Paradox and oxymoron27页
词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony 举例1
ParadoxDefinition: A statement that seems impossible at first but actually makessense.ExamplesDark knows daylight"Dark knows daylight" is an example of paradox because dark and daylight are opposites, and yet here they have something in common.Hot understands Cold"Hot understands cold" is an example of paradox because hot and cold are opposites, but yet the stanza says that they understand each other. This is a paradox because the stanza doesn't seem to make sense. However, a paradox poem will explain how two opposite or very unlike things can be related in some way.Dark and lightDark remembers light,The day they separated,They try to be friends, butcan't.Dark doesn't like lightTheir friendship no longer exists.By AlexNIGHT REMEMBERS LIGHTNight remembers the light of anewbornstar.Night remembers how he heldthe littlestar,And now you can seethe star,Much bigger nowfor now it isthe sun.By RachelFor example: "I know that I know nothing." Knowing "know nothing" is knowing something thus cannot be "know nothing". This logic is self-contradictory, but one can know that they know nothing.IronyTo say something that is the opposite of the truth. In a scary movie when the audience knows that a killer is in the house, but the owners in the house don't know it.At a restaurant there is a fly floating in a customer's soup and the customer says, "Mmmmm. Insect soup, my favorite!"When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in the chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover.You break a date with your girlfriend so you can go to the ball game with the guys. When you go out to the concession stand, you run into your date who is there with another guy.You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands you for being "smart." Your reply is sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"Your boyfriend shows up in ripped jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh!I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a nice restaurant!"The average cost of rehabilitating a seal after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska was $80,000. At a special ceremony, two of the most expensively saved animals were released back into the wild amid cheers and applause from onlookers. A minute later, they were both eaten by a killer whale.A boy and his friends are talking trash about the principal, and the principal is standing right around the corner listening.Terrorist Khay Rahnajet didn't pay enough postage on a letter bomb. It came back with "return with sender" stamped on it. Forgetting it was the bomb, he opened it and was blown to bits.Two animal rights activists were protecting the cruelty of sending pigs to a slaughterhouse in Bonn. Suddenly the pigs, all two thousand of them, escaped through a broken fence and stampeded, trampling the two hapless protestors to death.Irony: a leading part of humor. Irony is using words to express somethingcompletely different from the literal meaning. Usually, someone says the opposite of what they mean and the listener believes the opposite of what they said.Verbal irony, including sarcasmVerbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers. For instance, if a speaker exclaims, “I‟m not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state through her voice while truly trying to claim she's not upset, it would not be verbal irony by virtue of its verbal manifestation (it would, however, be situational irony). But if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was upset by claiming she was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. There are examples of verbal irony that do not rely on saying the opposite of what one means, and there are cases where all the traditional criteria of irony exist and the utterance is not ironic.Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean. For instance, the following explicit similes have the form of a statement that means P but which conveys the meaning not P:as hard as puttyas funny as canceras clear as mudas pleasant as root canal treatmentas sharp as a marbleas straight as a circleThe irony is recognizable in each case only by using stereotypical knowledge of the source concepts (e.g., mud, root-canals) to detect an incongruity.A fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm, and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly (e.g,Lee & Katz, 1998). For example, ridicule is an important aspect of sarcasm, but not verbal irony in general. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony. For example, a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she has decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, "Great idea! I hear they do fine work!" The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.Most instances of verbal irony employ sarcasm, suggesting that the term sarcasm is more widely used than its technical definition suggests it should be (Bryant & Fox Tree, 2002; Gibbs, 2000). Some psycholinguistic theorists suggest that sarcasm ("Great idea!", "I hear they do fine work."), hyperbole ("That's the best idea I have heard in years!"), understatement ("Sure, what the hell, it's only cancer..."), rhetorical questions ("What, does your spirit have cancer?"), double entendre ("I'll bet if you do that, you'll be communing with spirits in no time...") and jocularity ("Get them to fix your bad back while you're at it.") should all be considered forms of verbal irony (Gibbs, 2000). The differences between these tropes can be quite subtle, and relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways theorists categorize figurative language types, people in conversation are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourse goals, and are not generally identifying, by name, the kinds of tropes used.[edit] Dramatic ironyIn drama, the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus of placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters. Dramatic irony has three stages - installation, exploitation and resolution (sometimes called preparation, suspension and resolution) - producing dramatic conflict is produced in what one character relies or appears to rely upon a fact, the contrary of which is known by observers (especially the audience; sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true.For example:In City Lights, we know that Charlie Chaplin's character is not a millionaire, but the blind flower girl (Virginia Cherill) does not.In Cyrano de Bergerac, we know that Cyrano loves Roxane and that he is the real author of the letters that Christian is writing to the young woman; Roxane is unaware of this.In North by Northwest, we know that Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is not Kaplan; Vandamm (James Mason) and his acolytes do not. We also know that Kaplan is a fictitious agent invented by the CIA; Roger and Vandamm do not.In Oedipus the King, we know that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.In Othello, we know that Desdemona has been faithful to Othello, but he doesn't. We also know that Iago is pulling the strings, a fact hidden from Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Roderigo.In Pygmalion, we know that Eliza is a woman of the street; Higgins's family does not.[edit] Tragic ironyTragic irony is a special category of dramatic irony. In tragic irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize.Ancient Greek drama was especially characterized by tragic irony because the audiences were so familiar the legends that most of the plays dramatized. Sophocles' Oedipus the King provides a classic example of tragic irony at its fullest.Irony threatens authoritative models of discourse by "removing the semantic security of …one signifier: one signified‟";[2] irony has some of its foundation in the onlooker‟s perception of paradox which arises from insoluble problems.For example:In the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, when Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged death-like sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet kills herself with his knife.[edit] Situational ironyThis is a relatively modern use of the term, and describes a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results when enlivened by 'perverse appropriateness'.For example:When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.[3]Monty Python's last comedy album The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album was continuously delayed from release for various reasons, having yet to see an official release, and has since been made available online for free by the group, thus making the album neither hasty nor earning the group any income.The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story whose plot revolves around irony. Dorothy travels to a wizard and fulfills his challenging demands to go home, before discovering she had the ability to go back home all the time. The Scarecrow longs for intelligence, only to discover he is already a genius, and the Tin Woodsman longs to be capable of love, only to discover he already has a heart. The Lion, who at first appears to be a whimpering coward turns out to be bold and fearless, The people in Emerald City believe the Wizard to have been a powerful deity, only to discover he was a bumbling eccentric old man.In "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed. It is only after the deadline has past, and as he prepares to be executed, that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along.[4][5]After astronaut Gus Grissom's first flight into space, the hatch on his spacecraft accidentally blew off while Grissom was waiting for a rescue helicopter to fish the capsule out of the ocean, causing the capsule to fill with water and sink and Grissom to nearly drown. The hatch system was re-designed in later spacecraft to prevent similar accidents, and, while training for his third spaceflight, a fire broke out inside Grissom's spacecraft, causing Grissom and two other astronauts to suffocate. The hatch redesign triggered by the accident with Grissom's first spacecraft, meant to help save astronaut's lives, prevented Grissom from being rescued in the subsequent accident.[edit] Irony of fate (cosmic irony)The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intent. Closely connected with situational irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intentions and actual results.For exampleIn art:In O. Henry's story The Gift of the Magi, a young couple are too poor to buy each other Christmas gifts. The man finally pawns his heirloom pocket watch to buy his wife a set of combs for her long, beautiful, prized hair. She, meanwhile, cuts off her treasured hair to sell it to a wig-maker for money to buy her husband a watch-chain.In the ancient Indian story of Krishna, King Kamsa is told in a prophecy that a child of his sister Devaki would kill him. In order to prevent it, he imprisons both Devaki and her husband Vasudeva, allowing them to live only if they hand over their children as soon as they are born. He murders nearly all of them one by one, but the eighth child, Krishna, is saved and raised by a cowherd couple, Nanda and Yasoda. After growing up and returning to his kingdom, Kamsa is eventually killed by Krishna, as was originally predicted by the self-fulfilling prophecy. It was Kamsa's attempt to prevent the prophecy that led to it becoming a reality.Rakesh Roshan's 2006 Indian film Krrish is a modern take on the story of Krishna.In history:In 1974 the Consumer Product Safety Commission had to recall 80,000 of its own lapel buttons promoting "toy safety", because the buttons had sharp edges, used lead paint, and had small clips that could be broken off and subsequently swallowed. [6]Importing Cane Toads to Australia to protect the environment only to create worse environmental problems for Australia.Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.[edit] Historical irony (cosmic irony through time)When history is seen through modern eyes, it sometimes happens that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their world and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired. For example, during the 1920s The New York Times repeatedly heaped scorn on crossword puzzles. In 1924 it lamented "the sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern;" in 1925 said "the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast;" and in 1929 judged that "The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads." Today, no U.S. newspaper is more closely identified with the crossword than The New York Times.[citation needed] In a more tragic example of historical irony, what people now refer to as "World War I" was originally called "The War to End All Wars" or "The Great War". Historical irony is therefore a subset of cosmic irony, but one in which the element of time is bound up.Other examples:"They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance." Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedgwick before being shot through the eye by a Confederate sniper.[7] In Dallas, in response to Mrs. Connolly's comment, "Mr. President, you can't say that Dallas doesn't love you," John F. Kennedy said, "That's very obvious." He was assassinated immediately afterwards.[8]Further examples of irony in history:Alfred Nobel invented the relatively stable explosive dynamite essentially to prevent deaths (such as in mining work which relied on the unstable explosives gunpowder and nitroglycerin), but his invention was soon taken up as a weapon in the Franco-Prussian War, among others, causing many deaths.Fritz Haber was the patriotic German Jewish creator of Zyklon B. Initially used as a pesticide, it was later used in the Holocaust.In the Kalgoorlie (Australia) gold rush of the 1890s, large amounts of the little-known mineral calaverite (gold telluride) were identified as fool's gold, and were (foolishly, as it later turned out) discarded. The mineral deposits were used as a building material, and for the filling of potholes and ruts. (Several years later, the nature of the mineral was identified, leading to a minor gold rush to excavate the streets).Ibn al-Haytham of Basra invented the modern camera obscura, as described in his Book of Optics in 1021. Nearly a thousand years later, his hometown of Basra was attacked using camera-guided missiles during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[9]Several inventors were killed by their own creations, including Haman, Ismail ibn Hammad al-Javhari,[10] William Nelson,[11] Alexander Bogdanov, William Bullock, Marie Curie, Otto Lilienthal, and others.Oxymorons!An oxymoron is a phrase consisting of two contradicting words, that make sense when put together.Here are a few of our favorite oxymorons. Do you think you've got a better one?Airline FoodAlone TogetherCivil WarFriendly ArgumentJumbo ShrimpMedium LargeMinor DisasterOld NewsPretty UglyStudent Teacher。
17世纪文学
•17世纪文学1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后，英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈，政局动荡。
1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台，同年5月，英国宣布为共和国。
约翰·弥尔顿（John Milton, 1608-1674）积极投入资产阶级革命，曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书，写了不少文章捍卫共和国。
1660年，查理二世回国复辟，弥尔顿一度被捕入狱，在朋友帮助下才得免一死，获释回家。
在双目失明的状态下，他完成了长诗《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）和《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）、诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）。
这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度，文体雄伟庄严。
•17世纪英国诗歌另外的一支是玄学派诗歌，代表诗人有约翰·邓恩（John Donne, 1572-1631）和安德鲁·马韦尔（Andrew Marvell, 1621-1678）。
玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻，揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。
玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视，直到20世纪初，才从历史的尘封中重见天日，对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。
•王政复辟时期最受人欢迎的作家是约翰·班扬（John Bunyan, 1628-1688），他的《天路历程》（The Pilgrim's Progress）采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言，但揭开梦幻的面纱，展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。
•查理二世复辟后，被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放，英国戏剧获得新生。
这一时期出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏剧的最高成就，威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve, 1670-1729）的《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）、《如此世道》（The Way of the World）等剧作是风俗喜剧的代表作品。
oxymoron词根词缀
oxymoron词根词缀《oxymoron词根词缀》1. 单词概述单词：oxymoron含义：oxymoron是一种修辞手法，指的是将两个看似矛盾、相反的词组合在一起，产生一种独特的、富有深意的表达效果。
比如“jumbo shrimp”（巨型虾，“jumbo”表示巨大的，“shrimp”表示小虾），“living dead”（活死人）等。
这种表达在文学作品、日常用语中都很常见，可以创造出一种诙谐、讽刺或者引人深思的效果。
2. 词根词缀解析词根：oxy - 来源于希腊语，有“尖锐、敏锐”的意思。
例如在“oxygen”（氧气）这个单词中，oxy - 表示氧原子的活性很强，就像尖锐的东西容易产生作用一样。
词缀：- moron，它在希腊语里原本有“愚蠢、迟钝”的意思。
合成逻辑：“oxy -”（尖锐、敏锐）和“- moron”（愚蠢、迟钝）组合在一起，形成了oxymoron这个词，表示一种矛盾的组合，就像把尖锐和迟钝放在一起一样矛盾又奇特，“尖锐的愚蠢= 矛盾组合”。
3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：English:I was reading a book the other day, and I came across this really interesting oxymoron - "bittersweet". It got me thinking about how life is full of these oxymoronic situations. I was chatting with my friend Tom about it. "Tom," I said, "isn't it crazy how we have words like 'bittersweet'? It's like saying something is both good and bad at the same time." Tom laughed and replied, "Yeah, it's like that time I got a promotion at work but had to move to a new city away from all my friends. It was a happy - sad moment, just like 'bittersweet'." We started coming up with more examples. "What about 'deafening silence'?" I asked. "Oh, that's a great one!" Tom exclaimed. "It's like when you're in a big empty room, and there's no sound at all, but the lack of noise is almost overwhelming. It's as if the silence is so loud it deafens you." This made me realize how oxymorons can really capture the complexity of our feelings and experiences.Chinese translation:前几天我在看书的时候，碰到了一个非常有趣的矛盾修饰法的词——“苦乐参半”。
unit 6The telephone(精读第二版) 答案
Unit 6Text AThe TelephoneAnwar F. AccawiIV Key to ExercisesPreview2.Do the following exercises.1Translate, paying attention to the use of the bold type.1.这辆二手车买得很便宜。
2.他的讲话被打断/缩短了。
3.在这里建造铁路之前，先要把这里的水抽干。
4.这花瓶擦干净以后看起来就会和新的一样。
5.这房子被刷成了淡绿色。
6.就在此时，门被突然踢开。
7.恐怖分子被枪杀，人质都被释放。
8.在日本，鱼往往是生吃的。
9.这可怜的孩子生下来的时候就是聋的，不久又失明了。
10.据说在皇陵完工的时候，那些建造皇陵的工人都被活活埋在里面。
2Give the corresponding adjectives of the following names of countries.1.Iraqi2.Pakistani3.Yemeni4.Lebanese5.Danish6. Hungarian7.Belgian8.Argentine9.Swedish10.Swiss11.Norwegian12.Polish3Review how these words are formed.These are compound adjectives consisting of a noun plus an adjective with the noun serving as a modifier of the adjective. Jet-black for example means as black as jet (a hard black material).4 Point out the word or phrase that doesn’t belong in each line.1.crush2.crack3.crunch4.valueless5.click6.enthroned7.breezemitment9.career10.obliterate5 Complete the verb phrases by putting in prepositions or adverbs listed below.1.for2.up3.for4.for5.for6.for7.down/u p8.up9.into/i n/down/up10.up11.up12.for13.up14.in15.into16.into17.up18.up19.up20.in21.up22.for23.up24.into25.in26.for/up27.up28.up29.up30.in31.for32.in33.in34.up35.down/up36.into37.for38.into39.for40.into41.into42.for43.down/up44.up45.up46.down/up47.for48.in49.up50.up51.forVocabulary1.Translate the following expressions. Into English1.to crack the walls2.to save souls3.to play hide-and-seek4.to slow to a trickle5.to grab sb by the hair6.to call sb names7.to rip her shirt8.to reveal the secret9.to resist progress10.to come into view11.to gather firewood12.to talk sb out of doing sth13.to wriggle one’s way out of14.to run errands15.to deliver sb from suffering16.to assure a steady supply17.to take the pressure off sb18.to keep him out of one’s hairInto Chinese1.梯田2.多岩石的山脉3.百日咳4.周围的村庄5.林中的一块空地6.细粉尘7.羊粪8.粘乎乎的双手9.强壮有力的的妇女10.旌旗如林11.第一手的资料12.漆黑的头发13.一位虔诚的天主教徒14.家务事15.一种让人感到在家般自在的声音16.手卷香烟17.有利可图/十分挣钱的生意18.一家肉铺19.它往日风采的空架子20.一所教会学校2. Replace the parts in bold type with appropriate words and expressions from the text.1.gave way: caved inburied:trapped2.asked for: chargedprofitable: lucrative3.persuade him not to: talk him out of itobstruct: resist4. a quarrel: a argumentdeveloping: escalating5.sent to: relayed to / delivered togather: assemble/congregateshow their strong disagreement with: protest against6.become all skin and bones: been reduced to mere skeletonsrescue: save/deliver7.started to: began to/proceeded tovery seriously and carefully: with utmost gravity8.destroyed: ruined/devastated/wreckedtore: cracked/split9.prevent unwanted visitors from bothering you:keepunwanted visitors off your hair10.heavily crowded: packed with peoplesqueeze: wriggle3．Translate the following sentences into English.1.Incredible as it may sound, I hear that they charge 40 yuan fora bowl of simple noodles.2.Sun Quan finally talked everybody into agreeing to put Lu Xun,a young scholar, in charge of (commanding) this decisive battle.3.He was arrested on the charge of (charged with) smuggling, butin accordance with the law, no citizen can be arrested without evidence.4.She dropped the plate on the ground, but it miraculously didnot break, landing without so much as a crack. OR …not break. It didn’t have so much as a crack5.I can assure you that if we dig a well deep enough here, we willstrike water. So if you guys have no objection, let’s getstarted/proceed.6.She takes delight in shifting the tables and chairs in this roomso as to give the room a new look.7.The focus of our economic development has shifted from thecoastal areas in the east to the central and western areas.8.He shifted/changed to the highest gear, thus leaving all theother cars far behind.9.I maintained that smoking should be forbidden, but he disagreedbecause he said that the tobacco industry was an important source ofgovernment revenue.10.The local people raised a strong objection to installing thecable car over that beautiful mountain.4.Choose the right words in their proper forms.11. assure2.assured3.reassuring4.insured; ensured5.ensure; reassured6.reassuringly21.twisted/turned2.twisted3.wring4.distorted/twisted5.twisted6.twisted7.wringing3 1. gathered/assembled2. assembling3. gather; gathered OR collect; collected4. gathering; assembled/gathered; collectors5. collect/gather6. collect; collecting; collection4 1. crack; break2. cracked; tear3. tore4. split; broke5. break; Split6. tore/ripped7. torn51. abandoned2. abandoned/deserted/forsaken; abandoned3. abandon/desert/forsake4. desert5. forsaken; deserted6. abandoned61. ignore2. neglect3. overlook4. neglected5. ignore6. neglecting5. Point out which of the following sentences contain paradox and which oxymoron.1.paradox2.paradox3.oxymoron4.oxymoron5.oxymorons6.paradox7.paradox8.paradox 9.oxymoron10.paradox11.paradox12.paradox13.paradox14.paradox15.oxymoron16.paradoxGrammar1.Learn to use as and though as concessive conjunction.1Group the patterns of concessive clauses in the following sentences into the categories listed below.1, 2, 3, 6; 4, 9; 5, 8; 7, 102Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets using the patterns of concessive clauses listed in the previous exercise.1.Simple as it is2.Much as he loves his children3.Try as he might4.Trash as it really is5.Happy and contented as they are in retirement6.Hard taskmaster though he appeared to be in the lab7.Tempting though it was8.Perfect talk show host though he is9.Much as I respect him10.Proud as they are of their father2.Learn to use “It is/was (high) time that sb did sth”.1Decide on the precise meaning of the structure.Note:The structure “it is/was (high) time (that)…” is used to convey two meanings. One is “approximately the right time”, the other being “past the appropriate time” For example, It’s time you went to bed can mean either that “You should have gone to bed much earlier” (often stated with emphasis on the word time), or that now is the appropriate time for you to go to bed. The precise meaning of this term depends on the tone of voice and/or the context.1,3, 6, 7, 2, 4, 5, 8。
Paradox
• Homeless，they have a hundred homes. ----(O Henry: The Furnished Room) • 他们无家可归，便可以处处为家。
• I love him so much that I hate him when he looks at another girl. • 我如此爱他，以至他瞟看其他姑娘，我便会 恨他。
◆我迟早要成名的，没有美名也有恶名在外。 ◆自恋是一个人一生浪漫的开端。 ◆邪恶与美德是艺术家艺术创作的素材。 ◆我花了一个上午的时间去掉一个逗号，到了下午的时候 我又把它放了回去。 ◆生活中有两个悲剧：一个是得不到想要的，另一个是得 到了不想要的。
◆生活模仿艺术，而非艺术在反映生活。
◆如今是这样的时代，看得太多而没有时间欣赏，写得太 多而没有时间思想。
• 按常理，一个能使人发出阵阵笑声的人自己也应该是非常 幸福的，其实不然，马克吐温（Mark Twain）的一生都笼 罩在悲剧的阴影之中，自己的亲人在短短的几年里相继去 世，饱尝了人世的辛酸。在他晚年时期，他变得愤世嫉俗， 写了大量辛酸尖刻的文章，挖苦小人，抨击时弊，赢得世 人的阵阵笑声，但却对当局者嫉恶如仇。
More examples:
☺Lifeless, faultless.（只有死人才不犯错误。） ☺Knowing something of everything and everything of something.（通百艺而专一 长。）
☺From small beginning comes great things.（伟大始于渺小。） ☺Diamond cuts diamond.（强中自有强中手。）
隽语的运用使那些富有人生哲理的警句、格言、谚 语更加生动活泼，言简意赅，给人们留下更深刻的 印象。 For example:
poetic devices
1. images (意像):
• words or phrases that communicate sensory experiences and convey moods and emotions: • (1) The apparition of these faces in the crowd； • Petals on a wet, black bough. (In a Station of the Metro) • (2) 枯藤老树昏鸦，/小桥流水人家，/古道西风瘦马。 夕阳西下，/断肠人在天涯。 • (3) 日暮苍山远，天寒白屋贫。/柴门闻犬吠，/风雪夜归人。 • (4) 去年今日此门中，/人面桃花相映红。/人面不知何处去，/ • 桃花依旧笑春风。
• An important kind of metonymy is synecdoche, in which the name of a part is substituted for that of a whole (e.g. hand for worker), or vice versa. • e.g. hand: They were short of hands at harvest time. (part for whole) • head: He paid the workers $5 per head. (part for whole) • heart: Yet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance. • legs: The legs could hardly keep up with the tanks. (part for whole) • bread: Give us this day our daily bread (prayer). (part for whole) • They say there’s bread and work for all. (part for whole) • Australia beat Canada at cricket. (whole for part) • The car conked out. (whole for part) • • • The plane’s flamed out! The radio (TV) is out of order. (whole for part) (whole for part) (冯翠华 1983:54-55)
Paradox_Oxymoron1(矛盾分析法)
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语言是生活的一面镜子，矛盾修辞法
是人的思想在一定的情况下充满矛盾和对
立的反映。
矛盾修辞手法的妙用在于揭示客观事
物的辩证规律，以及人们内心世界复杂心
理的矛盾和人生哲理。
表面上看，这种手法似乎不合情理， 相互矛盾，但仔细琢磨，则能领悟其深刻 的内在含意，给人耳目一新的感觉，具有 出奇制胜的艺术感染力。
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矛盾修辞法的构成及理解
由于矛盾修辞手法表层意思和深层含
义背离，理解矛盾修辞法有助于我们充分
领会文字或情感所暗含的复杂性。
下面主要就矛盾修辞法的结构形式以
及对它们的理解做一简单的介绍。
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在大多数的矛盾修辞法中, 两个看似矛盾的 词或词组紧密相联, 存在着修饰与被修饰, 说明与被说明的关系。但是在少数结构比如 形容词+ 形容词, 名词+ 名词的情况下, 这 种关系会弱化, 表现为并列的关系。从其构 成来看, 主要有以下几种方式:
3.副词+ 形容词 这种结构通常用来表示事态发展的性质、
状态、程度等, 用以衬托人物矛盾, 复杂 的思想感情。 idly busy 无事忙; falsely true 似是而非 / 似真还假 deliciously tired 美滋滋的疲倦 bitterly happy 苦涩的快乐
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(1) bitter-sweet memories
又苦又甜的回忆
(2) proud humility
不卑不亢
(3) a miserable, Merry Christmas
第九讲 修辞格的翻译2
双关；Pun
1）美国作家海明威的小说名 A Farewell to Arms 中的 “arms”一语双关，第一层意思为 “武器”， 代表帝国主义战争，第二层意思为 “手臂”，代表 拥抱与爱情，该词点出了他这部作品的双重主题。 此书有两个汉译本，一本把书名译为《永别了，武 器》，另一本处理成《战地春梦》，在体现书名里 的双关语这一点上，后一种译法更为恰切：“战” 与 “春”分别译出原文 arms 的两层意思。
顶真；Anadiplosis 1) 有个农村叫张家庄 张家庄 张家庄，张家庄 张木匠。 张家庄 张家庄有个张木匠 张木匠 张木匠有个好老婆，外号叫“小飞娥 小飞娥”。小 张木匠 小飞娥 小 飞娥生了个女儿叫艾艾。（赵树理：《登 飞娥 记》）There was a village called Zhangjia Village，where lived Carpenter Zhang，who had a good wife，nicknamed Little Moห้องสมุดไป่ตู้h， who gave birth to a girl called Ai’ai.
脚韵 （Rhyme） 1) 饭来张口，衣来伸手 口 手 have only to open one’s mouth to be fed and hold out one’s hands to be dressed ---- lead an easy life 2) 秦时明月汉时关， 关 万里长征人未还。（王昌龄：《从军行〈之三〉》） 还 The age-old moon still shines o’er the ancient Great Wall， But our frontier guardsmen have not come back at all.
卢梭《论人类不平等的起源》(英文版)
On the Inequality among Mankind&Profession of Faith of a Savoyard VicarJEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU was born at Geneva, June 28, 1712, the son of a watchmaker of French origin. His education was irregular, and though he tried many professions—including engraving, music, and teaching—he found it difficult to support himself in any of them. The discovery of his talent as a writer came with the winning of a prize offered by the Academy of Dijon for a discourse on the question, “Whether the progress of the sciences and of letters has tended to corrupt or to elevate morals.” He argued so brilliantly that the tendency of civilization was degrading that he became at once famous.The discourse here printed on the causes of inequality among men was written in a similar competition.1He now concentrated his powers upon literature, producing two novels, “La Nouvelle Héloise,” the forerunner and parent of endless sentimental and picturesque fictions;and“Émile,ou l’Education,” a work which has had enormous influence on the theory and practise of pedagogy down to out own time and in which the Savoyard Vicar appears, who is used as the mouthpiece for Rousseau’s own religious ideas.“Le Contrat Social”(1762)elaborated the doctrine of the discourse on inequality. Both historically and philosophically it is unsound; but it was the chief literary source of the enthusiasm for liberty, fraternity, and equality, which inspired the leaders of the French Revolution, and its effects passed far beyond France.2His most famous work, the “Confessions,” was published after his death. This book is a mine of information as to his life, but it is far from trustworthy; and the picture it gives of the author’s personality and conduct, though painted in such a way as to make it absorbingly interesting, is often unpleasing in the highest degree. But it is one of the great autobiographies of the world.3During Rousseau’s later years he was the victim of the delusion of persecution; and although he was protected by a succession of good friends, he came to distrust and quarrel with each in turn. He died at Ermenonville, near Paris, July 2, 1778, the most widely influential French writer of his age.4The Savoyard Vicar and his “Profession of Faith” are introduced into “Émile” not, according to the author, because he wishes to exhibit his principles as those which should be taught, but to give an example of the way in which religious matters should be discussed with the young. Nevertheless, it is universally recognized that these opinions are Rousseau’s own, and represent in short form his characteristic attitude toward religious belief. The Vicar himself is believed to combine the traits of two Savoyard priests whom Rousseau knew in his youth. The more important was the Abbé Gaime, whom he had known at Turin; the other, the Abbé Gâtier, who had taught him at Annecy.IntroductionQuestion Proposed by the Academy of DijonWhat is the Origin of the Inequality Among Mankind; and whether such Inequality is authorized by the Law of Nature?’TIS of man I am to speak; and the very question, in answer to which I am to speak of him, sufficiently informs me that I am going to speak to men; for to those alone, who are not afraid of honouring truth, it belongs to propose discussions of this kind. I shall therefore maintain with confidence the cause of mankind before the sages, who invite me to stand up in its defence; and I shall think myself happy, if I can but behave in a manner not unworthy of my subject and of my judges.1I conceive two species of inequality among men; one which I call natural, or physical inequality, because it is established by nature, and consists in the difference of age, health, bodily strength, and the qualities of the mind, or of the soul; the other which may be termed moral, or political inequality, because it depends on a kind of convention, and is established, or at least authorized, by the common consent of mankind. This species of inequality consists in the different privileges, which some men enjoy, to the prejudice of others, such as that of being richer, more honoured, more powerful, and even that of exacting obedience from them.2It were absurd to ask, what is the cause of natural inequality, seeing the bare definition of natural inequality answers the question: it would be more absurd still to enquire, if there might not be some essential connection between the two species of inequality, as it would be asking, in other words, if those who command are necessarily better men than those who obey; and if strength of body or of mind, wisdom or virtue are always to be found in individuals, in the same proportion with power, or riches: a question, fit perhaps to be discussed by slaves in the hearing of their masters, but unbecoming free and reasonable beings in quest of truth.3What therefore is precisely the subject of this discourse? It is to point out, in the progress of things, that moment, when, right taking place of violence, natural became subject to law; to display that chain of surprising events, in consequence of which the strong submitted to serve the weak, and the people to purchase imaginary ease, at the expense of real happiness.4The philosophers,who have examined the foundations of society,have,every one of them, perceived the necessity of tracing it back to a state of nature, but not one of them has ever arrived there. Some of them have not scrupled to attribute to man in that state the ideas of justice and injustice, without troubling their heads to prove, that he really must have had such ideas, or eventhat such ideas were useful to him: others have spoken of the natural right of every man to keep what belongs to him, without letting us know what they meant by the word belong; others, without further ceremony ascribing to the strongest an authority over the weakest, have immediately struck out government, without thinking of the time requisite for men to form any notion of the things signified by the words authority and government. All of them, in fine, constantly harping on wants, avidity, oppression, desires and pride, have transferred to the state of nature ideas picked up in the bosom of society. In speaking of savages they described citizens. Nay, few of our own writers seem to have so much as doubted, that a state of nature did once actually exist; though it plainly appears by Sacred History, that even the first man, immediately furnished as he was by God himself with both instructions and precepts, never lived in that state, and that, if we give to the books of Moses that credit which every Christian philosopher ought to give to them, we must deny that, even before the deluge, such a state ever existed among men, unless they fell into it by some extraordinary event: a paradox very difficult to maintain, and altogether impossible to prove.5 Let us begin therefore, by laying aside facts, for they do not affect the question. The researches, in which we may engage on this occasion, are not to be taken for historical truths, but merely as hypothetical and conditional reasonings, fitter to illustrate the nature of things, than to show their true origin, like those systems, which our naturalists daily make of the formation of the world. Religion commands us to believe, that men, having been drawn by God himself out of a state of nature, are unequal, because it is his pleasure they should be so; but religion does not forbid us to draw conjectures solely from the nature of man, considered in itself, and from that of the beings which surround him, concerning the fate of mankind, had they been left to themselves. This is then the question I am to answer, the question I propose to examine in the present discourse. As mankind in general have an interest in my subject, I shall endeavour to use a language suitable to all nations; or rather, forgetting the circumstances of time and place in order to think of nothing but the men I speak to, I shall suppose myself in the Lyceum of Athens, repeating the lessons of my masters before the Platos and the Xenocrates of that famous seat of philosophy as my judges, and in presence of the whole human species as my audience.6O man, whatever country you may belong to, whatever your opinions may be, attend to my words; you shall hear your history such as I think I have read it, not in books composed by those like you, for they are liars, but in the book of nature which never lies. All that I shall repeat after her, must be true, without any intermixture of falsehood, but where I may happen, without intending it, to introduce my own conceits. The times I am going to speak of are very remote. How much you are changed from what you once were! ’Tis in a manner the life of your species that I am going to write, from the qualities which you have received, and which your education and your habits could deprave, but could not destroy. There is, I am sensible, an age at which every individual of you would choose to stop; and you will look out for the age at which, had you your wish, your species had stopped. Uneasy at your present condition for reasons which threaten your unhappy posterity with still greater uneasiness, you will perhaps wish it were in your power to go back; and this sentiment ought to be considered, as the panegyric of your first parents, the condemnation of you contemporaries, and a source of terror to all those who may have the misfortune of succeeding you.First PartHOWEVER important it may be, in order to form a proper judgment of the natural state of man, to consider him from his origin, and to examine him, as it were, in the first embryo of the species; I shall not attempt to trace his organization through its successive approaches to perfection: I shall not stop to examine in the animal system what he might have been in the beginning, to become at last what he actually is; I shall not inquire whether, as Aristotle thinks, his neglected nails were no better at first than crooked talons; whether his whole body was not, bear-like, thick covered with rough hair; and whether, walking upon all-fours, his eyes, directed to the earth, and confined to a horizon of a few paces extent, did not at once point out the nature and limits of his ideas. I could only form vague, and almost imaginary, conjectures on this subject. Comparative anatomy has not as yet been sufficiently improved;neither have the observations of natural philosophy been sufficiently ascertained, to establish upon such foundations the basis of a solid system. For this reason,without having recourse to the supernatural informations with which we have been favoured on this head, or paying any attention to the changes, that must have happened in the conformation of the interior and exterior parts of man’s body, in proportion as he applied his members to new purposes, and took to new aliments, I shall suppose his conformation to have always been, what we now behold it; that he always walked on two feet, made the same use of his hands that we do of ours, extended his looks over the whole face of nature, and measured with his eyes the vast extent of the heavens.1If I strip this being, thus constituted, of all the supernatural gifts which he may have received, and of all the artificial faculties, which we could not have acquired but by slow degrees; if I consider him, in a word, such as he must have issued from the hands of nature; I see an animal less strong than some, and less active than others, but, upon the whole, the most advantageously organized of any; I see him satisfying the calls of hunger under the first oak, and those of thirst at the first rivulet; I see him laying himself down to sleep at the foot of the same tree that afforded him his meal; and behold, this done, all his wants are completely supplied.2The earth left to its own natural fertility and covered with immense woods, that no hatchet ever disfigured, offers at every step food and shelter to every species of animals. Men, dispersed among them observe and imitate their industry, and thus rise to the instinct of beasts; with this advantage, that, whereas every species of beasts is confined to one peculiar instinct, man, who perhaps has not any that particularly belongs to him, appropriates to himself those of all other animals, and lives equally upon most of the different aliments,which they only divide among themselves; a circumstance which qualifies him to find his subsistence, with more ease than any of them.3 Men, accustomed from their infancy to the inclemency of the weather, and to the rigour of thedifferent seasons; inured to fatigue, and obliged to defend, naked and without arms, their life and their prey against the other wild inhabitants of the forest, or at least to avoid their fury by flight, acquire a robust and almost unalterable habit of body; the children, bringing with them into the world the excellent constitution of their parents, and strengthening it by the same exercises that first produced it, attain by this means all the vigour that the human frame is capable of. Nature treats them exactly in the same manner that Sparta treated the children of her citizens; those who come well formed into the world she renders strong and robust, and destroys all the rest; differing in this respect from our societies, in which the state, by permitting children to become burdensome to their parents, murders them all without distinction, even in the wombs of their mothers.4The body being the only instrument that savage man is acquainted with, he employs it to different uses, of which ours, for want of practice, are incapable; and we may thank our industry for the loss of that strength and agility, which necessity obliges him to acquire. Had he a hatchet, would his hand so easily snap off from an oak so stout a branch? Had he a sling, would it dart a stone to so great a distance? Had he a ladder, would he run so nimbly up a tree? Had he a horse, would he with such swiftness shoot along the plain? Give civilized man but time to gather about him all his machines, and no doubt he will be an overmatch for the savage: but if you have a mind to see a contest still more unequal, place them naked and unarmed one opposite to the other; and you will soon discover the advantage there is in perpetually having all our forces at our disposal, in being constantly prepared against all events, and in always carrying ourselves, as it were, whole and entire about us.5Hobbes would have it that man is naturally void of fear, and always intent upon attacking and fighting.An illustrious philosopher thinks on the contrary,and Cumberland and Puffendorff likewise affirm it, that nothing is more fearful than man in a state of nature, that he is always in a tremble, and ready to fly at the first motion he perceives, at the first noise that strikes his ears. This, indeed, may be very true in regard to objects with which he is not acquainted; and I make no doubt of his being terrified at every new sight that presents itself, as often as he cannot distinguish the physical good and evil which he may expect from it, nor compare his forces with the dangers he has to encounter; circumstances that seldom occur in a state of nature, where all things proceed in so uniform a manner, and the face of the earth is not liable to those sudden and continual changes occasioned in it by the passions and inconstancies of collected bodies. But savage man living among other animals without any society or fixed habitation, and finding himself early under a necessity of measuring his strength with theirs, soon makes a comparison between both, and finding that he surpasses them more in address, than they surpass him in strength, he learns not to be any longer in dread of them. Turn out a bear or a wolf against a sturdy, active, resolute savage, (and this they all are,) provided with stones and a good stick; and you will soon find that the danger is at least equal on both sides, and that after several trials of this kind, wild beasts, who are not fond of attacking each other, will not be very fond of attacking man, whom they have found every whit as wild as themselves. As to animals who have really more strength than man has address, he is, in regard to them, what other weaker species are, who find means to subsist notwithstanding; he has even this great advantage over such weaker species, that being equally fleet with them, and finding on every tree an almost inviolable asylum, he is always at liberty totake it or leave it, as he likes best, and of course to fight or to fly, whichever is most agreeable to him. To this we may add that no animal naturally makes war upon man, except in the case of self-defence or extreme hunger; nor ever expresses against him any of these violent antipathies, which seem to indicate that some particular species are intended by nature for the food of others.6But there are other more formidable enemies, and against which man is not provided with the same means of defence;I mean natural infirmities,infancy,old age,and sickness of every kind, melancholy proofs of our weakness, whereof the two first are common to all animals, and the last chiefly attends man living in a state of society. It is even observable in regard to infancy, that the mother being able to carry her child about with her, wherever she goes, can perform the duty of a nurse with a great deal less trouble, than the females of many other animals, who are obliged to be constantly going and coming with no small labour and fatigue, one way to look out for their own subsistence, and another to suckle and feed their young ones. True it is that, if the woman happens to perish, her child is exposed to the greatest danger of perishing with her; but this danger is common to a hundred other species, whose young ones require a great deal of time to be able to provide for themselves; and if our infancy is longer than theirs, our life is longer likewise; so that, in this respect too, all things are in a manner equal; not but that there are other rules concerning the duration of the first age of life, and the number of the young of man and other animals, but they do not belong to my subject. With old men, who stir and perspire but little, the demand for food diminishes with their abilities to provide it; and as a savage life would exempt them from the gout and the rheumatism, and old age is of all ills that which human assistance is least capable of alleviating, they would at last go off, without its being perceived by others that they ceased to exist, and almost without perceiving it themselves.7In regard to sickness, I shall not repeat the vain and false declamations made use of to discredit medicine by most men, while they enjoy their health; I shall only ask if there are any solid observations from which we may conclude that in those countries where the healing art is most neglected, the mean duration of man’s life is shorter than in those where it is most cultivated? And how is it possible this should be the case, if we inflict more diseases upon ourselves than medicine can supply us with remedies! The extreme inequalities in the manner of living of the several classes of mankind, the excess of idleness in some, and of labour in others, the facility of irritating and satisfying our sensuality and our appetites, the too exquisite and out of the way aliments of the rich, which fill them with fiery juices, and bring on indigestions, the unwholesome food of the poor, of which even, bad as it is, they very often fall short, and the want of which tempts them, every opportunity that offers, to eat greedily and overload their stomachs; watchings, excesses of every kind, immoderate transports of all the passions, fatigues, waste of spirits, in a word, the numberless pains and anxieties annexed to every condition,and which the mind of man is constantly a prey to; these are the fatal proofs that most of our ills are of our own making, and that we might have avoided them all by adhering to the simple, uniform and solitary way of life prescribed to us by nature. Allowing that nature intended we should always enjoy good health, I dare almost affirm that a state of reflection is a state against nature,and that the man who meditates is a depraved animal. We need only call to mind the good constitution of savages, of those at least whom we have not destroyed by our strong liquors; we need only reflect, that theyare strangers to almost every disease, except those occasioned by wounds and old age, to be in a manner convinced that the history of human diseases might be easily composed by pursuing that of civil societies. Such at least was the opinion of Plato, who concluded from certain remedies made use of or approved by Podalyrus and Macaon at the Siege of Troy, that several disorders, which these remedies were found to bring on in his days, were not known among men at that remote period.8Man therefore, in a state of nature where there are so few sources of sickness, can have no great occasion for physic, and still less for physicians; neither is the human species more to be pitied in this respect, than any other species of animals. Ask those who make hunting their recreation or business, if, in their excursions they meet with many sick or feeble animals. They meet with many carrying the marks of considerable wounds, that have been perfectly well healed and closed up; with many, whose bones formerly broken, and whose limbs almost torn off, have completely knit and united, without any other surgeon but time, any other regimen but their usual way of living, and whose cures were not the less perfect for their not having been tortured with incisions, poisoned with drugs, or worn out by diet and abstinence. In a word, however useful medicine well administered may be to us who live in a state of society, it is still past doubt, that if, on the one hand, the sick savage destitute of help, has nothing to hope from nature, on the other, he has nothing to fear but from his disease; a circumstance, which often renders his situation preferable to ours.9Let us therefore beware of confounding savage man with the men,whom we daily see and converse with. Nature behaves towards all animals left to her care with a predilection, that seems to prove how jealous she is of that prerogative. The horse, the cat, the bull, nay the ass itself, have generally a higher stature, and always a more robust constitution, more vigour, more strength and courage in their forests than in our houses; they lose half these advantage by becoming domestic animals; it looks as if all our attention to treat them kindly, and to feed them well, served only to bastardize them. It is thus with man himself. In proportion as he becomes sociable and a slave to others, he becomes weak, fearful, mean-spirited, and his soft and effeminate way of living at once completes the enervation of his strength and of his courage. We may add, that there must be still a wider difference between man and man in a savage and domestic condition, than between beast and beast; for as men and beasts have been treated alike by nature, all the conveniences with which men indulge themselves more than they do the beasts tamed by them, are so many particular causes which make them degenerate more sensibly.10Nakedness, therefore, the want of houses, and of all these unnecessaries, which we consider as so very necessary, are not such mighty evils in respect to these primitive men, and much less still any obstacle to their preservation. Their skins, it is true, are destitute of hair; but then they have no occasion for any such covering in warm climates; and in cold climates they soon learn to apply to that use those of the animals they have conquered; they have but two feet to run with, but they have two hands to defend themselves with, and provide for all their wants; it costs them perhaps a great deal of time and trouble to make their children walk; but the mothers carry them with ease; an advantage not granted to other species of animals, with whom the mother, when pursued, isobliged to abandon her young ones, or regulate her stapes by theirs. In short, unless we admit those singular and fortuitous concurrences of circumstances, which I shall speak of hereafter, and which, it is very possible, may never have existed, it is evident, in every state of the question, that the man, who first made himself clothes and built himself a cabin supplied himself with things which he did not much want, since he had lived without them till then and why should he not have been able to support in his riper years, the same kind of life, which he had supported from his infancy?11Alone, idle, and always surrounded with danger, savage man must be fond of sleep, and sleep lightly like other animals, who think but little, and may, in a manner, be said to sleep all the time they do not think: self-preservation being almost his only concern, he must exercise those faculties most, which are most serviceable in attacking and in defending, whether to subdue his prey, or to prevent his becoming that of other animals: those organs on the contrary, which softness and sensuality can alone improve, must remain in a state of rudeness, utterly incompatible with all manner of delicacy; and as his senses are divided on this point, his touch and his taste must be extremely coarse and blunt; his sight, his hearing, and his smelling equally subtle: such is the animal state in general, and accordingly if we may believe travellers, it is that of most savage nations. We must not therefore be surprised, that the Hottentots of the Cape of Good Hope, distinguish with their naked eyes ships on the ocean at as great a distance as the Dutch can discern them with their glasses; nor that the savages of America should have tracked the Spaniards with their noses, to as great a degree of exactness, as the best dogs could have done; nor that all these barbarous nations support nakedness without pain; use such large quantities of Pimento to give their food a relish, and drink like water the strongest liquors of Europe.12As yet I considered man merely in his physical capacity; let us now endeavour to examine him in a metaphysical and moral light.13I can discover nothing in any mere animal but an ingenious machine to which nature has given senses to wind itself up, and guard, to a certain degree, against everything that might destroy or disorder it. I perceive the very same things in the human machine, with this difference, that nature alone operates in all the operations of the beast, whereas man, as a free agent, has a share in his. One chooses by instinct; the other by an act of liberty; for which reason the beast cannot deviate from the rules that have been prescribed to it, even in cases where such deviation might be useful, and man often deviates from the rules laid down for him to his prejudice. Thus a pigeon would starve near a dish of the best flesh-meat, and a cat on a heap of fruit or corn, though both might very well support life with the food which they disdain, did they but bethink themselves to make a trial of it: it is in this manner dissolute men run into excesses, which bring on fevers and death itself; because the mind depraves the senses, and when nature ceases to speak, the will still continues to dictate.14All animals must be allowed to have ideas, since all animals have senses; they even combine their ideas to a certain degree,and,in this respect,it is only the difference of such degree,that constitutes the difference between man and beast; some philosophers have even advanced, thatthere is a greater difference between some men and some others, than between some men and some beasts; it is not therefore so much the understanding that constitutes, among animals the special distinction of man, as his quality of a free agent. Nature speaks to all animals, and beasts obey her voice. Man feels the same impression, but he at the same time perceives that he is free to resist or to acquiesce; and it is in the consciousness of this liberty, that the spirituality of his soul chiefly appears; for natural philosophy explains, in some measure, the mechanism of the senses and the formation of ideas;but in the power of willing,or rather of choosing,and in the consciousness of this power, nothing can be discovered but acts, that are purely spiritual, and cannot be accounted for by the laws of mechanics.15But though the difficulties, in which all these questions are involved, should leave some room to dispute on this difference between man and beast, there is another very specific quality that distinguishes them,and a quality which will admit of no dispute;this is the faculty of improvement; a faculty which, as circumstances offer, successively unfolds all the other faculties, and resides among us not only in the species, but in the individuals that compose it; whereas a beast is, at the end of some months, all he never will be during the rest of his life; and his species, at the end of a thousand years, precisely what it was the first year of that long period. Why is man alone subject to dotage? Is it not, because he thus returns to his primitive condition? And because, while the beast which has acquired nothing and has likewise nothing to lose, continues always in possession of his instinct, man, losing by old age, or by accident, all the acquisitions he had made in consequence of his perfectibility, thus falls back even lower than beast themselves? It would be a melancholy necessity for us to be obliged to allow, that this distinctive and almost unlimited faculty is the source of allman’s misfortunes; that is this faculty, which, though by slow degrees, draws the mount of their original condition, in which his days would slide away insensibly in peace and innocence; that it is this faculty, which, in a succession of ages, produces his discoveries and mistakes, his virtues and his vices, and, at long run, renders him both his own and nature’s tyrant. it would be shocking to be obliged to commend, as a beneficent being, whoever he was the first that suggested to the Oronoco Indians the use of those boards which they bind on the temples of their children, and which secure to them the enjoyment of some part at least of their natural imbecility and happiness.16Savage man, abandoned by nature to pure instinct, or rather indemnified for that which has perhaps been denied to him by faculties capable of immediately supplying the place of it, and of raising him afterwards a great deal higher, would therefore begin with functions that were merely animal: to see and to feel would be his first condition, which he would enjoy in common with other animals. To will and not to will, to wish and to fear, would be the first, and in a manner, the only operations of his soul, till new circumstances occasioned new developments.17Let moralists say what they will, the human understanding is greatly indebted to the passions, which,on their side,are likewise universally allowed to be greatly indebted to the human understanding. It is by the activity of our passions, that our reason improves: we covet knowledge merely because we covet enjoyment, and it is impossible to conceive why a man exempt from fears and desires should take the trouble to reason. The passions, in their turn, owe their origin to。
英国文学史及作品选读习题集(3)-推荐下载
3 English Literature in the 17th CenturyⅠ. Essay questions.1. Give supporting reasons for the statement: Samson in Samson Agonistes is John Milton the author himself.2. Analyze the character of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Elegy 9. Pastoral2. Pamphlet 10. Diction3. Assonance 11. Epithalamion4. Stanza 12. Dream vision (Dream allegory)5. Folktale 13. Metaphysical poetry6. Hyperbole 14. Fable7. Prose poems 15. Parable8. Conceit 16. Masques (Masks)Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. One school of poetry prevailing in the 17th century is that of __________, who were sided with the King against the Parliament and Puritans.2. Though as __________, the characters in The Pilgrim’s Progress impress the readers like real persons. The places in it are English scenes, and the conversations which enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of the writer’s time.3. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _________, and the later________.4. John Donne is the founder of the school of __________. His works are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.5. Because of the success of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced in 1671 another epic, _________.6. John Milton’s Paradise Lost opens with the description of a meeting among the fallen angels, and ends with the departure of _______and ________from the Garden of Eden.7. George Herbert, “the saint of the Metaphysical school,” sometimes resorts to tricks of typographical layout to express his religious piety, as shown by “_________”: “A broken Altar, Lord, thy servant rears…”8. The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, poet, ________, and playwright.9. Paradise Lost is a long epic. The stories are taken from __________.10. The Pilgrim’s Progress tells of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies form City of Destruction, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the __________.11. Sir Thomas Browne and Jeremy Taylor have been thought to be tworepresentative_________ prose writers in English literature for their elaborate and magnificent style.Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.1. John Dryden’s tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as ________’s Antonym and Cleopatra.A. William ShakespeareB. John MiltonC. Christopher MarloweD. John Bunyan2. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of _________.A. Love and HateB. Good and EvilC. Faith and BetrayalD. Scene and Sensibility3. ________ is shown in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.A. UtopianismB. IdealismC. RealismD. Puritanism4. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for ________.A. Material wealthB. spiritual salvationC. Universal truthD. self-fulfillment5. “To wage by force or guile eternal war, Irreconcilable to our grad Foe.” (John Milton, Paradise Lost) By what means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God?A. By planting a tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.B. By turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man’s life.C. By removing God from His throne.D. By corrupting man and woman created by God.6. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious _______of his time.A. PersecutionB. improvementC. prosperityD. disillusionment7. “Areopagitica” is John Milton’s best-known______.A. ProseB. epicC. novelD. drama8. ______ is one of the most remarkable passages in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.A. Holy LivingB. Holy DyingC. Vanity FairD. Lycidas9. The only love poem of John Milton is “__________”.A. LycidasB. On His Deceased WifeC. On MarriageD. Areopagitica10. Metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets share a similar awareness of _________in their poetry.A. MortalityB. sensualityC. destinyD. joyⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. Analyze the relation between John Milton’s works and the English Revolutions.2. What are the contributions of John Dryden to the English neoclassical school of literature?3. List no less than five characters in The Pilgrim’s Progress.4. Illustrate with an example that John Milton is a great stylist.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following passage.Passage 1Judge: thou runagate, heretic, and traitor, hast thou heard what these honest gentlemen have witnessed against thee?Faithful: May I speak a few words in my own defense?Judge: Sirrah, sirrah! Thou deservest to live no longer but to be slain immediately upon the place: yet, that all men may see our gentleness towards thee, let us hear what thou, vile runagate, hast to say.Questions:1. Which work is the passage quoted from?2. Who is the author of the work?3. Summarize the story of the passage.Passage 2“…Knowledge forbidden?Suspicious, reasonless. Why should their LordEnvy them that? Can do they only standBy ignorance, is that their happy state,The proof of their obedience and their faith?…Hence I will excite their mindsWith more desire to know, and to rejectEnvious commands, invented with designTo keep them low whose knowledge might exaltEqual with gods…Questions:4. Which epic are these two stanzas quoted from?5. Who is the author of the epic?6. Who is the image, “I”?7. What is the possible theme of the epic?KeysⅠ. Essay questions.1. (1) Samson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies. It dealswith the story of Samson from the “Book of Judges” in the Old Testament.Samson is an athlete of the Israelites. He stands as the champion fighting for the freedom of his country. But he is betrayed by his wife Dalilah and blinded by his enemies the Philistines. Led into the temple to make them sport, he wreaks his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple them and upon himself in a common ruin.(2) There is much in common between Samson and John Milton. Like Samson,Milton had also been embittered by an unwise marriage, persecuted by his enemies, and suffered from blindness. And yet he was unconquerable.(3) Samson’s miserable blind servitude among his enemies, his agonizing longingfor sight and freedom, and the last terrible triumph all strongly suggest Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. There fore, Samson in the drama is Milton himself in life.2. (1) In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan, like a conquered and banished giant,remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of angels. It is he who, passing the guarded gates obstacle, makes man revolt against God.(2) Satan is the spirit of questioning the authority of God. When he gets to theGarden of Eden, he believes in no reason why Adam and Even should not taste the fruit of tree of Knowledge.(3) Though defeated, Satan prevails, since he has won from God a third part of hisangels, and almost all the son of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder which hits upon his head leaves his heart invincible. Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty, and a joy. In conclusion, the finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell.And Satan is the real hero of the poem.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Elegy: In Greek and Roman times, the term elegy was used to refer to any poem composed in elegiac meter. Since the 17th century, elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, or loss or death more generally, although in Elizabethan times it was also use to refer to certain love poems. Elegies written in English frequently take the form of the pastoral elegy.2. Pamphlet:Originally a pamphlet was a sort of treatise or tract. It then came to mean a short work written on a topical subject on which an author feels strongly. Many outstanding writers have used the pamphlet to express vigorous political or religious views.3. Assonance: Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowels-especially in stressed syllables-in a sequence of nearby words.4. Stanza: A stanza is a grouping of the verse lines in a poem, often set off by a space in the printed text. Usually the stanzas of a given poem are marked by a recurrent pattern of rhyme and are also uniform in the number and length of the componentlines.5. Folktale: Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally; many of these tales eventually achieve written form. The term, however, is often extended to include stories invented by a known author which have been picked up and repeatedly narrated by word of mouth as well as in written form.6. Hyperbole:It is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or possibility.7. Prose poems: Prose poems are densely compact, pronouncedly rhythmic, and highly sonorous compositions which are written as a continuous sequence of sentences without line break.8. Conceit: From the Italian concetto(meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feeling. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron.9. Pastoral: the originator of the pastoral was the Greek poet Theocritus, who in the third century B.C. wrote poems representing the life of Sicilian shepherds. (Pastor is Latin for “shepherd.”) It is a deliberately conventional poem expressing an urban poet’s nostalgic image of the peace and simplicity of the life of shepherds and other rural folk in an idealized natural setting.10. Diction: The term diction signifies the types of words, phrases, and sentence structures, and sometimes also of figurative language, that constitute any work of literature. A writer’s diction can be analyzed under a great variety of categories, such as the degree to which the vocabulary and phrasing is abstract or concrete, Latin or Anglo-Saxon in origin, colloquial of formal, technical or common.11. Epithalamion:Epithalamion, or in the Latin form epithalamium, is a poem written to celebrate a marriage. The term in Greek means” at the bridal chamber,” since the verses were originally written to be sung outside the bedroom of a newly married couple. The form flourished among the Neo-Latin poets of the Renaissance, who established the model that was followed by writers in the European vernacular languages.12. Dream vision (Dream allegory): It is a mode of narrative widely employed by medieval poets: the narrator falls asleep, usually in a spring landscape, and dreams the events he goes on to relate; often he is led by a guide, human or animal, and the events which he dreams are at least in part an allegory.13. Metaphysical poetry: A term that can be applied to any poetry that deals with philosophical or spiritual matters but that is generally limited to works written by a specific group of 17th century poets are linked by style and modes of poetic organization. Common elements include the following: (1) an analytical approach to subject matter; (2) colloquial language ;( 3) rhythmic patterns that are often rough or irregular, and (4) the metaphysical conceit, a figurative device used to capture though and emotion as accurately as possible.14. Fable: A fable is also called an apologue. It is short narrative, in prose or verse,which exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior; usually, at its conclusion, either the narrator or one of the characters states the moral in the form of an epigram.15. Parable: A parable is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress the tacit analogy, or parallel, with a general thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. The parable was one of Jesus’ favorite devices as a teacher.16. Masques (or Masks):The masque was inaugurated in Renaissance Italy andflourished in England during the reigns of Elizabeth Ⅰ. It was an elaborate form of court entertainment that combined poetic drama, music, song, dance, splendid costuming, and stage spectacle. A plot—often slight, and mainly mythological and allegorical—served to hold together these diverse elements. The speaking characters, who wore masks (hence the title), were often played by amateurs who belonged to courtly society. The play concluded with a dance in which the players doffed their masks and were joined by the audience.Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. Cavalier poets2. Allegory3. Youthful love lyrics, sacred verses4. Metaphysical poetry5. Paradise Regained6. Adam; Eve7. The Altar8. Critic9. The Old Testament10. Celestial City11. BaroqueⅣ. Choose the best answer.1. A2. B3. B4. B5. D6. A7. A8. C9. B 10. AⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. John Milton defended the English Commonwealth with his pen. His epic Paradise Lost and his pamphlets played an active part in pushing on the revolutionary cause. For example, the image of Satan embodies the political passions of the persecuted Republicans after Restoration.2. Following the standards of Classicism, John Dryden established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse form, clarified the English prose and made it precise, concise and flexible, and raise English literary criticism to a new level. He was the forerunner of the English neoclassical school of literature in the 18th century.3. Christian, Faithful, Envy, Mr. Badman and Judge Hate-good.4. John Milton is famous for his grand style, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study. It is an art attained by definite and conscientious rhetorical devices. For example, he likes to use Latinisms proper names of resonance and color to create an elevated and dignified effect.Ⅳ. Answer the questions according to the following passages.Passage 11. It is quoted form The Pilgrim’s Progress.2. The author is John Bunyan.3. The passage is entitled Vanity Fair. Christian and Faithful come to Vanity Fair. As they refuse to buy anything but Truth, they are beaten and put in a cage, and then taken out and led in chains up and down the fair, and at length brought before a court. Judge Hate-good summons three witnesses: Envy, Superstition and Pick thank, who testify against him. The case is given to the jury, composed of Mr. Badman, Mr. No-good, Mr. Malice, etc. each gives verdict against Faithful, who is presently condemned. Here Bunyan intends to satirize the estate trials in the reactionary reigns of Charles Ⅱ and James Ⅱ, which are merely forms preliminaryto hanging, drawing and quartering.Passage 24. They are quoted from Paradise Lost.5. It is an epic written by John Milton.6. “I” in the two stanzas refers to Satan.7. On appearance, the epic is to justify the ways of God to man, i.e., to advocate submission to the Almighty. But actually the theme of the epic is a revolt against God’s authority because in the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan. What Milton actually intends to appraise is Satan, who in the author’s eyes is a real hero. He amid so many dangers makes man revolt against God.。
paradox(似非而是的隽语)与oxymoron(矛盾修辞)的比较与翻译
paradox(似非而是的隽语)与oxymoron(矛盾修辞)的比较与翻译
比较起来，paradox和oxymoron都是特殊的修辞形式，主要用来增强文章内容的表达力度，从而使文章更加鲜明有趣。
Paradox是用两个或更多的对称的观点来挑战常见的想法，虽然它们很相似，但有一些不同之处。
最明显的是，原则上，paradox包括的双重含义应该可以被解释为相反的看法而不矛盾，但它也可以表达看似矛盾但实际上真实的双重观点。
例如“失败乃成功之母”，这句话暗示在失败里潜藏着成功的可能，而这两种概念又脱离不开，又似乎可以相容。
另一方面，oxymoron是将冲突的概念结合在一起使用，并以此来表达较为众口禁止说话的概念或事实，准确概括被表达的话题。
一般来说，同时表达这两个完全相反的观点，可以被视为一种矛盾修辞。
例如“贫穷的富人”、“快乐的悲伤”等，这些短语可以表达一些聪明的思想和智慧，暗示文章深层次的内容，以更有力的表达方式阐明观点。
综上所述，paradox和oxymoron都是用精妙的语言技巧来塑造文章内容，可以使文章显得更加有力和深刻。
它们都可以增强表达的表现力，从不同的角度来提炼空旷的想法，让读者置身其中得以自由感受其中的精神和趣味。
然而，它们之间也存在差异，paradox是两个或多个似乎矛盾的观点的结合，而oxymoron是将两个或更多冲突的观点结合以表达矛盾的原则。
Irony&Oxymoron
Oxymoron can be formed in seven ways:
1. adj. + n.
proud humility
骄傲的谦卑
a thunderous silence 雷声般的沉默 a living death
活受罪
She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.
changelessly changing
不变地变化 令人愉快地疼痛
deliciously aching
6. v. + adv.
shine darkly die merrily hasten slowly
暗淡地发光 快乐地死去
慢慢地快起来
7.of-phrase
the feather of lead the sound of silence
Oxymoron is a kind of compressed
paradox or antithesis that links together two sharply comtrasting : terms, which, in spite of their incogruity, actually contain a certain truth or a significant point.
• Innuendo involves implication, but not all implications are innuendos. Innuendo is generally used to criticize, satirize or ridicule a person or thing, though in an indirect and a mild way. But not all implications are intended for this purpose.
oxymoron
• genuinely • guest • good • • harmless
• fake • host • junk/ grief / garbage
• abuse/ crime/ lie/ pollution / sin
paradox
A statement that appears to contradict itself.
5. synecdoche
There sits my animal guarding the door to the henhouse.
6. metonymy
He is reading Dickens.
7. irony It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one's pocket. 8. oxymoron bitter sweet
11. euphemism senior citizen 12. alliteration delicate blossoms of pink and pearl The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their games in order to listen to them.
9. overstatement
I loved Oers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum --Hamlet
10. understatement
I spent a few dollars on this new car.
词汇学ParadoxOxymoronIrony举例
6、矛盾修饰法（Oxymoron）矛盾修饰法是一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在“震耳欲聋的沉默”和“悲伤的乐观”。
例：There was in her face，when she returned to her husband，look of radiant melancholy that he was not familiar with.此处的短语radiant melancholy 采用了矛盾修饰法，意为“快乐的忧郁”。
这种修辞格的使用很好地描述了艾琳的心态：她既为这个充满奸诈、虚伪的社会感到忧郁，又为自己刚做的一件善事而感到高兴。
这两种情感形成了鲜明的对比，发人深省。
9、反语（Irony）反语是用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法。
它是一种以对比达到幽默效果的修辞方式。
例：You dirty dog，you！First a surprise party-which I abhor …这个例子中存在两个反语即you dirty dog和abhor。
全意是：你这个坏小子，真有你的！先是出其不意地搞一个宴会——这我可不喜欢……句中第一个反语you dirty boy通常用作侮辱性语言，但此处确相反，是对对方的一种昵称，言语中透露出喜爱的意味；abhor原意是“憎恶”，用在此处医生激动不已的心情及其感谢露与其表，不言而喻。
用反语表达其感情比平铺直叙要强烈的多。
反语可分为词语反语、情景反语和戏剧性反语三大类,它的作用在于讽刺挖苦、幽默俏皮,有时也可表亲昵之情.电影《肖申克的救赎》运用了多种反讽方式，影片中一些语言“言在此而意在彼”，表达的是否定语言能指的含义，构成了最常见的语言反讽。
如典狱长诺顿引用圣经语言教导囚犯：“我是世界之光，跟随我的人不会行于黑暗，还会拥有生命之光。
”而实际上，在他管理之下的肖申克监狱罪恶累累，他加给狱犯的只有更深的黑暗。
在实行狱外计划时，诺顿口口声声自称这是“一个真正的、有进步意义的服刑和改造。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第九章Language_and_Literature
Thus the term covers a wide area of meaning. This may have its advantages, but may also be problematic: which of the above meanings is intended must often be deduced from the context in which the term is used.
2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? foregrounding’
In a purely linguistic sense, the term ‘foregrounding’ is used to foregrounding’ refer to new information, in contrast to elements in the sentence which form the background against which the new elements are to be understood by the listener / reader.
12
The red-haired woman, redsmiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah; she left maharajah; innumerable other lights o’ o’ passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway stations all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.
Paradox,Oxymoron
Difference between paradox and oxymoron 1 level
Oxymoron: putting self-contradictory ideas in a phase. It is the figure of speech on the level of phrases Bitter-sweet memories Paradox: putting self-contradictory ideas in the senten on the level of sentences. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
3.副词+ 形容词 这种结构通常用来表示事态发展的性质、 状态、程度等, 用以衬托人物矛盾, 复杂的 思想感情。 idly busy 无事忙; falsely true 似是而非 / 似真还假 deliciously tired 美滋滋的疲倦 bitterly happy 苦涩的快乐
在College English Book 中有这样一句: “How you shot the goat and frightened the tiger to death ,”said Miss Melin, with her disagreeably pleasant laugh. 在这一句子中,disagreeably pleasant laugh 是 矛盾修饰语,其中laugh 是关键词,这里laugh 同 时具有disagreeable (令人不愉快的) 和 pleasant (愉快的) 两种性质,即她很愉快地笑但 却让别人很不愉快，所以可以理解成“自鸣得 意却令人讨厌的笑 ”。
舒展型
Paradox 发人深思的隽语
Paradox隽语
中国的许多古典文学和哲学作品也广泛地应用了似是而非的隽语。 这类隽语初看之下, 令人费解, 但仔细品位, 其间蕴涵的深刻思想和 哲理令人叹服。在把中国古文翻译为英文之前, 译者需要在心里先 把古文译为现代文, 再以符合英语习惯、思维方式的方法表达出来。 这样, 意译成为最佳选择。 将欲歙之, 必固张之。将欲弱之, 必固强之。将欲废之, 必固兴之。 将欲夺之, 必固与之。《老子》 If you want a thing to contract, you should stretch it first; If you want a thing weakened, you should strengthen it first; If you want a thing gotten rif of, you should promote it first; If you want a thing taken away, you should give to it first.
如果我仅仅靠触觉就能获得那么多的乐趣，那么通过视觉又将 领略到多少美不胜收的景色呢。然而，有视力的人对这一切 几乎是熟视无睹的。在他们看来，那充满大千世界的缤纷的 色彩和运动构成的画面是那么的平淡无奇，习以为常。
2.In fact , it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammar so well. Wendell Johnson
汉语里, 人们也常常会用到相互矛盾的词语来表达复杂、微妙的情 感。如我们常说的“悲喜交加”。 例3: 悲喜交加 译文1 : painful pleasure 译文2 : sorrowful gladness 译文3 : joyful sadness
语言学课件 Chapter 9 Language and Literature
2.4 Synecdoche
• They were short of hands at harvest time. (part for whole)
• Have you any coppers (material for thing made)
• He is a poor creature. (genus for species)
1. Foregrounding
• The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare.
• Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped sill buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand, not crash.
• Deviation corresponds to the traditional idea of poetic license: the writer of literature is allowed - in contrast to the everyday speaker - to deviate from rules, maxims, or conventions. These may involve the language, as well as literary traditions or expectations set up by the text itself. The result is some degree of surprise in the reader, and his / her attention is thereby drawn to the form of the text itself (rather than to its content). Cases of neologism, live metaphor, or ungrammatical sentences, as well as archaisms, paradox, andoregrounding
paradox英文例子及解释
paradox英文例子及解释Paradoxes in English: Examples and Explanations.In the realm of language and logic, paradoxes often arise when a statement or situation seems to contain contradictions that, despite initial appearances, are actually self-consistent. They challenge our understanding of cause and effect, logic, and the limits of language itself. Let's delve into some famous paradoxes in English, exploring their complexity and the insights they offer into human cognition.1. The Liar's Paradox:"This statement is false."This simple statement poses a profound problem. If it's true, then it's false by its own admission. But if it's false, then its content — that it's false — must be true, making it true after all. This paradox highlights thelimits of self-referential statements and the challenges they pose to logical consistency.2. Russell's Paradox:"The set of all sets that are not members of themselves."Bertrand Russell's paradox challenges the foundation of set theory. Consider a set that contains all sets that are not members of themselves. If such a set exists, then it must be a member of itself, which means it shouldn't be in the set. But if it's not in the set, then it satisfies the condition of being a set that is not a member of itself, and so it should be in the set. This paradox led to significant revisions in set theory.3. Buridan's Ass:"A donkey placed between two equal piles of food, each equidistant from it, will die of hunger because it cannot decide which pile to eat from."This paradox explores the limits of decision-making in the face of equal options. While it seems absurd that a donkey would starve to death in such a scenario, it highlights the cognitive difficulties we face when presented with identical choices. In real life, such situations rarely arise, but they do illustrate the importance of criteria for making decisions beyond mere equality.4. The Sorites Paradox:"A heap of sand is a heap of sand. If you remove one grain, it's still a heap. Remove another, and another,until you've removed all the grains. At what point is it no longer a heap?"This paradox challenges our understanding of continuity and boundaries. It asks us to consider the transition from one state (a heap of sand) to another (not a heap) through a series of incremental changes. The Sorites Paradox highlights the fuzziness of categorical boundaries and thedifficulty of defining exact thresholds.5. The Unexpected Hanging Paradox:"A judge tells a prisoner that he will be hanged atnoon the next day if a prediction made by the prisoner the previous day comes true, and if it doesn't, he'll be freed. The prisoner predicts that he will be freed the next day. What should the judge do?"This paradox is a variation of the "weak man's paradox" and poses a dilemma for the judge. If the judge frees the prisoner, then the prisoner's prediction comes true, which means he should be hanged. But if the judge hangs him, then the prisoner's prediction was false, and he should havebeen freed. Either way, the judge's action contradicts the prisoner's prediction.These paradoxes demonstrate the rich complexity and unexpected challenges of language and logic. They push the boundaries of our understanding and force us to reconsider our assumptions about cause and effect, truth and falsehood,and the nature of reality itself. By exploring these paradoxes, we gain insights into the limits of human cognition and the fundamental nature of language and thought.。
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我如此爱他，以至他瞟看其他姑娘，我便会 恨他。
No news is good news. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. Cheapest is the dearest.
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。
To be believed , make the truth unbelievable. 真话假说, 可更让人信服。
It is healthy to be sick once in a while. 偶尔生场病, 有益健康。
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。
Paradox
胡棉玲 商务一班
The Definition of Paradox
a statement which seems impossible, bacause it says two opposite things, but which has some truth in it.
隽语是指前后两句话或同一句话的前后部分字面 内容表面上自相矛盾，荒诞不经或有悖常理，不 合逻辑，甚至是荒谬，但是经过仔细的体会确认 其内涵深刻，富有哲理，意味深长，言奇意深。
主要特点
1、所述事物的两个方面似是而非，自相矛盾 ，不合逻辑； 2、强调事物的矛盾对立； 3、表层意义与深层意义背离，有面看似不符 合公理，但深处蕴含真理，意味深长。
The child is father of the man. 孩子是成人的父亲。
每个人都是从小长大成人的；身体也是从儿童时 代发展起来的；成人性情中纯洁美好的东西也是 儿童时代形成的。一个人孩提时代的习性，往往 对他的成年时期产生很大的影响。这就是所谓 “三 岁看大, 七岁看老”。所以从这两方面来看，“孩子 是成人的父亲 ”并非是无稽之谈，而是有深刻含义 的。
To be believed , make the truth unbelievable. 真话假说, 可更让人信服。
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。
To be believed , make the truth unbelievable. 真话假说, 可更让人信服。 It is healthy to be sick once in a while.
To be believed , make the truth unbelievable. 真话假说, 可更让人信服。 It is healthy to be sick once in a while. 偶尔生场病, 有益健康。 The greatest hate springs from the greatest love.
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。
To be believed , make the truth unbelievable. 真话假说, 可更让人信服。
It is healthy to be sick once in a while. 偶尔生场病, 有益健康。
The greatest hate springs from the greatest love. 爱极生恨。
What you are you dour shadow. 你看不见你自己，你所看见的只是你的影子。
It is the tears of the earth that keep her smiles in bloom. 是大地的泪点，使她的微笑保持着青春不谢 。
No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。 Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 众人事，无人管。（三个和尚没水喝。） Cheapest is the dearest. 最便宜的东西最贵。（便宜没好货）
We read the world wrong and say that it deceives us. 我们把世界看错了，反说它欺骗我们。 Wrong cannot afford defeat ，but right can. 错误经不起失败，但是真理却不怕失败。
Homeless，they have a hundred homes.
I love him so much that I hate him when he looks at another girl.
Homeless，they have a hundred homes.
他们无家可归，便可以处处为家。
从以上paradox 的例证, 不难看出所谓 paradox 就是一句话中运用相互矛盾或意思 正好相反的词语来体现其看似不可信, 甚至荒 谬的特点。例如more 与less , child 与father , believed 与unbelievable , healthy 与sick , knowledge 与ignorance , hate 与love 等等。
Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 这位使全世界发出阵阵笑声的人自己却饱经辛酸。
按常理，一个能使人发出阵阵笑声的人自己也应该 是非常幸福的，其实不然，马克吐温（Mark Twain） 的一生都笼罩在悲剧的阴影之中，自己的亲人在短 短的几年里相继去世，饱尝了人世的辛酸。在他晚 年时期，他变得愤世嫉俗，写了大量辛酸尖刻的文 章，挖苦小人，抨击时弊，赢得世人的阵阵笑声， 但却对当局者嫉恶如仇。
More haste , less speed.
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。
To be believed , make the truth unbelievable.
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。