Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
Mellanox MMA2P00-AS MMA2P00-ASHT 25GbE SFP28 光纤传输器
Mellanox® MMA2P00-AS/MMA2P00-ASHT is a pluggable SFP28 optical transceiver designed foruse in 25GbE Ethernet. It incorporates Mellanox integrated circuit technology in order to provide highperformance at low power. The transceiver operates over a pair of multi-mode fibers (MMF), using anominal wavelength of 850nm, and is SFF-8402 compliant.MMA2P00-AS/MMA2P00-ASHT has a standard SFP28 connector on the electrical side towards the hostsystem supporting IEEE 802.3bm. The optical interface is composed of two optical channels/fibers, onein each direction, intended for a multi-mode optical cable connected via standard LC connectors. Eachchannel/fiber operates at signaling rates up to 25.78125GBd.The transceiver offers selectable retiming for both its optical transmitter and receiver for the 25Gb/s rate,and it also supports lower bit rates without. The transmitter has programmable input equalizers and inputsquelch function, while the receiver has programmable output amplitude and pre-emphasis.Rigorous production testing ensures the best out-of-the-box installation experience, performance, anddurability.T able 1 - Absolute Maximum RatingsT able 2 - Operational Module InformationNotes: 1. Internal temperature readout through DDMI of up to 75°C is allowed. 2. Internal temperature readout through DDMI of up to 90°C is allowed.MMA2P00-AS | MMA2P00-ASHT25GbE SR SFP28 MMF Optical Transceiver†PRODUCT BRIEFINTERCONNECT©2019 Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.†For illustration only. Actual products may vary.350 Oakmead Parkway, Suite 100, Sunnyvale, CA 94085Tel: 408-970-3400 • Fax: © Copyright 2019. Mellanox Technologies. All rights reserved.Mellanox and Mellanox logo are registered trademarks of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd.LinkX is a trademark of Mellanox Technologies, Ltd. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Mellanox 25GbE SR SFP28 MMF T ransceiverpage 2Warranty InformationMellanox LinkX optical transceivers include a 1-year limited hardware warranty, which covers parts repair or replacement.Mechanical Schematics53911PB Rev 1.22Table 3 - Part Number and Description。
太赫兹材料与器件英文
太赫兹材料与器件英文With the rapid development of science and technology, the demand for high-speed communication and advanced imaging systems has increased in recent years. One of the most promising solutions for these needs is the use of Terahertz (THz) materials and devices.THz waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with frequencies between 0.1 and 10 THz. This frequency range is also known as the THz gap, which is an area in the electromagnetic spectrum that is difficult to access with traditional technologies. With the development of THz technology, it is possible to exploit THz waves for a range of applications, including imaging, sensing, communication, and security.To harness the potential of THz waves, researchers have focused on developing THz materials and devices. These materials and devices have unique properties that make them ideal for THz applications. For example, THz waves can pass through a range of materials, including plastics, wood, and clothing, making them ideal for security applications. THz devices can also detect subtle changes in materials, making them useful for medical imaging and quality control in manufacturing.The development of THz materials and devices has been facilitated by advances in nanotechnology, which allows the creation of new materials with controlled properties. One such material is graphene, which has extraordinary electron transport properties that make it ideal for THz applications.Other materials used for THz devices and components include gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium antimonide (InSb), and indium phosphide (InP).Apart from materials, THz devices also require components such as antennas, sources, and detectors. Antennas are used to generate and receive THz waves, while sources provide the energy required for THz radiation. Detectors, on the other hand, capture and convert the THz radiation into a form that can be analyzed.In summary, THz technology is a promising area of research that has already shown its potential in a range of applications. The development of THz materials and devices is essential to harnessing the potential of THz waves. Nanotechnology has enabled the creation of new materials with controlled properties, while components such as antennas, sources, and detectors are required for THz devices. With continued research and development, THz technology will undoubtedly lead to significant advances in communication, imaging, and sensing.。
西安电子科技大学研究生科技英语教材答案
西安电子科技大学研究生科技英语教材答案V、练习参考答案练习1II、1.艾米特博士2001年毕业于哈佛大学Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.李教授1988年在西安理工大学获得机械工程博士学位Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’anUniversity of Technology in 1988.3.现在我们转向讨论一下无线网Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4.Bainbridge质谱仪是与光谱仪一样重要的仪器The B ainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the opticalspectrometer.5.做这个实验需要多长时间How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment?6.压力的增加会引起体积的减少An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.图(2-5)话出了式(2-2)所表示的情况Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.电感的单位是亨利The unit of inductance is the henry.III、1.[汉]UASMA协议采用了独特的帧结构.[英]UASMA protocol employs an unique frame structure.[改]The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure.2.[汉]最后,用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器.[英]At last, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.[改]Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.3.[汉]先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估[英] Dynamic analysis and evaluation of security for proactive secret sharingsystem[改]Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharingsystem4.[汉]该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒[英] The approach can be applied to one-dimensional potential barrier witharbitrary profile[改]The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with anarbitrary profile.5.[汉]我们提出一种基于牛顿迭代法的数值方法.[英] We propose a kind of numerical method based on the Newton’s iterativemethod.[改]We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.练习2I、1. 该电路由一个电池,一个电感器和一个电容器组成.This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. 试计算在a,b,c三点处的电场.Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. 这颗卫星用于美国,法国,意大利之间的通信This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.4. 我们假设该天线是垂直的,且其损耗为零.We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.5. 第6,7,8章论述传输线Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. 其误差为千亿分之六Its error is six parts in 1012.2. 这台计算机所储存的信息比那台多三倍.This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. 不久的将来对这种设备的需求量为现在的20倍The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. 这个元件上的电压为零点几福特The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5.现在其内部的压力被减少了15倍Now its internal pressure is one sixteenth what it was.III、1. [汉]这个物体比那个物体重4倍多[英] This object is over four times heavy than that one is.[改]This object is over five times heavier than that one is.2. [汉]除非另有说明,我们假设使用的是硅管, I CBO可以忽略不计[英] Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and I CBO can be neglected.[改]Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicontransistors are used and thatI CBO can be neglected.3. [汉]这个电路的优点是结构简单,容易调整.[英] This circuit has the advantage of simple in structure , easy to adjust.[改]This circuit has the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment.4. [汉]图1,2,3详细地画出了这个过程[英] Fig. 1, 2, 3 show this process detaildlyFigs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.5. [汉]对于进一步的信息,参考文献[3],[5],[9].[英] For further informations, consult references [3], [5]and[9].For further information, consult references [3], [5], [9].练习3I、1. 这种新型计算机和普通计算机相比有许多优点This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. 解这个微分方程把未知量求出来并不困难It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.3. 在这新的五章中,第一章论述负反馈的基本原理Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4.这时,电流与电压相位相差90度At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. 通过分析该仪器的参数,我们就能了解它的性能By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understandits performance.6. 我们要求出它在这一距离上的平均速度We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. 电子学这门科学在现今世界太重要了The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. 他们极为困难地解出了这道题They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、汉译英,划线部分要去使用介词短语表示.1. 若x>1,则该方程成立For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. 在把这些数值代入该方程后,我们得到了下面的表达式Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, we obtained the following expression..3. 这个电路的工作情况类似于图1-10的电路This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. 这台计算机的性能很好This computer is very good in performance.5. 这些波只向一个方向传播These waves travel only in one direction.III、1. [汉]本文提出了雷达目标的一种新的识别方法[英] This paper presents a new kind of recognition method of radar target.[改]This paper presents a new method for the recognition of radar targets.2. [汉]目标的运动状态对EKF跟踪精度的影响是非常大的[英] The influence of the moving state of the target for the tracking accuracy of the EKF.[改] The influence of the moving state of the target on the tracking accuracy of the EKF is great.3. [汉]在10月8日早上又发射了一颗通信卫星.[英] Another comsat has been launched in the morning of the 8th of October.[改]Another comsat was launched on the morning of the 8th of October.4. [汉]电压时用伏特来度量的[英] V oltage is measured with volt.[改] V oltage is measured in volts.5. [汉]他们将赴北京参加移动通信国际会议[英] They will leave to Beijing to attend a international conference of mobile communication.[改]They will leave for Beijing to attend an international conference on mobile communication.练习4I、1. 该力垂直于桌面作用The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. 这里的三个系数有待于确定The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. 下面两个式子在后面几章将会经常用到The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in thechapters which follow.4. 这里我们使用相距10厘米的两个金属球Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. 输出保持不变The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. 现在的教科书均讨论了这一问题All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7.计算机由于运算准确,速度快而得到了广泛的应用Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. 这个题的答案看起来的正确的The answer to this problem looks correct.9. 我们将使用一段相距距离为δ的两根平行导线Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10.现在的问题是如何测量这个元件上的电压The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11.这些数据将被传送到2千米外的计算中心These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. 在对上面的那个方程整理后,我们得到了下面的表达式Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. 这些电荷能与存在的其他电荷相互作用These charges can interact with other charges present.14. 力可以没有接触而被传递,这与普通的观念相反Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. 这个系数的典型值为0.35This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. [汉]在这种情况下,输入并不下降,输出也不下降.[英] In this case, the input does not fall; the output does not fall, too.[改]In this case, the input does not fall; nor neither does theoutput. /the output does not fall, either.2. [汉]导体的电阻不仅取决于制成导体的材料,而且取决于导体的尺寸和温度.[英] The resistance of a conductor not only depends on the material with which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.[改]The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.3. [汉]这些科学家们对该论题很感兴趣[英] These scientists are very interesting to this topic[改] These scientists are very interested in this topic.4. [汉]这个参数几乎不能测出来[英] This parameter almost cannot be measured[改] This parameter can hardly be measured.5. [汉]这这个实验室中,这台仪器比其它任何一台都贵[英] In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any one[改]In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any other one/ any one else.6. [汉]该设备的特点是体积小,重量轻.[英] The feature of this device is small in size , light in weight.[改] The features of this device are small size and light weight.练习5I、1. This equation can be solved in either of the following two ways/the two ways which follow.2. This baseball will soon come to rest because of its interaction with the ground.3. Our choice of this coefficient as 1 is correct.4. From its definition as the ratio of a force to a length, we can see that k has the same unit as work (does).5. Our analysis of the machine is of great significance.6. This facilitates their use in circuit analysis.II、1. This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox.2. Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect these components.3. We must water cool these equipments/devices.4. In the past, telephone calls were operator connected.5. AC can be changed/turned/converted/transformed/translated into/to DC, a process called/known as/referred to as rectification.6. A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.7. Computers are capable of processing information, a process that previously could be accomplished only inside our heads.8. An instrument for measuring current, voltage, and resistance, the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.III、1. Secs. 1.1 and 1.2 will discuss several other problems.2. Problems are listed/given on pp. 1-5.3. In the equations above, all h’s are the hybrid parameters.4. The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0.4535924277 kilograms.5. All a’s and b’s in Eq. (5-1) are related to the impedance R o.6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、1. None of them can solve this special type of differential equation.2. They do not know whether this material can stand so largea force or not.3. There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes.4. These two engineers are busy (in) designing a new kind of software.5. Iron is almost as good a conductor as aluminum.练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、1. None of those textbooks have/has mentioned this point.2. All of these x values cannot satisfy the equation.3. Neither of the two conditions is satisfied here.4. In the preceding/previous chapter, we discussed all kinds of force.5. This paper describes a new method for designing aircraft.6. By the end of the last century, the company had manufactured 5 000radars.7. Since 2008, this research institute has been developing a special kind of robot.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, thisphenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、1. This computer works much better than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..2. This computer requires many more components that that one (does).3. The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240 000 miles.4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、1. It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body. 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.2. The two engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer.3. We find this concept very difficult to explain.4. None of these windows can withstand so large a force.5. Work equals [is equal to] force multiplied by/timesdistance.6. The results obtained agree with the experimental values. [… are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、1. The sine law of the variation of light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been emphasized.2. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly.3. Various satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about/on space.4. Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.5. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help.练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.6. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on/round an iron core.7. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,”the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit,the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle. III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set ofequations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as 1.IV、1. Given/Knowing resistance and current, one/we can determine/calculate voltage.2. The price of this instrument is high.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.5. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.5. These two resistors should be selected/chosen so that the transistor can operate normally.6. The body is in such a state that it can do work.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is ofpractical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.9. This is due to/is caused by/results from the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.10. Besides/In addition to the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systemsto intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signal.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devicespossible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the seriesconverges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.4. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.5. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、汉译英，划线部分用定语从句表示1. 我们用来测量一个电阻上的电压的仪表被称为电压表The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage acrossa resistor is called a voltmeter.2.计算机是人类所曾有过的最有效的助手Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. 现在这种病不再是原来那样的严重问题了Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. 雷达可以测出无线电回波返回所需的时间Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. 我们必须计算出该物体被提起的距离We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. 一个物体的方向也是很重要的The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. 这个质点每秒钟震动的次数被叫做频率The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibratesper/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8.我们使这两个比值相等，由此得到了最简式We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. 需要确定y分量降为零的时间It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. 其每一个点y坐标均为零的曲线救市x轴The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、汉译英，要求划线部分用‘介词+which’来表示1. 该圆切割实轴的点处于α= ω处The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. 重力意思是地球吸引物体的力The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3.电子在其上面产生图像的显像管的表面成为荧光屏The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. 作者要感谢本书所属的那套丛书的编辑们The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. 这是给定的两个矢量为其边的一个平行四边形This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. 压强等于总的力除以被施加的面积The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. 组成水的两个两个元素是氢和氧The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. 这取决于产生电子的效率This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.9. 这两个定律是建立其它所有定律的基础These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built.10. 水结冰的温度一般是0度The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0o C.III、汉译英，要求划线部分用as从句来表示1. 如标题所示，本章将讨论非线性方程As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2.顾名思义，流体就是一种容易流动的物质As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. 这个单力产生的效应与那几个力一起产生的效应相同This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4.现在我们能够理解像出现在物理中的这种微分方程了Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. 这个功能可以用像在上一节中所描述的全家器来完成This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. 这些概念使我们能够理解静电学，即人们通常所说的‘静电’中广泛的现象These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.7. 这个电流，正如预料的那样，是十分小的This current is, as predicted, very small,8.首先让我们来考虑一下如第2页上所示的那个最简单的电路First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、汉译英，划线部分要求用‘than’等从句表示1. 这个值比我们预料的稍高一点This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. 这个反应堆能产生比它消耗得多的燃料This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3.让我们来考虑一下当力矩为零的情况Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. 我们必须确定开关闭合后的电流和电压值We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. 自从本书首次出版以来的十年间，金属加工业发生了巨大的变化During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、1. 【汉】甚至在这种情况下，这些协议也能为数量有限的用户提供质量可接受的语音服务【英】Even in this case these protocols can provide limited number of users the acceptable quality of voice service.【改】Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.2.【汉】本文截杀了8098微控制器与386PC机串行通信的方法【英】This paper presents a method of a 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with 386 personal computer【改】This paper presents a method for an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.3 【汉】对均衡器参数对均衡性能的影响进行了详细的分析【英】The effect of equalizer parameters for equalization performance is analyzeddetailedly.【改】The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzedin detail. [A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters onequalization performance.]4.【汉】图1中的接受机每个信息包括射频放大器，混频器，中频放大器，A/D转换器等【英】Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 includes a RF amplifier、mixer、IFamplifier and A/D converter etc.【改】Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF amplifier, a mixer, an IFamplifier, an A/D converter, etc.（注意：句尾的句号与缩略词“etc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5.【汉】异常成都越大，残留的失配就越，曲线就上扬【英】Larger the abnormal extent ，larger is the residual mismatch, and the curvegoes up.【改】The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, withthe curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have; 10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14.be; 15. leakII、汉译英，要求使用虚拟语气1. 一旦出现不正常情况，立即刮泥电源Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. 如果当时不适用电子计算机，他们解这个题就要花费很长时间Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3.在原方程中检验一下所有解是十分重要的It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.4.人们建议这个设计应立即加以修改It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once.5. 若没有半导体，卫星通信就不可能了。
Siemens SCALANCE X216 16-Port Managed Industrial E
Product data sheet6GK5216-0BA00-2AA3 Product-type designation SCALANCE X216SCALANCE X216, MANAGED IE SWITCH,16 X 10/100MBIT/S RJ45 PORTS,LED DIAGNOSTICS,FAULT SIGNAL. CONTACT WITH SET BUTTONREDUNDANT POWER SUPPLY,PROFINET-IO DEVICE,NETWORK- MANAGEMENT,INTEGRATED REDUNDANCY MANAGER,INCL. ELECTRONIC MANUAL ON CD,C-PLUG OPTIONALTransfer rate / 110 Mbit/sTransfer rate / 2100 Mbit/sNumber of electrical/optical connections• for network components or terminal equipment / maximum16Number of electrical connections• for network components and terminal equipment16• for signaling contact1• for power supply1• for redundant power supply1Design of the electrical connection• for network components and terminal equipment RJ45 port• for signaling contact2-pole terminal block• for power supply4-pole terminal blockdesign of the removable storage / C-PLUG YesOperating voltage / of signaling contacts / at DC / rated value24 VOperating current / of signaling contacts / at DC / maximum0.1 AType of / supply voltage DCSupply voltage / external24 V• minimum18 V• maximum32 VProduct component / fusing at power supply input YesType of fusing / at input for supply voltage1,1 A / 33 VConsumed current / maximum0.24 AActive power loss / at 24 V / for DC 5.76 WAmbient temperature• during operating-40 … +60 °C• during storage-40 … +70 °C• during transport-40 … +70 °C95 %Relative humidity / at 25 °C / without condensation / during operating/ maximumProtection class IP IP30Design compactWidth120 mmHeight125 mmDepth124 mmNet weight 1.2 kgMounting type• 35 mm DIN rail mounting Yes• wall mounting Yes• S7-300 rail mounting YesCascading in the case of a redundant ring / at reconfiguration time of50<\~0.3\~sCascading in cases of star structuring Any (depending only on signal propagation time) Product function• CLI Yes• web-based management Yes• MIB support Yes• TRAPs via email Yes• Configuration with STEP 7Yes• Port mirroring Yes• for IRT / PROFINET IO switch No• PROFINET IO diagnosis Yes• switch-managed YesProtocol / is supported• Telnet Yes • HTTP Yes • HTTPS Yes • TFTP Yes • FTP Yes • BOOTP No • SNMP v1Yes • SNMP v2Yes • SNMP v3Yes • DCP Yes • LLDP Yes Identification & maintenance function• I&M0 - device-specific information Yes • I&M1 – higher level designation/location designation YesProduct function• Port diagnostics Yes • Statistics Packet Size Yes • Statistics packet type Yes • Error statistics YesProduct function / DHCP client YesProduct function• Ring redundancy Yes • Redundancy manager Yes • Standby redundancy No • High Speed Redundancy Protocol (HRP)Yes • Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP)Yes • Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP)No • Passive listening Yes Protocol / is supported / PRP YesProtocol / is supported / SSH YesProduct function / SICLOCK support Yes Protocol / is supported• NTP No• SNTP YesStandard• for EMC / from FM FM3611: Class 1, Division 2, Group A, B, C, D / T4, CL.1, Zone 2,GP. IIC, T4• for hazardous zone EN 60079-0 : 2006, EN 60079-15: 2005, II 3 G Ex nA II T4 KEMA 07ATEX 0145X• for safety / of CSA and UL UL 60950-1, CSA C22.2 No. 60950-1• for hazardous area / of CSA and UL ANSI / ISA 12.12.01, CSA C22.2 No. 213-M1987, CL. 1 / Div. 2 / GP.A, B, C, D T4, CL. 1 / Zone 2 / GP. IIC, T4• for emitted interference EN 61000-6-4:2001 (Class A)• for interference immunity EN 61000-6-2:2001Verification of suitability EN 61000-6-2:2001, EN 61000-6-4:2001• CE mark Yes• C-Tick Yes• KC approval Yes• Railway application in accordance with EN 50155No• Railway application in accordance with EN 50124-1NoMarine classification association• American Bureau of Shipping Europe Ltd. (ABS)Yes• Bureau Veritas (BV)Yes• Det Norske Veritas (DNV)Yes• Germanische Lloyd (GL)Yes• Lloyds Register of Shipping (LRS)Yes• Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK)Yes• Polski Rejestr Statkow (PRS)NoInternet-Link• to website: Industry Mall /industrial-controls/mall• to website: Industrial communication /simatic-net• to website: Information and Download Center /automation/net/catalog• to website: Image database /bilddb• to website: CAx Download Manager /cax• to website: Industry Online Support Security information Siemens provides products and solutions with industrial securityfunctions that support the secure operation of plants, solutions,machines, equipment and/or networks. They are importantcomponents in a holistic industrial security concept. With this inmind, Siemens’ products and solutions undergo continuousdevelopment. Siemens recommends strongly that you regularlycheck for product updates. For the secure operation of Siemensproducts and solutions, it is necessary to take suitable preventiveaction(e.g. cell protection concept) and integrate each componentinto a holistic, state-of-the-art industrial security concept. Third-partyproducts that may be in use should also be considered. For moreinformation about industrial security, visit/industrialsecurity. To stay informed aboutproduct updates as they occur, sign up for a product-specificnewsletter. For more information, visit. Version 3.4 – 14.11.2013-Siemens AG, I IA L CG, Nurembergletzte Änderung:Jun 16, 2014。
太赫兹光电导天线海关编码
太赫兹光电导天线海关编码引言太赫兹技术是一种位于红外光和微波之间的电磁波谱，具有独特的特性和广泛的应用潜力。
太赫兹光电导天线是太赫兹技术中的重要组成部分，可以实现太赫兹波的发射和接收。
为了便于国际贸易和海关监管，太赫兹光电导天线需要有一个统一的海关编码。
本文将详细介绍太赫兹光电导天线的原理、应用和海关编码。
一、太赫兹光电导天线原理太赫兹光电导天线是一种用于太赫兹波的发射和接收的器件。
它利用光电效应和导电材料的特性，将太赫兹波转换为电信号或将电信号转换为太赫兹波。
光电导天线通常由两部分组成：光电转换器和导电材料。
光电转换器是太赫兹波的接收器，它将太赫兹波转换为电信号。
光电转换器通常由光电二极管或光电晶体管组成，它们能够将太赫兹波的能量转换为电流或电压信号。
光电转换器的性能对太赫兹光电导天线的灵敏度和带宽有着重要影响。
导电材料是太赫兹波的发射器，它将电信号转换为太赫兹波。
导电材料通常由金属或半导体构成，它们具有良好的电导率和太赫兹波的辐射特性。
导电材料的形状和结构对太赫兹波的辐射方向和频率响应有着重要影响。
太赫兹光电导天线的原理是利用光电转换器将太赫兹波转换为电信号，然后利用导电材料将电信号转换为太赫兹波。
这种双向转换的原理使得太赫兹光电导天线可以实现太赫兹波的发射和接收。
二、太赫兹光电导天线应用太赫兹光电导天线具有广泛的应用潜力，在许多领域都有重要的应用价值。
1.安全检测：太赫兹波可以穿透许多非导电材料，如纸张、塑料和织物，但对金属和液态物质有很好的反射能力。
因此，太赫兹光电导天线可以用于安全检测领域，例如检测隐蔽的金属武器或爆炸物。
2.医学影像：太赫兹波能够穿透生物组织，而且对水分子的吸收很弱，因此在医学影像领域具有很大的潜力。
太赫兹光电导天线可以用于太赫兹成像设备，用于检测皮肤病变、肿瘤和其他疾病。
3.通信与雷达：太赫兹波具有较高的频率和较大的带宽，适合用于高速数据传输和雷达应用。
太赫兹光电导天线可以用于太赫兹通信设备和太赫兹雷达系统，实现高速无线通信和高分辨率成像。
electrox粒刻广告语 -回复
electrox粒刻广告语-回复“electrox粒刻，让创意照亮未来！”——这是一句鼓舞人心的广告语，充满了对于创意和未来的渴望。
在这篇文章中，我们将一步一步回答关于electrox粒刻的问题，以深入了解这项创新技术的应用和优势。
第一部分：介绍electrox粒刻是一项最新的创新技术，它利用高能量激光束将物质表面局部刻蚀，从而在其中形成微小的凹槽或结构。
这项技术可以应用于各个领域，包括工业制造、医疗科学、生物科技和材料科学等等。
它的主要优势是高精度、高效率和多样性。
第二部分：应用领域electrox粒刻技术在工业制造中有广泛的应用。
它可以用于纳米芯片的制造，实现更高的集成度和性能。
同时，它还可以用于制作微型机械装置，这些装置在医疗和生物科技领域有着潜在的应用前景。
在材料科学领域，electrox粒刻可以用于制备多孔结构的材料，拓展材料的功能和应用范围。
第三部分：工艺步骤electrox粒刻技术的工艺步骤简单而高效。
首先，需要将待加工的物体放置于特定的工作台上，确保其稳定性。
然后，使用高能量激光束对物体的表面进行照射，形成所需的微小结构。
在此过程中，激光束的能量和照射时间需要经过调整，以确保刻蚀深度和结构的精确度。
最后，通过对物体进行清洗和后处理，以去除刻蚀产物和增强结构的稳定性。
第四部分：技术优势electrox粒刻技术具有许多优势。
首先，它可以实现高精度的微结构制造，甚至可以制备纳米级的结构。
其次，这项技术的加工速度快，可以在短时间内完成大批量的加工任务。
此外，electrox粒刻可以实现多种不同材料的刻蚀，包括金属、陶瓷和高分子材料等。
最重要的是，该技术的非接触性加工特点，避免了传统机械刻蚀造成的机械变形和热应力。
第五部分：未来展望随着科技的不断发展，electrox粒刻技术的应用前景非常广阔。
例如，在生物科技领域，该技术可以用于制备高通量的生物芯片，实现快速而精确的基因检测和药物筛选。
在电子领域，electrox粒刻可以实现更小型化和高效率的电子器件制造。
移动船舶微波通信关键技术研究
I G I T C W技术 研究Technology Study38DIGITCW2024.021 研究背景随着油田行业数字化技术浪潮的兴起，海上设施向信息化、无人化、智能化的方向发展。
基于先进可靠的无线通信技术，FPSO 上的工控网络、视频网络和生产网络的数据需向中心平台传输，实现FPSO 上的高速数据承载、高便捷性接入和全面信息化的建设。
FPSO 由单点平台、海底管线、系泊装置和储油轮组成。
储油轮随着风向、海流流向的改变绕单点转动。
在转动过程中，FPSO 需要调整天线，以保障海上作业的通信安全。
由于海上作业环境复杂，存在信号衰减、干扰等问题，传统的通信技术难以保障通信质量，需要新的通信技术。
因此，本文重点研究了通过天线自动跟踪、双链路自动切换等关键技术建设智能微波链路，实现FPSO 与平台的稳定宽带无线通信[1]。
2 海上无线通信环境特点基于海上石油平台以及FPSO 的特殊环境，在FPSO与海上石油平台之间的无线通信系统，为满足数据可靠通信要求需要解决的问题包括但不限于以下几点。
（1）运动状态下通信稳定性难保障。
FPSO 在转动作业的过程中船体有横向和纵向摆动，且船舶朝向不断变化，在此过程中的无线链路需要保障信号的稳定性。
（2）FPSO 自身的遮挡。
当FPSO 转动时，自身大桅和火炬等有可能处于收发天线之间，在微波可视距离上形成物理遮挡。
（3）海面对无线电波传输的影响。
FPSO 在海面上进行作业时，通信遇到的阻碍较少，电波传播的障碍相对较小。
这是因为海面上的障碍物较少，电波可以更自由地传播。
与陆地相比，海上的电波传播余地更大，且损耗较小。
然而，需要注意的是，海面条件会对无线电磁波产生一些不同的影响。
具体而言，海面会导致电波发生折射、反射以及多径效应，这些效应在海上比在陆地上更为显著，不同的无线电传播路径可能会造成信号的相互影响，另外海面高湿、高雾环境，还存在气吸收衰减、云雾衰减，以及雨衰等不利因素[2]。
物理学专业英语
华中师范大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2014一、课程的任务和教学目的通过学习《物理学专业英语》，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。
通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想，提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。
培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语的特点，提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇，基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读；达到一定的笔译水平。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
二、课程内容课程内容包括以下章节：物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论三、基本要求1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量（约1200~1500词/学时），要求正确理解原文。
2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求基本理解原文主要内容。
3.掌握基本专业词汇（不少于200词）。
4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作的能力。
四、参考书目录1 Physics 物理学 (1)Introduction to physics (1)Classical and modern physics (2)Research fields (4)V ocabulary (7)2 Classical mechanics 经典力学 (10)Introduction (10)Description of classical mechanics (10)Momentum and collisions (14)Angular momentum (15)V ocabulary (16)3 Thermodynamics 热力学 (18)Introduction (18)Laws of thermodynamics (21)System models (22)Thermodynamic processes (27)Scope of thermodynamics (29)V ocabulary (30)4 Electromagnetism 电磁学 (33)Introduction (33)Electrostatics (33)Magnetostatics (35)Electromagnetic induction (40)V ocabulary (43)5 Optics 光学 (45)Introduction (45)Geometrical optics (45)Physical optics (47)Polarization (50)V ocabulary (51)6 Atomic physics 原子物理 (52)Introduction (52)Electronic configuration (52)Excitation and ionization (56)V ocabulary (59)7 Statistical mechanics 统计力学 (60)Overview (60)Fundamentals (60)Statistical ensembles (63)V ocabulary (65)8 Quantum mechanics 量子力学 (67)Introduction (67)Mathematical formulations (68)Quantization (71)Wave-particle duality (72)Quantum entanglement (75)V ocabulary (77)9 Special relativity 狭义相对论 (79)Introduction (79)Relativity of simultaneity (80)Lorentz transformations (80)Time dilation and length contraction (81)Mass-energy equivalence (82)Relativistic energy-momentum relation (86)V ocabulary (89)正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：已知的专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：新学的专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：新学的普通词汇1 Physics 物理学1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physicsPhysics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry,and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 【艾萨克·牛顿】.University PhysicsThese central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics.Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of1 Physics 物理学observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale.For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified.The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena.The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation.Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massiveUniversity Physicssystems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials,and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics.Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group—previously solid-state theory—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules.1 Physics 物理学The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.●The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) thatinteract via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.●Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons,W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).●The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.University PhysicsAstrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model (the standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory1 Physics 物理学of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sand-piles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.Vocabulary★natural science 自然科学academic disciplines 学科astronomy 天文学in their own right 凭他们本身的实力intersects相交，交叉interdisciplinary交叉学科的，跨学科的★quantum 量子的theoretical breakthroughs 理论突破★electromagnetism 电磁学dramatically显著地★thermodynamics热力学★calculus微积分validity★classical mechanics 经典力学chaos 混沌literate 学者★quantum mechanics量子力学★thermodynamics and statistical mechanics热力学与统计物理★special relativity狭义相对论is concerned with 关注，讨论，考虑acoustics 声学★optics 光学statics静力学at rest 静息kinematics运动学★dynamics动力学ultrasonics超声学manipulation 操作，处理，使用University Physicsinfrared红外ultraviolet紫外radiation辐射reflection 反射refraction 折射★interference 干涉★diffraction 衍射dispersion散射★polarization 极化，偏振internal energy 内能Electricity电性Magnetism 磁性intimate 亲密的induces 诱导，感应scale尺度★elementary particles基本粒子★high-energy physics 高能物理particle accelerators 粒子加速器valid 有效的，正当的★discrete离散的continuous 连续的complementary 互补的★frame of reference 参照系★the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论★general theory of relativity 广义相对论gravitation 重力，万有引力explicit 详细的，清楚的★quantum field theory 量子场论★condensed matter physics凝聚态物理astrophysics天体物理geophysics地球物理Universalist博学多才者★Macroscopic宏观Exotic奇异的★Superconducting 超导Ferromagnetic铁磁质Antiferromagnetic 反铁磁质★Spin自旋Lattice 晶格，点阵，网格★Society社会，学会★microscopic微观的hyperfine splitting超精细分裂fission分裂，裂变fusion熔合，聚变constituents成分，组分accelerators加速器detectors 检测器★quarks夸克lepton 轻子gauge bosons规范玻色子gluons胶子★Higgs boson希格斯玻色子CERN欧洲核子研究中心★Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像，核磁共振ion implantation 离子注入radiocarbon dating放射性碳年代测定法geology地质学archaeology考古学stellar 恒星cosmology宇宙论celestial bodies 天体Hubble diagram 哈勃图Rival竞争的★Big Bang大爆炸nucleo-synthesis核聚合，核合成pillar支柱cosmological principle宇宙学原理ΛCDM modelΛ-冷暗物质模型cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀1 Physics 物理学fabricate制造，建造spintronics自旋电子元件，自旋电子学★neutrinos 中微子superstring 超弦baryon重子turbulence湍流，扰动，骚动catastrophes突变，灾变，灾难heterogeneous collections异质性集合pattern formation模式形成University Physics2 Classical mechanics 经典力学IntroductionIn physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces. The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. Besides this, many specializations within the subject deal with gases, liquids, solids, and other specific sub-topics.Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results as long as the domain of study is restricted to large objects and the speeds involved do not approach the speed of light. When the objects being dealt with become sufficiently small, it becomes necessary to introduce the other major sub-field of mechanics, quantum mechanics, which reconciles the macroscopic laws of physics with the atomic nature of matter and handles the wave–particle duality of atoms and molecules. In the case of high velocity objects approaching the speed of light, classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity. General relativity unifies special relativity with Newton's law of universal gravitation, allowing physicists to handle gravitation at a deeper level.The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz【莱布尼兹】, and others.Later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These advances were largely made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they extend substantially beyond Newton's work, particularly through their use of analytical mechanics. Ultimately, the mathematics developed for these were central to the creation of quantum mechanics.Description of classical mechanicsThe following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it often2 Classical mechanics 经典力学models real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it.In reality, the kind of objects that classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particle.Classical mechanics uses common-sense notions of how matter and forces exist and interact. It assumes that matter and energy have definite, knowable attributes such as where an object is in space and its speed. It also assumes that objects may be directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings, known as the principle of locality.In quantum mechanics objects may have unknowable position or velocity, or instantaneously interact with other objects at a distance.Position and its derivativesThe position of a point particle is defined with respect to an arbitrary fixed reference point, O, in space, usually accompanied by a coordinate system, with the reference point located at the origin of the coordinate system. It is defined as the vector r from O to the particle.In general, the point particle need not be stationary relative to O, so r is a function of t, the time elapsed since an arbitrary initial time.In pre-Einstein relativity (known as Galilean relativity), time is considered an absolute, i.e., the time interval between any given pair of events is the same for all observers. In addition to relying on absolute time, classical mechanics assumes Euclidean geometry for the structure of space.Velocity and speedThe velocity, or the rate of change of position with time, is defined as the derivative of the position with respect to time. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive as vector quantities; they must be dealt with using vector analysis.When both objects are moving in the same direction, the difference can be given in terms of speed only by ignoring direction.University PhysicsAccelerationThe acceleration , or rate of change of velocity, is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (the second derivative of the position with respect to time).Acceleration can arise from a change with time of the magnitude of the velocity or of the direction of the velocity or both . If only the magnitude v of the velocity decreases, this is sometimes referred to as deceleration , but generally any change in the velocity with time, including deceleration, is simply referred to as acceleration.Inertial frames of referenceWhile the position and velocity and acceleration of a particle can be referred to any observer in any state of motion, classical mechanics assumes the existence of a special family of reference frames in terms of which the mechanical laws of nature take a comparatively simple form. These special reference frames are called inertial frames .An inertial frame is such that when an object without any force interactions (an idealized situation) is viewed from it, it appears either to be at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line. This is the fundamental definition of an inertial frame. They are characterized by the requirement that all forces entering the observer's physical laws originate in identifiable sources (charges, gravitational bodies, and so forth).A non-inertial reference frame is one accelerating with respect to an inertial one, and in such a non-inertial frame a particle is subject to acceleration by fictitious forces that enter the equations of motion solely as a result of its accelerated motion, and do not originate in identifiable sources. These fictitious forces are in addition to the real forces recognized in an inertial frame.A key concept of inertial frames is the method for identifying them. For practical purposes, reference frames that are un-accelerated with respect to the distant stars are regarded as good approximations to inertial frames.Forces; Newton's second lawNewton was the first to mathematically express the relationship between force and momentum . Some physicists interpret Newton's second law of motion as a definition of force and mass, while others consider it a fundamental postulate, a law of nature. Either interpretation has the same mathematical consequences, historically known as "Newton's Second Law":a m t v m t p F ===d )(d d dThe quantity m v is called the (canonical ) momentum . The net force on a particle is thus equal to rate of change of momentum of the particle with time.So long as the force acting on a particle is known, Newton's second law is sufficient to。
ASM 142系列蜜芬泄漏检测器说明书
G B 00207 - E d i t i o n 05 - F e b r u a r y 121/1A 100Introduction to the ASM 142 seriesA new generation of adixen helium leakdetectorModel photographed: ASM 142The ASM 142/142 D/142 S/ASM Graph/ASM Graph D/ASM Graph D+ are universal helium leak detectors which set new performance standards for multi-purpose unit.These detectors are the end-result of an innovative engineering approach utilizing the latest electronics technologies and vacuum concepts, whichmake them a truly universal unit:142I high performances, such as, a roughing capacity of 7 CFM (60 l/mn) with a usable helium sensitivity in the 10-11 /sec range.x x xI high performances, such as, a dry roughing capacity of 0.9 CFM (1.5 m 3/h) with a usable helium sensitivity in the 10-11 /sec range.x x xI a usable helium sensitivity in the10-7 /sec range (with auto-zero function).xI comprehensive control panel with two distinct areas (one for the operation of the unit, the other for entering the test parameters).x x x x x xI evolved features to assist the operator in his daily operation (auto-calibration, auto-zero, helium signal direct readout, ...).x x x x x xI very rugged design, based on field-proven components, which makes it ideal for any industrial environment.x x x x x xI various accessories to reinforce the versatility of the product (remote control, sniffer probe).x x x x x xI totally dry leak detector.x xxI specific to sniffing test mode applications.xI graphic interface.xxxWe suggest that you read this manual before you start to use your detector to obtain optimum levels of performance and complete satisfaction.adixen Vacuum Products - ASM 142 S Operating instructions。
核间通信机制 英语
核间通信机制英语Inter-core communication is a crucial aspect of modern computing, enabling processors to efficiently share data and coordinate tasks. When you think about it, it's like having a team of experts working in the same office but specialized in different areas. They need to communicate quickly and effectively to achieve their common goals.In the digital world, these "experts" are the cores of a processor, and the office is the motherboard. Each core has its own responsibilities, but they all need to be on the same page to get the job done. So, how do they communicate? Well, there are various methods, ranging from shared memory to message passing protocols.Think of shared memory as a whiteboard in the office. Everyone can see it and write on it. In the processor, cores can access the same memory locations, making data sharing a breeze. However, this also requires careful synchronization to avoid conflicts and ensure dataintegrity.On the other hand, message passing protocols are more like sending notes or emails. Cores send messages to each other containing the necessary information. This approachis more decoupled, allowing for more flexibility and scalability. But it also adds some overhead, as messages need to be packaged, sent, and received.The choice of communication mechanism depends on the specific application and requirements. For example, inhigh-performance computing, shared memory may be preferred for its speed and low latency. While in distributed systems, message passing may be more suitable due to its scalability and fault.。
电子相关英语词汇H-S
HA Global Positioning Satellite 全球定位卫星HB Global Positioning System 全球定位系统HC Global System for Mobile Communication 全球移动通信系统HCT General Video File Server 通用视频文件服务器HD Head Amplifier 前置放大器Head Bus 前端总线HDM Hierarchical Coding 分层编码HDTV Home Communication Terminal 家庭通信终端HDVS High Definition 高清晰度HF Horizontal Drive 水平驱动(脉冲)HFC High Density Modulation 高密度调制HFCT High Definition Television 高清晰度电视HIS High Definition Video System 高清晰度视频系统Hi-Fi High Frequency 高频HPA Hybrid Fiber Coaxial 光纤同轴电缆混合网HPF HQAD Hybrid Fiber Concentric Twisted Pair Wire 混合光纤同轴双绞线HS Home Information System 家庭信息系统HSC High-Fidelity 高保真(度)High Power Amplifier 大功率放大器HSDB High-Pass Filter 高通滤波器HT High Quality Audio Disc 高品位音频光盘HTT HTTP Horizon Scanner 水平扫描HTU High Speed Camera System 高速摄像机系统IA High Speed Channel 高速信道IB High Speed Data Broadcast 高速数据广播High Tension 高压Home Television Theatre 家庭电视影院IBC Hyper Text Transmission Protocol 超文本传输协议Home Terminal Unit 家庭终端单元Information Access 信息存取IBG International Broadcasting 国际广播IC Interface Bus 接口总线IDCT Internal Bus 内部总线IF Integrated Broadband Communication 综合宽带通信IM International Broadcasting Center 国际广播中心IMTV International Broadcasting Convention (欧洲)国际广播会议IN Inter Block Gap 字组间隔INFO INS Integrated Circuit 集成电路IOCS Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦逆变换IOD Intermediate Frequency 中频IP Interface Module 接口模块Interactive Multimedia Television 交互式多媒体电视IPC Integrated Network 综合网IPD Integrated Network Using Fiber Optics 光纤综合网IPTC Information Network System 信息网络系统IRD Input-Output Control System 输入/输出控制系统IS Information On Demand 点播信息Input Power 输入功率Internet Protocol 因特网协议ISA Information Processing Center 信息处理中心ISAN Interactive Program Directory 交互式节目指南International Press Telecommunication Council 国际新闻通信委员会ISO ISRC Integrated Receiver/Decoder 综合接收机/解码器ISSI Information Superhighway 信息高速公路IT Interactive Service 交互业务ITS International Standard 国际标准Industry Standard Architecture 工业标准总线Integrated Service Analog Network 综合业务模拟网ITU International Standard Audiovisual Number 国际标准音视频编号ITV International Standards Organization 国际标准化组织International Standard Recording Code 国际标准记录码IU Inter-Switching System Interface 交换机间系统接口IVCS Interline Transfer 行间转移IVDS Insertion Test Signal 插入测试信号IVOD Intelligent Traffic System 智能交通系统IVS International Telecommunication Service 国际电信业务JB International Telecommunications Union 国际电信联盟JCTA Industrial Television 工业电视JPEG Interactive Television 交互式电视JSB Information Unit 信息单元KB Intelligent Video Conferencing System 智能视频会议系统LAN Interactive Video Data Service 交互视频数据业务LBC Interactive Video On Demand 交互点播电视LC Interactive Video System 交互视频系统LCD Junction Box 接线盒Japan Cable Television Association 日本有线电视协会LD Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图片专家组LDTV Japan Satellite Broadcasting Inc 日本广播卫星公司IED Keyboard 键盘LF Local Area Network 局域网LFE Low Bit-rate Coding 低码率编码LFO Lossless Coding 无损编码LI Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器LMDS Light Coupled Device 光耦合器件LNA Laser Diode 激光二极管LO Low Definition Television 低分辨率数字电视LPF Light-Emitting Diode 发光二极管LRC Low Frequency 低频LS Low Frequency Response 低频响应LSD Low Frequency Oscillator 低频振荡器LSI Level Indicator 电平指示器LSN Local Microwave Distribution System 本地微波分配系统LTC Low Noise Amplifier 低噪声放大器LVD Local Oscillator 本地振荡器LVR Low Pass Filter 低通滤波器Longitudinal Redundancy Checking 纵向冗余校验Light Source 光源MAC Large Screen Display 大屏幕显示器MAN Large Scale Integrated Circuit 大规模集成电路MAPI Local Supervision Network 本地监测网MATV Longitudinal Time Code 纵向时间码MC Laser Vision Disc 激光电视唱片Laser Video Recording System 激光视盘录制系统Multiplexed Analog Components 复用模拟分量Metropolitan Area Network 都市网MCI Multimedia Application Programming Interface 多媒体应用编程接口MCPC Master Antenna Television 共用天线电视MCR Main Control 主控Media Composer 非线性媒体编辑系统MD Motion Compensation 运动补偿MDM Multimedia Communication 多媒体通信MDOP Media Control Interface 媒体控制接口MF Multi-Channel Per Carrier 多路单载波MIC Master Control Room 主控制室MIDI Mobile Control Room 转播车，移动控制室MMDS Magnetic Drum 磁鼓MODEM Multimedia Data Management 多媒体数据管理MOL Multimedia Data Operation Platform 多媒体数据操作平台MON Medium Frequency 中频MPC Microphone 传声器，话筒MPEG Musical Instrument Digital Interface 乐器数字接口MPO Multi-Channel Microwave Distribution System 微波多点分配系统Modulator And Demodulator 调制解调器MR Maximum Output Level 最大输出电平MSC Monitor 监视器，监听器。
电子信息工程论文(英文)
Electronic and information engineering is the application of the computer and modem technology for electronic information control and information processing the discipline, the main research information acquisition and processing, electronic equipment and information system design, development, application and integration. Now, electronic and information engineering has covered many aspects of the society, like telephone exchange station how to deal with various phone signal, a mobile phone is how to transfer our voice even image, the network around us how to transfer data, and even of the army of the information age how to confidential information transmission, are involved in electronic and information engineering application technology. We can through some basic knowledge learning know these things, and able to apply more advanced technology in new product research and electronic and information engineering is professional This program is to cultivate master the modern electronic technology theory, familiar with electronic system design principle and design method, have stronger computer, foreign language and corresponding engineering technology application ability, facing the electronic technology, automatic control and intelligentcontrol, computer and network technology, electronic, information, communication field of broad caliber, the high quality, comprehensive development of integrated with innovation ability engineering technology talent development.Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design, to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is how to transmission, etc, and can organic ?Course classification:1. The mathematicsThe higher mathematics-(the department of mathematics mathematical analysis + space analytic geometry + ordinary differential equation) speak mainly is calculus, to learn thecircuit of the people, the calculus (a yuan, multiple), curve surface integral, series, ordinary differential equation, Fourier transform, the other the Laplace transformation in the subsequent frequently encountered in theory.Probability and statistics-all communication, signal processing with relevant course with probability theory.Mathematical physical methods-some school graduate student intellect, some schools into complex variable functions (+ integral transform) and mathematical physics equation (is partial differential equations). Study the mathematical basis of electromagnetic field, microwave.May also be introduced stochastic process (need to probability basis) and functional analysis.2. TheoryThe circuit principle-basic of the program.Signal and system, continuous and discrete signal time domain, frequency domain analysis, is very important but also is difficultDigital signal processing-discrete signal and system analysis, signal digital transformation, digital filters, and so on.The application of information theory, information theoryrange is very wide, but electronic engineering often put this course speak into coding theory.Electromagnetic field and wave-the day the course, basically is the counterpart of the dynamics in the physics department of the electricity, using mathematical to study the magnetic field (constant electromagnetic field, time-dependent electromagnetic fields).3. CircuitAnalog circuit-the transistor, the op-amp, power supply, A/D and D/A.Digital circuit--a gate, trigger and combination circuit, timing circuit, programmable devices, digital electronic system4. ComputerMicrocomputer principle-80 x86 hardware work principle.Assembly language, direct correspondence of the CPU commands programming language.Single chip microcomputer CPU and control circuit, made a piece of integrated circuit, all sorts of electric equipment of all necessary, normal explanation 51 series.Cc++ language-(now speak only c language schools may not much) writing system programming language, and the development of hardware related often are used.Software foundation-(computer specialized data structure + + + algorithm operating system database principles + compilation approach + software engineering) can also be a few course, speaks the principle of software and how to write software.Professional training requirements:This major is an electronic and information engineering major. Students of this specialty mainly studies the signal acquisition and processing, the power plant equipment information system of professional knowledge, by electronic and information engineering practice of basic training, with design, development, application and integrated electronic equipment and the ability of the information system.Professional training requirements:This major is an electronic and information engineering major. Students of this specialty mainly studies the signal acquisition and processing, the power plant equipment information system of professional knowledge, by electronic and information engineering practice of basic training, with design, development, application and integrated electronic equipment and the ability of the information system.The graduates should have the following several aspects of knowledge and ability:1. Can a system to manage the field wide technology basic theoretical knowledge, to adapt to the electronic and information engineering extensive work range2. Grasp the electronic circuit of the basic theory and experiment technology, analysis and design of electronic equipment basic ability3. To grasp the information acquisition, processing the basic theory and application of the general method, has the design, integration, application and computer simulation of information system of the basic skills.4. Understand the basic principles of information industry, policies and regulations, understand the basic knowledge of the enterprise management5. Understand electronic equipment and information system of theoretical frontiers, with research, development of new system, the new technology preliminary ability6. Master of literature retrieval, material inquires basic ?The future:Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solid mathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, andmainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design, to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is the ? how to transferAlong with the social informatization of thorough, the most industries need electronic and information engineering professionals, and a high salary. Students can be engaged in electronic equipment and information system design, application development and technical management, etc. For example, make electronic engineers, design develop some electronics, communication device; Do software engineer, hardware design, development and all kinds of relevant software; Do project executive, planning some big system, the experience, knowledge requires high; Still can continue to study to become a teacher, engaged in scientific research work, etc.China IT industry started so far have ten years, very young.Fresh things, chaoyang industry is always much attention. It is for this reason, the computer professional quickly become the university of popular major, many schoolmates sharpening again sharpened head to the ivory tower of ivory top drill, or for interest, or to make a living master a foreign skills, or for future better and faster development.The first few years of the computer professional than hot, in recent years professional to this choice in the gradually rational and objective. Students and parents consider is more of a more advantageous to the personal self based on long-term development of the starting point.In this industry, seems to have the potential law: a short career. So the body not old heart first, thought the "hope the way how to turn what should IT management, sales, or under IT the bodies from beginning to the past business, or simply turned... ., exactly what to do, still wandering in the, in the confusion, the code of a few years ago life seems to be erased it shall not plan, leaving only the deserted what some memories.Too much about the industry's bad, many, many elder's kind advice, in computer professional students in the heart of the buried the uneasy seeds, whether should continue to choose the bank, or career path should be explicit turn? Choose this line,is likely to mean that the choice of physical and mental suffering course, accept the industry of experience.Exit? Is the heart has unwilling, think about for several years hard work, they write in pencil full program writing paper, the class was, when working with the, less romantic hold lots of time, for the future is more a self-confidence to submitting a professional, the profound professional resume. Who would like to be the last into the heart to the east of the water flow.Any one industry all have their own bright and gloomy, just people don't understand. For just the us towards campus, has entered the society for seniors learn elder sister, for different positions of each elder, life is always difficult, brilliant casting is progressive, we can not only see industry bright beautiful beautiful appearance, and neglect of its growth lift behind the difficult, the gap between the two extremes of course huge, from such a perspective, apparently went against the objective. And for his future career build is the same, it's early form, its make, its cast, it's affluent, and it's thick, is a brick step by step a tired build by laying bricks or stones.Exactly do a "starter, don't want to entry-level, want to introduction and no entry-level" IT people, the answer at ease in each one.Can say electronic and information engineering is a promising discipline, is not optional despise any a subject. To do a line, loves a line, since choosing it, will it never do things by halves.on Electronic and information engineering is the application of the computer and modem technology for electronic information control and information processing the discipline, the main research information acquisition and processing, electronic equipment and information system design, development, application and integration. Now, electronic and information engineering has covered many aspects of the society, like telephone exchange station how to deal with various phone signal, a mobile phone is how to transfer our voice even image, the network around us how to transfer data, and even of the army of the informatiage how to confidential information transmission, are involved in electronic and information engineering application technology. We can through some basic knowledge learning know these things, and able to apply more advanced technology to research and development of new products.Electronic information engineering major is learning the basic circuit of knowledge, and master the computer processing with the method of information. The first to have solidmathematical knowledge, for physics requirement is high, and mainly electrical; To learn many circuit knowledge, electronic technology, signal and system, computer control principle, communication principle, basic courses. Learning in electronic and information engineering design, to themselves have to connect with computer some circuit experiment, to operate and use tools requirements is also higher. Such as their connection sensor circuit, with computer set small communications system, will also visit some big company of electronic and information processing equipment, understanding mobile phone signal, cable TV is how to transmission, etc, and can organic ?。
芜湖单轨UTO全电子联锁系统技术特点
I G I T C W技术 分析Technology Analysis84DIGITCW2024.02瑞典ABB 公司于1978年成功研制出了全球第一套计算机联锁，目前CITIFLO650信号系统FULL 方案的核心设备就是基于此发展出来的EBILock950，如今已经被广泛运用于亚欧美洲众多国家轨道交通项目上，经过不断的技术革新与实践检验的推动，该系统核心产品设计已经经历了四次技术革新。
如今，该系统在我国多地的地铁线上获得了推广，如深圳地铁3号线及延伸线、哈尔滨地铁2号线和天津地铁1号线等。
1 系统基本组成EBILock950全电子计算机联锁系统，简称CBI ，主要由三部分组成，分别是EBILock950联锁主机（简称CIS ）、OCS950全电子执行单元（简称OCS ）以及两者之间的独立数据传输网络（TRANS ）。
CBI 设计与开发的标准为欧洲标准，其设计理念是“安全平台+铁路应用”“二乘二取二冗余”以及“底层硬件和操作系统异构”。
在结构中，TRANS 能够为CIS 和OCS 提供实时通信，并且通过环形组网的方式，确保在单点故障发生时，整个系统的使用不受影响。
在芜湖跨座式单轨无人全自动驾驶项目中，该系统正线采用了三级配置方式，分别是一级设备集中站（CIS 站）、二级设备集中站（OCS 站）和非设备集中站；其半高式站台门的控制柜具有有线+无线通信功能；车辆段与试车线共用一套冗余配置的联锁、轨旁ATO/ATP 和区域恢复服务器（RRS ），可以实现自动出入段、列调自动化、自动折返、自动休眠与唤醒以及自动洗车等功能；其控制中心ATS 和车站/场段级ATS 服务器采用环网级联方式，兼作为联锁上位机[1]。
2 EBILock950计算机联锁主要特点2.1 联锁系统结构和硬件设计中央处理单元的构成均是两个彼此独立的处理单元，即VPC ，名为安全处理计算机，也称为故障处理单元，两个独立处理单元借助中央处理单元内部的交换机实现同步通信。
新岸线自主研发高性能和高集成度芯片
国家科技支撑 计划 “ 功能农业 装备与设施研 制”项 多 等１项关键技术 ，主机主要性能指标达到国际 同类产品 ０
２０ 年１ 月２ 日，彩虹 集团在安徽省合肥市正式启 目的一项标志 性成果 。该系列产 品突破 了数字 化建模 ０９ ２ ２ 动６ 代液晶玻璃项 目建设 。项 目总投资３ 亿元人民 币， ７ 建设６ 条玻璃基板生产线 ，建成后可年产６ 代液晶玻璃基 先进水 平。从此 ，结束 了国际大型农机 制造企业垄断 板１５２ 片。彩虹集 团在省 市领 导和相关 部 门的大 力 ３． 万 动力换档重型拖拉机的历史。
标。
动力换 档重 型拖拉 机在 中国一拖 下线
２ １年９ ８ ００ 月２ 日，在 “ 中国一拖大轮拖上能 力上水 平技 改项 目落 成暨重型 拖拉机 下线仪式”上 ， “ 东方 “ 东方红 ”动力换档 重型拖拉机 ，是 “ 一五” 十
同时 ，该项 技术的 突破 ，也在更 高水平 实现 了 “ 力 红”动力换档重型 拖拉机 ，缓缓驶下总装线 。 努
的工 作 状况 下 ，芯片 功耗 不足 ２ Ｗ，系统 的功 耗不 足 梭高端容 错计算机研 制与示范 应用”课题 。经过数年
６ Ｗ。 同时 ，Ｎｕ ｍａ 的 高 集 成度 令业 界刮 目课题 组在 高端容 错计算机体 系结构 、系统
Ｎｕ ｍａｔ ８ ６ 一 块 芯 片 上 集 成 了Ｃ Ｕ、南 桥 、北 总线协 议设 计 、核心芯 片组设 计 、系统Ｂ ＯＳ 计以及 Ｓ ｒ ２ １在 Ｐ Ｉ 设 桥 、显卡 、视频解 码 、硬 盘控制器 等功能 ，是 高性能 容错操作系统核心 等关键技术方面实现突破 ，于２ １年 ００ 和高集成度 的芯片 。因此 ，在 它的基础上 ，可以把产 ７ 月完成 了系统样机研制。
英语作文,写关1971年电子邮集的发明
英语作文,写关1971年电子邮集的发明The year 1971 marks a significant milestone in the history of communication with the invention of electronic mail, commonly known as email. This revolutionary technology has transformed the way we communicate, making it faster, more efficient, and more convenient than traditional mail systems.The concept of email was first proposed by Ray Tomlinson, an American computer engineer. In 1971, while working at ARPANET, the precursor to the internet, Tomlinson developed a way to send messages between computers using the @ symbol to distinguish between the user's name and the host computer.Tomlinson's invention of email was a game-changer in the field of communication. It allowed users to send messages instantly and securely, without the need for physical mail delivery. This meant that people could communicate with each other across long distances in a matter of seconds, breaking down barriers and revolutionizing the way we interact with one another.The invention of email had a profound impact on various aspects of society. In the business world, email revolutionized communication, allowing for faster and more efficientcollaboration between colleagues and clients. It also transformed the way companies market their products and services, with email marketing becoming a powerful tool for reaching customers.In the academic world, email made it easier for researchers and scholars to share their work and collaborate on projects. It also provided a platform for students and teachers to communicate outside of the classroom, enabling distance learning and online education to thrive.In the personal realm, email has become an essential tool for keeping in touch with friends and family, no matter where they are in the world. It has allowed people to share photos, videos, and memories instantly, making the world a smaller and more connected place.In conclusion, the invention of email in 1971 was a groundbreaking moment in the history of communication. It has had a profound impact on society, transforming the way we interact with one another and revolutionizing the way we communicate. As we continue to rely on email in our daily lives, it is essential to recognize and appreciate the innovative spirit of Ray Tomlinson and the impact his invention has had on the world.。
《电子与通信技术专业英语 第5版 》读书笔记思维导图
Lesson 4 Transistor ...
第4课 晶体管电压放 大器
Lesson 5 Digital Cir...
第5课 数字电路
第6课 电路图和方 框图
Lesson 6 Circuit Dia...
Reading Material
Unit Ⅱ Electronic In...
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Lesson Multimet er ...
内容提要
Unit Ⅰ Basic Knowled...
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Lesson 1 Knowing the...
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第1课 认识 电子元件
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Lesson 2 Current, Vo...
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第2课 电 流、电压和 电阻
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第3课 交 流电、直流 电及电信号
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Lesson 3 AC, DC and ...
本书是一本工学结合的专业英语教材，共分6个单元。其中前4个单元共24课，主要包括电子技术基础知识、 电子仪器和设备、通信技术、电子高新技术方面的内容。每课内容包括课文、专业词汇表、注解和练习，学习重 点放在阅读理解、专业词汇积累和书面翻译上。后2个单元为专业英语基础知识部分，主要介绍专业英语阅读（翻 译）及写作基础知识。全书参考教学课时为60学时。
第22课 人工智能
Lesson 23 2D Bar Cod...
第23课 二维码
第24课 光伏技术
Lesson 24 Photovolta...
Reading Material
Unit Ⅴ Basic Knowled...
Unit Ⅵ Basic Knowled...
APPENDIX Ⅰ Vocabular...
贝里曲率自旋动量锁定
贝里曲率自旋动量锁定贝里曲率自旋动量锁定（Berry curvature spin-momentum locking）是一种描述自旋与动量之间耦合的现象。
它在凝聚态物理中具有重要的意义，对于研究拓扑绝缘体、自旋霍尔效应等领域有着重要的应用。
自旋是粒子的一个内禀角动量，其大小和取向决定了粒子在磁场中的运动方式。
动量则描述了粒子的运动状态，它是粒子运动的基本量子数。
自旋与动量之间的耦合是一种非常特殊的相互作用，它可以导致一些奇特的物理现象。
贝里曲率（Berry curvature）是描述电子波函数的一种数学量，它与电子的相位关系紧密相关。
在一个周期性势场中，电子的波函数会随着位置的变化而发生相位变化，而贝里曲率则描述了这种相位变化的特征。
当研究自旋轨道耦合系统时，可以发现自旋和动量之间的相位关系具有一个非零的贝里曲率，这导致了贝里曲率自旋动量锁定的现象。
在贝里曲率自旋动量锁定中，自旋与动量之间的耦合会导致电子的自旋方向在动量空间中发生旋转。
简单来说，当电子的动量发生变化时，其自旋也会随之发生变化，而且自旋的变化方向与动量变化的方向是锁定在一起的。
这种现象可以用一个几何上的矢量场来描述，这个矢量场被称为Berry联络（Berry connection），它和贝里曲率一起构成了描述自旋动量锁定的重要数学工具。
贝里曲率自旋动量锁定的物理效应非常丰富。
其中一个重要的应用是在拓扑绝缘体中。
拓扑绝缘体是一类具有特殊边界态的材料，它们在体内是绝缘体，在边界上却可以出现导电态。
这种特殊的边界态被称为边界态。
边界态的出现与贝里曲率自旋动量锁定有着密切的关系。
在拓扑绝缘体中，电子的贝里曲率会导致自旋和动量的耦合，这使得边界态的自旋方向和动量方向是锁定在一起的。
这种自旋动量锁定的性质使得边界态具有非常特殊的传输性质，例如只传输一种自旋方向的电子等等。
另一个重要的应用是自旋霍尔效应。
自旋霍尔效应是一种自旋电流在材料中传输的现象。
Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg
Abstract
A comparator for the LHCb readout chip, the Beetle, has been designed in a 0.25µm CMOS technology and is sent for fabrication. To improve threshold uniformity, each comparator has a 3 bits DAC. The comparator can handle positive and negative input signals. A polarity signal changes the polarity of the threshold level and makes the output signal always active high. The output signal is latched by a 40MHz clock and is selectable between time-over-threshold mode (in 25ns bins) and one pulse mode (25ns). Simulation results will be discussed in section II. I.
In addition a multiplexer has been designed to store hits as binary information. The multiplexer selects between the front-end shaper output and the comparator output and converts the digital comparator signal in a 0 or
电力电子方向国际期刊介绍
电力电子方向国际期刊介绍电力电子是电气工程的重要分支领域之一，涉及到电力系统中的电力转换、控制和传输等方面的技术研究。
在这个领域中，有许多国际期刊涵盖了电力电子方向的相关研究成果和学术进展。
本文将介绍其中几个重要的国际期刊。
1. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics（影响因子：9.237）：IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics（简称TPEL）是电力电子领域最权威的期刊之一、该期刊发表电力电子技术、应用和相关领域的原创研究论文。
主题涵盖了功率电子器件、功率电子转换器、电力电子控制、电力电子应用等。
2. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics（影响因子：7.424）：IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics（简称JESTPE）关注电力电子领域中的新兴技术和选择性话题。
该期刊主要涵盖了新兴电力电子器件、新型电力电子拓扑结构、能量转换和传输等方面的研究。
3. IEEE Power Electronics Letters（影响因子：3.896）：IEEE Power Electronics Letters（简称PEL）是电力电子领域的快速通信期刊。
该期刊专注于电力电子的创新技术、应用案例和各种重要问题的解决方案。
论文范围包括功率器件、拓扑结构、控制方法、系统集成等。
4. IET Power Electronics（影响因子：3.166）：IET Power Electronics是国际能源工程技术学会（IET）旗下的一本期刊。
该期刊发表关于电力电子和其应用的高质量研究论文。
主题范围包括电力转换器、功率器件、开关电源、电力电子应用等。
5. Journal of Power Electronics（影响因子：2.270）：Journal of Power Electronics（简称JPE）是韩国电机工程师协会（KIEE）主办的一本期刊。
核按钮英语作文
核按钮英语作文The concept of the nuclear button is a powerful symbol in the modern world representing the ultimate weapon of mass destruction that lies in the hands of world leaders. Writing an English essay on this topic can be both challenging and thoughtprovoking as it requires a deep understanding of the historical context the ethical implications and the potential consequences of nuclear warfare.Title The Nuclear Button A Lethal Power in the Hands of the FewIntroductionIn the dawn of the atomic age humanity unlocked a power that could either propel us into a new era of energy and scientific discovery or plunge us into the abyss of annihilation. The nuclear button a metaphor for the ability to launch nuclear weapons is a sobering reminder of the destructive potential that a few individuals hold over the many. Historical ContextThe first use of nuclear weapons occurred during World War II when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The devastation that ensued highlighted the unparalleled destructive force of nuclear technology. Since then the world has lived under the shadow of the mushroom cloud with the Cold War bringing us to the brink of nuclear conflict multiple times.The Role of DeterrenceNuclear weapons have been justified by the policy of deterrence where the existence of such weapons prevents their use by ensuring that any aggressor would face a devastating response. This concept has kept a fragile peace but it is a peace held hostage by the everpresent threat of total destruction.Ethical ConsiderationsThe ethics of possessing nuclear weapons are complex. On one hand they serve as a deterrent to war on the other they represent a potential genocide on a global scale. The decision to use the nuclear button is one that no human should have to make yet the responsibility falls on the shoulders of a select few.Global Politics and Nuclear ProliferationThe spread of nuclear technology has led to an increase in the number of nucleararmed states. This proliferation raises concerns about the stability of international relations andthe potential for accidents or miscalculations that could lead to catastrophic outcomes. The Path to DisarmamentEfforts to reduce and eventually eliminate nuclear weapons have been ongoing since the end of the Cold War. Treaties such as the Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons NPT and initiatives like the Comprehensive NuclearTestBan Treaty CTBT aim to curb the spread and use of nuclear arms. However progress is slow and the goal of a nuclearfree world remains elusive.The Humanitarian ImpactThe humanitarian consequences of using the nuclear button are unimaginable. The immediate effects of a nuclear explosion include massive loss of life severe injuries and longterm environmental damage. The longterm effects such as radiation sickness and genetic mutations would affect generations to come.ConclusionThe nuclear button is a symbol of power and fear a tool of diplomacy and a specter of doom. It is a testament to human ingenuity and a warning of our potential for selfdestruction. As we move forward it is imperative that we continue to strive for a world where the nuclear button is no longer a threat but a relic of a time when humanity lived under the constant fear of its own creation.ReflectionIn reflecting on the nuclear button we must consider our collective responsibility to ensure peace and security. The future of our planet and the survival of countless lives depend on our ability to navigate the complexities of nuclear politics and to work towards a world free from the specter of nuclear warfare.。
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Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
7
Casting embedding Technology
Severe technological problems in the beginning: • Imperfect soldering procedure • Hand re-work Mechanical stress and damage of caps
OTIS
HV boards
Front end box: 128 channels 16 ASDBLR amplifiers
Fibers to L1 Buffer
TFC ECS Power (HV,LV)
Fibers to L1 Buffer TFC ECS Power (HV,LV)
Outer Tracker: 3 Stations
HV-Boards
R=1 MΩ C=330pF
Z=316Ω
• 32 channels / board
• Compact capacitors • Operation in air casting/embedding of caps
Capacitors: JOHANSON 302R29W331KV4E Max. Volt.: 4kV Size: 4.6 x 2 x 1.5 mm3
•
Histograms on FPGA internal memory
– – –
Drift time Event counter Channel map
15
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
Wafer Test Results
•
Overall yield:
•
47 wafers received 11/05
A wafer includes:
– –
•
78 processed OTIS 1.2 78 processed OTIS 1.3
13
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
Test Procedure
16
OTIS Board
GOL/Aux
• •
Chip on board technology Cooling:
–
100 μm copper plane
•
Noise reduction:
– –
Air coils
Differential in and outputs
17
ASD
ASD
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
Resistor network for current division
•
Rad hard differential signal distribution:
–
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
19
GOL-Aux Testing
•
checks:
OTIS: Outer Tracker Time Information System
•
ASD : Amplifier Shaper Discriminator
HV: High Voltage
HV-Board
HV-Board
•
432 FE-Boxes
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector 6
Amplifier
ASD
TDC
OTical link
GOL
0-Supp.
DAQ (PCs)
200 fC
~100m threshold Fast Control counting room
FE Electronics on the detector
Electronics Service Box
Meanwhile (several iterations) technology is well understood
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector 8
Production Testing
56 HV boards V5 *: tested for 48 h @ 70oC, 2500V • 2 failing cap (Ileak > 100A) • 6 more boards discarded
Front End Tester
ASDBLR Testing
Eff
• •
Chips categorized: pre-selection:
– – –
0.5
current consumption broken channels etc.
→62.2% accepted
threshold spread checked
Half Efficiency Vthr[50%]
•
•
• • •
single and multi-hit
radiation tolerant
on chip L0 buffer
2000 TDCs needed
12
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
OTIS Wafer Test
good
not processed
Electronics Placement
HV TFC L1 ECS LV
ECS Power (HV,LV)
TFC
tot. dose < 10krad
Fibers to L1 Buffer
TFC ECS Power (HV,LV) Fibers to L1 Buffer
GOL
LV Reg
OTIS
ASDBLR ASDBLR ASDBLR
•
performance:
– –
→32 % best chips chosen
11
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
OTIS TDC
• •
32 channel ASIC TDC
1 ns drift time resolution
75 ns max. drifttime
–
– –
~2000 chips needed
Chips are inked and sawed
5 0 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 Row 7 Row 8 Wafer Row 9 Row 10 Row 11 Row 12 Row 13 Row 14
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
•L0 buffer overflow recognized?
*) 1 bin = 0.39 ns
•DACs functional
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
14
Wafer Test on FPGA
• • •
>4 000 000 data sets per chip (7332 chips) 1 MHz data rate (288 MBit/s) Data analysis on FPGA
• • •
•
•
Designed for ATLAS detector
Total need of 7 200 chips 28 896 chips available
10
Ground springs HV Board
•
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
GOL-Auxiliary Board
•
GOL 1.0 serializer for 128 straw channels QPLL 3 clock filter
• • • •
TFC signal distribution
I2C signal distribution LV-power regulators
• All other caps: < 1nA / cap
Satisfying result *) all channels carefully monitored during the production
Yield of 80% expected, 85 % yield reached already
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
18
GOL-AUX challenges
•
Oscillating regulators:
–
extra 100 μF at in and outputs
•
Bad clock from outside:
–
Radiation hard clock filter with <45 ps jitter pk-pk
LHCb
CERN Switzerland
Electronics for the LHCb Outer Tracking Detector
Tracking: Impact measurement
2
Outer Tracker
Ionising particle