全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

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《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析

《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what______is and how it works.∙ ngue∙ B.linguist∙ nguage∙ D.learning正确答案：C本题解析：语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。

2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as______.∙ A.vowels∙ B.consonants∙ C.sounds∙ D.speech sounds正确答案：D本题解析：在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。

这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。

3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is______.∙ A.the internal structure∙ B.morpheme∙ C.the rules by which words are formed∙ D.word正确答案：B本题解析：正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are______in number.∙ rge∙ B.small∙ C.finite∙ D.infinite正确答案：C本题解析：对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。

全国自学考试语言学概论试题-大题.

09年1月-02年10月全国自学考试语言学概论试题-大题汇总三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）26．口语（09-1）27．仿译词（09-1）28．语言符号的强制性（09-1）29．语气意义（09-1）26．音位变体（08-10）27．语法手段（08-10）28．语音对应关系（08-10）29．中介语（08-10）26. 克里奥耳语（08-1）27. 借词（08-1）28. 音节（08-1）29. 词的语体色彩（08-1）32．轻音（07-10）33．语言规划（07-10）34．语言遗传机制（07-10）35．应用语言学（07-10）26．组合关系（07-1）27．词的理性意义（07-1）28．双语现象（07-1）29．音位（07-1）30．洋泾浜（07-1）32．发音部位（06-10）33．向心词组（06-10）34．音节文字（06-10）35．第二语言教学（06-10）26. 聚合关系（06-1）27. 社会方言（06-1）28. 语言符号的强制性（06-1）29. 词义的模糊性（06-1）30. 派生词（06-1）32．音素（05-10）33．基础方言（05-10）34．语言迁移（05-10）35．语言获得（05-10）34. 词形变化（05-1）35. 派生词（05-1）36. 语言转用（05-1）32．韵律特征（04-10）33．语系（04-10）34．文化局限词语（04-10）35．中介语（04-10）32. 语法单位的形成关系（03-10）33. 义素（03-10）34. 音位文字（03-10）35. 语言的亲属关系（03-10）32. 语流音变（02-10）33. 语法范畴（02-10）34. 蕴含（02-10）35. 他源文字（02-10）五、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分）33．简述国际音标的优点。

（09-1）34．词缀和词尾有什么不同？（09-1）35．汉语的语素、音节和汉字是一一对应的吗？30．举例说明语言符号的离散特征和线性特征及其对语言的作用。

全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】

全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。

2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。

[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。

3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。

de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。

自考《现代语言学》试题题型培训课件

自考《现代语言学》试题题型现代语言学试题题型举例Ⅰ. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration (20%; 5 terms ):1.duality-----2.free morpheme----3.phonology ------4.context-------5.polysemy ------Ⅱ. Indicate the following statements true or false (20%; 20 statements): ( )1. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.( )2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pattern of a language.( )3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.( )4. Modern linguists regard the written language as primary, not the spoken.( )5. English is a typical tone language.Ⅲ. Fill each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given (20%; 20 blanks):1. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the a_________ of that phoneme.2. A linguistic study is d___________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; itis p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.3. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of his l____________, whilep____________ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.4. The two subtypes of affixes are p____________ and s_____________.5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s______________ study.6. P_______________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a languageuse sentences to effect successful communication.7. The notion of c______________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.8. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s__________________ andp_________________.9. Morphology is the study of the internal s____________________ of words and the way inwhich w______________ are formed.10. G______________ antonyms may be seen in terms of degrees of the qualityinvolved.Ⅳ. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 %; 20 statements):1._______ are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then releasedslowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.A. NasalsB. GlidesC. FricativesD. Affricates2.The words “autumn” and “fall” are ____________.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. collocationally-restrictedsynonymsC. dialectal synonymsD. synonyms differing in styles3.The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4.The word “girls” has ______________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four5.In English, “un-” and “dis-” are called ______________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. grammatical words6. A word with several meaning is called _____________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordc. a synonymous word D. none of the abovenguage is _________________, which means that there is no logicalconnection between meanings and sound.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. dualD. universal8.Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]9.The pair of words “buy” and “sell” are ___________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms10.F. de Saussure is a(n) _________________.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary (20%; 5 from 7 questions):1.What are the differences between a root and a stem?2.What does pragmatics study? How are pragmatics and traditional semanticsrelated, and how do they differ?3.What are the major differences between modern linguistics and traditionalgrammar?4.What is the semantic triangle?5.Exemplify the CP and maxims proposed by P. Grice?6.Why is speech considered prior to writing in modern linguistics?7.Draw a tree diagram for each of the following statements:(1)He lives a tranquil life in the country.(2)I know he will come tomorrow.。

英语自考现代语言学简答题

第一章绪论Because there are words in every language that imitate natural sounds, such as crash, bang in English .besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary .these words cannot be made freely .Because the details of any language are not genetically transmitted ,but instead have to be taught and learned anew . it is passed on from one generation to another through teachingand learning rather than by instinct . in contrast ,animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, so animals call system are genetically transmitted. The duality nature of language means that language is system ,which consists off two sets of structures ,or two levels ,one of sounds and the other of meanings . at the lower or thebasic level ,there is the structure of sounds , which are meaningless. At the higherlevel ,the units can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences .Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretationof new signal by its users. The users can send message which no one else has ever sent before. Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present ,real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far-awayplaces . in other words language can be used to refer context removed from the immediate situation of the speakers. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar . traditional grammar is prescriptive, it is based on high written language . it sets models for language users to follow . but modern linguistics is descriptive ,its investigation are based on authentic ,and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific andobjective and the task of linguistics is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. Language exists in time and changes trough time. The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study, the description of a language as it changes though time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describe a language as it is at some particular point in time ,while a diachronic study language is a historical stud ; it studies the historical development of language over a period.speech and writing are the two major media of communication . modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary , but not the written form ,because thespoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from spoken form of language. Langue and parole are French words, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communication ,and parole refers to the realization of langue in actural use. Langue is the set ofconventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conversation and the application of the rules. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguisticscommunication. 第二章音系学1. speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary ,but not the written form ,because the spoken for id prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.the basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that the pronunciation of a vowel,the air stream from the lung meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a consonant , the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.Which allophone is to be used is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random or haphazard in most cases; it is rule-governed . one of the tasks of the phonologist is to find out these rules.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental phonemes; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable , the word ,and the sentence. The main suprasegmental featuresinclude stress, tone, and intonation.第三章形态学Morphology is divided into sub-branches : inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. Free morphemes are themorphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes .bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes, either free or bound ,to form a word.derivational affixes are added to an exciting form to create a word . prefixes occur at the beginning of a word and. Prefixes modify the meaning of he stem .suffixes are added to the end of the stems ;they modifythe meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.Syntactically, the part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of speech o the second element, e.g. icy-cold adj. head —strong adv. Greenhouse n. but there are many exception ,especially with hose compounds ending with a verb or an adverb or a preposition . for example,follow up , crackdown ,kickoff are allnouns instead of adverbs.and toothpick, snowfall,and facelift arenoun instead of verbs.semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meaning of its components. For example ,a greenhouse is not a house that is green .in order to find out the meaning of a compound, one sometimes hasto consult the dictionary instead of doing some guess work.第四章句法学 As a major component of grammar, syntax consists of a set o abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. A sentences is considered grammatical when it is in agreement with thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. Universally found in the grammars of all human language ,syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. The word language in this definition implies that linguistics studies not any particular language ,but investigate or examine. And the word scientific refers to the way in which language is studied.Chomsky thinks that linguistics should study the ideal speaker ’s competence, but not his performance. For any natural language ,a set of syntactic rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences in that language .that is ,the syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence,coordinate sentence,and complex sentences.When a sentence is uttered or written down ,the words of the sentences are produced one after another in a sequence. Meanwhile,they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence.therfore, the structure of a sentence is linear.major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. Minor lexical categories are closed categories becausethe number of lexical items in this categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule. Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may chang the syntactic representation of a sentence.parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistics variation between and among natural language. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of case assignment ,i.e the directionality parameter. This parameter offers a neat and consist account forthe typological difference in the word order within the VP category between English and Japanese第五章语义学Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of contest are recognized :the situational context and the Linguistic context.Obviously, linguistic forms with the same sense may have different references in different situation. For example, in the following exchange, the two speakers are surely talking about two different references, i.e. two different gogs.But because of their differentorigin ,there are often subtle differences between thesesynonyms .synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called complete synonyms . however, complete synonyms are rare.Dialectal synonyms which are used in different regional dialects .stylistic synonyms which differ in style. Synonyms hat siffer in their emotive or evaluation meaning collocational synonymssemantically different synonyms.A polysemic word i.e. a word with several meanings, is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning o the word ,the various meaning of the word are related to some degree ,as is discussed in the previous section.There is one advantage of componential analysis . by specifying the semantic features of certain words I will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.there are three kinds. they are gradable antonyms,complementary antonyms and relational opposites. 第六章语用学Without this shared knowledge, linguistics communication would be impossible, and without considering this knowledge , linguistics communication cannot satisfactorily accounted for in apragmatic sense.If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication , it becomes an utterance ,and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered.Therefore ,while themeaning of a sentence is abstract ,and decontextualized, the meaning of an utterance is concrete ,and context-dependent. the act theory is the act of uttering words, phrases ,clauses. It is the ac of conveying literal meaning by meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology.第七章历史语言学Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric development in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants ofthe same language ,andprovide valuable insights into the kinship patterns of difference languages.it is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the period of old English ,middle English and modern English.3.The most vigorous and no-going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.They are the Indo-European Family, The Sino-Tibetan Family, the Austronesian Family ,and the Afroasiatic Family.Grimm ’s major contribution to historical is his explanation of the relationships among cognates in terms of a sound shift, the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.Language do not change without reasons . a linguistics change is caused either by the inherent nature of language , or by external contacts of speakers of one language with the speakers of the other language.第八章社会语言学Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts. Sociolinguistics are also concern with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender, profession, and social statue.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts . in view of language as a primary means of communication among individual speakers of a society , sociolinguists are concerned with he social significance of language variation and languageuse indifferent speech communities including regional ,ethnic and social groups . sociolinguists are also concerned with the influence of extralinguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender,profession ,and social statue.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must ,in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community .they may share closely related language varieties, as wellas attitudes towards linguistic norms.they are regional dialects ,sociolects or social dialects ,and registers.第九章心理语言学psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the term suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.By mean of dichotic listening tests, we can analyze the characteristic of incoming stimuli processed by the individual hemispheres.3. I has been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing , understanding andthen saying a word would follow a definite pattern. 4.A safe conclusion from Genie ’s case for the moment is that the labguage faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently ,most linguistic skills cannot develop.The most provocative position to date on the relationship between language and thought has been what is known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.第十章语言习得the study of language acquisition enables linguistics ,psychologists and applied linguists to better understand the nature of human language and the developmental processes oflanguage acquisition.The biological, ornativist, view of language acquisition means that human are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use. 3.In principle ,no human brain can store all the words and expressions of a language . what happens is that when processing the language the hear ,children construct the grammar and make sense of the expression according to the grammar . when producing utterances, they follow the internalizedgrammatical rules.Starting from the prelinguistic cooing and babbling stage ,children move through the one-word ,two-word and multiword stage ,gradually acquiringphonology ,morphology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics, and discourse skills of the adult language system as they grow.Although SLA is not entirely different from FLA.some problems experienced in L2development by teenage or adult learners simply donot exist in children ’s L1. According toKrashen ,acquisition refersto the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicativesituation .learning ,however,is defined as a conscous process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.It has been claimed that the optimum age for SLA is early teenage.。

2010全国卷(已校对)

2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷Ⅰ）第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题l分，满分l5分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

21. —Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?—No, I my homework all day yesterday.A. was doingB. would doC. had doneD. do22. The workers the glasses and marked on each box ―This Side Up‖.A. carriedB. deliveredC. pressedD. packed23. I’ll spend half of my holiday practising English and half learning drawing.A. anotherB. the otherC. other’sD. other24. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, is named after his grandfather.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. that25. Mary made coffee her guests were finishing their meal.A. so thatB. althoughC. whileD. as if26. I have seldom seen my mother pleased with my progress as she is now.A. soB. veryC. tooD. rather27. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps from the library.A. to borrowB. to be borrowedC. borrowedD. borrowing28 When you are home，give a call to let me know you safely.A. are arrivingB. have arrivedC. had arrivedD. will arrive29. Just be patient. You expect the world to change so soon.A. can’tB. needn’tC. may notD. will not30. The little boy won’t go to sleep his mother tells him a story.A. orB. unlessC. butD. whether31. —Everybody is going to climb the mountain. Can I go too, mom?—Wait till you are old enough, dear.A. Will you?B. Why not?C. I hope so.D. I’m afraid not.32. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune .A. is madeB. would makeC. was to be madeD. had made33. We haven’t discussed yet we are going to place our new furniture.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. where34. With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bankpresents for my dad.A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. to have bought35. —Was he sorry for what he’d done?—.A. No wonderB. Well doneC. Not reallyD. Go ahead第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题l.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案

自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案高等教育自学考试，简称自考，是一种对自学者进行以学历考试为主的，个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的'高等教育考试制度，创立于20世纪80年代初。

下面是店铺收集整理的自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案，希望大家喜欢。

Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。

10月全国自考外语教学法试卷及答案解析

全国2018 年10 月自学考试外语教学法试卷课程代码：00833I. Multiple Choices: (20%)Directions : In this section, you are given 20 questions, beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.You are to make the best choice either to complete theincomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.1.The purpose of foreign language teaching is to enable the student to actively use the target language in the ____ possible time.A. shortestB. longestC. fastestD. quickest2.___ were known as the representatives of the structural linguistics.A. Bloomfield andFriesB. Terrell and ChomskyC. Fries and TerrellD. Krashenand Terrell3.A.S. Hornby compiled ____ , a great contribution to EFL teaching.A.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary EnglishB.The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current EnglishC.Everyman's English Pronouncing DictionaryD.The Concise Oxford Dictionary4.____ was developed in the late 19th century as a reaction against the Grammar-Translation Method.A. The Oral ApproachB. The Audiolingual MethodC. The Direct MethodD. The Cognitive Approach5.Noam Chomsky wrote the book _______ .A. LanguageB. Syntactic StructuresC. How to Teach a Foreign LanguageD. The Practical Study of Language6.One of the disadvantages in the Grammar-Translation Method is that the texts are taken from , the language of which doesn't often meet the practical needs of the learners.1A. literary worksB. newspapersC. talesD. critical reviews7.Palmer and some other linguists of his time believed that ________ played one of the most important roles in foreign language learning.A. grammarB. phoneticsC. vocabularyD. rhetoric8.Halliday advocates that the social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of the field, tenor and mode of .A. contextB. discourseC. contentD. situation9.What can be introduced as a means of consolidation and evaluation in the Direct Method?A. Fill-in-the-blank.B. Dictation.C. WritingD. Reading.10.What Krashen and Terrell exphasize in. their approach is the primacy of _ .A. formB. vocabularyC. meaningD. phonetics11.Which of the following methods advises teachers to consider their students as “ whole persons ”?A. Community Language Learning.B. The Silent Way.C. Total Physical Response.D. Suggestopaedia.12.In essence, the Global Method is a text-based, top-down approach in which ___ i s a means as well as an end in itself.A. listeningB. speakingC. readingD. writing13.Which of the following is NOT one of the hypotheses put forward by Stephen Krashen?A. The acquisition-learning hypothesis.B. The natural order hypothesis.C. The input hypothesis.D. The hypothesisof linguisticuniversals.14.The process of learning by discovery, according to Bruner, involves _ with the minimumof instruction and errorful learning.A. generalizationB. association23D.W.M. Wundt ’ s20. ____________________________________________________ In the Natural Approach, the teacher can make use of various ways except ______________________ in order to help the students to be successful.A. keeping their attention on key lexical itemsB. explaining grammatical rulesC. using appropriate gesturesD. using context to help them understandII. Filling Blanks: (20%)Directions: In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blankC. deductionD. induction15. The theory of language underlying the Grammar-Translation Method was derived fromLinguistics.A. AppliedB. Comparative HistoricalC. TraditionalD. Structural16. A variety of games, role-plays, situations, etc. are communicative activities prepared to support the Communicative Language Teaching.A. text-basedB. task-basedC. game-basedD. situation-based17. According to Skinner, a well-known behaviorist psychologist,was much more effective than in a teaching situation.A. reward ...reasoningB. reward ...punishmentC. reasoning ...rewardD. reasoning ...punishment18. The cognitive theory of learning as put forward by Ausubel is perhaps best understood by contrasting rote andlearning. A. usefulB. practicalC. meaningfulD. advanced 19.ideas on education justified the views on language teaching with the Direct Method. A. Hermatnn Paul's B.J.A. Comenius ’C. F. Gouin ’ swith ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.21.The Natural Approach believes that skills acquired through _ transfer to other skills.22.The syllabus used in the ______ Method is arranged semantically according to situations or topics.23.The _____ Model is the center of Krashen ’ s second language learning theory.24.As one of the objectives in the Oral Approach, accuracy in both pronunciation and grammar is regarded as crucial, and ____ are to be avoided at all costs.25.Pattern _____ is the center of practice in an Audiolingual Method classroom, for sentence patterns are the basis of language.26.Cognitive psychologists hold that language learning is the discovery of the underlyingof the language by means of inductive and deductive inference.27.Short-range objectives of an Audiolingual program include training in listening comprehension, accurate _____ , reading comprehension and production of correct sentences in writing.28.The Total Physical Response method sees successful adult second language learning as a process paralleled to children's first language .29.Although the teaching of all four language skills is advocated by most Direct Methodologists, communication skills are regarded as basic.30.Henry Widdowson focused on the communicative acts underlying the ability to use languagefor different purposes with his _______ between appropriacy and accuracy, communicative competence and grammatical competence, use and usage.31.The Silent Way takes a ___ approach to the organization of language to be taught.32.According to Palmer, “thaRnatfhoecur s on of grammatical rules in classroom teaching,the teacher must encourage direct and spontaneous use of the target language in the classroom. 33.An understanding of the social context in which communication takes place is referred to ascompetence.34.The Grammar-Translation Method proved to be an effective means in studying foreign ___4through literary works.35.Palmer viewed that classroom language teaching should follow ____ principles of language learning.36.The experts in grammar analysis and translation approach believed that the human minds could be trained by logical of the classic language, memorization of complicated rules, andtranslation between languages.37.According to behaviorists, the linguistic habits are formed through identifying and strengthening the between stimuli and responses.38.Generally speaking, FLTM is an science and it makes uses of theories of different subjects.39.The schema theory is an important element in theory. The expression was coined todescribe “ an active organization ".40.The Silent Way is based on the principle that successful learning involves commitment ofthe self to language acquisition through the use of silent and then active trial.III.Matching: (10%)Directions: This section consists of two groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked ①，②，③，④，or⑤ in Column A with the one marked a, b,c, d, or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match correctly.principal method of teaching modern, languages in schools.translation into the target language became popular as the principal practice technique.42 A FLTM B. Objective5IV.Questions for Brief Answers: (30%)Directions: This section has six questions. You are to answer them briefly. Five points are given to each question.43.What are the five hypotheses that make up the monitor theory put forward by Stephen Krashen?44.The teacher in a Communicative Approach classroom plays four major roles. What are they?45.What makes the Silent Way different from the other methods?46.What are the four objectives involved in the Grammar-Translation Method?47.What are the major features of the Oral Approach?48.What are the focuses of classroom teaching in the Cognitive Approach?V. Questions for Long Answers: (20%)Directions: The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you've learned. Ten points are given to each question.49.What advantages can be found in the Direct Method? at least five of the eleven techniques involved in the Audiolingual Method. And how do these techniques serve the various objectives of language teaching?6。

现代语言学历年真题及答案_1月-10月_之欧阳德创编

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that beginand end the wordschurch and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( ) A. in word-initial B. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the firstletter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change theletter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds produced in speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guard against o in that different words may require different affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty,and stingy are different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maximsunder the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversational i .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then rule eoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium of trade, or through other extended but limited contact, between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers to children’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% ) 21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as, out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming. But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study of meaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes a branch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones，linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemicsegments．23．( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24． ( )In addition to sentences and clauses，a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25．( )The word“flower”and “flour”，which are identical in sound，but different in spelling and meaning，are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context，pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27． ( )The meaning representation of words may change，becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”，but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo，“I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28． ( ) In sociolinguistics，speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29．( )Generally speaking，the lefthemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from，the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )31.displacement32.voicing33.morpheme34.finite clauseponential analysis36.declarations37.epenthesis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to whicha derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Notethat you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them iswhether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English. 18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation o ccurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, theobstruction created by the speechorgans is total or complete, with theobstruction audibly released and theair passing out again, such as Englishstops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing[p] and [t] the flow of air is blockedthrough the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, themeaning of a compound is alwaysperceived from the meanings of itscomponents.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highly abstract properties ofgrammar which are applied tolanguage in general and whichgenerate phrases and at the sametime restrain the power of Move a,while “parameters”allow generalprinciples to operate in certainrestricted ways, according to whichparticular grammars of naturallanguages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relationsbetween sentences, Y is aprerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X mustbe true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fallinto five general categories, whichare representatives, directives,commissives, expressives anddecalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English,the word ask is pronounced [æks],but the word asking is pronounced[æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in OldEnglish the verb ask was aksian, withthe/k/preceding the/s/. This meansthat a historical metathesis ruleswitched these two consonants,producing ask in most dialects ofEnglish. Metathesis is thephonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing twoadjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standardand nonstandard. Nonstandardvarieties are regarded assubstandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded asthe only correct, logical and pure,and are effective in expressing ideasin communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows thatthere are striking similarities in theways in which different L2 learnersacquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考答案全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the followingstatements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:],our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension.( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and asuffix D. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is representedthrough Phrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction onsecond language acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC.casual and spontaneous conversationD.career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of languagewhich means language iscomposed of discrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful.12. In the production of v, the back of the tongueis brought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of s to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unitthat usually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certainsound and “pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics isoften considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphologyhave occurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptualfunctions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at agiven stage of second language acquisition. III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% × 10=20%) 21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is"the institution whereby humanscommunicate and interact with eachother by means of habitually usedoral-auditory arbitrary symbols." Mostlinguists today accept the view oflanguage as a set of "habitually usedsymbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive patternof tones over stretch of speech inprinciple longer than a word, in otherwords, when pitch, stress and soundlength are tied to the sentence ratherthan the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as intonation. 23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems,during the process of which theymodify the meaning of the originalword but usually do not change itspart of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levelsof structure, D-structure and S-structure, we do not mean that thesyntactic representations of thesetwo levels must be different. Sincesyntactic movement occurs to allsentences, so the representations ofthe twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinctionbetween what he called“constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional pluralforms of nouns constantly occurs. Byanalogy to foe/foes, and dog/dogs,English speakers started saying cowsas the plural of cow instead of theearlier plural kine. This analogicalchange does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms areFirst Name (e.g., John), Last Name(e.g., Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g.,Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr.President), Title alone (e.g., Sir) andKin term (e.g., Dad). And outside ofmarked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, firstnames are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, peoplesuffering damage to the lefthemisphere are able to transfer theirlanguage centers to the righthemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively littledisruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. designfeatures32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40.interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semanticfeatures of compounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thoughtdevelop and blend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ( )A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ( )A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallestmeaningful unit of language. ( )A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ( )A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ( )A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g.,Old English noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______.( )A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ( )A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.( )A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the______ stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ( )A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given.( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that showvarious grammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is takento be the basic unit, but in semantic analysisofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies inthat it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from acomparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrorssocial attitude, emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the criticalperiod hypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreignlanguage, the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language isabsolute, i.e., there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes arepermissible and others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. () The different stresses used in acompound do not usually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrasestructure rules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. ( ) Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If Xentails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y. 26. ( ) Performatives are sentences that donot state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. ( ) Another kind of change that can bethought of as “economy of memory”results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about theasymmetry between male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme orbycompounding.29. ( ) Research findings have shown thatlanguage processing centers are situated ina single area of the left hemisphere.30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur insecond language acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. sentence stress34.free morpheme35. major lexical category36.behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40.Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” ispronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the。

自考《语言学概论》真题答案

自考《语言学概论》真题答案
自考《语言学概论》真题答案
1.【题干】下面各项可以充当北京话声母的是( )。

【选项】
A.[m]
B.[]
C.[]
D.[t]
【答案】D【解析】BC辅音，A不是北京话的声母。

【考点】元辅音和声韵调
2.【题干】下面各个音素属于元音的是( )。

【选项】
A.[o]
B.[m]
C.[p]
D.[f]
【答案】A【解析】BCD辅音。

【考点】元辅音和声韵调
3.【题干】下面各项中属于发音器官的'是( )。

【选项】
A.心脏
B.大脑
C.肺
D.胃
【答案】C【解析】发音器官：
1.呼吸器官(肺、气管、胸腔、横膈膜)
2.喉头和声带
3.咽腔鼻腔和口腔
【考点】语音概说
4.【题干】儿童语言发展到双间阶段，产生了最早的( )。

【选项】
A.理解能力
B.语义能力
C.发音能力
D.语法能力
【答案】D
【解析】从语言形式本身来看，双词句标志着儿童产生了最早的语法能力。

【考点】语言获得的过程
5.【题干】汉字“休”是一个( )。

【选项】
A.指亊字
B.会意字
C.假借宇
D.形声宇
【答案】B【解析】休字,从人从木，人在树下休息。

【考点】汉字和汉字改革。

【免费下载】全国10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码00541

浙00541#　语言学概论试题　第 1 页共 5 页全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每小题1分，共26分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．语言符号的任意性是指（）A ．语言符号可以任意使用和创造B ．绝大多数语言符号的能指和所指之间没有必然的理据关系C ．可以任意使用语言符号给事物命名D ．语言符号的能指和所指可以任意改变2．下列语言学流派中集中研究语言本体的流派是（）A ．功能语言学B ．社会语言学C ．认知语言学D ．结构语言学3．下列关于舌尖元音的表述，不正确的一项是（）A ．发音时舌面不起主要作用B ．有舌尖前音和舌尖后音的区别C ．没有圆唇音和不圆唇音的区别D ．是汉语普通话中的一个舌尖元音4．下列各组辅音中，都是舌面后音的一组是（）5．下列关于重音的表述，不正确的一项是（）A ．有些语言中一个词可以有一个以上的重音B ．能够区别不同意义的重音可以看作一个音位C ．词重音可以分为“固定重音”和“自由重音”D ．重音只跟音强的增加有关6．下列各组合成词中，每个词都包含粘着语素的一组是（）A ．偷袭赠送B ．买卖肤浅C ．老人初五D ．蔬菜电器7．下列各组词语中，属于重叠词的一组是（）A ．爸爸星星娃娃B ．听听个个次次C．~乎乎~甸甸~兮兮D．姥姥狒狒蝈蝈8．下列关于基本语汇的表述，不正确的一项是（）A．基本语汇是整个语汇系统的核心和基础B．基本语汇使用范围广、构词能力强C．基本语汇大部分是相当稳定的D．基本语汇也包括大部分新造词和古语词9．英语名词lab(实验室)原来的形式是laboratory，这在词的形成方式上属于（）A．直接成词B．变形成词C．变性成词D．逆序成词10．英语动词“去”的原形是“go”，过去时的形式是“went”，这在语法手段的词形变化中叫作（）A．附加B．屈折C．异根D．零形式11．下列关于虚词的表述，不正确的一项是（）A．虚词可以分为辅助词和功能词两个小类B．虚词包括助动词、介词、连词和语气词C．虚词是没有词汇意义只有语法意义的词D．使用虚词来表现语法意义属于词法手段12．下列对“撞倒了他的自行车”这个歧义词组的分析，不正确的一项是（）A．偏正词组B．动补词组C．动宾词组D．向心词组13．下列对“你把这本书好好读一遍！”这个句子类型的分析，不正确的一项是（）A．句型类是主谓句B．句式类是把字句C．功能类是陈述句D．繁简类是单句14．“年龄”和“岁数”在非理性意义上的主要差别是（）A．感情色彩不同B．语体色彩不同C．形象色彩不同D．语气意义不同15．使用字符最少的文字是（）A．音位文字B．音节文字浙00541#　语言学概论试题　第 2 页共 5 页C．语素文字D．意音文字16．在下面的几种古老文字中，不属于自源文字的是（）A．腓尼基文字B．苏美尔文字C．中国的甲骨文D．古埃及文字17．语言中发展演变速度最快的是（）A．语法规则B．音位系统C．一般语汇D．基本语汇18．下列各项中，不是语言统一途径的一项是（）A．共同语的推广B．语言成分的借用C．语言的转用D．非克里奥耳化19．亲属语言的“亲属”是指（）A．历史同源B．地域接近C．结构相似D．类型相同20．下列各项中，不属于社会方言的一项是（）A．土语B．隐语C．行话D．黑话21．必须借助语言才能进行的人类思维活动是（）A．感性思维活动B．抽象思维活动C．发散思维活动D．形象思维活动22．关于儿童进入“复杂句阶段”的表现形式，下列表述中不正确的一项是（）A．能正确使用虚词和掌握形态变化B．能够谈论过去和将来发生的事情C．能够区别句子的同义和歧义现象D．能掌握和成人基本相同的词汇量23．提出语言获得“天赋说”的科学家是（）A．俄国心理学家巴甫洛夫(I.P.Pavlov)B．美国语言学家乔姆斯基(N.Chomsky)C．美国语言学家布龙菲尔德(L.Bloomfield)D．瑞士心理学家皮亚杰(J.Piaget)24．《辞源》属于（）A．语文词典B．百科词典C．资料词典D．专用词典浙00541#　语言学概论试题　第 3 页共 5 页25．关于掌握第一语言和第二语言的途径，正确的表述是（）A．二者都主要靠“学习”B．二者都主要靠“获得”C．第一语言主要靠“学习”，第二语言主要靠“获得”D．第一语言主要靠“获得”，第二语言主要靠“学习”26．外语学习中的“高原期”是指（）A．外语学习中的初期阶段B．外语学习中的中间阶段C．外语学习中的后期阶段D．较高水平的中介语阶段二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

现代语言学自考题-7

现代语言学自考题-7(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a ______ point of view.∙ A. sociological∙ B. synchronic∙ C. diachronic∙ D. psychological（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 在现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。

其主要原因是，对一种语言不同时期的状况进行成功的研究之前，人们很难对它在历史变迁中所发生的变化进行描述。

人们一般把共时性的描述看做是对时下现存语言的描述，大多数的语言学研究皆属此类。

2.If you put a finger in each ear and say "z-z-z-z-z", you can feel the vibrations of the ______.∙ A. glottis∙ B. windpipe∙ C. larynx∙ D. vocal cords（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 当气流从肺部发出后，流经气管(windpipe)，通向声门(glottis)。

声门是喉(larynx)的一部分，是位于气管尽头的软骨结构，这是声音从肺部发出后可能被改变的第一个部位。

横在声门之间的就是声带(vocal card)。

声门关闭时，中间只有一条窄缝，气流通过时引起声带振动，这种由于声带振动而发出的音叫做浊音。

英语中所有元间和一些辅音，如[b]，[z]，[m]等都是浊音。

语言学概论十年

语言学概论十年全国2010年1月自考《语言学概论》试题-一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.明确指出“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜”的是（）A.孔子B.荀子C.孟子D.韩非子2.前高圆唇元音是（）A.[I]B.[u]C.[y]D.[o]3.下面各组词中的各项属于同一语义场的是（）A.椅子包子柜子B.双人床车床蹦床C.萝卜白菜土豆D.枕头木头芋头4.按传统的“六书”分析，“暮”是一个（）A.象形字B.指事字C.形声字D.会意字5.下面音素中属于塞音的是（）A.[k]B.[s]C.[f]D.[x]6.下面形体不代表任何语言单位的是（）A.意符B.音符C.记号D.笔画7.英语属于（）A.斯拉夫语族B.拉丁语族C.印度—伊朗语族D.日尔曼语族8.科学家把因大脑不同部位受到损伤而造成的语言障碍统称为（）A.失语症B.失读症C.失写症D.失名症9.下面属于浊辅音的是（）A.[p]B.[z]C.[ts]D.[t‘]10.方言之间最明显的、最容易觉察到的差异是（）A.词汇B.词义C.语音D.语法11.下面不属于汉语北京话区别特征的是（）A.清／浊B.送气／不送气C.边音／鼻音D.双唇／唇齿12.“溜达”和“徜徉”词义差别的主要方面是（）A.语体色彩B.形象色彩C.感情色彩D.理性色彩13.文字起源于（）A.结绳B.穿贝C.结珠D.图画14.属于借词的是（）A.热狗B.电话C.沙发D.蝴蝶15.《现代汉语虚词词典》属于（）A.百科词典B.语文词典C.描写词典D.知识词典16.汉字是一种（）A.音节文字B.表意文字C.意音文字D.音位文字17.造成社会方言分歧的根源主要是社会的（）A.地域隔阂B.社群分化C.政治分裂D.教育水平18.运用感觉器官感受外界事物的思维活动是（）A.抽象思维B.发散思维C.推理思维D.感性思维19.持“语言相关论”观点的代表人物是（）A.沃尔夫B.洪堡特C.哈里斯D.维尔尼克20.下面各组词中，存在同义关系的是（）A.房子—房间B.玉米—玉米粒C.蔬菜—青菜D.维他命—维生素二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

全国自考《语言学概论》试题及答案

全国自考《语言学概论》试题及答案一、填空题（共14题，共56分）1.语言学的三大发源地是_____、_____和______。

正确答案：中国，印度，希腊-罗马。

2.现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家______ 的________ 。

正确答案：索绪尔，《普通语言学教程》3.印度最早的经典所使用的语言是________ 。

正确答案：梵语4._______ 、______ 、_____ 是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。

正确答案：文字，音韵，训诂。

5.语言的功能包括____ 功能和_______ 功能。

正确答案：社会，思维6.语言的社会功能包括________ 功能和________功能。

正确答案：信息传递，人际互动。

7.儿童语言习得一般经过______阶段和______阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。

正确答案：独词句，双词句8.说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的____和_______组装起来的。

正确答案：词，规则9.符号包括______和_______两个方面，二者不可分离。

正确答案：形式，意义10.语言符号的_______和_______，是语言符号的基本性质。

正确答案：任意性，线条性11.心理现实是存在于_______和________之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。

正确答案：客观现实，语言符号12.语言系统二层性的一大特点是_______层的最小单位一定大大少于_______层的最小单位。

正确答案：形式，符号13._______和________是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

正确答案：组合关系，聚合关系14.动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有_______和________。

正确答案：发达的大脑，灵活的发音器官二、问答题（共6题，共36分）15.为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁正确答案：从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。

10语言学概论第十章语言与文学写作真题习题集锦

10语言学概论第十章语言与文学写作真题习题集锦语言学概论第十章语言与文学写作习题、真题集锦一、单选题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)1．“科教兴国”“中国网，宽天下”“just do it ”属于（ B ）p304A．长句 B．短句 C．否定句 D．疑问句2．下列句子使用了降格修辞的是（ C ）P313A．中国军人的屠戮妇婴的伟绩，八国联军的惩创学生的武功，不幸全被这几缕血痕抹杀了。

B．你有个“孝顺儿子”，我呢，我得“孝顺儿子”。

C．你脸上的皱纹，看起来好像驴粪蛋上上了霜。

D．京官穷得如此之阔，外官贪得如此之廉；鸦片断得如此之多，私铸禁得如此之广；武官败得如此之胜，大吏私得如此之公。

3．谈话体属于( D )p315A．书面语体 B．宣传语体 C．文学语体 D．口语语体4．讨论体属于( D )p315A．书面语体 B．宣传语体 C．文学语体 D．口语语体5.书面语体中书面性最弱的一种语体是（ A ）P315A.宣传体B.科学体C.应用体D.演说体5.书面语体中综合性最强的一种语体是（ A ）P315A.宣传体B.科学体C.应用体D.演说体6.最典型的书面语体是（ B ）P316A.宣传体B.科学体C.应用体D.讨论体7. “孔夫子搬家——尽是书(输)”采用的修辞手法是( B )P310A.倒置B.双关C.岔断D.转移8．“这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天”，这个句子是( A )p318-319A．反复句 B．顶真句 C．对偶句 D．回环句9.“感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心”是( B )p317A.反对B.正对C.串对D.出对10.最严格的对仗是（ B ） P322A.流水对B.工对C.宽对D.借对11.“半两棉花——免弹(谈)”采用的方法是( C )p310A．转移双关 B．语义双关 C．语音双关 D．替代双关12.“叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙”一句采用的修辞手法是( D ) P307A．比拟 B．仿写 C．夸张 D．比喻13.下列句子使用了暗喻修辞的是（ D ）P307A．叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。

语言学概论自考试题及答案

语言学概论自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的起源答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 索绪尔是哪位语言学家的理论奠基人？A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 皮尔斯答案：B4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语素答案：D5. 下列哪个选项是语言的同步研究？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的地理分布C. 语言的当前状态D. 语言的方言差异答案：C6. 什么是语言的同源词？A. 同义但不同词根的词B. 来自不同语言的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 来自同一语言的词答案：C7. 语言的词汇量通常随着什么而增加？A. 语言使用者的年龄B. 语言使用者的受教育程度C. 语言使用者的社交范围D. 所有上述因素答案：D8. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口语形式C. 一种语言的变体D. 一种语言的古语形式答案：C9. 语言的语音变化通常是由什么引起的？A. 社会因素B. 心理因素C. 生理因素D. 所有上述因素答案：D10. 什么是语言的语法规则？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的书写规则C. 语言的构造规则D. 语言的词汇规则答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言的功能有哪些？答案：语言的功能主要包括表达思想、交流信息、社会互动、文化传承、认知发展等。

2. 什么是语言的变体？请举例说明。

答案：语言的变体是指一种语言内部由于地理、社会、功能等因素而形成的不同形式。

例如，汉语的普通话和粤语就是方言变体。

3. 语言学研究方法有哪些？答案：语言学研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法、比较法、描写法和理论分析法等。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述语言与文化的关系。

全国10月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题及答案解析

全国10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试语⾔学概论试题及答案解析全国2018年10⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试语⾔学概论试题课程代码：00541第⼀部分选择题⼀、单项选择题(本⼤题共26⼩题，每⼩题1分，共26分)在每⼩题列出的四个选项中只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1.关于⼝语和书⾯语的关系，下列说明不正确的⼀项是( )A.任何⼀种语⾔总是先有⼝语，后有书⾯语B.书⾯语是第⼀性的，⼝语是第⼆性的C.在⼀个只有⼝语⽽没有书⾯语的社会中，社会交际存在着较⼤的局限D.书⾯语是经过加⼯、提炼和发展了的⼝语的书⾯形式2.区分“语⾔”和“⾔语”的主要⽬的是( )A.明确语⾔学的研究对象B.更好地研究书⾯语C.强调在社会环境中研究语⾔D.强调研究⾔语的个⼈特⾊3.⼆⼗世纪语⾔学在索绪尔语⾔理论的影响下，集中主要精⼒研究的是( )A.语⾔的历史演变B.语⾔和民族的关系C.语⾔和社会的关系D.语⾔系统本⾝的内在规律4.对⼈类语⾔⽽⾔，声⾳四要素中作⽤最重要的⼀个是( )A.⾳⾼B.⾳强C.⾳长D.⾳质5.下列各组中，都是前元⾳的⼀组是( )6.下列各组辅⾳中，发⾳部位相同的⼀组是( )A.[p,k]B.[n,b]C.[ts,s]D.[d,f]7.语⾳不同于⼀般声⾳的本质属性是( )A.物理属性B.社会属性C.⽣理属性D.⼼理属性8.常⽤语汇和⾮常⽤语汇主要是从下列哪个⾓度区分出来的( )A.词的使⽤场合B.词的专业特⾊C.词的使⽤频率D.词的历史来源9.汉语经常⽤四字格表⽰⽽且使⽤最多的熟语形式是( )A.成语B.谚语C.惯⽤语D.歇后语10.“最⼩的有意义的能独⽴使⽤的语⾔单位”是( )A.语素B.词C.词组D.字11.英语动词“唱”的原形是sing，过去时形式是sang，这在语法⼿段的词形变化中叫作( )A.附加B.屈折C.异根D.零形式12.英语句⼦“我看电视”有时写作I watch TV，有时写作I watched TV。

全国自考(现代语言学)模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)

全国自考（现代语言学）模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 判断题 4. 名词解释 5. 论述题单项选择题1．A scientific study of language is based on the ________ investigation of language data．( )A．symbolicB．systemicC．systematicD．system正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查对语言进行科学研究的要求和基础。

对语言进行科学的研究是建立在对语言材料进行系统的调查研究的基础上的。

2．________ are sometimes called“semivowels”．( )A．V owelsB．FricativeC．GlidesD．Nasals正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查滑音的概念。

滑音有时被称作“半元音”。

3．________ is a typical tone language．( )A．EnglishB．ChineseC．FrenchD．American English正确答案：B解析：本题主要考查汉语的特点。

汉语是一种典型的声调语言。

4．A sentence is considered ________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers．( )A．rightB．wrongC．grammaticalD．ungrammatical正确答案：C解析：本题主要考查合乎语法的句子。

当一个句子符合操本族语者头脑中的语法知识时，它就被认为是合乎语法的。

5．The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is ________ and no new members are allowed for．( )A．largeB．smallC．limitlessD．fixed正确答案：D解析：本题主要考查次要词类中词的数量特点。

20101年10月试卷

2010年10月高等教育自学考试英语语法试题课程代码：10056Ⅰ.单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）Multiple choices: for each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B,C and D, choose the one that best completes the sentence (20 points, 1 point for each)1. By the time you arrive in London, we ______ in Europe for two weeks.( )A. shall stayB. have stayedC. will have stayedD. have been staying2. She ______ very little food every day because her doctor advises her to keep on a diet. But I’m sure she’ll soon relapse to her old habit of overeating.( )A. eatsB. has eatenC. has been eatingD. is eating3. What ______ you ______ over the past two years?( )A. did…doB. do…doC. are…doingD. have…been doing4. The weather ______ very cold as soon as the night fell.( )A. was going to beB. wasC. was gettingD. was to be5. Considering it was the first time she ______ a speech to the public, she did a wonderfuljob.( )A. was to makeB. would makeC. had madeD. was making6. Bill ______ several jobs since he ______ at Harvard.( )A. has had…wasn’tB. had…wasC. has had…wasD. had…wasn’t7. The food ______ awful. Throw it away before the children eat it.( )A. smellsB. is smellingC. smeltD. has smelt8. He ______ to escape but his conscience prevented him from doing that.( )10056# 英语语法试题第1 页共5 页A. had intendedB. has intendedC. had been intendingD. has been intending9. Water will continue to be ______it is today—next in importance to oxygen.( )A. howB. whichC. asD. what10. Why is there ______ traffic on the streets in February than in May?( )A. lessB. fewerC. fewD. little11. The house built of ______ was once used as a warehouse.( )A. stoneB. stonesC. a stoneD. some stones12. Some ______ were seen loafing in the street.( )A. youthB. few youthC. more youthD. youths13. We had ______ rainfalls last summer.( )A. too muchB. littleC. a littleD. only several14. He has published ______ short stories in English.( )A. a great amount ofB. a number ofC. anotherD. many a15. I saw ______ boys at the cinema.( )A. the bothB. many aC. both theD. the several16. ______ candidates are girls.( )A. Half theB. The halfC. Their halfD. Half a17. Expenditure is twenty pounds ______ income.( )A. in point ofB. in the pay ofC. in the wake ofD. in excess of18. ______ rigorous training, the football team has secured promotion.( )10056# 英语语法试题第2 页共5 页A. But forB. As forC. Thanks toD. Save for19. The ship was sunk by a collision; but ______ diving apparatus the cargo was retrieved.( )A. for the sake ofB. by way ofC. by reason ofD. by means of20. I’m not going to have you ______ with this sort of business.( )A. mix upB. mixing upC. to mix upD. mixed upⅡ.填空题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）Fill in the blanks (15 points, 1 point for each)A. with appropriate conjuncts.1. He has not paid his debts, _________ he has no intention of paying.2. Only one person was absent, _________, Harry.3. Susan is stupid and lazy. _________, her sister is intelligent and hardworking.4. Because the exclamation point expresses strong feelings, it should be used sparingly. _________ your readers will not believe you.5. A great deal of simple coordination will tend to make your writing seem relaxed and casual, sometimes even innocent and childlike. _________, using paired coordinators and interrupting coordinated elements will tend to make our writing seem more formal, serious, and sophisticated.B: with the adjectives in brackets in correct order:6. He is a _________ man. (young, handsome)7. I find Tom a _________ business man. (mean, wealthy)8. This is a(n) _________ cooker. (pressure, steaming, enormous)9. There were some _________ beads on the table. ( round, black, big, Indian)10. Where are all those _________ figures? (expensive, stone, black, carved)C: with question tags:11. You are listening, _________?12. Don’t turn down the radio, _________?10056# 英语语法试题第3 页共5 页13. Let’s talk to the director, _________?14. They have to live on their own, _________?15. John had to work harder, _________?Ⅲ.名词解释（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）Define the following terms with examples (20 points, 4 points for each)1. free morpheme2. bound morpheme3. collective noun4. unit noun5. generic referenceⅣ.句子改写题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）Rewrite the following sentences as required (20 points, 2 points for each)A. Turn the following statements into exclamations:1. You are working with very strange people.2. A very large swarm of ants is approaching.3. They are running very fast.4. The computer is a very efficient machine.5. Dr. Smith treated him very patiently.B. Combine sentences using relative clauses:6. I am driving to the railway station to meet an engineer. He will be an important member of our team for the project.7. Tom has decided to renew the lease on his New York apartment. His wife strongly opposes sucha decision.8. They told me that she stole the money. What they told me turned out to be true.9. There is a kettle on the table. The kettle’s mouth is shaped like a flower.10. He changed the standards. We used to measure our living conditions by these standards.Ⅴ.问答题（本大题共4小题，共25分）Answer the following questions with the help of examples (25 points)1. What is special about the pseudo passive? (7 points)10056# 英语语法试题第4 页共5 页2. What is the difference in meaning between should and must in the non-predictive use? (6 points)3. What concord principle do we apply to the existential sentence? (5 points)4. What is the difference between reference and substitution?(7 points)10056# 英语语法试题第5 页共5 页。

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全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s de finition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language,and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（）A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （）A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical partic ipant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. （）1 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor.There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. （）A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.2 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occ urs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total orcomplete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such asEnglish stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked throughthe mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters”theory, “principles”refer to highly abstractproperties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generatephrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters”allowgeneral principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particulargrammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Y is true,X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five generalcategories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives anddecalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [æks], but the wordasking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian,3 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these twoconsonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonologicalprocess that reorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded assubstandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical andpure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?4 全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题。