtains Harry had changed behind yesterday. Seeing that he was awake, Madam Pomfrey came bustling over with a breakfast tray and then began bending and stretching his arm and fingers.星期天一早，哈利一睁眼，看见冬日的阳光照得宿舍里亮堂堂的。
他发现他的胳膊又长出了新骨头，但十分僵硬。
他猛地坐起身，朝科林的床上望去，可是哈利床前昨天新换上的长长的帘子，把科林的床完全遮住了。
庞弗雷女士看到哈利醒了，便端着早餐托盘，轻快地走过来，然后开始拉曲伸展他的胳膊和手指。
‘A ll in ord er,’ she said, as he clumsily fed himself porridge l eft-hand ed. ‘When you've finished eating, you may l eave.’“长得不错，”她说，这时哈利正笨拙地用左手拿勺喝粥，“你吃完就可以走了。
”Harry dressed as quickly as he could and hurried off to Gryffind or Tower, d esperate to tell Ron and Hermione about Colin and Dobby, but they weren't there. Harry l eft to look for them, wond ering where they could have got to and feeling slightly hurt that they weren’t interested in whether he had his bones back or not.哈利尽可能麻利地穿上衣服，匆匆赶向格兰芬多塔楼，巴不得赶紧跟罗恩和赫敏说说科林和多比的情况，可是他们不在那儿。
《国际贸易》芬斯特拉版人大版练习题答案01
S-3
S-4 Solutions ■ Chapter 1 Trade in the Global Economy
c. What is the total amount of trade (in either direction) between Europe and North America? Add that to the total trade within Europe, and calculate the percentage of this to the world total. Answer: $(369 ϩ 475) ϭ $844 billion. Adding that to intra-European trade, we obtain 35. 2% of the world total.
f. What is the total value of exports from Asia, and what percentage is this of the world total? Answer: $4,353 billion, which is 27. 7% of the world total
h. What is the total value of exports from Africa, and what percentage is this of the world total? Answer: $298 billion, which is 3. 5% of the world total
Answer: $4,695 billion, which is 29. 9% of the world total
1 The trade statistics are at http://www. wto. org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2009_e/its09_world_trade_dev_e. htm.
【课件】2024高考新课标I卷七选五说题说题课件-2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
•G. Dictionaries don't always give you enough information.
Not all great writers are great spellers. If you want to be published, it's vital to submit a perfect, professionally presented manuscript (原稿). _F___36____ No editor is likely to tolerate a writer who does not take the trouble to spell words correctly.
Analysis of The Gap-Filling in 2024 NEMT
2024新课标I卷七选五说题
高二英语组
浙江省杭州市七彩阳光新高考研究联盟2024-2025学年高三上学期开学英语试题(word版含解析)
绝密★考试结束前2024学年第一学期浙江省七彩阳光新高考研究联盟返校联考高三英语试题考生须知：1．本试题卷共8页，满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
2．答题前，在答题卷指定区域填写班级、姓名、考场号、座位号及准考证号。
3．所有答案必须写在答题卷上，写在试卷上无效。
4．考试结束后，只需上交答题卷。
第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1．What’s probably the woman’s job?A．A hotel receptionist. B．A librarian. C．A customs officer.2．Why does the woman make the call?A．To make an application. B．To give information. C．To answer a question.3．How does Linda feel?A．Confused. B．Surprised. C．Shocked.4．What makes Jim hurry?A．Attending a lecture. B．Doing business. C．Meeting assistants.5．Which does the man prefer?A．Beef stew. B．Fried eggs. C．Fish soup.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
英汉人文地理词汇
A阿朗索模型Alonso model阿罗定理Arrow’s theoremB保护conservation备选格网分析repertory grid analysis背景理论contextual theory背景效应contextual effect本体论ontology比较成本分析comparative cost analysis 比较优势comparative advantage边疆frontier边疆理论frontier thesis边界boundary边缘带fringe belt辩证法dialectic变动成分components of change变量转换transformation of variables 波斯坦论题Postan thesis博塞洛普论点Boserup thesis博弈论game theory伯克利学派Berkeley School不公平分配选区malapportionment不公正的选区划分gerrymandering不均衡发展uneven development不确定性uncertainty布赖纳争议Brenner debateC财政危机fiscal crisis财政转移fiscal migration参与观察participant observation残差residual测度measurement测量measurement ; survey产业组织industrial organization场所place ；locale超空间hyperspace超前——滞后模型lead-lag models成本结构cost structrue成本面cost surface成本曲线cost curve成本收益分析cost-benefit analysis城市urban ; city城市企业家化urban entrepreneurialism城市村庄urban village城市的职能分类functional classification of cities 城市地理学urban geography城市更新urban renewal城市管理者与守护者urban managers and gatekeepers 城市规模分布city-size distribution城市化urbanization城市集居区barrio城市景观townscape城市起源urban origins城市群conurbation城市社会运动urban social movement城市生活方式urbanism城市生态学urban ecology城市首位律primate city , law of the城市特殊人口聚居区ghetto城市体系urban system城市与区域规划urban and regional planning城乡边缘带rural- urban fringe城乡过渡带rural- urban fringe城乡连续谱rural- urban continum城镇town乘数multipliers承载力carrying capacity尺度scale冲突conflict重组restructuring抽象化abstraction抽样sampling初始工业化protoindustrialization出口加工区export platform出行travel传播diffusion创新innovation粗放农业extensive agriculture村庄village存在主义existentialismD达尔文主义Darwinism大都市带megalopolis大都市劳动力区metropolitan labour area (MLA) 大理论Grand Theory大陆架continental shelf带状发展ribbon development代表权representation等费线isodapane等级规模法则rank-size rule等值线isarithms ; isolines ; isopleths抵抗态度NIMBY帝国主义imperialism蒂伯特模型Tiebout model蒂森多边形Thiessen polygon第二住宅second home第三世界Third Word地带zone地点locale地方place地方感sence of place地方效用place utility地方政府local state地方主义regionalism地理信息系统geographical information systems (GIS) 地理学geography地理学和分析马克思主义analytical Maxism , geography地理学会geographical societies地理学史geography , history of地理学与公正justice , geography and地理学与伦理ethics , geography and地理学想象力geographical imagination地理战略区域geostrategic regions地理政治变迁geopolitical transition地理政治学geopolitics地理知识论geosophy地名place-names地盘政治turf-politics地图影像与地图map image and map地图学cartography地图学史cartography , history of地形图topographic map地形转换transformation地域territory地域单元问题areal unit problem地域分异areal differentiation地域社会指标territorial social indicator地域性（体）locality地缘政治学geopolitik地租rent地租缺口rent gap调查surveying ; survey调查分析survey analysis定量方法quantitative methods定期集市体系periodic market systems定性方法qualitative methods东方主义orientalism都市区metropolitan area读图map reading杜能模型von ThÜnen model对数--线性模型log—linear modelling多层次模型multilevel modelling多国公司multinational corporation(MNC) 多核心模型multiple nuclei model多米诺理论domino theory多维标度multidimensional scaling(MDS) 多元社会plural society多元文化主义multiculturalism多元论pluralismE二项分布binomial distribution二元经济dual economyF发达development发展development发展方式mode of development发展极growth pole发展论developmentalism法兰克福学派Frankfurt School法律地理学law , geography of法则law反工业化deindustrialization反馈feadback反事实解释法couterfacture explanation反推法retrogressive approach反证法retroduction范式paradigm范围经济economies of scope犯罪地理学crime , geography of方差分析analysis of variance (ANOV A)方法论个人主义methodological individualism方言dialect方域地理学chorography方志学chorology仿真simulation非参数统计学non-parametric statistics非法占用squatting非法占用者居住区squatter settlement非汇总交通需求模型disaggegate travel demand modelling非均衡发展uneven development非正式部门informal sector菲利普斯曲线Phillips curve分岔bifurcation分成制sharecropping分割cleavage分割的劳动市场segmented labour market分级统计图choropleth map分类区间class interval分类与规划classification and regionalization 分配方式mode of distribution分配者gatekeepers分区模型zonal model分区制zoning分权devolution封建制度feudalism封建主义feudalism风险risk福利地理学welfare geography福利国家welfare state福特制Fordism福特主义Fordism福祉well-being符号学semiology (semiotics)符号互动论symbolic interactionism符号化symbolization服务阶级service class服务业地理学service , geography of辅助数据分析secondary data analysis抚养比dependency ratio腹地hinterland负担系数dependency ratioG概率地图probability map感应perception隔离segregation隔离指数indices of segregation耕作cultivation耕作类型farming , type of耕作业farming更替率replacement rates更新renewal工具主义instrumentalism工业地理学industrial geography工业革命industrial revolution工业惯性industrial inertia工业化industrialization工业区位论industrial location theory工业区位政策industrial location policy功能主义functionalism供给曲线supply curve公共财政地理学public finance , geography of公共地的悲剧tragedy of the commons公共服务业地理学public services , geography of公共管理地理学public administration , geography of 公共物品public goods公共选择理论public choice theory公共政策地理学public policy , geography of公民权citizenship公正justice共产主义communism共同市场common market共线性collinearity共享资源common pool resources关联性relevance关税tariff观念类型ideal types管制学派regulation school光谱分析spectral analysis规范理论normative theory规划planning规模scale规模经济economics of scale国家state国家二元论dual theory of the state国家公园national parks国家机器state apparatus国民生产总值gross national product (GNP) 国内生产总值gross domestic product (GDP) 过程process过度城市化overurbanization过滤filteringH海洋法law of sea旱作农业dry farming核心—边缘模式core-periphery model核心区域core area合成理论compositional theory合作社cooperative合作主义corporatism黑色经济black economy红线歧视redlining宏观地理学macrogeography后福特主义post-Fordism后工业城市post-industrial city后工业社会post-industrial society后结构主义poststucturalism后马克思主义post-Maxism后现代主义postmodernism后殖民主义postcolonialism厚描thick description互补性complementarity花园城市garden city划分fragmentation划区算法districting algorithm话语discourse环境environment环境感知environmental perception环境决定论environmental determinism ; environmentalism 环境论environmentalism环境审核environmental audit环境影响评价environmental impact assessment环境运动environmental movement环境灾害environmental hazard环境主义environmentalism荒漠化desertification荒野wilderness回归regression会展地理学spectacle , geography of汇总交通模型aggregate travel model混沌chaos混沌概念chaotic conception混合经济mixed economy混合农业mixed farming活动分配模型activity allocation model活动空间activity space霍特林模型Hotelling model或然论probabilism货币地理学money , geography ofJ激进地理学radical geography积极的歧视positive discrimination积累accumulation积累制度regime of accumulation基本供给品merit good基布兹（以色列集体农庄）kibbutz基础设施infrastructure机会成本opportunity cost饥荒famines集合城市conurbation集聚体agglomeration集体collective集体消费collective consumption集约农业intensive agriculture集中化centralization集中化和中心化concentration and centralization 即时生产just-in-time计量革命quantitative revolution计算机辅助制图computer-assisted cartography寄居工人gastarbeitev家庭重构family reconstitution家庭类型family types假说hypothesis价格政策pricing policies价值观values兼职农业part-time farming监测surveillance监督surveillance阶层class阶级class健康与保健地理学health and health care , geography of 交换reciprocity交通travel交通地理学transport geography交易分析transactional analysis郊区suburb校准calibration教育education教育地理学education , geography of街区级变blockbusting结构功能主义structural functionalism结构化理论structraction theory结构马克思主义structural Maxism结构主义structuralism结婚率nuptiality解除管制deregulation解构主义deconstruction解释学hermeneutics进化论Darwinism经济地理学economic geography经济基础infrastructure经济基础理论economic base theory经济人economic man经济一体化形式form of economic integration 经验主义empiricism景观landscape ; landschaft竞争方式genre de vie竞租曲线bid-rent curve敬地情结geopiety救济区zone of depedence聚落settlement聚落连续性settlement continuity距离摩擦friction of distance距离衰减distance decay决策decision-making决定论determinism均衡equilibriumK卡方检验chi square开发development开拓地frontier康德拉季耶夫周期Kondratieff cycles康德主义Kantianism康乐recreation科学园science park可变成本分析variable cost analysis可变收益分析variable revenue analysis可持续发展sustainable development可能论possibilism可修正地域单元问题modifiable areal unit problem 可转移性transferability克里斯塔勒模型Christaller model客籍工人gastarbeitev空间space空间边际spatial margin空间不均衡inequality , spatial空间崇拜spatial fetishism空间费用曲线space cost curve空间分离论spatial separatism空间分析spatial analysis空间结构spatial structure空间经济学space-economy空间科学spatial science空间垄断spatial monopoly空间偏好spatial preference空间的生产production of space空间收益曲线space revenue curve空间相互作用spatial interaction空间性spatiality空间自相关spatial autocorrelation跨国公司transnational corporation扩散diffusionL拉马克主义Lamarck(ian)ism劳动labour劳动分工division on labour劳动过程labour process劳动价值论labour theory of value劳动力市场labour market劳里模型Lowry model勒普拉社会Le Play Society类型数据分析categorical data analysis离散选择模型discrete choice modelling离心力和向心力centrifugal and centripetal forces 理论theory理性选择理论rational choice theory利润面profit surface例外主义exceptionalism历史地理学historical geography历史唯物主义historic materialism联邦制federalism联合主义consociationalism联盟alliance联系linkages连锁linkages连通度connectivity连续占据sequent occupance链式迁移chain migration恋地情结topophilia邻里neighbourhood邻里单元neighbourhood unit邻里效应neighbourhood effect零售业地理学retailing , geography of领地territory领海territorial sea领土territory领土性territoryiality“陆军中尉”研究subaltern studies旅游地理学tourism , geography of绿带green belt绿色革命green revolution逻辑斯蒂模型logit逻辑实证主义logical positivismM马尔可夫过程（或马尔可夫链）Markov processes (or Markov chains ) 马尔萨斯模型Malthusuan model马克思主义地理学Maxist geography马克思主义经济学Maxist economics满意化行为satisfying behaviour蔓延sprawl贸易trade贸易比价terms of trade门户城市gateway city密度梯度density gradient面surface面谈interviewing苗床地区seed bed location民族nation民族方法学ethnomethodology民族国家nation-state民族统一主义irredentism民族性ethnicity民族志ethnography民族主义nationalism模拟simulation模式model模型modelN南--北North-South男性中心主义phallocentrism难民refugees内城inner city内飞地exclave内涵式研究intensive research内在关系internal relations能量energy能源energy逆城市化counterurbanization 逆向法retroduction逆中心化decentralization年鉴学派Annales School年龄与性别结构age and sex structure 农场划分farm fragmentation 农民peasant农田系统field system农业agriculture农业地理学agriculture geography 农业革命agriculture revolution 农业退化agriculture involution 农业综合企业agribusiness奴隶制度slavery女权主义地理学家feminist geographies P帕累托最优Pareto optimality配置allocation批判理性主义critical rationalism皮雷纳命题Pirenne thesis毗连区contiguous zone偏离—份额模型shift-share model贫困poverty贫困的循环cycle of poverty贫民窟slum贫民区slum平等equality平衡邻里balanced neighourhood 平均信息场mean information field 频率分布frequency distribution频数分布frequency distribution剖面cross-sectionQ歧视discrimination企业区enterprise zone迁徙耕种shifting cultivation迁移migration前工业城市preindustrial city欠发达underdevelopment欠消费underconsumption侵入和演替invasion and succession 囚徒困境prisoner’s dilemma区段section区划regionalization区际人口统计population accounts区位布局模型location-allocation model 区位分析location analysis区位理论location theory区位三角形locational triangle区位商location quotient区位相互依赖locational interdependence区域region区域地理学regional geography ; chorology ; chorography 区域公正territorial justice区域阶级联盟regional science区域经济周期regional cycles区域科学regional science区域联盟regional alliance区域趋同regional convergence ; convergence , regional 区域政策regional policy曲面surface趋势面分析trend surface analysis圈地enclosure权力power全球变暖(与温室效应) global warming (and greenhouse effect )全球未来global futures群落communityR人本主义地理学humanistic geography人口变动模型commodity人口地理学commercial geography人口过剩overpopulation人口金字塔population pyramid人口零增长zero population growth (ZPG )人口密度population density人口普查census人口普查区census tract人口潜力population potential人口预测population projection人类地理学anthropogeography人类能动性human agency人类生态学human ecology人类生态学方法错误ecological fallacy人类主观性subjectivity , human , human subjectivity 人类作用human agency人为灾害hazard , human-made人文地理学human geography人种学ethnography认识论epistemology日常城市体系daily urban system瑞利法则Reilly’s lawS扇形模型sectoral model商品commodity商业地理学commercial geography熵entropy熵最大化模型entropy-maximizing models上层建筑superstructure舍贝里模型Sjoberg model社会society社会达尔文主义social Darwinism社会地理学social geography社会反常状态anomie社会福祉social well-being社会公正social justice社会距离social distance社会空间social space社会理论social theory社会区分析social area analysis社会网络social network社会物理学social physics社会形态social formation社会运动social movement社会再生产social reproduction社会指标social indicator社会主义socialism社区community社团societies绅士化gentrification神圣空间与世俗空间sacred and profane space生产production生产地域综合体territorial production complex (TPC) 生产方式mode of production生产力forces of production ; productive forces 生产率productivity生产要素factors of production生产者服务业production services生产综合体production complex生存空间lebensraum生活世界lifeworld生活质量quality of life生命表life table生命周期life-cycle生态系统ecosystem生态学ecosystem生育率fertility实用主义pragmatism实在论realism实证主义positivism识别问题的要领problematic时间地理学time-geography时空会聚time-space convergence时空趋同time-space convergence时空压缩time-space compression时空延展time-space distanciation时空预测模型space-time forecasting model 市场market市场交换market exchange市场潜能模型market potential model市场区分析market area analysis市场指向market orientation市民身份citizenship世界城市world city世界系统分析world-system analysis适度人口optimum population收益revenue收益面revenue surface守护者gatekeepers数据分析data analysis数据库database数量革命quantitative revolution数字化digitizing水利社会hydraulic society私人和公共领域private and public spheres私有化privatization死亡率mortality搜索行为search behaviour酸雨acid rain随机过程stochastic processT泰勒主义Taylorism弹性积累flexible accumulation探索数据分析exploratory data analysis 探险exploration特大城市区megalopolis特殊性idiographic体育地理学sport , geography of天然地区nature调整restructuring通达性accessibility通勤commuting通则性nomothetic同化assimilation同批人cohort统计地图cartogram统计学statistics投入—产出input-output投影projection投资investment投资层次layers of investment突变论catastrophe theory图解法iconography图论graph theory图形能力graphicacy土地改革land reform土地利用调查land use survey土地占有land tenure推动主义boosterism推理inference退出、抱怨和信任exit , voice and loyalty脱离secessionW外部经济external economies外部性externalities外飞地enclave外界externalities外延式研究extensive research网络network微观模拟microsimulation危机crisis韦伯模型Weber model围地enclosure唯心主义idealism维护preservation维也纳学派；维也纳小组Vienna Circle (Wiener Kreis) 温室效应greenhouse effect文本text文化culture文化霸权hegemony , effect文化地理学cultural geography文化景观culture landscape文化区culture area文化生态学culture ecology文化政治学culture politics文化资本culture capital文化核心culture heart文明社会civil society稳定人口stable population问卷questionnaire问题的构成problematic污染pollution无差异曲线indifference curve无地方性placelessness无家可归homelessness无序资本主义disorganize capitalism无政府主义anarchismX习性habitus系统system系统分析system analysis下层阶级underclass下等街区skid row显示偏好分析revealed preference analysis 显著性检验significance text现代化modernization现代性modernity现代主义modernism现象环境phenomenal environment现象学phenomenology线性规划linear programming相关correlation相互依赖interdepedence相互作用interaction乡村rural乡村地理学rural geography乡村规划rural planning乡村社区rural community想当然的世界taken-for-granted world消费地理学consumption, geography of消费者服务业consumer service小农peasent效率effciency效用utility效用理论utility theory心脏地带heartland新城new town新古典经济学neoclassical economics新国际劳动分工new international division of labour (NIDL) 新李嘉图经济学neo-Ricardian economics新殖民主义neocolonialism信息城市information city信息论information theory形态morphology形态测量morphometry形态发生morphogenesis形态学morphology行为空间action space行为behaviour行为地理学behavioural geography行为环境behavioural environment性别与地理学gender and geography性与地理学sexuality and geography性质nature休闲recreation休闲地理学leisure, geography of修辞学rhetoric需求曲线demand curve畜牧pastozalism选举地理学electoral geography学会societies雪带snowbelt循环recyclingY亚细亚生产方式Asiatic model of production 演替succession验证数据分析confirmatory data analysis 阳光带/雪带sunbelt/snowbelt样方quadrat(e)遥感remote sensing野外性wilderness野外工作fieldwork依附dependence依附带zone of dependence一般线性模型general linear model一般系统论general systems theory一体化integration医学地理学medical geography遗产制度inheritance system移动mobility移居diaspora移民劳动力migrant labour意境地图mental map意识形态ideology异化alienation因子分析factor analysis因子复合体compage因子生态学factorical ecology应用地理学applied geography游牧transhumance游牧生活nomadism有序资本主义organize capitalism友邻效应friend-and-neibours effect语言language语言与方言地理学language and dialect, geography 语义（学）差别semantic difference预测forecasting预测寿命life expectancy预算estimate预言predicition原料指向material orientation援助aid运费率freight rate运输成本transport cost运输方式划分modal spilt运输问题transportation problemZ再分配redistribution暂时城市化temporary urbanization增长growth增长的极限limits to growth增长极growth pole增长阶段stages of growth占据occupancy整体论holism正态分布normal distribution证伪falsification政治地理学political geography政治经济学political economy芝加哥学派Chicago School殖民主义colonialism指令经济command economy治安地理学policing , geography of滞后hysteresis中间机会intervening opportunities中心地理论central place theory中心化centralization中心商务区central business district (CBD)中心图学centrography中央计划central planning种植园plantation种族race种族隔离apartheid种族中心主义ethnocentrism种族主义racism重力模型gravity model重商主义模式mercantile model主成分分析principal components analysis (PCA) 主导产品staple主导产品理论staples theory主权sovereignty住房阶层housing class住房研究housing studies专家系统expert systems专题地图thematic map追溯法retrospective approach资本capital资本循环circuit of capital资本主义capitalism资源resource资源管理研究resource management资源管理部门resource management资源评价resource evaluation自发聚落spontaneous settlement自给农业subsistence agriculture自决权self-determination自然nature自然区natural area自然主义naturalism自然资源natural resource自相关autocorrelation自由布局型工业footloose industry自由港free port自由贸易区free trade area宗教地理学religion , geography of纵向课题vertical theme纵向数据分析longitudinal analysis租金rent最佳城市规模optimum city size最近相邻分析nearest neighbour analysis 最小最大化准则maximum criterion最优化模型optimization model。
The economics of European integration
The Economics of European IntegrationProfessor Richard E. BaldwinGraduate Institute of International Studies, GenevaThis course is designed for students with a good background in general microeconomics and some knowledge of international trade theory and policy analysis. The course is based on lectures and in-class presentations of assigned problems or of assigned articles by small groups of students.TextbookBaldwin & Wyplosz, partial manuscript "The economics of European integration." Available on http://www.unige.ch/~baldwin/papers/BW/bw.htmGeneral Textbooks on European Economic Integrationo Wallace, H and Wallace, W. (1996) Policy-making in the European Union, Oxford.Excellent treatment of history, politics and institutions.o Artis, M. and Lee (1995) The economics of the European Union, Oxford.This is the best selling text in Europe.o Nicoll, William, and Trevor Salmon (1994) Understanding the New European Community, Harvester-Wheatsheaf.Chapters 1-3 has a good political economy of early development of EU (includingthe global context) with inclusion of some security issues.o Molle, Willem,(1990) The Economics of European integration: Theory, Practice and Policy, Dartmouth.treatment of CU and FTA, and Common Market (factorgraphicallyGoodmobility) under perfect competition. Not much new stuff on increasing returns,growth effects, etc. Not much on EC92.o Edward Nevin, The Economics of Europe, Macmillan, 1990.This is probably the best textbook for introductory level treatment of the issueswith words and diagrams.o El-Agraa, A.M. (1994) The Economics of the European Community,Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 4th Edition.This has a fairly complete treatment of all effects, but the reasoning is a quite loose. Websites:- Good and succinct descriptions of EU institutions (and much more) can be found on the European Parliament’s website: http://www.europarl.eu.int/factsheets/default_en.htm - The Commission’s website is less well organized (it is organized by bureaucratic departments, but since the task-allocation is partly political, the organization can seem ad hoc), but has a lot of very up-to-date information on various programmes. The best way to find things is to use , typing in the subject (e.g. competition policy) and “European Commission” in quotes.- Leiden University History Dept maintains a good site on EU history in its broadest sense.The index also contains many links to European institutions, etc. Many originaldocuments can be download (e.g. the Treaty of Rome) by following the links.http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/rtg/res1/index.htm-Ground rules on the readings:o Specific readings are listed for each lecture.o "+ Readings": Articles and chapters marked with a "+" summarise the fundamental concepts using little or no mathematics. Given the diversity of students, all students should at least skim the material and those that have not had a good, advanced undergraduate course in trade should study the material closely.o "* Readings": Those marked with a "*" are required.o Other readings are optional.Microeconomics of European IntegrationHistorySession 1.* Baldwin and Wyplosz, Chapter 1No Imperfect Competition, No Increasing Returns (NICNIR)Session 2.A Framework for Policy Analysis* Baldwin and Venables (1995) "Regional Economic Integration", in Handbook of International Economics: Vol. III, North-Holland, section 1.2* Baldwin Teaching Handout "An Organising Framework."Diagrammatic and Algebraic Analysis: Basic ideas and Viner's AmbiguityFrom algebraic decomposition to diagram analysis, MFN diagramTypes of barriersUnilateral PTA, tariffs+ Chapter 3.1 Baldwin-Wyplosz manuscript* Baldwin and Venables pp 1602-1605Session 3.General Theorems: Meade-Kemp-Wan-Ohyama, Dixit&Norman*Baldwin Teaching HandoutEmpirical evidence* Sapir "Domino Effects in Western European Trade, 1960-92", European Journal of Political Economy.* "Trade creation and trade diversion" Allen, Gasiorek & Smith (1996), in The Single Market Review Series.* pp. 60-69, Neal and Barbazat (1998) The Economics of the European Union and the Economies of Europe, Oxford University Press.Session 4.Political Economy of Frictional BarriersIn-class Group presentations on:FTA with TariffsFTA with Frictional BarriersHub & spoke arrangementsImperfect Competition and Increasing Returns (ICIR), TheorySession 5.,Session 6.Integration as Reduced Trade Barriers: Market fragmentation and the pro-competitive effect* Teaching handout, "The pro-competitive effects of trade liberalisation"* Baldwin and Venables pp 1605-1614In-class problem presentations by groupSession 7.,Session 8.Integration as Market Integration* Teaching handout, "The pro-competitive effects of market integration"Restructuring and Scale Effects+ Chapter 3.2 Baldwin-WyploszIn-class problem presentations by groupOther Readings:Supplementary reading (optional): Venables (1990) "The economic integration of oligopolistic markets," EER, 34, 753-773.Smith and Venables (1988) "Completing the Internal Market in the European Community: Some industry simulations," EER, 32, 1501-1525.Haaland-Wooton (1992) in European integration: Trade and industry, A. Winters (ed) Cambridge University Press.Session 9.,In-class problem set presentations by group (Problems handed out previous session) Imperfect Competition and Increasing Returns (ICIR), Emprics Session 10.,* Head and Meyer, "Non-Europe: The Magnitude and Causes of Market Fragmentation in the EU" January 19, 2000, Forthcoming in Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv* Allen, Gasiorek & Smith "The competition effect of the Single Market in Europe," Economic Policy, October 1998.*pp.75-91 "The Single Market Review: Background information for the report to the Council and European Parliament", 1996, European Commission, SEC (96) 2378.Growth effects, theorySession 11.Neo-classical approach* Baldwin, "Growth Effects of 1992," Economic Policy, 9, pp 247-282, 1989.+ Baldwin and Wyplosz, Chapter 3.3In-class problem presentations by groupSession 12.Session 13.Endogenous growth approach* Baldwin and Forslid, "Trade Liberalisation and Endogenous Growth: A q-Theory Approach,", Journal of International Economics, vol. 50, No. 2, pp 497-517, 2000.+ pp 13-18, Baldwin and Wyplosz, Chapter 3.3In-class problemsGrowth effects, Empirics* Henrekson, Torstensson and Torstensson, 1997, EER.Location Effects: TheorySession 14.Session 15.Core-Periphery model, Krugman version* Baldwin, Forsild, Martin, Ottaviano and Robert-Nicoud (2000) "The Core-Periphery Model: Key Features and Effects" manuscript.In-class problem presentations by groupOptional supplementary reading:Neary (2000) "Of Hype and Hyperbolas: Introducing the New Economic Geography", forthcoming Journal of Economic Literature.Chapter 5, Fujitita, Krugman and Venables, The spatial economy, MIT Press, 2000.Session 16.Core-Periphery model, Venables version* Chapter 14, Fujitita, Krugman and Venables, The spatial economy, MIT Press, 2000. (Just read the first part to get an idea of what is different).Location and customs union formation* Puga & Venables (1997), Preferential trading arrangements and industrial location', Journal of International Economics, 43, 347-368.Optional supplementary reading:Venables (1996) 'Equilibrium locations of vertically linked industries', International Economic Review, 37, (1996), 341-359Location Effects: PolicySession 17.EU Cohesion and Structural Funds* David Allen (1996), "Cohesion and Structural Adjustment," Chap 8, in Wallace and Wallace. Philippe Martin (1999), " Are European Regional Policies Delivering?" EIB Papers, Volume 4 No 2, 1999.Recent developments* Reading from the web, to be assignedLocation Effects: EmpiricsSession 18.In-class presentations of (to be divided among the groups)*"The location of European industry", K.H. Midelfart-Knarvik, H.G. Overman, S.J. Redding, and Venables (2000). Report (written for the Directorate General, Economic and Financial Affairs, European Commission)Political Economy of European Integration: Domino Theory, etc. Session 19.* Sapir (1998), "The political economy of EC regionalism", Eur. Economic Review Vol. 42 (3-5) pp. 717-732.* Baldwin (1997), "The causes of regionalism," The World Economy, Vol. 20, No, 7, pp 865-888. EU Reforms: The ConventionSession 20.*Monitoring European Integration 12, CEPR, 2003.。
芬斯特拉《国际贸易》课后习题答案第1章
to End-of-Chapter Questions1.Figures 1-2 and 1-7 rely on data from the year 2006, and Figure 1-6 relies on datafrom 2005, to map worldwide trade, migration, and foreign direct investment. Up-dated data for migration and foreign direct investment were not available at the time of writing this chapter, but are available for worldwide trade. In this question you are asked to update the numbers for world trade shown in Table 1-1.a.Go to the W orld Trade Organization website at and look for theirtrade data under “Resources” and “Statistics.”1Look for the most recent edition oftheir International T rade Statistics publication, then go to “Trade by Region” and findthe Excel spreadsheet with “Intra- and Inter-regional Merchandise Trade.” Print outthis table. If you cannot find the website or spreadsheet, use the 2005 table for “In-tra- and Inter-regional Merchandise Trade,” which is printed below:b.From this table, what is the total amount of trade within Europe? What percent-age is this of total world trade?Answer: $4,695 billion, which is 29.9% of the world total1The trade statistics are at /english/res_e/statis_e/its2009_e/its09_world_trade_dev_e.htm.S-4Solutions ■Chapter 1 Trade in the Global Economyc.What is the total amount of trade (in either direction) between Europe andNorth America? Add that to the total trade within Europe, and calculate the per-centage of this to the world total.Answer: $(369ϩ 475)ϭ $844 billion. Adding that to intra-European trade, weobtain 35.2% of the world total.d.What is the total amount of trade within the Americas (i.e., between NorthAmerica, Central America, South America, and within each of these regions)?What percentage is this of total world trade?Answer: $(1,015 + 165 + 169 + 159) = $1,508 billion, or 9.6% of the worldtotale.What is the total value of exports from Europe and the Americas and what per-centage is this of the world total?Answer: $(2,036 + 600 + 6,447) = $8,983 billion, or 57.8% of the world totalf.What is the total value of exports from Asia, and what percentage is this of theworld total?Answer: $4,353 billion, which is 27.7% of the world totalg.What is the total value of exports from the Middle East and the Commonwealthof Independent States2and what percentage is this of the world total?Answer: $(1,021ϩ 703)ϭ $1,724 billion, which is 11% of the world totalh.What is the total value of exports from Africa, and what percentage is this of theworld total?Answer: $298 billion, which is 3.5% of the world totali.How do your answers to (b) through (h) compare with the shares of worldwidetrade shown in Table 1-1?Answer: The shares computed in (b) through (h) are quite similar to Table 1.1.Both are within one percentage point of Table 1-1.2.The quotation from Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke at the beginning ofthe chapter is from a speech that he presented in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on August25, 2006, entitled “Global Economic I ntegration: What’s New and What’s Not?”The full transcript of the speech is available at http://www//newsevents/speech/bernanke20060825a.htm. Read this speech and answer the fol-lowing questions:a.List three ways in which international trade today is not that different from thetrade that occurred before W orld W ar I.Answer:i)Physical distance is the same.ii)New transportation methods allow for more trade.iii)Governments foster open trade, as well as financial flows.iv)Some groups are opposed to free trade.v)The range of goods that are tradable has broadened.b.List three ways in which international trade today does differ from the trade thatoccurred before W orld W ar I.Answer:i)Intra-industry trade has increased.2The Commonwealth of Independent States consists of: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, T urkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine.Solutions ■Chapter 1 Trade in the Global Economy S-5ii)Information and communication technologies permit trade in services.iii)Scale and pace of growth in trade is faster.iv)Core-periphery pattern is no longer relevant.v)Fragmentation of production processes has occurred.vi)Capital markets are more mature, and gross flows are larger.。
刺杀小说家英语作文摘抄
In the realm of literature,the concept of a fictional assassination is a fascinating and complex theme that has been explored in various forms.Here are some excerpts from English essays that delve into the intricacies of this subject:1.The Power of Words:In the world of fiction,a writer wields the power to create and destroy.The act of assassinating a character is a demonstration of this power,often serving as a pivotal moment in the narrative that can reshape the entire story.2.Moral Dilemmas in Storytelling:Assassinating a character in a novel is not merely a plot device it is a moral decision that the author must grapple with.It raises questions about the ethics of storytelling and the responsibility of the writer towards their creations.3.The Impact on the Reader:When a beloved character is assassinated in a novel,it can elicit strong emotional responses from the reader.This emotional connection is a testament to the power of storytelling and the deep bonds that readers form with fictional characters.4.Symbolism and Metaphor:The act of assassination in fiction often carries symbolic weight.It can represent the end of an era,the triumph of evil over good,or the inevitable consequences of certain actions.It serves as a metaphor for larger themes within the story.5.The Role of Foreshadowing:Skillful writers use foreshadowing to prepare the reader for the eventual assassination of a character.This technique can heighten the tension and anticipation,making the moment of the assassination all the more impactful.6.The Aftermath of Assassination:The death of a character is not the end of their story. The aftermath of an assassination can be just as significant as the event itself.It can lead to character growth,plot twists,and a deeper exploration of the storys themes.7.The Assassin as a Character:In some narratives,the assassin is a character in their own right.Their motivations,backstory,and moral compass add another layer of complexity to the story,inviting the reader to question the nature of justice and the blurred lines between right and wrong.8.Cultural and Historical Context:Assassination in literature can also reflect cultural and historical contexts.It can be a commentary on political assassinations,a critique of power structures,or an exploration of the human capacity for violence.9.The Unpredictability of Life:The unpredictability of life is mirrored in the unpredictability of fiction.An assassination can serve as a reminder that life is fragile andthat the threads of our existence can be severed at any moment.10.The Rebirth of a Story:In some cases,the assassination of a character can lead to the rebirth of a story.It can open up new narrative paths,introduce new characters,and provide a fresh perspective on the world the author has created.These excerpts highlight the multifaceted nature of character assassination in literature, touching on themes of power,morality,emotional impact,and narrative structure.They provide a glimpse into the rich tapestry of storytelling and the profound effects that such a dramatic event can have on a work of fiction.。
最新语言学重点总结
精品文档Chapter 6Cognition is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.There exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptual approach.The Formal approach basically addresses the structural patterns exhibited by the overt aspect of linguistic forms, largely abstracted away from or regarded as autonomous from any associated meaning.The Psychological approach looks at language from the perspective of relatively general cognitive systems ranging from perception, memory, and attention to reasoning.The conceptual approach is concerned with the patterns in which and the processes by which conceptual content is organized in language.Structure will be used to refer both to patterns and to process, the conceptual approach can more simply be said to address how language structures conceptual content.Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activities associated with the use of language.Six aspects of research within psycholinguistics: ①Acquisition ②Comprehension ③Production ④Disorders ⑤Language and thought ⑥Neurocognition Language acquisition: ①Holophrastic stage ②Two-word stage ③Stage ofthree-word utterances ④Fluent grammatical conversation stageConnectionism in psycholinguistics claims that readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate pronunciations of written words like tove and to access the pronunciations of familiar words like stove, or words that are exceptions to these patterns, like love.Language comprehension: ①word recognition ②comprehension of sentences③comprehension of textCohort model: the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input.Interactive model holds that higher processing levels have a direct, “top-down”influence on lower levels.The race model does not agree “top-down”effects, it has two routes that race each other----a pre-lexical route, which computes phonological information from the acoustic signal, and a lexical route, in which the phonological information associated with a word becomes available when the word itself is accessed.Serial models propose that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language's grammar with remarkable speed. Parallel models emphasize that the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range of information, including grammatical, lexical and contextual, as well as knowledge of the speaker/writer and of the world in general.In resonance model, information in long-term memory is automatically activated bythe presence of material that apparently bears a rough semantic relation to it. Language production: ①Access to words ②Generation of sentences ③Written精品文档．精品文档language productionFunctional planning process assigns grammatical functions such as subject, verb or direct object.Positional encoding uses the retrieved lexicon-grammar units and the functions they have been assigned to generate syntactic structures that capture the dependencies among constituents and their order.Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point,figure-ground segregation etc.Construal operations are the underlying psychological processed and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.①Attention/Salience ②Judgment/Comparison ③Perspective/Situatedness Trajector refers to a dynamic figure and landmark to the ground of a moving figure. Deixis involves linguistic forms that point at something from the speech situation. Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.There are three levels in categories: ①the basic level ②the superordinate level ③thesubordinate levelThe categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best.Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. ①Acenter-periphery schema: It involves a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and degrees of distance from the core②A containment schema: It is an image schema thatinvolves a physical pr metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume. ③A cycle schema: It involves repetitious events and event series.④A force schema: It involves physical or metaphorical causal interaction. ⑤A link schema: It consists of two or more entities, connected physically or metaphorically, and the bound between them. ⑥A part-whole schema: It involves physical or metaphorical wholes along with their parts and a configuration of the parts. ⑦A path schema: It involves physical or metaphorical movement from place to place, and consists of a starting point, a goal, and a series of intermediate points. ⑧A scale精品文档．精品文档schema: It involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount.⑨A verticality schema: It involves “up”and “down”relations.Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other.The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.Three categories of conceptual metaphors: ontological metaphors, structural metaphors, and orientational metaphors.Ontological metaphor means that human experiences with physical objecets provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.Structural metaphor plays the important role because it allows us to go beyond orientation and referring and gives us the possibility to structure one concept according to another.Orientational metaphor gives a concept a spatial orientation. They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another, but by a co-occurrence in our experience.Metonymy is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental process to the target within the same domain.We have three ICMs in ontological realms: ①Sign ICMs ②Reference ICMs③Concept ICMsBlending theory or integration theory is a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces”are integrated via projection into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.Chapter 7 Language, Culture and SocietyContext of situation:A.The relevant features of the participants: persons, personalitiesⅰ. The verbal action of the participants.ⅱ. The non-verbal action of the participants.B.The relevant objects.C.The effects of the verbal action.Ethnography of communication: an authoritative research framework of our time in a linguistic study of social and cultural factors. The essential elements suggested by this framework include①speech community ②situation, event and act ③mnemonicspeaking components.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument, two important points could be captured inOn the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the theory. this other, similarity between languages is relative.Linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e.精品文档．精品文档language determines thought.Linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e. there's no limit to the structural diversity of languages.During cross-cultural communication,there are five types of sub-culture we should be fully aware of:①ecological culture ②linguistic culture ③religious culture ④material culture ⑤social cultureLinguistic universality is the similarities possessed by most languages, instead of their assumed differences.There are at least three objectives for us to teach culture in our language class:1.To get the students familiar with cultural differences2.To get the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will3.To emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practicesS ocial factors of influencing our language behavior in a social context: a) class b) gender c) age d) ethnic identity e) education background f) occupation g)religious beliefWomen register's features:1)Women use more “fancy”color words such as “mauve”and “beige”2)Women use less powerful curse words3)Women use more intensifiers such as “terrible”and “awful”4)Women use more tag questions5)Women use more statement questions like “Dinner will be ready at seveno'clock?”(with a rising intonation at the end)6)Women's linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite than men's. Linguistic sexism: many differences between men and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women's place in society.Sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to potential sociocultural factors in a social context.Sociolinguistics of society: one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.Communicative competence:a speaker's knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc. governing the skilled use of language in a society. Sociolinguistics has made some important contributions:1.Sociolinguistics has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching2.It has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom3.It has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use4.It has contributed to a more fruitful research in this fieldTripartite model for successful communication:1.try to look at things from other persons' point of view精品文档．精品文档2.try to sense their feeling to a given issue3.try to understanding their way of knowing the worldGender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is “gender difference”Variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics, which studies the relationship between speakers' social starts and phonological variations.Chapter 8 Language in UsePerformative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as apposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false. Constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.Locutionary act: the act of saying something; it's an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.Illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker's intention.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it's the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.Conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker's knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.Cooperative principle:Quantity1.Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange).2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.QualityTry to make your contribution one that is true.1.Do not say what you believe to be false;2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.RelevanceBe relevant.MannerBe perspicuous.1.Avoid obscurity of expression2.Avoid ambiguity3.be brief (avoid prolixity)4.Be orderly.Entailment: relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other: e.g. “Mary is running”entails, among other things, “Mary is not standing still”.Ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-inferential.精品文档．精品文档Communicative principle of relevance: every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.Relevance: a property that any utterance, or a proposition that it communicates, must, in the nature of communication, necessarily have.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn's scale, i.e. Make your contribution sufficient (of quantity1); Say as much as you can (given R).R-principle: one of the two principles in Horn's scale, i.e. Make your contribution necessary (Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).Division of pragmatic labor: the use of a marked relatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarked (simpler, less “effortful”) alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message (one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).Constraints on Horn scales: the hearer-based Q-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to.Chapter 12Schools of modern linguistics: The Prague School, The London School, American Structuralism, Transformational-Generative Grammar.Three points of Prague School:1.It was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation but no rigid theoretical barrier is erected to separate diachronic study.2.There was an emphasis on the systemic character of language.nguage was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it. Trubetzkoy's contributions to phonological theory:1.2.He showed distinctive functions of speech sounds and gave an accurate definition for the phoneme.3.By making distinctions between phonetics and phonology, and between stylistic phonology, he defined the sphere of phonological studies.4.By studying the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between phonemes, he revealed the interdependent relations between phonemes.5.6.He put forward a set of methodologies for phonological studies, such as the method of extracting phonemes and the method of studying phonological精品文档．精品文档combinations.Functional Sentence Perspective is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances in terms of the information they contain.精品文档．。
PureWick 女性外用腹腔引流器说明书
Instructions for UseAttach to hospital wall suction or D ry D oc TM Vacuum Tuck betweenAlign with Place gauzeSetup:1. Connect the canister to wall suctionand set to a minimum of 40mmHgcontinuous suction. Always use theminimum amount of suction necessary.If using the D ry D oc TM Vacuum Station,connect the canister to the unit andturn the unit on. Please consult theD ry D oc TM Vacuum Station User Guidefor further information.2. Using standard suction tubing, connectthe P ure W ick TM Female ExternalCatheter to the collection canister.Peri-care and Placement:3. Perform perineal care and assessskin integrity (document per hospitalprotocol). Separate legs, gluteusmuscles, and labia. Palpate pubicbone as anatomical marker.4. With soft gauze side facing patient,align distal end of the P ure W ick TMFemale External Catheter at glutealcleft. Gently tuck soft gauze sidebetween separated gluteus and labia.Ensure that the top of the gauze isaligned with the pubic bone. Slowlyplace legs back together oncethe P ure W ick TM Female ExternalCatheter is positioned.Note: Patient can be positioned on back,side lying, frog legged, or lying on backwith knees bent and thighs apart (lithotomyposition) prior to device placement.Maintenance:6. Replace the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter at least every 8-12 hours or if soiled with feces or blood. Always assess skin for compromise and perform perineal care prior to placement of a new P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter.Removal:5. To remove the P ure W ick TM Female ExternalCatheter, fully separate the legs, gluteus,and labia. To avoid potential skin injury uponremoval, gently pull the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter directly outward. Ensuresuction is maintained while removing theP ure W ick TM Female External Catheter. Afteruse, this product may be a potential biohazard.Dispose of in accordance with applicable local,state and federal laws and regulations.FEMALE EXTERNAL CATHETER P ure W ickIndication for use:The P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter is intended for non-invasive urine output management in female patients. Caution: This Product Contains Dry Natural Rubber Contraindications: • Patients with urinary retention Warnings:• Do not use the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter with bedpan or any material that does not allow for sufficient airflow.• To avoid potential skin injury, never push or pull the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter against the skin duringplacement or removal.• Never insert the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter into vagina, anal canal, or other body cavities.• Discontinue use if an allergic reaction occurs.• After use, this product may be a potential biohazard. Dispose of in accordance with applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations.Precautions: • Not recommended for patients who are: ▫ Agitated, combative, or uncooperative and might remove the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter ▫ Having frequent episodes of bowel incontinence without a fecal management system in place ▫ Experiencing skin irritation or breakdown at the site ▫ Experiencing moderate/heavy menstruation and cannot use a tampon • Do not use barrier cream on the perineum when using the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter. Barrier cream may impede suction. • Not recommended for use on patients with a known latex allergy. • Proceed with caution in patients who have undergone recent surgery of the external urogenital tract. • Always assess skin for compromise and perform perineal care prior to placement of a new P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter. • Maintain suction until the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter is fully removed from the patient to avoid urine backflow.Recommendations:• Perform each step with clean technique. In the home setting, wash hands thoroughly before device placement.• Prior to connecting the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter to hospital wall suction tubing, verify suction function by covering theopen end of the suction tubing with one hand and observing the pressure dial. If the pressure does not increase when the line iscovered, verify that the tubing is secured, connected, and not kinked.• Ensure the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter remains in the correct position after turning the patient. Remove the P ure W ick TMFemale External Catheter prior to ambulation.• Properly placing the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter snugly between the labia and gluteus holds the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter in place for most patients. Mesh underwear may be useful for securing the P ure W ick TM Female ExternalCatheter for some patients.• Assess device placement and patient’s skin at least every 2 hours.• Replace the P ure W ick TM Female External Catheter every 8-12 hours or when soiled with feces or blood. • Change suction tubing per hospital protocol or at least every thirty (30) days.EXTERNAL USE ONLY FEMALE EXTERNAL CATHETER P ure W ick。
烹饪 英语作文
Cooking is an art that combines flavors,textures,and aromas to create delicious meals that not only satisfy our hunger but also bring joy to our lives.Here are some key aspects to consider when writing an English essay on cooking:1.Introduction to Cooking:Begin by explaining what cooking means to you.Is it a hobby,a necessity,or a form of selfexpression?You could mention how cooking brings people together and its cultural significance.2.History of Cooking:Delve into the history of cooking,discussing how it has evolved over time.You could talk about ancient cooking methods,the impact of the Industrial Revolution on food preparation,and the influence of different cultures on global cuisine.3.Importance of Cooking Skills:Highlight the importance of having cooking skills. Discuss how knowing how to cook can lead to healthier eating habits,save money,and provide a sense of accomplishment.4.Cooking Techniques:Describe various cooking techniques such as baking,frying, grilling,and poaching.Explain the differences between them and when each method might be best used.5.Nutrition and Cooking:Discuss the relationship between cooking and nutrition. Explain how certain cooking methods can enhance or detract from the nutritional value of food.6.Recipe Development:Talk about the process of creating a recipe.This could include brainstorming ideas,selecting ingredients,and adjusting quantities to achieve the desired taste and texture.7.Cooking Equipment:Describe the essential tools and equipment needed for cooking, such as knives,pots and pans,and measuring tools.Discuss the importance of having the right tools for the job.8.Food Safety:Address the importance of food safety in cooking.Discuss proper food handling,storage,and preparation techniques to prevent foodborne illnesses.9.Culinary Creativity:Explore the creative aspect of cooking.Discuss how experimenting with flavors,textures,and presentation can lead to new and exciting dishes.10.Cooking as a Career:If relevant,you could touch on the professional side of cooking, discussing the roles of chefs,culinary artists,and food scientists.11.Personal Cooking Experience:Share a personal story or experience related to cooking. This could be a memorable meal you prepared,a cooking class you attended,or a recipe that has special meaning to you.12.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay and reiterate why cooking is important to you.You might also want to end with a reflection on the future of cooking or a personal goal related to food and cooking.Remember to use descriptive language to engage your readers senses and make your essay more vivid and appealing.Additionally,providing examples and anecdotes can make your writing more relatable and interesting.。
(完整word版)语言学第六章之后
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition1。
语言与认知6。
1.What is Cognition认知？a。
Mental processes，information processing b。
Mental process or faculty of knowing，including awareness,perception，reasoning, and judgment.2。
The formal approach:形式法structural patterns，including the study of morphological，syntactic, and lexical structure.The psychological approach心理法: language from the view of general systems ranging from perception，memory，attention，and reasoning.The conceptual approach:认知法:how language structures (processes ＆patterns）conceptual content。
6。
2.Psycholinguistics心理语言学The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and mental activity.6.2.1 Language acquirement 语言习得① Holophrastic stage独词句阶段Two word stage双词句阶段 Stage of three—word utterances三词句阶段④ Fluent grammatical conversation stage6.2.2 Language comprehension理解Mental lexicon（心智词库）：information about the properties of words，retrievable when understanding language For example, we may use morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritable the first few times we encounter it and after several exposures we may store and access it as a unit or word。
网络分析工具包（netUtils）0.8.2版本说明书
Package‘netUtils’June29,2023Title A Collection of Tools for Network AnalysisVersion0.8.2Description Provides a collection of network analytic(convenience)functions which are miss-ing in other standard packages.This includes triad census with at-tributes<doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2019.04.003>,core-periphery models<doi:10.1016/S0378-8733(99)00019-2>,and several graph generators.Most functions are build upon'igraph'.URL https:///schochastics/netUtils/BugReports https:///schochastics/netUtils/issuesLicense MIT+file LICENSEEncoding UTF-8RoxygenNote7.2.3LinkingTo Rcpp,RcppArmadilloImports Rcpp,igraph,statsSuggests covr,GA,testthat(>=3.0.0)Config/testthat/edition3NeedsCompilation yesAuthor David Schoch[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0003-2952-4812>)Maintainer David Schoch<**********************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2023-06-2916:40:08UTCR topics documented:as_adj_list1 (2)as_adj_weighted (3)as_multi_adj (4)bipartite_from_data_frame (4)clique_vertex_mat (5)core_periphery (6)dyad_census_attr (7)12as_adj_list1 fast_cliques (7)graph_cartesian (8)graph_cor (9)graph_direct (10)graph_from_multi_edgelist (11)graph_kpartite (12)graph_to_sage (12)helpers (13)reciprocity_cor (13)sample_coreseq (14)sample_lfr (15)sample_pa_homophilic (17)split_graph (18)str.igraph (19)structural_equivalence (19)triad_census_attr (20)Index22 as_adj_list1Adjacency listDescriptionCreate adjacency lists from a graph,either for adjacent edges or for neighboring vertices.This version is faster than the version of igraph but less general.Usageas_adj_list1(g)Argumentsg An igraph objectDetailsThe function does not have a mode parameter and only returns the adjacency list comparable to as_adj_list(g,mode="all)ValueA list of numeric vectors.Author(s)David Schochas_adj_weighted3Exampleslibrary(igraph)g<-make_ring(10)as_adj_list1(g)as_adj_weighted weighted dense adjacency matrixDescriptionreturns the weighted adjacency matrix in dense formatUsageas_adj_weighted(g,attr=NULL)Argumentsg An igraph objectattr Either NULL or a character string giving an edge attribute name.If NULL a traditional adjacency matrix is returned.If not NULL then the values of thegiven edge attribute are included in the adjacency matrix.DetailsThis method is faster than as_adj from igraph if you need the weighted adjacency matrix in dense formatValueNumeric matrixAuthor(s)David SchochExampleslibrary(igraph)g<-sample_gnp(10,0.2)E(g)$weight<-runif(ecount(g))as_adj_weighted(g,attr="weight")4bipartite_from_data_frame as_multi_adj Convert a list of graphs to an adjacency matricesDescriptionConvenience function that turns a list of igraph objects into adjacency matrices.Usageas_multi_adj(g_lst,attr=NULL,sparse=FALSE)Argumentsg_lst A list of igraph objectattr Either NULL or a character string giving an edge attribute name.If NULL a binary adjacency matrix is returned.sparse Logical scalar,whether to create a sparse matrix.The’Matrix’package must be installed for creating sparse matrices.ValueList of numeric matricesAuthor(s)David Schochbipartite_from_data_frametwo-mode network from a data.frameDescriptionCreate a two-mode network from a data.frameUsagebipartite_from_data_frame(d,type1,type2,attr=NULL,weighted=TRUE) Argumentsd data.frametype1column name of mode1type2column name of mode2attr named list of edge attributesweighted should a weighted graph be created if multiple edges occurclique_vertex_mat5 Valuetwo mode network as igraph objectAuthor(s)David SchochExampleslibrary(igraph)edges<-data.frame(mode1=1:5,mode2=letters[1:5])bipartite_from_data_frame(edges,"mode1","mode2")clique_vertex_mat Clique Vertex MatrixDescriptionCreates the clique vertex matrix with entries(i,j)equal to one if node j is in clique iUsageclique_vertex_mat(g)Argumentsg An igraph objectValueNumeric matrixAuthor(s)David SchochExampleslibrary(igraph)g<-sample_gnp(10,0.2)clique_vertex_mat(g)6core_periphery core_periphery Discrete core-periphery modelDescriptionFits a discrete core-periphery model to a given networkUsagecore_periphery(graph,method="rk1_dc",iter=500,...)Argumentsgraph igraph objectmethod algorithm to use(see details)iter number of iterations if method=GA...other parameters for GADetailsThe functionfits the data to an optimal pattern matrix with a genetic algorithm(method="GA") or a rank1approximation,either with degree centrality(method="rk1_dc")or eigenvector central-ity(method="rk1_ec").The rank1approximation is computationally far cheaper but also more experimental.Best is to compare the results from both models.Valuelist with numeric vector with entries(k1,k2,...ki...)where ki assigns vertex i to either the core(ki=1) or periphery(ki=0),and the maximal correlation with an optimal pattern matrixAuthor(s)David SchochReferencesBorgatti,Stephen P.,and Martin G.Everett."Models of core/periphery structures."Social networks21.4(2000):375-395.Examplesset.seed(121)#split graphs have a perfect core-periphery structuresg<-split_graph(n=20,p=0.3,core=0.5)core_periphery(sg)dyad_census_attr7 dyad_census_attr dyad census with node attributesDescriptiondyad census with node attributesUsagedyad_census_attr(g,vattr)Argumentsg igraph object.should be a directed graph.vattr name of vertex attribute to be used.DetailsThe node attribute should be integers from1to max(attr)Valuedyad census as a data.frame.Author(s)David SchochExampleslibrary(igraph)g<-sample_gnp(10,0.4,directed=TRUE)V(g)$attr<-c(rep(1,5),rep(2,5))dyad_census_attr(g,"attr")fast_cliques Find Cliques,maximal or not,fastDescriptionEnumerates all(maximal)cliques using MACE.Can be faster than igraph in some circumstances Usagefast_cliques(g,what="M",min=NULL,max=NULL,outfile=NA)8graph_cartesianArgumentsg An igraph objectwhat either"M"for maximal cliques or"C"for all cliquesmin Numeric constant,lower limit on the size of the cliques tofind.NULL meansno limit,ie.it is the same as0max Numeric constant,upper limit on the size of the cliques tofind.NULL meansno limitoutfile character.If not NA,cliques are written tofileDetailsC Code downloaded from http://research.nii.ac.jp/~uno/codes.htm.Download the code and runmake and then point an environment variable called MACE_PATH to the binary.See http://research.nii.ac.jp/~uno/code/mace.for more details.MACE is faster than igraph for dense graphs.Valuea list containing numeric vectors of vertex ids.Each list element is a clique.If outfile!=NA,theoutput is written to the specifiedfileAuthor(s)David SchochReferencesKazuhisa Makino,Takeaki Uno,"New Algorithms for Enumerating All Maximal Cliques",LectureNotes in Computer Science3111(Proceedings of SW AT2004),Springer,pp.260-272,2004graph_cartesian Cartesian product of two graphsDescriptionCompute the Cartesian product of two graphsUsagegraph_cartesian(g,h)Argumentsg An igraph objecth An igraph objectgraph_cor9DetailsSee https:///wiki/Cartesian_product_of_graphsValueCartesian product as igraph objectAuthor(s)David SchochExampleslibrary(igraph)g<-make_ring(4)h<-make_full_graph(2)graph_cartesian(g,h)graph_cor Graph correlationDescriptionThis function computes the correlation between networks.Implemented methods expect the graph to be an adjacency matrix,an igraph,or a network object.Usagegraph_cor(object1,object2)##Default S3method:graph_cor(object1,object2)##S3method for class igraphgraph_cor(object1,object2,...)##S3method for class matrixgraph_cor(object1,object2)##S3method for class arraygraph_cor(object1,object2)Argumentsobject1igraph object or adjacency matrixobject2igraph object or adjacency matrix over the same vertex set as object1...additional arguments10graph_direct Valuecorrelation between graphsgraph_direct Direct product of two graphsDescriptionCompute the direct product of two graphsUsagegraph_direct(g,h)Argumentsg An igraph objecth An igraph objectDetailsSee https:///wiki/Tensor_product_of_graphsValueDirect product as igraph objectAuthor(s)David SchochExampleslibrary(igraph)g<-make_ring(4)h<-make_full_graph(2)graph_direct(g,h)graph_from_multi_edgelist11 graph_from_multi_edgelistMultiple networks from a single edgelist with a typed attributeDescriptionCreate a list of igraph objects from an edgelist according to a type attributeUsagegraph_from_multi_edgelist(d,from=NULL,to=NULL,type=NULL,weight=NULL,directed=FALSE)Argumentsd data frame.from column name of sender.If NULL,defaults tofirst column.to column of receiver.If NULL,defaults to second column.type type attribute to split the edgelist.If NULL,defaults to third column.weight optional column name of edge weights.Ignored if NULL.directed logical scalar,whether or not to create a directed graph.Valuelist of igraph objects.Author(s)David SchochExampleslibrary(igraph)d<-data.frame(from=rep(c(1,2,3),3),to=rep(c(2,3,1),3),type=rep(c("a","b","c"),each=3),weight=1:9)graph_from_multi_edgelist(d,"from","to","type","weight")12graph_to_sage graph_kpartite k partite graphsDescriptionCreate a random k-partite graph.Usagegraph_kpartite(n=10,grp=c(5,5))Argumentsn number of nodesgrp vector of partition sizesValueigraph objectAuthor(s)David SchochExamples#3-partite graph with equal sized groupsgraph_kpartite(n=15,grp=c(5,5,5))graph_to_sage convert igraph object to sage formatDescriptionconvert igraph object to sage format to be read in SAGEUsagegraph_to_sage(g)Argumentsg igraph objectValuesage stringhelpers13 Author(s)David Schochhelpers helper functionDescriptionsmall functions to deal with typical network problemsUsagebiggest_component(g)delete_isolates(g)Argumentsg igraph objectValueigraph objectAuthor(s)David Schochreciprocity_cor Reciprocity correlation coefficientDescriptionReciprocity correlation coefficientUsagereciprocity_cor(g)Argumentsg igraph object.should be a directed graph14sample_coreseqDetailsThe usual definition of reciprocity has some defects.It cannot tell the relative difference of reci-procity compared with purely random network with the same number of vertices and edges.The useful information from reciprocity is not the value itself,but whether mutual links occur more or less often than expected by chance.To overcome this issue,reciprocity can be defined as the correlation coefficient between the entries of the adjacency matrix of a directed graph:i=j (a ij−a )((a ji−a )i=j(a ij−a )2where a’is the density of g.This definition gives an absolute quantity which directly allows one to distinguish between recip-rocal(>0)and antireciprocal(<0)networks,with mutual links occurring more and less often than random respectively.ValueReciprocity as a correlationAuthor(s)David SchochReferencesDiego Garlaschelli;Loffredo,Maria I.(2004)."Patterns of Link Reciprocity in Directed Networks".Physical Review Letters.American Physical Society.93(26):268701Exampleslibrary(igraph)g<-sample_gnp(20,p=0.3,directed=TRUE)reciprocity(g)reciprocity_cor(g)sample_coreseq Generate random graphs with a given coreness sequenceDescriptionSimilar to sample_degseq just with corenessUsagesample_coreseq(cores)Argumentscores coreness sequenceDetailsThe code is an adaption of the python code from https:///ktvank/Random-Graphs-with-Prescribed-K-Core-Sequences/Valueigraph object of graph with the same coreness sequence as the inputAuthor(s)David SchochReferencesVan Koevering,Katherine,Austin R.Benson,and Jon Kleinberg.2021.‘Random Graphs with Prescribed K-Core Sequences:A New Null Model for Network Analysis’.ArXiv:2102.12604.https:///10.1145/3442381.3450001.Exampleslibrary(igraph)g1<-make_graph("Zachary")kcores1<-coreness(g1)g2<-sample_coreseq(kcores1)kcores2<-coreness(g2)#the sorted arrays are the sameall(sort(kcores1)==sort(kcores2))sample_lfr LFR benchmark graphsDescriptionGenerates benchmark networks for clustering tasks with a priori known communities.The algo-rithm accounts for the heterogeneity in the distributions of node degrees and of community sizes.Usagesample_lfr(n,tau1,tau2,mu,average_degree=NULL,max_degree=NULL,min_community=NULL,max_community=NULL,on=0,om=0)Argumentsn Number of nodes in the created graph.tau1Power law exponent for the degree distribution of the created graph.This valuemust be strictly greater than onetau2Power law exponent for the community size distribution in the created graph.This value must be strictly greater than onemu Fraction of inter-community edges incident to each node.This value must be inthe interval0to1.average_degree Desired average degree of nodes in the created graph.This value must be in theinterval0to n.Exactly one of this and min_degree must be specified,otherwisean error is raisedmax_degree Maximum degree of nodes in the created graph.If not specified,this is set ton-1.min_community Minimum size of communities in the graph.If not specified,this is set tomin_degreemax_community Maximum size of communities in the graph.If not specified,this is set to n,thetotal number of nodes in the graph.on number of overlapping nodesom number of memberships of the overlapping nodesDetailscode adapted from https:///synwalk/synwalk-analysis/tree/master/lfr_generator Valuean igraph objectReferencesncichinetti,S.Fortunato,and F.Radicchi.(2008)Benchmark graphs for testing communitydetection algorithms.Physical Review E,78.arXiv:0805.4770sample_pa_homophilic17Examples#Simple Girven-Newman benchmark graphsg<-sample_lfr(n=128,average_degree=16,max_degree=16,mu=0.1,min_community=32,max_community=32)sample_pa_homophilic Homophilic random graph using BA preferential attachment modelDescriptionA graph of n nodes is grown by attaching new nodes each with m edges that are preferentiallyattached to existing nodes with high degree,depending on the homophily parameters.Usagesample_pa_homophilic(n,m,minority_fraction,h_ab,h_ba=NULL,directed=FALSE)Argumentsn number of nodesm number of edges a new node is connected tominority_fractionfraction of nodes that belong to the minority grouph_ab probability to connect a node from group a with groub bh_ba probability to connect a node from group b with groub a.If NULL,h_ab is used.directed should a directed network be createdDetailsThe code is an adaption of the python code from https:///gesiscss/HomophilicNtwMinorities/ Valueigraph objectAuthor(s)David Schoch#maximally heterophilic network sample_pa_homophilic(n=50,m=2,minority_fraction =0.2,h_ab=1)#maximally homophilic network sample_pa_homophilic(n=50,m=2,minor-ity_fraction=0.2,h_ab=0)18split_graphReferencesKarimi,F.,Génois,M.,Wagner,C.,Singer,P.,&Strohmaier,M.(2018).Homophily influencesranking of minorities in social networks.Scientific reports,8(1),1-12.(https:///articles/s41598-018-29405-7)Espín-Noboa,L.,Wagner,C.,Strohmaier,M.,&Karimi,F.(2022).Inequality and inequity innetwork-based ranking and recommendation algorithms.Scientific reports,12(1),1-14.(https:///articles/s41 022-05434-1)split_graph split graphDescriptionCreate a random split graph with a perfect core-periphery structure.Usagesplit_graph(n,p,core)Argumentsn number of nodesp probability of peripheral nodes to connect to the core nodescore fraction of nodes in the coreValueigraph objectAuthor(s)David SchochExamples#split graph with20nodes and a core size of10split_graph(n=20,p=0.4,0.5)str.igraph19 str.igraph Print graphs to terminalDescriptionPrints an igraph object to terminal(different than the standard igraph method)Usage##S3method for class igraphstr(object,...)Argumentsobject An igraph object...additional arguments to print(ignored)Valuestr does not return anything.The obvious side effect is output to the terminal.Author(s)David Schochstructural_equivalenceMaximal Structural EquivalenceDescriptionCalculates structural equivalence for an undirected graphUsagestructural_equivalence(g)Argumentsg An igraph objectDetailsTwo nodes u and v are structurally equivalent if they have exactly the same neighbors.The equiva-lence classes produced with this function are either cliques or empty graphs.20triad_census_attr Valuevector of equivalence classesAuthor(s)David Schochtriad_census_attr triad census with node attributesDescriptiontriad census with node attributesUsagetriad_census_attr(g,vattr)Argumentsg igraph object.should be a directed graphvattr name of vertex attribute to be usedDetailsThe node attribute should be integers from1to max(attr).The output is a named vector where the names are of the form Txxx-abc,where xxx corresponds to the standard triad census notation and "abc"are the attributes of the involved nodes.The implemented algorithm is comparable to the algorithm in Lienert et al.Valuetriad census with node attributesAuthor(s)David SchochReferencesLienert,J.,Koehly,L.,Reed-Tsochas,F.,&Marcum,C.S.(2019).An efficient counting method for the colored triad census.Social Networks,58,136-142.triad_census_attr21Exampleslibrary(igraph)set.seed(112)g<-sample_gnp(20,p=0.3,directed=TRUE)#add a vertex attributeV(g)$type<-rep(1:2,each=10)triad_census_attr(g,"type")Indexas_adj_list1,2as_adj_weighted,3as_multi_adj,4biggest_component(helpers),13bipartite_from_data_frame,4clique_vertex_mat,5core_periphery,6coreness,14delete_isolates(helpers),13dyad_census_attr,7fast_cliques,7graph_cartesian,8graph_cor,9graph_direct,10graph_from_multi_edgelist,11graph_kpartite,12graph_to_sage,12helpers,13reciprocity_cor,13sample_coreseq,14sample_degseq,14sample_lfr,15sample_pa_homophilic,17split_graph,18str.igraph,19structural_equivalence,19triad_census_attr,2022。
Increasing Returns and Economic Geography
This paper develops a simple model that shows how a country can endogenously become differentiated into an industrialized "core" and an agricultural "periphery." In order to realize scale economies while minimizing transport costs manufacturing firms tend to locate in the region with larger demand but the location of demand itself depends on the distribution of manufacturing. Emergence of a core-periphery pattern depends on transportation costs economies of scale and the share of manufacturing in national income.The study of economic geography-of the location of factors of production in space-occupies a relatively small part of standard economic analysis. International trade theory in particular conventionally treats nations as dimensionless points (and frequently assumes zero transportation costs between countries as well). Admittedly models descended from von Thunen (1826) play an important role in urban studies while Hotelling-type models of locational competition get a reasonable degree of attention in industrial organization. On the whole however it seems fair to say that the study of economic geography plays at best a marginal role in economic theory.On the face of it this neglect is surprising. The facts of economic geography are surely among the most striking features of real-world economies at least to laymen. For example one of the most remarkable things about the United States is that in a generally sparsely populated country much of whose land is fertile the bulk of the population resides in a few clusters of metropolitan areas; a quarter of the inhabitants are crowded into a not especially inviting section of the East Coast. It has often been noted that nighttime satellite photos of Europe reveal little of political boundaries but clearly suggest a center-periphery pattern whose hub is somewhere in or near Belgium. A layman might have expected that these facts would play a key role in economic modeling. Yet the study of economic geography at least within the economics profession has lain largely dormant for the past generation (with a few notable exceptions particularly Arthur [1989 1990] and David [in press]).The purpose of this paper is to suggest that application of models and techniques derived from theoretical industrial organization now allows a reconsideration of economic geography that it is now time to attempt to incorporate the insights of the long but informal tradition in this area into formal models. In order to make the point the paper develops a simple illustrative model designed to shed light on one of the key questions of location: Why and when does manufacturing become concentrated in a few regions leaving others relatively undeveloped?What we shall see is that it is possible to develop a very simple model of geographical concentration of manufacturing baxxxxsed on the interaction of economies of scale with transportation costs. This is perhaps not too surprising given the kinds of results that have been emerging in recent literature (with Murphy Shleifer and Vishny [1989a 1989b] perhaps the closest parallel). More interesting is the fact that this concentration of manufacturing in one location need not always happen and that whether it does depends in an interesting way on a few key parameters.The paper is divided into four sections. Section I sets the stage with an informal discussion of the problem. Section II then sets out the analytical model. In Section III I analyze the determination of shortrun equilibrium and dynamics. Section IV analyzes the conditions under which concentration of manufacturing production does and does not occur.Ⅰbaxxxxses for Regional DivergenceThere has been fairly extensive discussion over time of the nature of the externalities that lead to localization of particular industries. Indeed Alfred Marshall's original exposition of the concept of external economies was illustrated with the example of industry localization. Most of the literature in this area follows Marshall in identifying three reasons for localization. First the concentration of several firms in a single location offers a pooled market for workers with industryspecific skillsensuring both a lower probability of unemployment and a lower probability of labor shortage. Second localized industries can support the production of nontradable specialized inputs. Third informational spillovers can give clustered firms a better production function than isolated producers. (Hoover [1948] gives a particularly clear discussion of agglomeration economies.)These accounts of industry localization surely have considerable validity. In this paper however I shall offer a somewhat different approach aimed at answering a somewhat different question. Instead of asking why a particular industry is concentrated in a particular area-for example carpets in Dalton Georgia-I shall ask why manufacturing in general might end up concentrated in one or a few regions of a country with the remaining regions playing the "peripheral" role of agricultural suppliers to the manufacturing "core." The proposed explanation correspondingly focuses on generalized external economies rather than those specific to a particular industry.I shall also adopt the working assumption that the externalities that sometimes lead to emergence ofa core-periphery pattern are pecuniary externalities associated with either demand or supply lixxxxnkages rather than purely technological spillovers. In competitive general equilibrium of course pecuniary externalities have no welfare significance and could not lead to the kind of interesting dynamics we shall derive later. Over the past decade however it has become a familiar point that in the presence of imperfect competition and increasing returns pecuniary externalities matter; for example if one firm's actions affect the demand for the product of another firm whose price exceeds marginal cost this is as much a "real" externality as if one firm's research and development spills over into the general knowledge pool. At the same time by focusing on pecuniary externalities we are able to make the analysis much more concrete than if we allowed external economies to arise in some invisible form. (This is particularly true when location is at issue: how far does a technological spillover spill?)To understand the nature of the postulated pecuniary externalities imagine a country in which there are two kinds of production agriculture and manufacturing. Agricultural production is characterized both by constant returns to scale and by intensive use of immobile land. The geographical distribution of this production will therefore be determined largely by the exogenous distribution of suitable land. Manufactures on the other hand we may suppose to be characterized by increasing returns to scale and modest use of land.Where will manufactures production take place? Because of economies of scale production of each manufactured good will take place at only a limited number of sites. Other things equal the preferred sites will be those with relatively large nearby demand since producing near one's main market minimizes transportation costs. Other locations will then be served from these centrally located sites. But where will demand be large? Some of the demand for manufactured goods will come from the agricultural sector; if that were the whole story the distribution of manufacturing production would essentially form a lattice whose form was dictated by the distribution of agricultural land as in the classic schemes of Christaller (1933) and Losch (1940). But it is not the whole story: some of the demand for manufactures will come not from the agricultural sector but from the manufacturing sector itself.This creates an obvious possibility for what Myrdal (1957) called "circular causation" and Arthur (1990) has called "positive feedback": manufactures production will tend to concentrate where there is a large market but the market will be large where manufactures production is concentrated.The circularity created by this Hirschman (1958)-type "backward lixxxxnkage" may be reinforcedby a "forward lixxxxnkage": other things equal it will be more desirable to live and produce near a concentration of manufacturing production because it will then be less expensive to buy the goods this central place provides.This is not an original story; indeed a story along roughly these lines has long been familiar to economic geographers who emphasize the role of circular processes in the emergence of the U.S.manufacturing belt in the second half of the nineteenth century (see in particular Pred [1966] and Meyer [1983]). The main goal of this paper is to show that this story can be embodied in a simple yet rigorous model. However before we move on to this model it may be worth pursuing the intuitive story a little further to ask two questions: How far will the tendency toward geographical concentration proceed and where will manufacturing production actually end up?The answer to the first question is that it depends on the underlying parameters of the economy. The circularity that can generate manufacturing concentration will not matter too much if manufacturing employs only a small fraction of the population and hence generates only a small fraction of demand or if a combination of weak economies of scale and high transportation costs induces suppliers of goods and services to the agricultural sector to locate very close to their markets. These criteria would have been satisfied in a prerailroad preindustrial society such as that of early nineteenth-century America. In such a society the bulk of the population would have been engaged in agriculture the small manufacturing and commercial sector would not have been marked by very substantial economies of scale and the costs of transportation would have ensured that most of the needs that could not be satisfied by rural production would be satisfied by small towns serving local market areas.But now let the society spend a higher fraction of income on nonagricultural goods and services; let the factory system and eventually mass production emerge and with them economies of large-scale production; and let canals railroads and finally automobiles lower transportation costs. Then the tie of production to the distribution of land will be broken. A region with a relatively large nonrural population will be an attractive place to produce both because of the large local market and because of the availability of the goods and services produced there. This will attract still more population at the expense of regions with smaller initial production and the process will feed on itself until the whole of the nonrural population is concentrated in a few regions. This not entirely imaginary history suggests that small changes in the parameters of the economy may have large effects on its qualitative behavior. That is when some index that takes into account transportation costs economies of scale and the share of nonagricultural goods in expenditure crosses a critical threshold population will start to concentrate and regions to diverge; once started this process will feed on itself.The story also suggests that the details of the geography that emerges-which regions end up with the population-depend sensitively on initial conditions. If one region has slightly more population than another when say transportation costs fall below some critical level that region ends up gaining population at the other's expense; had the distribution of population at that critical moment been only slightly different the roles of the regions might have been reversed.This is about as far as an informal story can take us. The next step is to develop as simple a formal model as possible to see whether the story just told can be given a more rigorous formulation.II. A Two-Region ModelWe consider a model of two regions. In this model there are assumed to be two kinds of production: agriculture which is a constant-returns sector tied to the land and manufactures an increasing-returns sector that can be located in either region.The model like many of the models in both the new trade and the new growth literature is a variant on the monopolistic competition frxxxxamework initially proposed by Dixit and Stiglitz (1977). This frxxxxamework while admittedly special is remarkably powerful in its ability to yield simple intuition-building treatments of seemingly intractable issues. All individuals in this economy then are assumed to share a utility function of the form U = CM CA S (1) where CA is consumption of the agricultural good and CM is consumption of a manufactures aggregate. Given equation (1) of course manufactures will always receive a share t of expenditure; this share is one of the key parameters that will determine whether regions converge or diverge. The manufactures aggregate CM is defined by N or/(or al CM - cE 1)/u] (2) where N is the large number of potential productsand a > 1 is the elasticity of substitution among the products. The elasticity a is the second parameter determining the character of equilibrium in the model.There are two regions in the economy and two factors of production in each region. Following the simplification suggested in Krugman (1981) each factor is assumed specific to one sector. Peasants produce agricultural goods; without loss of generality we suppose that the unit labor requirement is one. The peasant population is assumed completely immobile between regions with a given peasant supply (1 - u)/2 in each region. Workers may move between the regions; we let L1 and L2 be the worker supply in regions 1 and 2 respectively and require only that the total add up to the overall number of workers ':1 LI + L2 = 1X- (3) The production of an individual manufactured good i involves a fixed cost and a constant marginal cost giving rise to economies of scale: LMi = (X + 13X (4) where LM is the labor used in producing i and xl is the good's output.We turn next to the structure of transportation costs between the two regions. Two strong assumptions will be made for tractability. First transportation of agricultural output will be assumed to be costless.2 1 This choice of units ensures that the wage rate of workers equals that of peasants in long-run equilibrium. 2 The reason for this assumption is that since agricultural products are assumed to be homogeneous each region is either exporting or importing them never both. But The effect of this assumption is to ensure that the price of agricultural output and hence the earnings of each peasant are the same in both regions. We shall use this common agricultural price/wage rate as numeraire. Second transportation costs for manufactured goods will be assumed to take Samuelson's "iceberg" form in which transport costs are incurred in the good transported. Specifically of each unit of manufactures shipped from one region to the other only a fraction T < 1 arrives. This fraction T which is an inverse index of transportation costs is the final parameter determining whether regions converge or diverge.We can now turn to the behavior of firms. Suppose that there are a large number of manufacturing firms each producing a single product. Then given the definition of the manufacturing aggregate (2) and the assumption of iceberg transport costs the elasticity of demand facing any individual firm is a (see Krugman 1980). The profit-maximizing pricing behavior of a representative firm in region 1 is therefore to set a price equal to P1 = (_ P (5) where w is the wage rate of workers in region 1; a similar equation applies in region 2. Comparing the prices of representative products we have Pi WI (6) P2 W2 If there is free entry of firms into manufacturing profits must be driven to zero. Thus it must be true that (Pi - 1w1)xI = awl (7) which implies O(a- 1) (8) XI = X2 = 0( )(8 That is output per firm is the same in each region irrespective of wage rates relative demand and so forth. This has the useful implication that the number of manufactured goods produced in each region if agricultural goods are costly to transport this would introduce a "cliff" at the point at which the two regions have equal numbers of workers and thus at which neither had to import food. This is evidently an artifact of the two-region case: if peasants were spread uniformly across a featureless plain there would be no discontinuity. is proportional to the number of workers so that n1 _ L1 (9) n2 L2(It should be noted that in zero-profit equilibrium a/(a - 1) is the ratio of the marginal product of labor to its average product that is the degree of economies of scale.Thus although a is a parameter of tastes rather than technology it can be interpreted as an inverse index of equilibrium economies of scale. I have now laid out the basic structure of the model. The next step is to turn to the determination of equilibrium.III. Short-Run and Long-Run EquilibriumThis model lacks any explicit dynamics. However it is useful to have a concept of short-run equilibrium before we turn to full equilibrium. Short-run equilibrium will be defined in a Marshallian way as an equilibrium in which the allocation of workers between regions may be taken as given. We then suppose that workers move toward the region that offers them higher real wages leading to either convergence between regions as theymove toward equality of worker/peasant ratios or divergence as the workers all congregate in one region.To analyze short-run equilibrium we begin by looking at the demand within each region for products of the two regions. Let cll be the consumption in region 1 of a representative region 1 product and c12 be the consumption in region 1 of a representative region 2 product. The price of a local product is simply its free on board price Pl; the price of a product from the other region however is its transport cost-inclusive price P2/T. Thus the relative demand for representative products is CG l (Pr r) = (Wl ) * (10) C12 P2 W2Define zI1 as the ratio of region 1 expenditure on local manufactures to that on manufactures from the other region. Two points should be noted about z. First a 1 percent rise in the relative price of region 1 goods while reducing the relative quantity sold by a percent will reduce the value by only a - 1 percent because of the valuation effect. Second the more goods produced in region 1 the higher their share of expenditure for any given relative price. Thus kn2) ( P2 Ci12J L2'(W21 (11) Similarly the ratio of region 2 spending on region 1 products to spending on local products is Z12 = (E)( I) (12) The total income of region 1 workers is equal to the total spending on these products in both regions. (Transportation costs are included because they are assumed to be incurred in the goods themselves.) Let Y and Y2 be the regional incomes (including the wages of peasants). Then the income of region 1 workers isw1LI = E(1 1 +( (13) and the income of region 2 workers is w2L2 = 4L( 2 11)Y? (l + 2)l (14) The incomes of the two regions however depend on the distribution of workers and their wages. Recalling that the wage rate of peasants is the numeraire we have Y 1 + wLI (15) 2 1 and Y= 1 - +w2L2 (16) The set of equations (11)-(16) may be regarded as a system that determines w1 and w2 (as well as four other variables) given the distribution of labor between regions 1 and 2. By inspection one can see that if LI = L2 wI = w2. If labor is then shifted to region 1 however the relative wage rate wI/w2 can move either way. The reason is that there are two opposing effects. On one side there is the "home market effect": other things equal the wage rate will tend to be higher in the larger market (see Krugman 1980). On the other side there is the extent of competition: workers in the region with the smaller manufacturing labor force will face less competition for the local peasant market than those in the more populous region. In other words there is a trade-off between proximity to the larger market and lack of competition for the local market.As we move from short-run to long-run equilibrium however a third consideration enters the picture. Workers are interested not in nominal wages but in real wages and workers in the region with the larger population will face a lower price for manufactured goods. Let f = LI/pL the share of the manufacturing labor force in region 1. Then the true price index of manufactured goods for consumers residing in region 1 is f~ ~ ~ ~~~-a1 -(l-) a-I1) PI = [fwF( + (1 f) (17) that for consumers residing in region 2 is P2= f( T ) + (1 -f)w J(a (18) The real wages of workers in each region are WI= w1Pj' (19) and (1)2 = W2P2 . (20)From (17) and (18) it is apparent that if wage rates in the two regions are equal a shift of workers from region 2 to region 1 will lower the price index in region 1 and raise it in region 2 and thus raise real wages in region 1 relative to those in region 2. This therefore adds an additional reason for divergence.We may now ask the crucial question: How does W1/W2 vary with f? We know by symmetry that when f = 1/2 that is when the two regions have equal numbers of workers they offer equal real wage rates. But is this a stable equilibrium? It will be if W1/W2 decreases withyf for in that case whenever one region has a larger work force than the other workers will tend to migrate out of that region. In this case we shall get regional convergence. On the other hand if W1/W2 increases with f workers will tend to migrate into the region that already has more workers and we shall get regional divergence.3 As we have seen there are two forces working toward3This descxxxxription of dynamics actually oversimplifies in two ways. First it implicitly assumes that W1I/2 is a monotonic function off or at least that it crosses one only once. In principle this need not be the case and there could be several stable equilibria in which both regions have nonzero manufacturing production. I have not been able to rule this out analytically although it turns out not to be true for the numerical example considered below. The analytical discussion in the next section simply bypasses the question. Second a dynamic story should take expectations into account. It is possible that workers may migrate into the region that initially has fewer workers because they expect other workers to do the same. This kind of self-fulfilling prophecy can occur however only if adjustment is rapid and discount rates are not too high. See Krugman (1991) for an analysis.1 I2 1.12_ 1.1 _ 1.08_ 1.06= 0.75 1.04_ 1.02 - 0.98_ 0.96 - 0.94 _ T1= 0.5 0.92 - * 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 f FIG. 1 divergence-the home market effect and the price index effect-and one working toward convergence the degree of competition for the local peasant market. The question is which forces dominate.In principle it is possible simply to solve our model for real wages as a function off. This is however difficult to do analytically. In the next section an alternative approach is used to characterize the model's behavior. For now however let us simply note that there are only three parameters in this model that cannot be eliminated by choice of units: the share of expenditure on manufactured goods t; the elasticity of substitution among products a; and the fraction of a good shipped that arrives T. The model can be quite easily solved numerically for a variety of parameters. Thus it is straightforward to show that depending on the parameter values we may have either regional convergence or regional divergence.Figure 1 makes the point. It shows computed values of W1/W2 as a function of f in two different cases. In both cases we assume C = 4 and t = .3. In one case however T = .5 (high transportation costs); in the other T = .75 (low transportation costs). In the hightransport-cost case the relative real wage declines as f rises. Thus in this case we would expect to see regional convergence with the geographical distribution of the manufacturing following that of agriculture. In the low-transport-cost case however the slope is reversed; thus we would expect to see regional divergence. It is possible to proceed entirely numerically from this point. If we take a somewhat different approach however it is possible to characterize the properties of the model analytically.。
GlossaryGeneralD...
GlossaryGeneral:Dependence assumption: Theoretical assumption about dependencies among possible network ties;determines the type of parameters in the model.Exponential random graph models: a model for a social network, expressing a probability distribution of graphs with an exponential form: see also p*.Homogeneity assumption: Assumption about which parameters to equate, to make the model identifiable. Graph statistics: for homogeneous models these are counts of the configurations in the observed graph; more generally they may depend also on node-wise or dyad-wise covariatesNetwork Configuration: A small sub-graph that may be observed in the data and that is represented by parameters in the model: eg reciprocated ties, triangles.Parameters: relate to specific network configurations that may be observed in the graph; a large positive parameter is interpreted as the presence of more of the configurations than might be expected from chance (given the other effects in the model); a large negative parameter signifies the relative absence of the configuration.p*: the term for exponential random graph models introduced by Wasserman and Pattison (1996).Edge and dyad independence models:Dyad independence: assumes that dyads are independent of one another; the model includes edge and reciprocity parameters, and possibly also node or dyad attributes.p1 models (Holland and Leinhardt): an early dyad independence model, including popularity and expansiveness effects.p2 model: elaboration of p1 model, where popularity and expansiveness effects are random, and independent variables may be used to predict ties.Simple random graphs, Bernoulli graphs, Erdos-Renyi graphs: assume that edges are independent of one another and are observed with a given probability.Markov random graph modelsalternating k-stars: a Markov parameter (and statistic) but used in the new higher order models; a particular combination of Markov k-star counts into the one statistic; equivalent to geometrically weighteddegree counts; useful for modelling the degree distribution.cyclic triad: a Markov graph configuration: in a directed network, ties ij, jk and ki are observed among actors i, j, and k.degeneracy (or near-degeneracy): when a model implies that very few distinct graphs are probable, often only empty or complete graphs; degenerate models cannot be good models for social network data. geometrically weighted degree counts: a statistic (and parameter) in higher order models: a sum of degree counts with geometrically decreasing weights; equivalent to alternating k-stars.k-star: a Markov graph configuration: in a non-directed graph, k edges are expressed by the one actor.k-in-star: a Markov graph configuration: in a directed graph, k arcs are directed to the one actor.k-out-star: a Markov graph configuration: in a directed graph, k arcs are expressed by the one actor. Markov dependence assumption: introduced by Frank and Strauss (1986), proposes that, conditional on the rest of the graph, two possible ties are dependent on one another when they share an actor.mixed-star: a Markov graph configuration: a two path in a directed graph.transitive triad: a Markov graph configuration: in a directed network, ties ij, jk and ik are observed among actors i, j, and k.triangle: a Markov graph configuration: in a non-directed network, a clique of three actors, ties ij, jk and ik are observed among actors i, j, and k.Higher order modelsalternating independent-2-paths: a parameter (and statistic) in higher order models; a particular combination of k-independent-2-path counts into the one statistic; when this parameter is negative, together with a positive alternating k-triangle parameter, there is a tendency against 4-cycles in the network, unless those cycles include triangles (alternatively, the presence of many 2-paths between nodes is related to the formation of triangles.)alternating k-triangles: a parameter (and statistic) in higher order models; a particular combination of k-triangle counts into the one statistic; expresses the tendency for many triangles to form together in the observed network; a positive parameter in the model suggests regions in the network of hightriangulation, possibly core-periphery-type structures; a positive parameter, together with a negative alternating k-star parameter, suggests several smaller regions (possibly connected) of triangulation;equivalent to weighted shared partners.Dyad-wise shared partners (dsp): a parameter (and statistic) in the higher order models; expresses the tendency in the observed network for dyads (whether tied or not) to have multiple shared partners;equivalent to alternating independent 2-paths.Edge-wise shared partner distribution: Distribution of the number of dyads who are themselves related and who have a fixed number of shared partners.Edge-wise shared partners (esp): a parameter (and statistic) in the higher order models; expresses the tendency in the observed network for tied nodes to have multiple shared partners; equivalent toalternating k-triangles.k-triangle: a configuration in higher order models; in a non-directed graph, the combination of k triangles, each sharing the one edge (the base of the k-triangle).k-independent-2-paths: configurations in the higher order models; equivalent to k-triangles but without the base.partial dependence assumption (Pattison & Robins, 2002): assumption for dependencies among possible ties created by the presence of other ties; permits models with higher order configurations than Markov configurations. For example, X ij and X kl are conditionally dependent if x ik = x jl = 1 or if x il = x jk = 1.EstimationMonte Carlo Markov Chain maximum likelihood estimation (MCMCMLE): Method of estimation based on computer simulation; more principled than pseudolikelihood; produces reliable standard errors. Pnet: (Wang, Robins, & Pattison, 2005). Software that includes procedures for MCMCMLE for exponential random graph models – University of Melbourne, Australia.Pseudo-likelihood estimation: an approximate method of estimation using logistic regression; does not produce reliable standard errors; properties are not well understood.Statnet: (Handcock, Hunter, Butts, Goodreau, & Morris, 2005). A software package using R, including procedures for MCMCMLE for exponential random graph models – University of Washington. SIENA: (Boer, Huisman, Snijders, & Zeggelink, 2003). A procedure within the StOCNET software package that includes provisions for MCMCMLE for exponential random graph models – University ofGroningen, the Netherlands. (http://stat.gamma.rug.nl/StOCNET)。
路人女主的养成方法英文
路人女主的养成方法英文Roadside Woman Protagonist Development MethodIntroduction:The Roadside Woman Protagonist Development Method is a comprehensive guide to transforming a regular person into the charismatic protagonist of their own story. This method aims to provide individuals with the tools and strategies they need to develop essential characteristics and skills often associated with main characters in novels, movies, and TV shows. By following the steps outlined in this method, you can unlock your potential and navigate through life as a confident, independent, and captivating individual.1. Self-Discovery:The first step in the Roadside Woman Protagonist Development Method is to embark on a journey of self-discovery. Take time to reflect on your strengths, weaknesses, passions, and aspirations. Understand your motivations and desires, and identify areas of personal growth that you wish to focus on.2. Confidence Building:Developing confidence is crucial for any main character. Engage inactivities that challenge you and push you out of your comfort zone. This can include public speaking, taking on leadership roles, or participating in new experiences. Embrace failure as an opportunity to learn and grow, and celebrate your achievements along the way.3. Skill Enhancement:To become a well-rounded protagonist, it is essential to acquire and enhance various skills. Identify the skills that align with your aspirations and invest time and effort into developing them. This could involve taking courses, attending workshops, or seeking mentorship. Don't be afraid to explore new fields and expand your knowledge base.4. Physical Fitness:Physical fitness is a key aspect of many protagonists' lives. Engage in regular exercise to improve your strength, stamina, and overallwell-being. Find activities that you enjoy and make them part of your routine. Prioritize a healthy diet and adequate rest, as they contribute to your overall physical and mental fitness.5. Emotional Intelligence:Cultivating emotional intelligence is essential for a compelling protagonist. Develop self-awareness and empathy by practicing activelistening, understanding others' perspectives, and managing your own emotions effectively. Strengthening your emotional intelligence will enable you to navigate relationships and conflicts with grace.6. Personal Style:A protagonist often has a distinctive personal style that sets them apart. Experiment with fashion, grooming, and self-expression to find a style that resonates with your personality. Embrace your unique qualities and be confident in your individuality.7. Goal Setting and Planning:To live a purposeful life, it is important to set goals and create a plan to achieve them. Outline short-term and long-term goals and break them down into actionable steps. Regularly review and revise your plans to stay on track and adapt to changing circumstances.8. Storytelling:Protagonists capture the imagination with their ability to tell compelling stories. Enhance your storytelling skills by engaging in creative pursuits such as writing, speaking, or acting. Find platforms to share your experiences and inspire others with your unique narrative.Conclusion:The Roadside Woman Protagonist Development Method equips individuals with the necessary tools to transform into captivating protagonists of their own lives. By embracing self-discovery, building confidence, enhancing skills, prioritizing physical and emotional fitness, finding a personal style, setting goals, and mastering storytelling, anyone can become the protagonist they were meant to be. Embrace your journey and create a life that is as fulfilling and exciting as any fictional story.。
果蝇胚胎发育与前-后轴
• 在受精卵的中央，细胞核进行多次有丝分裂。果蝇受精卵
平均每8分钟一次核分裂，形成多大256个细胞核。之后细 胞核移动到受精卵的外围，继续进行有丝分裂。
• 在第九个分裂周期中，大约五个细胞核到达胚胎的后极表
面，开始被细胞膜包围，这些极细胞将来形成成虫的配子。
• 大多数其他的细胞核在第十分裂周期到达胚胎的外围，之 后经历减慢的四个分裂周期。细胞核经过这些分裂阶段，
• 尽管所有的核公用一个细胞质，并不是意味着每个细胞核
周围的细胞质是一样的。每一个核周围都包含细胞骨架蛋
白。在第十个周期，各个细胞核到达卵的外围时，每一个
受精卵周围都包围着微管和微丝。细胞核和它们周围的细
胞质被称作活质体（energids）
• Although the nuclei divide within a common cytoplasm, this does not mean that the cytoplasm is itself uniform. Karr and Alberts (1986) have shown that each nucleus within the syncytial blastoderm is contained within its own little territory of cytoskeletal proteins. When the nuclei reach the periphery of the egg during the tenth cleavage cycle, each nucleus becomes surrounded by microtubules and microfilaments. The nuclei and their associated cytoplasmic islands are called energids
怎样定义英雄英语作文
怎样定义英雄英语作文When defining a hero in an English composition one should consider various aspects that encompass the essence of heroism. Heres a structured approach to writing an essay on defining a heroTitle The Essence of Heroism Defining a HeroIntroductionBegin by introducing the concept of a hero and why it is essential to understand what constitutes heroism in todays society. Mention that the definition of a hero has evolved over time and varies across cultures.Paragraph 1 Historical PerspectiveDiscuss how the definition of a hero has changed throughout history. Mention classical heroes like Hercules and King Arthur who were known for their physical strength and bravery in battle. Highlight the shift from purely physical to moral courage.Paragraph 2 Qualities of a HeroList and explain the key qualities that are commonly associated with heroes. These may include courage selflessness integrity resilience and the ability to inspire others. Provide examples of individuals who embody these traits.Paragraph 3 Everyday HeroesContrast the traditional image of heroes with the concept of everyday heroes. Describe how ordinary people can be heroes by performing acts of kindness standing up for what is right or making sacrifices for the greater good.Paragraph 4 The Role of ContextExplain that the context in which heroism is displayed is crucial. Discuss how heroes can emerge from various situations such as during natural disasters in the face of social injustice or in everyday life.Paragraph 5 The Impact of HeroesDiscuss the impact heroes have on society. Explain how heroes can inspire others to act virtuously challenge the status quo and promote positive change.Paragraph 6 The Complexity of HeroismAcknowledge that heroism is not always straightforward. Discuss the complexities and potential moral dilemmas that heroes may face such as the conflict between personal values and societal expectations.ConclusionSummarize the main points of the essay and reiterate the importance of defining what a hero is in a diverse and everchanging world. Conclude by stating that while the definition of a hero may differ the core values they represent remain a beacon of inspiration for all. Word Choice and LanguageUse a variety of vocabulary to describe heroism and related concepts. Employ descriptive adjectives and powerful verbs to convey the strength and impact of heroes. Utilize transitional phrases to smoothly connect ideas and maintain a logical flow throughout the essay.Examples and EvidenceInclude reallife examples of heroes to support your points. These can range from historical figures to contemporary individuals who have made a significant impact. Cite specific instances or actions that exemplify heroism.Structure and OrganizationEnsure that your essay is wellorganized with a clear introduction body paragraphs that explore different aspects of heroism and a conclusion that ties everything together. Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea related to the definition of a hero.By following this structure your essay will provide a comprehensive and thoughtful exploration of what it means to be a hero reflecting on both traditional and contemporary interpretations of heroism.。
《无细胞合成生物学》专业书
《无细胞合成生物学》专业书English Answer：Cellular synthetic biology is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to revolutionize many fields, including medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the field, covering the latest developments in cell-free protein synthesis, synthetic gene circuits, and bioinformatics. The book is written in a clear and concise style, and it is illustrated with numerous helpful figures and tables.The first part of the book introduces the basic concepts of cellular synthetic biology. The authors discuss the different types of cell-free protein synthesis systems, the methods for constructing synthetic gene circuits, and the tools for bioinformatics analysis. The second part of the book describes the applications of cellular synthetic biology in different fields. The authors discuss the use of cell-free protein synthesis for the production oftherapeutic proteins, the use of synthetic gene circuits for the design of new biomaterials, and the use of bioinformatics for the analysis of biological data.Overall, this book is an excellent resource for anyone who is interested in learning more about the field of cellular synthetic biology. The book is well-written, comprehensive, and up-to-date. I highly recommend it to students, researchers, and professionals in this field.中文回答：无细胞合成生物学是一个快速发展的领域，有望彻底改变包括医学、农业和制造业在内的许多领域。
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9
Bid-rent function showing growth of Sector B
10
Product life cycles
Three stages (Vernon 1966)
– Innovation Stage – Transition (maturity) Stage – Standardization Stage
13
Standardization Stage: Deep Rural Location
Mass production Benefits from unskilled labor and automation over skilled workers Benefits from Economies of Scale Searches for abundant low-paid workers
2
Land Rent
Land Rent = TR – PC – tD
– where TR is total revenue, – PC is the production cost (normal profit included), – t is the marginal transportation cost per unit of distance, and – D is distance.
Spread through growth Spread through decentralization
– Diseconomies of agglomeration send workers and firms to the periphery
21
Backwash effect
Backwash effect—growth at a pole drains employees and firms from the hinterland into the city
24
Rural economic development
Most likely in counties
– Adjacent to metropolitan areas – With sufficient agglomeration economies – Endowed with scenic amenities
Core-Periphery Models: Distance Counts
Chapter 9
1
Definitions
Urban area Periurban area: rural areas contiguous to urban areas Deep rural areas: distant rural areas within the urban hierarchy that consider that city as a central place for specialized purchases
Marshall-Arrow-Romer (MAR) externalities a.k.a Localization Economies Jacobs externalities a.k.a Urbanization Economies Patents activity responds more to urbanization than localization economies Nursery cities
16
Innovation in periphery
R&D jobs follow skilled workers to the suburbs Entrepreneurs of medium-sized firms prefer suburbs and medium-sized cities Medium sized cities concentrate on standardized production Agglomeration economies (localization)
– Rural areas – Overseas
14
Technologict ideas flow one way down the urban hierarchy Does this hold?
15
Innovation in center cities
23
Staple Theory of Economic Development
Harold Innis (1956), Canadian Economist High volatility of regional economies that depend on natural resources. Growth in world demand for the resource (direct effect) increases support industries (indirect and induced effects) Sustainability requires diversification
11
Innovation Stage: Metropolitan location
Short production runs Firms require frequent technical guidance. High-tech industries locate near research centers and universities Flexible input sources Swift, accurate communication Demand often in affluent markets
25
Rural economic development
Problematic in counties
– Shifting from resource-based economy to low-skill, low-wage manufacturing – Where workforce is not well educated – Lacking formal child care – Lacking dependable transportation infrastructure – With high old-age dependency ratio (Chapter 11 appendix) – With bureaucracy or resource ownership that benefits from the status quo
– Growth in city causes selective migration of rural population – Settlement sorting: production workers move to smaller cities; white collar workers move to city.
22
Nodal response
Increased demand in the periphery increases growth in the core
– Induced effects – Increased demand for natural resources processed at the core
26
�
12
Transition (maturity): Periurban Location
Firms loosely linked with research facilities Preference for lower land costs near a pool of skilled workers
17
Rural innovation
Lack agglomeration economies If telecommunications infrastructure is well-developed, little difference between rural vs. urban innovation. Innovation overcomes local constraints
– Simplifies production process – Finds markets for local products
18
Growth Poles
Natural growth pole: dynamic element in an economy Planned (induced) growth pole Perroux (1956): growth poles are not contiguous to their hinterlands Boudeville (1966): growth pole is urban center; growth spreads over periphery
19
Growth Poles: Characteristics
a motrice (stimulant, key, leading or propulsive) firm or industry, backward and forward linkages, a potential for innovation, the capability to attain self-sustained growth, and the capability for growth to spread over the pole's hinterland.
20
Spread effect
Spread effect—growth at a pole increases demand for goods and services produced at the hinterland