当代研究生英语课件U8_Text_A
当代研究生英语(下)课件U1-Text-A
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Para. 2-3
who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “I’ve been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance within me, and even though it’s painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years.
当代研究生英语读写教程（下）
主讲教师：田翠芸
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Reading and Writing
Unit 1
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Content
Warming-up
Reading
Text A
新视野 B1U8 Text A 课件
Gender variables in friendship:
Section A
Contradiction or not?
Text Reading
4These days, Jessica is one of my best friends. A recent occurrence made me reexamine and interpret my behavior in a new light. We were swimming at a beach in the Atlantic. The very Atlantic I had “ own” over in my German truck with Donald. We were far from shore when we abruptly turned back. We both thought we detected a shark! Water is not only a good conductor of electricity but of panic as well. We began splashing like crazy people toward the shore.
Gender variables in friendship: Section A C o n t r a d i c t i o n o r n o t ?
Text Reading
An action or adventure movie! Not much in the way of dialog. The ritual of motion, or the sequence of action, makes up for the deficiency of dialog and honest narrative.
研究生英语第八单元ppt参考资料.doc
The full-time student population totals more than 10, 000, in addition to above 2500 adult students. The University has a staff of over 500, among which more than 120 are professors and associate professors, more than 200 having doctor’s or master’s degree, and over 60 being the lead teachers of disciplines recognized at the provincial level, the state or the province excellent teachers and the teachers enjoying the government subsidies. In addition, it has more than 60 guest professors and foreign culture and education experts. In recent years, the university has carried out more than 260 research projects at or above the provincial level, published more than 60 monographs and teaching materials, issued more than 2,500 academic papers, and achieved more than 100 teaching achievement awards, the scientific research achievement awards, awards of excellent works of art all at or above the provincial level.The university possesses a total value of 600 million yuan in teaching equipment. It has more than 130 laboratories of different kinds, some of which like CAI, GIS and CAD are financially sponsored by the provincial education commission, multimedia classrooms, audio-visual rooms, a university gymnasium, a concert hall, a multi-functional report hall，and a university student recreation center. And 45 bases outside the campus have been built for students’ practice. The University library owns more than 700,000 volumes of books, 300,000 electronic books, and 1,800 national and foreign magazines. Apart from its e-reading room, the university established its own database, web searching system and a campus computer network connected to the CER network. In addition, the university publishes several academic journals such as Journal of Chuzhou University and Newspaper of Chuzhou University. All these teaching and learning equipments are useful to the enhancement of teachers’ work and scientific study and the all-round development of students in morality, intelligence, physical health and esthetics.With the awareness of the quality of education, and adhering to the philosophy of “students as the centre”, the university persists in further reform and the more standard management of the school. Conforming to the requirements of economics and society, it makes efforts to develop the disciplines to be highly employable and cultivate more highly skilled and applicable talents for the country. Meanwhile it emphasizes the reform of teaching contents and methods, which refers to the strengthening of both the oretical and practical teaching in order to enhance the students’ ability of practice and innovation and improve the quality of the talents continuously. What’s more, it actively builds a distinctive campus culture by holding many activities like One Hundred Lectures by Experts, Teaching Forum, the Plan of the Development of University Students’ Quality, the Science, Technology and Cultural Festival and the Competition of Art Performance with the purpose of improving the students’ quality of humanity scienc e. In recent years, the passing rate of College English Test and Computer Rank Examination in our university are both 10% higher than the average countrywide level. Apart from this, students of our university have achieved good results in many competitions such as the State/Provincial Undergraduate Mathematical Contest in Modeling, "The Challenge Cup" National University Student Extracurricular Academic Science and Technology Work Competition, Advertisement and Design Competition, English Speech Competition and different kinds of Sports Competitions.The University attaches great importance to international exchanges and cooperation by establishing academic exchanges with a dozen universities and institutes around the world. It selects and sends teachers to foreign universities of the US, Japan, Germany, Italy, Britain, Australia, Taiwan and Hong Kong for research work and lectures and has established the cooperation with Hanseo University of Korea and Mokpo University of Korea by holding the “3+2”tr aining project, “4+2” training project and “2+2” training project for Art Design Major, etc. together.Adhering to the scientific view of development, the university will keep improving the connotative construction of disciplines to promote the level of management. Besides it will enhance the teaching level and ability to serve for the society and improve the training conditions and educational environment so as to build the school into an applied multi-disciplined undergraduate university with moderate size, reasonable construction, high teaching level, strong comprehensive capability and distinctive characteristics.Address:。
研究生英语综合教程(下)unit 8
精选可编辑ppt
18
Reading Focus – Global Understanding
Part I Every living thing pays heed to the wolf’s bawl
A. Different interpretations of the meaning of the wolf call.
• Par(Pt aIIrIas(.P1a-r4a)s 7-9) The chain consequence of killing wolfs and cows.
• Part IV (Para 10) The long-term relationship between nature and humans.
extinct or to be on the verge of extinction. What do you think causes this problem? 3. In your opinion, what measures should be taken to preserve the biodiversity of wildlife?
精选可编辑ppt
6
Crumbling wooden crab shacks and battered bulwarks are testimony to the Island’s _v_u_ln_e_r_a_b_i_li_t_y_ to the sea. To help the Islanders’ beat back the bay, the army call of engineers launched a plan to _i_n_s_ta_l_l_ new bulkheads and stone breakwaters aroundTanleten, part of a multi-million-dollar plan to_s_l_o_w__e_ro_s_i_o_n_a_n__d __p_e_r_s_u_a_d_e_p_e_o_p_l_e_t_o_s_t_a_y_____________.
当代研究生英语第八单元textA课文讲解
And this fall, Congress is likely to vote on a bill that would make identity theft a federal felony, punishable by up to 15 years in prison. Another bill would give consumers more control over who has access to personal information, such as Social Security numbers. 今年秋季，国会很有可能投票立案决定是 否将身份盗窃定为重罪，其惩罚可高达15年监禁。 另一项议案是使消费者对个人信息有更多的控制 权——比如说保护他们的社会保险号码不被人知。
盗贼们发现，以假身份盗窃，既可让受害者 无以防范，也可以让警方无法追踪。
"It was a very easy crime, " says Ed Mierswinsky, a consumer advocate at U. S. Public Interest Research Group in Washington, D. C. "Forget restitution. Consumers couldn't even obtain peace of mind" from seeing the criminals punished.
vibrant [ˈva ɪbrənt] 亮的；充满生气的
研究生英语课程unit8
Unit 8Text AIII. Key to the exercises1. Reading comprehension(1) People’s frequent use of automobiles lead to the use of non-renewable fuels, a dramaticincrease in the rate of accidental death, social isolation and the disconnection of community, rise in obesity, the generation of air and noise pollution, the facilitation of urban sprawl and urban decay.(2) First, increased road-building exerts negative effects on the habitat for wildlife, primarilythrough habitat fragmentation and surface runoff alteration. Second, new roads built through sensitive habitats can cause the loss or degradation of ecosystems, and the materials required for roads come from large-scale rock quarrying and gravel extraction, which sometimes occurs in sensitive ecological areas. What’s more, road construction also alters the water table, increases surface runoff, and increases the risk of flooding. All these threaten the existence of wildlife.(3) Automobiles are a major source of air pollution and noise pollution. They contributegreatly to the global climate warming by emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.What’s more, the increased road-building exerts negative effects on wildlife habitat. (4) Automobiles brought about changes to urban society. First, streetcars, cable cars, and otherforms of light rail in the urban areas are replaced by coaches or buses. Second, it’s more dangerous for pedestrians to walk. Third, people have less contact with their neighbors and become more disconnected.(5) Until the advent of the automobile, factory workers lived either close to the factory or inhigh density communities farther away, connected to the factory by streetcar or rail. The automobile and the federal subsidies for roads and suburban development that supported car culture allowed people to live in low density communities far from the city center and integrated city neighborhoods. The outward growth of cities accelerated. The suburban society came.2. VocabularySection A(1) favorable (2) sprawl (3) proliferation (4) fragmentation (5) manure72(6) sanitation (7) diesel (8) integrate (9) ideology (10) solidifySection B(1) A (2) D (3) B (4) C (5) D (6) B (7) A (8) C (9) B (10) D3. Cloze(1) emphasizing (2) particularly (3) brought (4) alternative (5) moves(6) reliance (7) least (8) sure (9) intact (10) as(11) shadow (12) prospect (13) cigarettes (14) doubt (15) vast(16) suburban (17) mean (18) abandoned (19) right (20) purchasing4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English.(1) The two countries should initiate bilateral dialogues and cooperation on the basis of mutualrespect and equality, which will be beneficial to the economic development of both sides.(2) Unless we take all factors into account, we shall be faced for a long time with the socialproblem of insufficient employment, which is one element that causes social instability. (3) In this century, our country will continue to accelerate the strategic adjustment of theeconomic structure in an attempt to seize every opportunity to develop.(4) With the advent of biological economic era, many countries put a high value on developingbiotechnology industry.(5) The rampant deforestation has broken the panda habitat into isolated areas, which isespecially da ngerous for pandas’ existence.(6) Action, gesture, eye, and voice contribute to the greater effectiveness of drama ascompared with the novel.(7) Aside from wealth, potential moon travelers will need time to train for the mission andmust meet health requirements.(8) In response to an epidemic reported in the area, the government authorities immediatelydecided to fly in doctors and medical supplies to ease difficulties of the affected areas.2) Translate the following paragraph into English.At a time when most carmakers are struggling to cope with the worst crisis the industry has experienced in living memory, the ambitions of Geely, China’s biggest privately owned car firm, are breathtaking. The company is simultaneously developing six modern platforms—an astonishing number even for a global giant such as Toyota—and is committed to launching nine new cars in the next 18 months and up to 42 new models by 2015. Its technical director, Frank Zhao, claims that Geely will have the capacity to make 2m cars a year by then.B. English to ChineseUnit 8 731) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.汽车对于中产阶级的文化有着重要的影响，汽车融入到了从音乐到书籍到电影的各个生活层面。
当代研究生英语(下)课件U6_Text A
外语教学与研究出版社
外语教学与研究出版社
外语教学与研究出版社
Text A
FROM POPPING THE QUESTION TO POPPING THE PILL —Margaret Mead
外语教学与研究出版社
外语教学与研究出版社
Reading— Reading—Text A
This article is about the changes in people’s attitude toward courtship and marriage, form the time before World War I to the time immediately after it, the fifties, the sixties, the seventies and today.
外语教学与研究出版社Fra bibliotek外语教学与研究出版社
Paras. 2-3
on, to strict etiquette that prescribed what sort of gifts a where expensive presents were customary. Gifts had to be either immediately consumable, like candy or flowers, or indestructible, like diamonds—which could be given back, their value unimpaired, if there was a rift in the relationship. Objects that could be damaged by use, like gloves and furs, were forbidden. A gentleman might call for a lady in a cab or in his own equipage, but it was regarded as inappropriate for him to pay for her train fare if they went on a journey. 3 How much chaperoning was necessary, and how much privacy the courting couple was allowed, was a matter of varying local custom. Long walks home through country lanes after church and sitting up in the parlor after their elders had retired for the night may have been permitted, but the bride was expected to be a virgin at marriage. The
当代研究生英语课件Text A
Unit 2 Content Warming-up Watch this talk show program and discuss in what ways the friendships between men’s friendship and women’s are different.1. Questions:1 Who do you prefer to chat with, people of your own gender orthe opposite gender? Is your best friend of your own gender?2 Do you have any difficulty in communicating with people of theopposite gender?3 Have you noticed any similarities or differences between yourways of communicating with your boy friends and girl friends?2. Each group appoint one representative to give a presentation about the group’s discussion.WHY IS IT SO HARD FOR MEN AND WOMEN TO TALK TO EACH OTHER?Deborah Tannen Main Idea and Structure First reading: Scan the text and try to catch the main idea. The following words are for your reference to organize the idea: Communication crisis，in public, at home, childhood socializtion, norms, expectation, cross-cultural communication, accept, understand Text Study1 I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room―a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husban ds don’t talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It’s true,” he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”2 This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. Paras.3-53 Sociologist Catherine Kohier Riessman, who reports in her new bookDivorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed―but only a few of the men―gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. 4 In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of da ily life. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn‘t listen to me,” “He doesn’t talk to me.” I found that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. 5 In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk. Paras.6-8 Linguistic Battle Between Men and Women 6 How can women and men have such different impressions of communication in marriage? Why is there a widespread imbalance in their interests and expectations? 7 In the April 1990 issue of American Psychologist, Stanford University’s Eleanor Maccoby reports the results of her own and others’ research showing that children’s development is most influenced by the social structure of peer interactions. Boys and girls tend to play with children of their own gender, and their sex-separate groups have different organizational structures and interactive norms. 8 I believe these systematic differences in childhood socialization make talk between women and men like cross-cultural communication. My research on men’s and women’s conversations uncovered patterns similar to those described for children’s groups. Paras.9-11 9 For women, as for girls, intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven. Little girls create and maintain friendships by exchanging secrets; similarly, women regard conversation as the cornerstone of friendship. So a woman expects her husband to be a new and improved version of a best friend. What is important is not the individual subjects that are discussed but the sense of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings, and impressions. 10 Bonds between boys can be as intense as girls’, but they are based less on talk ing, more on doing things together. Since they don’t assume talk is the cement that binds a relationship, men don’t know what kind of talk women want, and they don’t miss it when it isn’t there. 11 Boys’ groups are larger, more inclusive, and more h ierarchical, so boys must struggle to avoid the subordinate position in the group. This may play a role in women’scomplaints that men don’t listen to them. Para.12 12 Often when women tell men, “You aren’t listening,” and the men protest “I am”,the men are right. The impression of not listening results from misalignments in the mechanics of conversation. This misalignment begins as soon as a man and a woman take physical positions. When I studied videotapes made by psychologist Bruce Dorval of children and adults talking to their same-sex best friends, I found at every age, the girls and women faced each other directly, their eyes anchored on each other’s faces. At every age, the boys and men sat at angles to each other and looked elsewhere in the room, periodically glancing at each other. But the tendency of men to face away can give women the impression they aren’t listening even when they are. A young woman in college was frustrated: whenever she told her boyfriend she wanted to talk to him, he would lie down on the floor, close his eyes, and put his arm over his face. This signaled to her, “He’s taking a nap.” But he insisted he was listening extra hard. Normally, he looks around the room, so he is easily distracted. Lying down and covering his eyes helped him concentrate on what she was saying. Para.13-15 13 Switching topics is another habit that gives women the impression men aren’t listening, especially if they switch to a topic about themselves. The girls in my study tended to talk at length about one topic, but the boys tended to jump from topic to topic. 14 My study of the 10th-grade children found that when a girl told a friend about a problem, the friend responded by asking probing questions and expressing agreement and understanding. But the boys dismissed each other’s problems. Todd assured Richard that his drinking was “no big problem”. And when Todd said he felt left out, Richard responded, “Why should you? You know more people than me.” 15 Women perceived such responses as belittling and unsupportive. But the boys seemed satisfied with them. Whereas women reassure each other by implying, “You shouldn’t feel bad because I’ve had similar experiences,” men do so by implying, “You shouldn’t feel bad because your pro blems aren’t so bad.” Para.16-17 16 There are even simpler reasons for women’s impression that men don’t listen. Linguist Lynette Hirschman found that women make more listener-noise, such as “mhm”, “uhuh”, and “yeah”, to show “I’m with you”. Men, she found, more often give silent attention. Women who expect a stream of listener-noise interpret silent attention as no attention at all. 17 Women’s conversational habits are as frustrating to men as men’s are to women. Men who expect silent atten tion interpret a stream of listener-noise as overreaction or impatience. Also, when women talk to each other in a close,comfortable setting, they often overlap, finish each other’s sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say. This practice, wh ich I call “participatory listenership”, is often perceived by men as interruption, intrusion and lack of attention. Para.18 18 A parallel difference caused a man to complain about his wife, “She just wants to talk about her own point of view. If I show her another view, she gets mad at me.” When most women talk to each other, they assume a conversationalist’s job is to express agreement and support. But many men see their conversational duty as pointing out the other side of an argument. This is heard as disloyalty by women, and refusal to offer the requisite support. It is not that women don’t want to see other points of view, but that they prefer them phrased as suggestions and inquiries rather than as direct challenges. Paras.19-20 The Sounds of Silence 19 These differences begin to clarify why women and men have such different expectations about communication in marriage. For women, talk creates intimacy. Marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feelings and thoughts, and still be loved. Their greatest fear is being pushed away. But men live in a hierarchical world, where talk maintains independence and status. They are on guard to protect themselves from being put down and pushed around. 20 T his explains the paradox of the talkative man who said of his silent wife, “She’s the talker.” In the public setting, he felt challenged to show his intelligence and display his understanding. But at home, where he has nothing to prove and no one to defend against, he is free to remain silent. For his wife, being home means she is free from the worry that something she says might offend someone, or spark disagreement, or appear to be showing off; at home she is free to talk. Paras.21-22 21 The commu nication problems that endanger marriage can’t be fixed by mechanical engineering. They require a new conceptual framework about the role of talk in human relationships. Many of the psychological explanations may not be helpful, because they tend to blame either women for not being assertive enough or men for not being in touch with their feelings . A sociolinguistic approach by which male-female conversation is seen as cross-cultural communication allows us to understand the problem and forge solutions without blaming either party. 22 Once the problem is understood, improvement comes naturally. Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won’t listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women’s relationships. But if their husbands don’t adapt, the women may still becomforted that for men, this is not a failure of intimacy. Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their friends or family f or that kind of talk. And husbands who can’t provide it shouldn’t feel their wives have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least their decisions will be based on realistic expectations. Sentence Analysis 1. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. Para. 2, Line 2 pattern: phenomenon wreak: To bring about; cause, give effect to 带来；引起；造成： e.g. They have wreaked dreadful havoc among the wildlife byshooting and trapping. 他们射杀和诱捕野生动物，造成了严重的破坏。
UNIT 8研究生英语 教学 教程 课件
But most of today’s Internet companies have substantial short-terms losses, which stock market investors typically assume will turn into profits in some never-quite-arriving “Year Three” of the business plan. 但是如今大多数国际互联网公司都承受着重大 的短期损失， 的短期损失，证券市场投资者通常认为这种损 失会在商业计划里某个似乎永远不会到来的 第三年”中转为盈利。 “第三年”中转为盈利。
other than (line 6) : except (prep.) 除了窗户，房子所有其他部分都完好。 除了窗户，房子所有其他部分都完好。 All parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition.
Questions for Para. 3
Thin as these rationales for profitability… thin 空洞的，缺乏根据的 空洞的， Tired as I was, I tried to help them.
III. Cloze
1. be depicted 2. marvel at 3. suffering 4. beneath 5. as 6. when 7. enjoy 8. Nearly 9. from 10. before 11. so long 12. have not respected 13. used 14. than 15. announcing
as opposed to: in contrast to (prep.) 相对之下， 相对之下，与…对照下 对照下 His daughter is very athletic as opposed to his son, who is very clever. 他的女儿擅长运动，儿子却擅用头脑， 他的女儿擅长运动，儿子却擅用头脑，两人恰 成对比。 成对比。 be opposed to: 反对
当代研究生英语(上册)Text_A(U1-U7) 原文
目录Unit 1：Cyberspace ：if you don't love it ,leave it (2)Unit 2 Why is it so hard for men and women to talk (4)Unit 3: The Case Against Man (8)Unit 4 The Future Of English (10)Unit 5 Can We Know the Universe? (13)Unit 6 Love in L.A (15)Unit 7 Entropy (18)Unit 1：Cyberspace ：if you don't love it ,leave it1Something in the American psyche loves new frontiers. We hanker after wide-open spaces; we like to explore; we like to make rules but refuse to follow them. But in this age it’s hard to find a place w here you can go and be yourself without worrying about the neighbors.2 There is such a place: cyberspace. Formerly a playground for computer fans, cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency: schoolchildren, flirtatious singles, Hungarian-Americans, accountants. Can they all get along? Or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown?3 The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is. It might help to leave behind metaphors of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate. Real estate, remember, is an intellectual, legal, artificial environment constructed on top of land. Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall, between red-light zone and school district, between church, state and drugstore.4 In the same way, you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate. Some property is privately owned and rented out; other property is common land; some places are suitable for children, and others are best avoided by all citizens. Unfortunately, it’s those places that are now capturing the popular imagination, places that offer bomb-making instructions, pornography, advice on how to steal credit cards. They make cyberspace sound like a nasty place. Good citizens jump to a conclusion: Better regulate it.5 But before using regulations to counter indecency it is fundamental to interpret the nature of cyberspace. Cyberspace isn't a frontier where wicked people can grab unsuspecting children, nor is it a giant television system that can beam offensive messages at unwilling viewers. In this kind of real estate, users have to choose where they visit, what they see, what they do. It's optional. In other words, cyberspace is a voluntary destination—in reality, many destinations. You don't just get “onto the Net”; you have to go someplace in particular. That means that people can choose where to go and what to see. Yes, community standards should be enforced, but those standards should be set by cyberspace communities themselves, not by the courts or by politicians in Washington.6 What makes cyberspace so alluring is precisely the way in which it's different from shopping malls, television, highways and other terrestrial jurisdictions. But let's define the territory:7 First, there are private e-mail conversations, similar to the conversations you have over the telephone. These are private and consensual and require no regulation at all.8 Second, there are information and entertainment services, where people can download anything from legal texts and lists of “great new restaurants” to game software or dirty pictures. These places are like bookstores, malls and movie houses—places where you go to buy something. The customer needs to request an item or sign up for a subscription; stuff (especially pornography) is not sent out to people who don’t ask for it. Some of these services are free or included as part of a broader service like CompuServe or America Online; others charge and may bill their customers directly.9 Third, there are “real” communities—groups of people who communicate among themselves. In real-estate terms, they're like bars or restaurants or bathhouses. Each active participant contributes to a general conversation, generally through posted messages. Other participants may simply listen or watch. Some services are supervised by a moderator ; others are more like bulletin boards—anyone is free to post anything. Many of these services started out unmoderated but are now imposing rules to keep out unwanted advertising, extraneous discussions or increasingly rude participants.10 Cyberspace communities evolve just the way terrestrial communities do: people with like-minded interests band together. Every cyberspace community has its own character. Overall, the communities on CompuServe tend to be more professional; those on America Online, affluent young singles; Prodigy, family-oriented. Then there are independents like Echo, a hip, downtown New York service, or Women's Wire, targeted to women who want to avoid the male culture prevalent elsewhere on the Net. On the Internet itself there are lots of passionate noncommercial discussion groups on topics ranging from Hungarian politics (Hungary Online) to copyright law.11 What's unique about cyberspace is that it allows communities of any size and kind to flourish; in cyberspace, communities are chosen by the users, not forced on them by accidents of geography. This freedom gives the rules that preside in cyberspace a moral authority that rules in terrestrial environments don't have. Most people are stuck in the country of their birth, but if you don't like the rules of a cyberspace community, you can just sign off. Love it or leave it. Likewise, if parents don’t like the rules of a given cyberspace community, they can restrict their children’s access to it.12 What’s likely to happen in cyberspace is the formation of new communities, free of the constraints that cause conflict on earth. Instead of a global village, which is a nice dream but impossible to manage, we’ll have invented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own members’ inclinations without interfering wit h anyone else’s. The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we’ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed — intellectual property, content and access control, rulesabout privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in; others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that can’t survive —either because people lose interest or get scared off — will simply wither away.13 In the near future, explorers in cyberspace will need to get better at defining and identifying their communities. They will need to put in place — and accept — their own local governments apart from terrestrial governments, just as the owners of expensive real estate often have their own security guards though they can call in the police to get rid of undesirable customers.14 Then what should be done about undesirable material in cyberspace? What to do, for instance, about pornography? The answer is labeling, besides banning, questionable material. It makes sense for cyberspace participants themselves to agree on a scheme for questionable items, so that people or automatic filters can avoid them. It's easy enough for software manufacturers to build an automatic filter that would prevent you or your child from ever seeing the undesired item on a menu. (It’s as if all the items were wrapped, with labels on the wrapper.) Someone who posted pornographic material under the title “Kid-Fun” could be sued for mislabeling.15 Without a lot of fanfare, private enterprises and local groups are already producing a variety of labeling services, along with kid-oriented sites like Kidlink and Kids’ Space. People differ in their tastes and values and can find services on the Net that suit them in the same way they select books and magazines. Or they can wander freely if they prefer, making up their own itinerary.16 In the end, our society needs to grow up. Growing up means understanding that there are no perfect answers, no all-purpose solutions, no government-sanctioned safe havens. We haven’t created a perfect society on ea rth, and we won't have one in cyberspace either. But at least we can have individual choice —and individual responsibility.Unit 2 Why is it so hard for men and women to talk1I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It’s true,” he explained.“When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”2 This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.3 Sociologist Catherine Kohier Riessman, who reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.4 In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn‘t listen to me,” “He doesn’t talk to me.” I found that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.5 In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.Linguistic Battle Between Men and Women6 How can women and men have such different impressions of communication in marriage? Why is there a widespread imbalance in their interests and expectations?7 In the April 1990 issue of American Psychologist, Stanford University’s Eleanor Maccoby reports the results of her own and others’ research showing that children’s development is most influenced by the social structure of peer interactions. Boys and girls tend to play with children of their own gender, and their sex-separate groups have different organizational structures and interactive norms.8 I believe these systematic differences in childhood socialization make talk between women and men like cross-cultural communication. My research on men’s and women’s conversations uncovered patterns similar to those described for children’s groups.9 For women, as for girls, intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven. Little girls create and maintain friendships by exchanging secrets; similarly, women regard conversation as the cornerstone of friendship. So a woman expects her husband to be a new and improved version of a best friend. What is important is not the individual subjects that are discussed but the sense of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings, and impressions.10 Bonds between boys can be as intense as girls’, but they are based less on talking, more on doing things together. Si nce they don’t assume talk is the cement thatbinds a relationship, men don’t know what kind of talk women want, and they don’t miss it when it isn’t there.11 Boys’ groups are larger, more inclusive, and more hierarchical, so boys must struggle to avoid the subordinate position in the group. This may play a role in women’s complaints that men don’t listen to them.12 Often when women tell men, “You aren’t listening,” and the men protest “I am”, the men are right. The impression of not listening results from misalignments in the mechanics of conversation. This misalignment begins as soon as a man and a woman take physical positions. When I studied videotapes made by psychologist Bruce Dorval of children and adults talking to their same-sex best friends, I found at every age, the girls and women faced each other directly, their eyes anchored on each other’s faces. At every age, the boys and men sat at angles to each other and looked elsewhere in the room, periodically glancing at each other. But the tendency of men to face away can give women the impression they aren’t listening even when they are. A young woman in college was frustrated: whenever she told her boyfriend she wanted to talk to him, he would lie down on the floor, close his eyes, and put his arm over his face. This signaled to her, “He’s taking a nap.” But he insisted he was listening extra hard. Normally, he looks around the room, so he is easily distracted. Lying down and covering his eyes helped him concentrate on what she was saying.13 Switching topics is another habit that gives women the impression men aren’t listening, especially if they switch to a topic about themselves. The girls in my study tended to talk at length about one topic, but the boys tended to jump from topic to topic.14 My study of the 10th-grade children found that when a girl told a friend about a problem, the friend responded by asking probing questions and expressing agreement and understanding. But the boys dismissed each other’s problems. Todd assured Richa rd that his drinking was “no big problem”. And when Todd said he felt left out, Richard responded, “Why should you? You know more people than me.”15 Women perceived such responses as belittling and unsupportive. But the boys seemed satisfied with them. Whereas women reassure each other by implying, “You shouldn’t feel bad because I’ve had similar experiences,” men do so by implying, “You shouldn’t feel bad because your problems aren’t so bad.”16 There are even simpler reasons for women’s impression that men don’t listen. Linguist Lynette Hirschman found that women make more listener-noise, such as “mhm”, “uhuh”, and “yeah”, to show “I’m with you”. Men, she found, more often give silent attention. Women who expect a stream of listener-noise interpret silent attention as no attention at all.17 Women’s conversational habits are as frustrating to men as men’s are to women. Men who expect silent attention interpret a stream of listener-noise as overreaction or impatience. Also, when women talk to each other in a close, comfortable setting, they often overlap, finish each other’s sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say. This practice, which I call “participatory listenership”, is often perceived by men as interruption, intrusion and lack of attention.18 A parallel difference caused a man to complain about his wife, “She just wants to talk about her own point of view. If I show her another view, she gets mad at me.” When most women talk to each other, they assume a conversationalist’s job is to express agreement and support. But many men see their conversational duty as pointing out the other side of an argument. This is heard as disloyalty by women, and refusal to offer the requisite support. It is not that women don’t want to see oth er points of view, but that they prefer them phrased as suggestions and inquiries rather than as direct challenges.The Sounds of Silence19 These differences begin to clarify why women and men have such different expectations about communication in marriage. For women, talk creates intimacy. Marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feelings and thoughts, and still be loved. Their greatest fear is being pushed away. But men live in a hierarchical world, where talk maintains independence and status. They are on guard to protect themselves from being put down and pushed around.20 This explains the paradox of the talkative man who said of his silent wife, “She’s the talker.” In the public setting, he felt challenged to show his intelligence and display his understanding. But at home, where he has nothing to prove and no one to defend against, he is free to remain silent. For his wife, being home means she is free from the worry that something she says might offend someone, or spark disagreement, or appear to be showing off; at home she is free to talk.21 The communication problems that endanger marriage can’t be fixed by mechanical engineering. They require a new conceptual framework about the role of talk in human relationships. Many of the psychological explanations may not be helpful, because they tend to blame either women (for not being assertive enough) or men (for not being in touch with their feelings). A sociolinguistic approach by which male-female conversation is seen as cross-cultural communication allows us to understand the problem and forge solutions without blaming either party.22 Once the problem is understood, improvement comes naturally. Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husband s won’t listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women’s relationships. But if their husbands don’t adapt, the women may still be comforted that for men, this is not a failure of intimacy.Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their friends or family for that kind of talk. And husbands who can’t provide it shouldn’t feel their wives have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least their decisions will be based on realistic expectations.Unit 3: The Case Against Man1 The first mistake is to think of mankind as a thing in itself. It isn’t. It is part of an intricate web of life. And we can’t think even of life as a thing in itself. It isn’t. It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun.2 The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution. When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together.3 Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. There is interaction always: evaporation, condensation, solution, weathering. Far within the solid crust there are slow, continuing changes, too, of which hot springs, volcanoes, and earthquakes are the more noticeable manifestations here on the surface.4 Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “life”. Life forms have become more complex and more various ever since.5 But the life forms are as much part of the structure of the Earth as any inanimate portion is. It is all an inseparable part of a whole. If any animal is isolated totally from other forms of life, then death by starvation will surely follow. If isolated from water, death by dehydration will follow even faster. If isolated from air, whether free or dissolved in water, death by asphyxiation will follow still faster. If isolated from the Sun, animals will survive for a time, but plants would die, and if all plants died, all animals would starve.6 It works in reverse, too, for the inanimate portion of Earth is shaped and molded by life. The nature of the atmosphere has been changed by plant activity (which adds to the air the free oxygen it could not otherwise retain). The soil is turned by earthworms, while enormous ocean reefs are formed by coral.7 The entire planet, plus solar energy, is one enormous intricately interrelated system. The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions).8 In fact, we can pursue the analogy. A man is composed of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells, such as those making up an entire leg, will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism: serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ, such as the heart or kidneys, may end by killing all 50 trillion.9 In the same way, on a planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earth’s life in general, but it wi ll produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and, therefore, in the details of geological structure. A serious decline in the bee population will affect the numbers of those plants that depend on bees for fertilization, then the numbers of those animals that depend on those particular bee-fertilized plants, and so on.10 Or consider cell growth. Cells in those organs that suffer constant wear and tear—as in the skin or in the intestinal lining—grow and multiply all life long. Other cells, not so exposed, as in nerve and muscle, do not multiply at all in the adult, under any circumstances. Still other organs, ordinarily quiescent, as liver and bone, stand ready to grow if that is necessary to replace damage. When the proper repairs are made, growth stops.11 In a much looser and more flexible way, the same is true of the “planet organism” (which we study in the science called ecology). If cougars grow too numerous, the deer they live on are decimated, and some of the cougars die of starvation, so that their “proper number” is restored. If too many cougars die, then the deer multiply with particular rapidity, and cougars multiply quickly in turn, till the additional predators bring down the number of deer again. Barring interference from outside, the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it. (If the cougars are all killed off, deer would multiply to the point where they destroy the plants they live off, and more would then die of starvation than would have died of cougars.)12 The neat economy of growth within an organism such as a human being is sometimes—for what reason, we know not—disrupted, and a group of cells begins growing without limit. This is the dread disease of cancer, and unless that growing group of cells is somehow stopped, the wild growth will throw all the body structure out of true and end by killing the organism itself.13 In ecology, the same would happen if, for some reason, one particular type of organism began to multiply without limit, killing its competitors and increasing its own food supply at the expense of that of others. That, too, could end in the destruction of the larger system—most or all of life and even of certain aspects of the inanimate environment.14 And this is exactly what is happening at this moment. For thousands of years, the single species Homo sapiens, to which you and I have the dubious honor of belonging, has been increasing in numbers. In the past couple of centuries, the rate of increase has itself increased explosively.15 At the time of Julius Caesar, when Earth’s human population is estimated to have been 150 million, that population was increasing at such a rate that it would double in 1000 years i f that rate remained steady. Today, with Earth‘s population estimated at about 4000 million (26 times what it was in Caesar’s time), it is increasing at a rate which, if steady, will cause it to double in 35 years.16 The present rate of increase of Ear th’s swarming human population qualifies Homo sapiens as an ecological cancer, which will destroy the ecology just as surely as any ordinary cancer would destroy an organism.17 The cure? Just what it is for any cancer. The cancerous growth must somehow be stopped.18 Of course, it will be. If we do nothing at all, the growth will stop, as a cancerous growth in a man will stop if nothing is done. The man dies and the cancer dies with him. And analogously, the ecology will die and man will die with it.19 How can the human population explosion be stopped? By raising the death rate or by lowering the birthrate. There are no other alternatives. The death rate will rise spontaneously and finally catastrophically, if we do nothing—and that within a few decades. To make the birthrate fall, somehow (almost any how, in fact), is surely preferable, and that is therefore the first order of mankind’s business today.20 Failing this, mankind would stand at the bar of abstract justice (for there may be no posterity to judge) as the mass murderer of life generally, his own included, and mass disrupter of the intricate planetary development that made life in its present glory possible in the first place.Unit 4 The Future Of English1 In the middle of the sixteenth century, English was spoken by between four and five millions of people, and stood fifth among the European languages, with French, German, Italian, and Spanish ahead of it in that order, and Russian following. Two hundred years later, Italian had dropped behind but Russian had gone ahead, so that English was still in fifth place. By the end of the Eighteenth Century English began to move forward, and by the middle of the nineteenth it had forced its way into first place. Today it is so far in the lead that it is probably spoken by as many people as the next two languages—Russian and German combined.2 How many people speak it today? It is hard to answer. Besides those to whomEnglish is their native tongue, there are people who, though born to some other language, live in English-speaking communities and speak English in their daily business. More importantly, English is now spoken as a foreign language throughout the world—very often, to be sure, badly, but nevertheless understandably. It has become a platitude that one may go almost anywhere with no other linguistic equipment and get on almost as well as in New York.3 In part, of course, its spread has been due to the extraordinary dispersion of the English-speaking peoples. They have been the greatest travelers of modern times, and the most adventurous merchants, and the most assiduous colonists. Moreover, they have been, on the whole, poor linguists, and so they have dragged their language with them, and forced it upon the human race.4 But there is more to the matter than this. English, brought to close quarters with formidable rivals, has won very often, not by force of numbers, but by the sheer weight of its merit. “In wealth, wisdom, and strict economy,” said the eminent Jakob Gr imm a century ago, “none of the other living languages can vie with it.” To which the eminent Otto Jespersen was adding only the other day: English is simple, it has clear sounds, it packs its words closely together, it is logical in their arrangement, and it is free from all pedantic flubdub.5 When American pedagogues speak of the virtues of English they almost always begin by hymning its enormous vocabulary, which is at least twice as large as that of any other language. But this is not what enchants the foreigner; on the contrary, the vast reaches of the vocabulary naturally alarm him. The thing that really wins him is the succinctness and simplicity of the language. We use, for all our store of Latin polysyllables, a great many more short words than long ones, and we are always trying to make the long ones short. What was once puniligrion is now pun; what was gasoline only yesterday is already gas. No other European language has so many three-letter words, nor so many four-word sayings. “First come,first served”—that is typically English, for it is bold, plain, and short.6 The English psychologist, Dr. Ogden believes, indeed, that 850 words are sufficient for all ordinary purposes, and he has devised a form of simplified English, called by him Basic, which uses no more. Of his 850 words no less than 600 are the names of things, which leaves only 250 for the names of qualities and actions, and for all the linguistic hooks and eyes that hold sentences together.7 Does this seem too few? Then it is only to those who have forgotten one of the prime characteristics of English—its capacity for getting an infinity of meanings out of a single word by combining it with simple modifiers. Consider, for example, the difference between the verbs to get. To get going, to get by, to get on to, to get wise, to get off, to get ahead of, and to get over. Dr. Ogden proposes to rid the language of a great many verbs—some of them irregular, and hence difficult—by substituting such。
当代研究生英语下册1-7单元TextA英汉对照版
UNIT 1 PASSAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH (I)1 A person’s life at any given time incorporates both external and internal aspects. The external system is composed of our memberships in the culture: our job, social class, family and social roles, how we present ourselves to and participate in the world. The interior realm concerns the meanings this participation has for each of us. In what ways are our values, goals, and aspirations being invigorated or violated by our present life system? How many parts of our personality can we live out, and what parts are we suppressing? How do we feel about our way of living in the world at any given time?1．一个人在每一特定时期内的生活都是由外部生活和内心生活这两个方面结合而成的。
外部生活是指我们在文明社会中的实际生活（对文明社会中实际活动的参与），其中包括我们的工作、社会地位、家庭生活、（担当的）社会角色、我们如何向社会展现自己，以及如何参与到社会中去等。
内心生活是指我们所参与的种种外部活动对我们个人产生的影响。
例如，我们目前的生活体系是符合我们的价值观、目标和理想呢，还是与之相违背? 我们的个性能在多大程度上得到发挥，还是受到某种程度的压抑? 在每一特定时期，我们对自己的生活方式又有何种感受?2 The inner realm is where the crucial shifts in bedrock begin to throw a person off balance, signaling the necessity to change and move on to a new footing in the next stage of development. These crucial shifts occur throughout life, yet people consistently refuse to recognize that they possess an internal life system. Ask anyone who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “I’ve been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance within me, and even though it’s painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years.2．正是在人的内心世界这个领域中，一些重大的和基本的转变开始使人失去自我平衡，这就意味着必须进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段。
专业型硕士研究生英语课文讲义unit 8
Paragraph 1
• There’s not a single false gesture in Frances Itani’s “Deafening.” Despite its subjects-war, romance, disability-it’s a story of careful, measured emotion, bleached of all sentimentality. The publisher has positioned the novel as a debut in America, but Canadians have been reading Itani for decades, and every page of this story betrays the hands of a mature writer.
• But “nothing will stop Grania,” Itani writes. “when she is alone she stands on tiptoe on the stoop at the back, behind the laundry, and she watches her reflected mouth in the narrow window. She takes a bite. She studies each word separately. She holds her voice as close to herself as she can. It is like pressing a pillow against her chest, the way the boy in the picture presses the book to his sailor suit.”
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5 Microsoft‟s unparalleled profit margin has given it the highest stock valuation of any company in the world, nearly $ 500 billion. It has created three of the five largest personal fortunes in the world. Apart from its effect on the stock market, it has produced an estimated ten thousand millionaires, mainly in the Seattle area. The strongest software company after Microsoft is probably Oracle, which makes the database software used to manage information at many Internet sites.
3 But the largest fortune based on hardware is that of Michael Dell, of Austin, Texas. At age thirty-four, owing to the success of his Dell Computers, he is the fifth-richest man in America, after three Microsoft executives and Warren Buffett, with assets of $ 20 billion. 4 The second wave of wealth creation involved software— “application” software that people use for work or recreation, like word-processing programs or computer games, and “systems”
Book One
外语教学与研究ardware and the software revolutions were, in their wealth-creating effects, slow to emerge compared to what is underway now because of the Internet. Less than ten years ago, Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at the research center CERN in Geneva, invented a scheme for linking data on a particular subject, or series of subjects, that were stored on different computers in different places. The Internet had existed for two decades before that, as a communications channel mainly among big computers at universities and research centers. But Berners-Lee took the crucial step in making information on the Internet easy to find and use, through creation of the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee helped bring this about by writing the specifications for three basic elements of the Web‟s operation. One is the “uniform resource locator”( 统一资源定位器 ), or URL. Another is “hypertext markup language”（超文本置标语言）, or HTML, a way to describe how a website should look on screen, and also a way to build “links”（连接 ） that will take a user to another site when clicked. The third is “hypertext transfer protocol” （超文本传送协议） , or HTTP, which controls the flow of information from the sites to the user‟s computer.
three waves; computer industry; wealth created; typical companies; Internet industry; For your remarkable; speed; way reference
Second reading: read the passage again and try to identify the structure of this passage. For your
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Para. 4-5
software used to run businesses or, very often, computer networks themselves. The difference between software and hardware provides a classic illustration of what economists mean by “increasing returns to scale”（规模速递收益）. Because the cost of producing additional units of software—the “marginal cost”（边际成 本）—is extremely low, once you become the market leader in a field, your profits grow astronomically.
reference
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Main Idea
This article introduces the three waves of the development
of computer industry and the wealth created. Typical companies are also given as examples to illustrate its fortune-creation effect. As the third wave, Internet industry is the most remarkable for the speed it brings up
Book One
Main idea: The second wave of wealth creation involved software and created several largest fortunes in the world. (Microsoft, Oracle, etc).
Main idea: The technical process of the Internet and the creation of
fortunes and the way it changes computer business.
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Structure
Para. 1-3 Para. 4-5 Para. 6-7
Para. 8-11
Main idea: The first wave of computer industry emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. During this period, many companies produced hardware product and made lots of money (HP, DELL, Intel, Apple, Cisco, etc).
外语教学与研究出版社
Text Study
Book One
外语教学与研究出版社
Para. 1-2
1 The recent boom in technological advances, formation of new businesses, and personal fortunes is the third, and most dramatic wave generated by the computer industry in the last twenty-five years. The first wave involved tangible products—“hardware”, as opposed to the computer programs that constitute software. In the 1960s and 1970s companies in the Santa Clara Valley, between San Jose and San Francisco, produced silicon memory chips for computers—thus the name Silicon Valley. Then they produced silicon logic chips, which direct a computer‟s operation. Then many produced computers as well. The great fortunes from the hardware era include those of the Hewlett and Packard families, of Hewlett-Packard, which started making money in the pre-silicon era, with scientific instruments. The Packard Foundation, with assets of $ 10 billion, recently overtook（赶上，压倒） the Ford Foundation as the nation‟s third-largest private foundation. The dominant hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, whose Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers other than the Macintosh. The assets of Gordon Moore, one of Intel‟s