中科院20103考博英语真题
中科院考博2003年英语试题
THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXA MINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATES PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points) Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations betwee n two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be as feed about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Ch oose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corre sponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your M achine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A, She is sick.B. She is hungry.C. She was bitten by an ant.D. She had a long bicycle ride.2. A. He's outgoing.B. He's considerate.C- He's successful.D. He's nice to all,3. A. 30 minutesB. 25 minutesC. 20 minutesD. 15 minutes4. A. take the airB. park the carC. fill in the formD. work on a text5. A. apply for a credit cardB. get a driver's licenseC. buy an insuranceD. rent a vehicle6. A, Crime needs to be treated as a disease.B. Primitive punishment will do no good.C. Severe punishment is necessary to stop crime.D. Primitive people had trouble with crime treatment.7. A, the sale of the old housesB. the pulling down of the gas companyC. the proposal of the councilD. the building of the office blocks8. A. He will not be able to many Cindy.B. He has financial problems.C. He has yet to buy furniture.D. He may not be recovered until the wedding.9. A. Both are having a cold.B. Both are on holidays.C. The woman feels sorry for the man.D. The woman hopes to see the man in the school.10. A. He felt sympathy for the Vietnamese.B. He used to come to the U.S. unlawfully.C. He aided illegal immigration to the U.S.D. He dealt with 7,000 immigration cases.Section B (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In ihis section, you will hear three short passages. At the e nd of each passage, there will be a few questions. Both the passage and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, t here will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best ans wer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter wit h a single bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.11. A. to make children grow tall and strongB. to keep the soul in the bodyC. to prevent someone from saying evil thingsD. to protect someone against catching a cold12. A. They think a good spirit may help the child grow,B. They want to drive away the devil "sneeze."C. They say it as a curse for the child to stop sneezing.D. They consider a sneeze an obstacle to the child's growth.13. A. the GermanB. the ItalianC. the JapaneseD. the Hindus14. A. All peoples are afraid of sneezing.B. Some people never sneeze in their lives.C. The moment of sneezing is very dangerous.D. Many people say prayers when they sneeze.15. A. a lack of available flightsB. long delays at the airportC. boredom on long flightsD. long trips to and from the airport16. A. on short tripsB. on long tripsC. when flying over citiesD. when flying at high altitudes17. A. It fuels with nuclear energy.B. It rests on a cushion of pressurized air.C. It flies above magnetically activated tracks.D. It uses a device similar to a jet engine-18. A. She is poor in school grade.B, Her major is thought to be useless.C, Her job expectation is too high.D, There is now an economic recession.19. A, undergraduatesB. experienced M.B.A.sC. laid-off workersD. liberal-arts majors20. A. Unemployment rate will get still higher.B. There will be no multiple job offers.C. 2 million job seekers will compete for jobs.D. First-time job requirements will be lowered.(THIS IS THE END OF LISTENING COMPREHENSION.)PART II VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence shot b est completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scaring Answer Sheet,21. His trick convinced none but the mostA. credulousB. plausibleC. trustworthyD. feasible22. Many people proposed that a national committee be formed to disc uss toexisting mass transit systems.A. substitutesB. measuresC, duplicates D. alternatives23. He is a hypocrite, a liar, a thief—, he is the greatest devil I ever know.A. as a consequenceB. as a ruleC, as a matter of fact D. as a matter of routine24. Since she was alone, she opened the door . leaving the chain lock fastened.A. warilyB. consciouslyC. audaciouslyD. recklessly25. In the last few minutes the conversation has become seemingly as ifthe discussion were of some minor domestic matter and not survival its elf,A. crucialB. centralC. casualD. causal26. I didn't listen to Mom and 1 was not surprised at the look of on her face.A. indifferenceB. complimentC, negligence D. reproach27. The victims of drunken driving in America over the past decade___ __ anincredible 250,000, with three killed every hour of every day on averag e.A. Sake upB. add up toC, count for D. turn out to28. He is believed to have been shot by a rival gang in for the shooti ngslast week.A. revenge B, reserveC. reverseD. remedial29. These pollutants can be hundreds and even thousands of kilometer s bylarge air masses.A. containedB. conveyedC. contaminatedD. conserved30. There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but _ i t'svery enjoyable.A. all at onceB. once and for allC. so much asD. by and large31. In a divorce, the mother usually is granted___________ of her chil dren.A. supportB. retentionC. perseveranceD. custody32. What he had in mind to nothing less than a total reversal of the tr aditional role of the executive.A. contributedB. dedicatedC. amountedD. added33. Some Heads of Government now fear that negotiations will beforea settlement is reached.A. wear outB. come alongC. break offD. end up34. A of soap and two brightly colored towels were left beside the bat h, then the women smiled politely at Nicole and withdrew carefully from the room.A. loaf B, barC. stick D, block35. Of the 1200 million people who call themselves Chinese, a very s mallnumber speak what is referred to as standard Chinese.A. none butB. but forC. all butD. but then36.___________ recent brain and behavioral research. Dr. Goleman wr ote a fascinating book entitled "Emotional Intelligence."A. Drawing upB. Drawing onC. Putting upD. Putting on37. Many people think of deserts as regions, but numerous species of plants and animals have adapted to life there,A. remoteB. irginC. alienD. barren38. Attempts to persuade her stay after she felt insulted were __,A, of no avail B. out of focusC. at a loss D, in no way39. Scientists are certain that there is a cancer-inhibiting agent in the blood of the shark.A. dubiouslyB. virtuallyC. queerlyD. randomly40. The integration of staff for training has led to a good exchange of i deas, greater enthusiasm, and higher staff .________ ,A. moral B, mortalC. moraleD. moresPART III CLOZE TEST (IS minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the pa ssage through-Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresp onding tetter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across she square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.It is appropriate on an anniversary of the founding of a university to re mind ourselves of its purposes. It is equally appropriate at such time fo r students to 4j why they have been chosen to attend and to consider how they can best 42.__ the privilege of attending.At the least you 95 students can hope to become 43 in subject matter which may be useful to you in later life. There is, 44 , much more to be gained. It is now that you must learn to exercise your mind suffici ently __45_ learning becomes a joy and you thereby become a student for life. 46 this may require an effort of will and a period of self-discip line. Certainly it is not 47 without hard work. Teachers can guide and encourage you, but learning is not done passively. To learn is your48. There is 49 the trained mind satisfaction to be derived from exploring the ideas of others, mastering them and evaluating them. But there is 5 0 level of inquiry which I hope that some of you will choose. If your st udy takes you to the 51 of understanding of a subject and, you have r eached so far, you find that you can penetrate to 52 no one has been before, you experience an exhilaration which can't be denied and whic h commits you to a life of research.Commit mem to a life of scholarship or research is 53 many other lau dable goals. It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even 54 other facets of life prove disappointing. I strongly 55 it,41.A. count42. A, benefit from43. A. efficient44. A. however45. A. if46. A. Of late47. A. acquired48. A. ambition49. A. to50.A. any51.A. ends52. A. elsewhere53. A. compatible with54. A. shall55. A. declareB. reflect t B.ake over B.excellent t B.herefore B.because B.Consequently B.accomplished B.conscience B.onB. oneB.limitsB.whatB. responsible forB. willB. recommendC. depend C.apply for C.professional C.indeedC. so that C.Afterwards C.approached C.responsibility C. in C. another C, bordersC. whicheverC. followed byC. wouldC, adviseD. comment D. go hrough D. proficient D. after all D.before D. At first D.assuredD.challenge D. byD. noD. edgesD. relevant toD.whereD. shouldD. contendPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directio ns: Be low each of the following passages you will find some question s or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices market! A, B, C. end D. Read each passage carefully, an d then select (he choice that bear answers the question or completes (he statement Mark (fie teller of your choice with a single bar across (he square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage ISmall, pink and very ugly. Hardly the qualities of a star, but they descr ibe the deformed mouse that was the media darling at a recent scienc e exhibition in Beijing. With a complex tissue structure in the shape of a human ear grafted on to its back, the rosy rodent was a stunning sy mbol of the serious strides China is making in the field of biotechnology.China is fast applying the latest life-science techniques learned from th e West to aggressively pursue genome research. It's establishing its ow n centers of technical excellence to build a scientific base to compete directly with the United States and Europe. With a plentiful supply of s mart young scientists at home and lots of interest abroad biotechnology is on the brick of a boom in China. And in the view of foreign scienti sts, Beijing is playing a clever hand, maximizing the opportunities open to them.For the moment, the cooperation exists mostly with Europe and the U. S. But Asia's other biotech leaders, Japan, Singapore and Korea, also are recognizing China's potential as an attractive low-cost base to cond uct research. These partnerships—and China's advancement in the field of biotechnology—could help benefit the rest of Asia: China's rapid pro gress in improving crop yields will address food-security concerns in the region, In addition, China is more likely to focus on developing chea p technology that its predominantly poor population—and those of other Asian countries—-can afford.There remain, however, serious barriers to the development qf a strong biotech industry. Among them are a poor domestic legal framework, w eak enforcement of intellectual-property rights and loose adherence to i nternational standards, China is a signatory of the International Bio Saf ety Protocol, which should mean adherence to global standards governi ng the conduct of field trials. But some observers are skeptical. 'The re gulations look good, but I haven't met one scientist who believes they are being fully adhered to," says a European science analyst.If shortcuts are taken, then some of the recent scientific achievements trumpeted in the official press may never make it to market. But no m atter how strict lab tests are. other problems lie in waii. For example, t here is a number of tasks it would take years :o fulfill in the patents of fice, says one lawyer, leaving innovators with little protection if they tak e a product to market in China.56, The mouse on display is most significant in that _ _.A. it has an ear in the shape of a human earB. it is unusually small and ugly as a starC. it is the focus of the media at the exhibitionD. it indicates China's progress in biotechnology57. The phrase "on the brink of a boom" (in boldface in Paragraph 2) i n the contextmeans .A. having an edge in competitionB. in great demandC. on the way to successD. preparing for challenge58. In the field of biotechnology China is thought to .A. have been making an utmost effort learning from the WestB. have become a country among the advancedC. have been able to rival the United Sates and EuropeD. have launched a biotechnological revolution59. Japan, Singapore, and Korea will also be interested in cooperating with China in biotechnology because________ .A. it has made extraordinary contributions to the worldB. it has large supplies of talents and advanced research centersC. its research focuses on the benefits of all Asian countriesD. its cooperation with the US and Europe proves profitable60. Science analysts are worried that China, in the course of biotech d evelopment,A. might refuse to join efforts to adhere to global standardsB. may put too much emphasis on developing cheap technologyC. cannot afford to fulfill years of tasks in assessing patentsD. may not seriously follow the International Bio Safety Protocol61. As implied in the context, the shortcuts that might be taken include ___________ .A. publicizing recent achievements in the official pressB. the protection of innovators with their productsC. the violation of intellectual-property rightsD. making lab tests as strict as possiblePassage 2The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down o n the crisp green schoolyard. Such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it.Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day, decided to go to the corner store and buy himself a little treat. As Jimmy started walking ov er to the store, Clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden p itch dark meant no trouble, On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmy's same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the bo ys ran over the street to where he was."Hey Negro, what's up?" one of the white boys said,"Did your mamma pack you enough to eat today? "another hooted. "Ju st leave me alone," Little Jimmy said." Oh no, Jimmy's really getting pist off!?" the first boy retaliated. "Just shove off and let me be," Jimmy answered.It is like this everyday, everywhere, and every time, people suffer discri mination. All because they have differences amongst each other. Differe nt beliefs, different cultures, different skin colors, all of these act like b uilding blocks to help construct what we know as Racism.Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural w orlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but the term racism has been u sed too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that ii co uld be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse fo r neglecting.Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter c urse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at sch ool. 1 would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play to gether. Everywhere that 1 went, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inducted poles with the some polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance and continue to do whatever t hey're doing. Because of racial differences, they neglect me.People are afraid of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst peo ple that spread rumors and distrust amongst people. Corrupting our tho ughts and reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are ome ns. Amongst smaller kids, there is no difficulty in getting them to all pl ay together, Their thoughts are not totally corrupted as others. Probably the demon has no time to bother with smaller children.62. With the description of the weather and Jimmy's teeling about it the author intends to show that_________ .A. what a happy world it is for humansB. what an innocent boy Jimmy wasC. what an unusual thing that was to happen to JimmyD. what a wonderful world that people have ignored63. From the conversation with the three white boys, we learn that Jim myA. must have offended them beforeB. was a pleasant boy to be talked toC. was being humiliated for being blackD. must have got used to their behaviors64, According to the author, RacismA. leads to a world with no varietyB. does not see the differences between culturesC. hinders rhe world's economic developmentD. does not tolerate coexistence of different cultures65. By saying ''No doubt, we are alt racist" (in boldface in Paragraph3) the author admits that .A. we are all warlike by natureB. we all discriminate against other peoplesC. we are all proud of our own race and nationD. we all focus on the difference between races66, To be continued, the passage would probably be followed by a par agraph that deals withA. how children's thoughts are corrupted by racism as they growB. the author's far more miserable experience of being neglectedC. how the black people should unite to fight against the WhitesD. the education of smaller children to behave pleasantly to each other67. Which of the following can best describe the tone of the passage?A. provocativeB. indignantC. sentimentalD. sarcasticPassage 3This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar apple scare, in whic h many American consumers were driven into a panic following the rel ease of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers. The report was disseminated through a PR (Problem Report) camp aign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review. Introdu ced to the American public by CBS' "60 Minutes," the unsubstantiated claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from th eir school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents t rying to develop good eating habits for their children.Last month, Consumers Union released a report warning consumers of the perils of consuming many fruits and vegetables that frequently cont ained '"unsafe" levels of pesticide residues. This was especially true for children, they claimed. Like its predecessor 10 years earlier, the Cons umers Union report received no legitimate scientific peer review and th e public's first exposure to it was through news coverage.Not only does such reporting potentially drive children from consuming healthful fruits and vegetables, the conclusions were based on a mislea ding interpretation of what constitutes a "safe" level of exposure. Briefl y, the authors used values known as the "chronic reference doses," set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as their barometers of s afety. Used appropriately, these levels represent the maximum amount of pesticide that could be consumed daily for life without concern. For a 70-year lifetime, for example, consumers would have to ingest this av erage amount of pesticide every day for more than 25,000 days. It is c lear, as the report points out. that there are days on which kids may b e exposed to more; it is also clear that there are many more days wh en exposure is zero. Had the authors more appropriately calculated the cumulative exposures for which the safety standards are meant to app ly, there would have been no risks and no warnings.Parents should feel proud, rather than guilty, of providing fruits and veg etables for their children. It is well established that a diet rich in such f oods decreases the risk of heart disease and cancer. Such benefits dr amatically overwhelm the theoretical risks oftiny amounts of pesticides in food. So keep serving up the peaches, a pples, spinach, squash, grapes and pears.68. In the Alar apple scare, many Americans were frightened because ,A. scientists warned that apples were dangerousB. many school children became ill after eating applesC. it was reported that apples were harmful to healthD. apples were discovered to have too much pesticide69. The warning message about the Alar apple was given .A. by Consumers UnionB. by a health centerC. through an news agencyD. through the government70. The last month report parallels that on the Alar apple scare in that .A. neither really caused worry among the publicB. neither underwent a scientific peer reviewC. neither provided statistical supportsD. neither aimed for the public good71. The ''chronic reference doses" (in boldface in Paragraph 3) refer to .A, the safe levels of pesticide exposureB. the amount of fruits one can safely eatC, one's digestive capacity for fruitsD. health values of fruits and vegetables72. With regard to the pesticides in food, this passage seems to argue thatA. parents should keep their children from the food with pesticidesB. they should be applied to fruits and vegetables with cautionC. more research needs to be done on their harmfulness to healthD. they are not as threatening as said to children most of the time73, The primary purpose of this passage is to explain that___A. not all reports on food are scientifically soundB. it is important for the public to know the risks of pesticidesC. vegetables and fruits can be harmful to children's healthD. there should be no public concern over pesticidesPassage 4Abortion. The word alone causes civil conversation to flee the room. Th is is largely because the pro-choice and pro-life positions are being defi ned by their extremes, by those who scream accusations instead of ar guments.More reasonable voices and concerns, on both sides of the fence, are given little attention.For example, prolife extremists seem unwilling to draw distinctions betw een some abortions and others, such as those resulting from rape with an underage child. They would make no exception in the recent real-li fe case of a woman who discovered in her fifth month that her baby w ould be bom dead due to severe disabilities.On the other hand, pro-choice extremists within feminism insist on holdi ng inconsistent positions. The pregnant woman has an unquestionable r ight to abort, they claim. Yet if the biological father has no say whatso ever over the woman's choice, is it reasonable to impose legal obligati ons upon him for child support? Can absolute legal obligation adhere without some son of corresponding legal rights?The only hope for progress in the abortion dialogue lies in the great ex cluded middle, in the voices of average people who see something wro ng with a young girl forced to bear the baby of a rapist.Any commentary on abortion should include a statement of the writer'sposition, I represent what seems to be a growing "middle ground" in pr o-choice opinion. Legally, 1 believe in the right of every human being t o medically control everything under his or her own skin. Many things people have a legal right to do, however, seem clearly wrong to me: a dultery, lying to friends, walking past someone who is bleeding on the street. Some forms of abortion fall into that category. Morally speaking, my doubts have become so extreme that I could not undergo the pro cedure past the first three months and 1 would attempt to dissuade frie nds from doing so.Partial-birth abortion has thrown many pro-choice advocates into moral chaos. I find it impossible to view photos of late-term abortion—the fetu s's contorted features, the tiny fully formed hands, the limbs ripped apa rt—without experiencing nausea. This reaction makes me ineffectual in advocating the absolute right to abortion. 1 stand bytlie principle, "a woman's body, a woman's right" but I don't always like myself for do ing so.Fanatics on both sides are using reprehensible and deceitful tactics. An honest dialogue on abortion must start by re-setting the stage, by den ouncing the approaches that block communication.74. According to the passage, the pro-life and pro-choice positions on abortion areA. complementary to each otherB. opposed to each otherC. similar in natureD. reconcilable in a way75. To a pro-life extremist, .A. all babies should be carried to termB. babies resulting from rape should not be bomC. deformed babies can be aborted when detectedD. an underage girl has no right to give birth76. According to the pro-choice position,_____A. a pregnant woman cannot abort her baby if its father agrees to kee p itB. a pregnant woman has an absolute right of choice over an abortionC. the baby's father also has a say over its mother's choice of abortio nD. the baby's father has an unalienable obligation to support the baby 77, Who would insist that the baby be born whether or not it is the chi ld of a rapist?A. the authorB. average peopleC. a pro-choice advocateD. a pro-life extremist78. The author doubts the legal right to lie to friends as well as the one toA. abort a fetus in its fifth monthB. view the photos of late-term abortionC. give birth to a baby in one's teenageD. dispose of whatever under one's skin79. The author, as a "middle ground" person,___________ .A. actually holds a mild pro-life opinionB. proposes that a rapist's baby never be bornC. advocates a serious dialogue on abortionD. denies the principle "a woman's body, a woman's right"Passage 5In the absence of optimism, we are left with nothing but critics, naysay ers, and prophets of doom. When a nation expects the worst from its people and institutions, and its experts focus exclusively on faults, hope dies. Too many people spend too much time looting down rather than up, Finding fault with their country's political institutions, economic syst em, educational establishment, religious organizations, and—worst of all —with each other.Faultfinding expends so much negative energy that nothing is left over for positive action. It takes courage and strength to solve the genuine problems that afflict every society. Sure, there will always be things tha t need fixing. But the question is, Do you want to spend your time and energy tearing things down or building them up?The staging of a Broadway show could illustrate my point. Let's say a new production is about to open, A playwright has polished the script, i nvestors have put up the money, and the theater has been rented, A director has been chosen, actors have been auditioned and selected, a nd the cast has been rehearsing for weeks. Set, lighting, and sound e ngineers have been hard at work. By the time opening night arrives, n early a hundred people have labored tirelessly—all working long hours t o make magic for iheir audience.On opening night, four or five critics sit in the audience, [f they pan it, the play will probably close in a matter of days or weeks. If they prai se it, the production could go on for a long and successful run. In the end, success or failure might hinge on the opinion of a single person—someone who might be in a bad mood on opening night! What's wrong with this scene? In one sense, nothing. Critics have a legitimate role. The problem arises when we make critics our heroes or put them in c ontrol of our fate. When we empower the critic more than the playwrig ht, something is wrong. It is much easier to criticize than to create. Wh en we revere the critics of society, we eventually become a society of critics, and when that happens, there is no room left for constructive o ptimism.。
中科院博士研究生学位英语考试样题
中国科学院研究生院博士研究生学位英语考试样题Sample TestNON-ENGLISH MAJOR DOCTORATEENGLISH QUALIFYING EXAMINATION (DET)PAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension (35 minutes, 30 points)Section ADirections: In this part, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what is said. Eachconversation and the question will be spoken only once. When you hearthe question, read the four choices of the answer given and choose thebest one by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C, or D on yourAnswer Sheet I.1. A. Go back home.B. Mail a letter.C. Do the shopping.D. Ask the way.2. A. Dennis always alters his idea about an outing.B. Dennis has no choice but to come with them.C. It’s surprising that Dennis would come with them.D. Dennis at last accepted the idea about going out.3. A. Go out for fun with the girl.B. Travel with the girl to Holland.C. Try not to spend so much money.D. Let the girl pay her own bill.4. A. The man should reschedule the trip.B. She has no idea when the semester ends.C. She’ll call the travel agency to confirm the date.D. The man should spend his holidays somewhere else.5. A. He forgot to mail the letter.B. He left the letter in his office.C. The letter slipped off his desk.D. He should have put the letter in his bag.6. A. He was exhausted.B. He was drunk.C. He was worried.D. He was late for work.17. A. In a mall.B. In a pharmacy.C. In the cleaner’s.D. In a department store.8. A. The woman argued for her innocence at court.B. The woman complained that she was forced to pay the fine.C. The woman has got away with many violations of traffic law.D. The woman pleaded ignorance this time of her violation of the traffic law.9. A. Jack has to meet a tight deadline.B. Jack has completed his assignmentC. Jack got himself burnt last night.D. Professor David is a pleasant figure.10 A. He does not like Beth.B. He thinks the world is too crowded.C. He is too excited to do anything about the party.D. He will not help arrange for the party.Section BDirections: In this part, you will hear two mini-talks. While you listen, complete the sentences in your Answer Sheet II for Questions 11 to 20 by writing NOMORE THAN THREE WORDS in each sentence. You will hear each talkor conversation TWICE.Questions 11 to 15 are based on a talk about the concept of community.You now have 30 seconds to read Questions 11 to 15.11.A village, or town, or ____________ can be called an area of social life.12.The speaker states that it is ____________ that people in a community shouldhave the sense of belonging together.13.In some countries ____________ form islands of their own peculiar life.14.The speaker holds that community means any circle of _______.15.When we use the term “____________” rather than “society”, we should think ofsomething greater than organization.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11 to 15.Questions 16 to 20 are based on an interview about “global warming.”You now have 30 seconds to read Questions 16 to 20.16.Scientists want to know whether global warming is caused by __________.17.Insulation may cause the Earth to ___________.218.There are many _________on the global climate.19.The _________does not remain static.20.We can not understand the global climate well without understanding _____.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 16 to 20.Section CDirections: In this part, you will hear three mini-talks and each of them will be spoken only once. While listening to them, read the questions that follow eachtalk. At the end of each mini-talk you will hear the questions read to you.There will be a 40-second-pause after each question. During the pause,you will be asked to write down your answer on your Answer Sheet II,using one sentence only, either complete or incomplete. Your answershould be concise and to the point.Questions 21 to 23 are based on Mini-talk One:Mini-talk OneQuestion 21: How much grain do rats destroy each year in India?Question 22: Where do rats live?Question 23: How do rats spread diseases indirectly?Questions 24 to 26 are based on Mini-talk Two:Mini-talk TwoQuestion 24: What education does the vast majority of US Postal Service jobs require? Question 25: Where can one find the special requirements for some postal jobs? Question 26: In addition to the variety of paid leave, what other benefits are provided fora postal employee? (List at least two.)Questions 27 to 30 are based on Mini-talk Three:Mini-talk ThreeQuestion 27: Why is popular art said to be primarily entertainment?Question 28: What is the distinction in art between a professional and an amateur? Question 29: How does high art differ from popular art financially?Question 30: What are people interested in high art often required to do?Part II Use of English and Reading Comprehension (55 minutes, 40 points) Section ADirections: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and fill in each of the blanks by choosing the right word or phrase fromthe list given below. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet II. Capitalizethe word when it is necessary. The words and phrases listed are twice as3many as the blanks. Once a word or phrase is chosen, it must be used onlyonce.Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weather—torrential rains, severe thunderstorm, and tornadoes—began quickly, strike suddenly, and dissipate rapidly, devastating small regions 31 leaving neighboring areas untouched. One such event, a tornado, struck the northeastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total damages from the tornado 32 $ 250 million, the highest 33 for any Canadian storm. Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short-lived local storms 34 the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that 35 these storms. In most nations, for example, weather-balloon observations are taken just 36 every twelve hours at locations typically 37 by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional forecasting models do a much better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions 38 they do forecasting specific local events. Until recently, the observation—intensive approach needed for accurate, very short-range forecasts, or “Nowcast”, was not39 . The cost of equipping and operating many thousands of conventional weather stations was prohibitively high, and the difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were insurmountable. 40 , scientific and technological advances have 41 most of these problems. Radar systems, automated weather instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly 42 observations over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and 43 , and modern computers can quickly compile and analyze this large volume of weather information. Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of 44 raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. 45 meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in weather forecasting offices, nowcasting is becoming a reality.Section B (30minutes, 15 points)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from among the four choices given to answer each of the questions or completeeach of the statements that follow each passage. Mark the letter of yourchoice on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1For centuries, the gravel and sand of Georges Bank and the great canyons, muddy basins, and shallow ledges of the Gulf of Maine have supported one of the world’s most productive fishing regions. But big boulders have historically protected a41050-square-kilometer region at the bank’s northeastern tip from dredging boats in search of scallops and trawlers hunting down groundfish. However, those boulders are becoming less of a deterrent against improved and sturdier gear. So when geologist Page Valentine of the U.S. Geological Survey in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, stood before his colleagues last month and defended his proposal to safeguard this rare, undisturbed gravel bed, he knew that he was also standing at the crossroads of science and politics.Va lentine’s presentation was part of a 2-day workshop held at the New England Aquarium here to build support for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), a controversial concept aimed at preserving biodiversity in coastal waters. The meeting, organized by Elliott Norse, founder of the Marine Conservation Biology Institute in Redmond, Washington, featured talks by 21 experts across a range of marine habitats and species and represented the marine community’s biggest push for MPAs.The discussion generated a map that nominated 29% of the ocean floor off the coast of New England and Canada’s Maritime Province for protection, as well as 25% of pelagic (open-ocean) waters. The next step will come in the fall, when the scientists discuss the plan with government officials, commercial stakeholders, and environmental activists—meetings that are likely to be contentious. “The conservation groups will want to see if various species are covered. And various fishermen will be convinced that their livelihood is threatened,” says Mik e Pentony, an analyst for the New England Fishery Management Council, who was an observer at last month’s workshop. The areas could be established by the National Marine Fisheries Service or under existing U.S. and Canadian laws to protect endangered species and habitats.46. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A.Fishery Industry in New England.B.Plan to Protect Coastal waters of New England.C.Restoration of Marine Life in the Gulf of Maine.D.Problems Critical to Ecological Balance in Georges Bank.47. The abundance of fish in the area has been a result of ________.A.the perpetual fishery closureB.the stringent ban on overfishingC.the effective fishery managementD.its unique geographic features48. Boulders used to be a deterrent to ________.A.scallopB.groundfishC.fishing boatsD.improved gear49. At the two-day workshop, the scientists reached an agreement on ______.A.the marine areas to be preservedB.how to rescue the endangered speciesC.the guarantee of the fishermen’s livelihoodD.what to discuss with the government officials550. Which of the following CANNOT be concluded from the last paragraph?A.The fishermen will be worried about their livelihood.B.A decision is soon to be made on the protected areas.mercial stakeholders may be at odds with scientists.D.Conflicting interests will arise between fishermen and scientists.Passage 2Some people are accustomed to thinking that facts must either be believed or they must be disbelieved—as if beliefs were like a light switch with only two positions, on or off. My use of the bathtub hoax is intended to illustrate that belief does not have to operate as a simple yes or no choice, all or nothing. Belief can be more conditional; it can be something that we decide to have “up to a point.” And so, the question we might ask ourselves while reading does not have to be “Should I believe it or not?”but instead can be “How much should I believe it?”This later question implies that the belief we have in any given fact, or in any given idea, is not determined by whether it sounds right or whether the source is an authority. It means that our beliefs are determined by the reasons that justify them. Belief is not a mechanical action, brought about by invariable rules of nature. It is a human activity, the exercise of judgment. With this in mind, we might say that we perform this action better when we know what the reasons are that have led to our belief, and why they are good reasons.These observations do not deprive us of our ability to believe in what we read. They are not intended to transform you from credulous believers into stubborn doubters. The process of weighing beliefs against the quality of reasons is one that you already go through all the time, whether you are aware of it or not. We all do. The practice of critical reading is the exercise of this kind of judgment on purpose. By doing it, we protect ourselves from being led into belief for inadequate reasons, but at the same time we open up our minds to the possibility of arriving at belief for adequate ones. If we decide to grant or withhold consent based on the quality of the reasons that we are given we admit at the same time that two things are possible: We admit that we might consent less in the future if we discover that the reasons are not so good after all; and we admit that we might consent more if we are ever presented with better reasons than we had formerly known. This attitude is not pure skepticism any more than it is pure credulity. It is somewhere in between. It is the attitude of an open-minded thinker, of someone who wishes to be responsible for deciding for herself or himself what to believe.51. The author’s use of the bathtub hoax is meant to suggest that __________.A.facts must be believed unconditionallyB.belief is more than a simple yes or no choiceC.nothing should be believed or disbelievedD.belief is nothing but a light switch52. To believe or disbelieve what you read should be based on ________.A.the facts that you are givenB.whether the author is an open-minded authorityC.the quality of reasons provided by the materialD.the assumption that you know everything about it653. As a human activity, weighing the facts about something is actually _______.A.determined by the rules of natureB. a performanceC.brought about even at birthD.experienced by everyone54. According to the author, which of the following is true?A.Our attitude toward what we read may change if we are given more reasons.B.An open-minded thinker is responsible for what he or she says.C.Critical reading can make us believe more in what we read.D.We ought to question the value of what we read if its source is notauthoritative.55. What is the topic of this passage?A.Judgment and Responsibility.B.Reading and Belief.C.Trust and Faith.D.Reading and Human Activity.Passage 3Things don’t come easily to Matteo, a 4-year-old New Yorker with brown bangs and cowboy bandanna. Afflicted by cerebral palsy, he moves awkwardly. He thinks slowly and doesn’t talk much. Small frustrations upset him terribly. But when Matteo visits Clive Robbins, his music therapist, he bangs gleefully on a snare drum, placing one hand on the rim to steady himself, he uses the other to rap in tempo to Robbins’s improvised song. As the tune progresses, Matteo moves his act to the piano, banging along with one or two fingers and laughing excitedly. By following the rhythm, he is learning to balance his body and coordinate the movement of his limbs. He’s also learning to communicate. “He is grown much more motivated and intent,” says Robbins, the co-founder of New York Univ ersity’s Nordoff-Robbins Center for Music Therapy.Disabled children aren’t the only ones feeling the therapeutic power of music. A 79-year-old stroke survivor listens to Viennese waltzes on his headphones to help him to relearn to walk. A woman in labor h ad LeAnn Rimes’ country tunes blaring from a stereo to help her keep in step with her contraction. And, yes, ostensibly healthy people are listening to airy New Age discs, and maybe lighting a candle or two, to lessen stress and promote well-being. They may all be on to something. Mounting evidence suggests that almost any musical stimulus, from Shostakovich to the Spice Girls can have therapeutic effects.Music therapy isn’t mainstream health care, but recent studies suggest it can have a wide range of benefits. In 1996, researchers at Colorado State University tried giving 10 stroke victims 30 minutes of rhythmic stimulation each day for three weeks. Compared with untreated patients, they shared significant improvements in their ability to walk steadily. P eople with Parkinson’s disease enjoyed similar benefits. A musical beat from any genre seemed to provide a rhythmic cue, stimulating the brain’s motor systems.7Other body systems seem equally responsive. Scottish researchers have found, for example, that a daily dose of Mozart or Mendelssohn significantly brightens the moods of institutionalized stroke victims. Using psychological tests, the Scottish team showed that patients receiving 12 weeks of daily music therapy were less depressed and anxious, and more stable and sociable, than other patients in the same facility. Music therapy has also proved useful in the management of Alzheimer’s and other neurological diseases. And Deforia Lane, a music therapist at University Hospitals in Cleveland, has shown that music can boost immune function in children. That’s consistent with a 1995 finding by Louisiana researchers that preemies exposed to lullabies in the hospital went home earlier.56.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A.Why Music is PowerfulB.Music and Pain MedicationC.Music and Disabled ChildrenD.The Medical Power of Music57.Which of the following statements is right about Matteo?A. He is suffering a paralysis of the brain.B. He is late in his ability to walk and talk.C. He plays music better by taking the advice.D. He’s ambitious to become a professional drummer.58.Paragraph 2 mainly tells that ________________.A.music helps pregnant women undergo contractionsB.music stimulates promotion of people’s well-beingC.music seems to have therapeutic effects on all peopleD.sick people benefit a lot from listening to music59.Based on the author’s description, the Spice Girls is taken asA.a classic example of music.B.a typical extreme of music.C.the most popular musical category.D.disgusting but having some medical effect.60.According to the context, the word “preemies” probably means________.A.sick children coming to see a doctorB.children with infectious diseasesC.newly recovered young patientsD.premature babiesSection C (10minutes, 10 points)Direction: In the following passage, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence fro the list to fill in each of the blanks numbered61 to 65. There is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Markyour answers on your Answer Sheet I.8Virtual reality engineers are space makers, to a certain degree they create space for people to play around in. A space maker sets up a world for an audience to act directly within, and not just so the audience can imagine they are experiencing a reality, but so they can experience it directly. “The film maker says, ‘Look, I’ll show you.’” The space maker says, “Here, I’ll help you discover.”61 Are virtual reality systems going to serve as supplements to our lives, or will individuals so miserable in their daily existence find an obsessive refuge in a preferred cyberspace? What is going to be included, deleted, reformed, and revised? Will virtual reality systems be used as a means of breaking down cultural, racial, and gender barriers between individuals and thus nurture human values? During this century, responsive technologies are moving even closer to us, becoming the standard interface through which we gain much of our experience. 62 Instead of a global village, virtual reality may create a global city, the distinction being that the city contains enough people for groups to form affiliations, in which individuals from different cultures meet together in the same space of virtual reality. 63 A special camera, possibly consisting of many video cameras, would capture and transmit every view of the remote locations. Viewers would receive instant feedback as they turn their heads. Any number of people could be looking through the same camera system. Although the example described here will probably take many years to develop, its early evolution has been under way for some time, with the steady march of technology moving from accessing information toward providing experience.64 Virtual Reality is now available in games and movies. An example of a virtual reality game is Escape From Castle Wolfenstein. In it, you are looking through the eyes of an escaped POW from a Nazi death camp. You must walk around in a maze of dungeons where you will eventually fight Hitler. One example of a virtual reality movie is Stephen King’s The Lawnmower Man. It is about a mentally retarded man that uses virtual reality as a means of overcoming his handicap and becoming smarter. He eventually becomes crazy from his quest for power and goes into a computer. From there he is able to control most of the world’s computers. This movie ends with us wondering if he will succeed in world domination. From all of this we have learned that virtual reality is already playing an important part in our world. 65A.Reality is to trick the human senses, to help people believe and uphold an illusion.B.The ultimate result of living in a cybernetic world may create an artificial globalcity.C.As well, it is probably still childish to imagine the adoption of virtual realitysystems on a massive scale because the starting price to own one costs about $300,000.D.The city might be laid out according to a three dimensional environment thatdictates the way people living in different countries may come to communicate and understand other cultures.E.Even though we are quickly becoming a product of the world of virtual reality, wemust not lose touch with the world of reality. For reality is the most important part of our lives.F.However, what will the space maker help us discover?9PAPER TWOWriting (60 minutes, 30 points)Section A (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions:Read the following article and write a summary of no more than 150 words on your Answer Sheet II.The label of world’s oldest spaceman sat uncomfortably with John Glenn. He insisted that he was simply another astronaut in the service of science, conducting experiments aboard the shuttle Discovery. But last week, before returning to Earth, a relaxed Glenn began to embrace what is likely to be his mission’s most lasting legacy: a redefinition of our image of aging. The nation’s No. 1 role model for seniority made jokes and even dispensed a bit of advice about not accepting a dull life (don’t “live by the calendar”) in old age.In a rapidly graying society, Americans are quick to celebrate heroes who defy stereotypes about aging: Glenn going up in space at 77, George Bush parachuting from an airplane at 72. We even made best-selling authors out of the Beardstown Ladies (average age: 70), until it was revealed that their investment returns were only mediocre. Why were we so eager to assume a bunch of novices could pick stocks better than a Wall Street pro? Because we want to believe that growing old is not as bad as we fear.Many who work with the elderly are reconsidering this adulation of senior overachievers. “John Glenn has taken us from our fear of aging to a fear of not being John Glenn in old age,” says Martha Holstein of Chicago’s Park Ridge Cente r for the Study of Health, Faith and Ethics. It’s one thing, she says, to knock down stereotypes that mark the elderly as enfeebled or befuddled. But raising unrealistic standards of vigor isn’t any better. Historian Theodore Roszak note s that along with the celebration of Glenn have come paroxysms of press about 90-year-old marathon runners and other aged mega-athletes. These “supermen images,” says Roszak, author of America the Wise, a new book about how the swelling ranks of the elderly will benefit America, give rise to the dangerous notion that “seniors need to achieve at the level of 30- or 40-year-olds” to win respect.Gerontologists talk about “productive aging,” the notion that one’s 60s and 70s constitute a new middle age as people live longer and healthier lives. Productive aging, with its roots in the social movements of the 1960s, began as a counter to prejudice against the elderly. But such well-intentioned efforts to bring new value to old age sometimes gloss over the fact that older hearts, lungs, ears, and eyes do start to wear out. Forty percent of Americans over age 65 have some chronic condition that limits such simple everyday activities as walking around the block or lifting a bag of groceries.One leading proponent of productive aging wants to use what we know about how proper exercise and diet can forestall illness and physical decline to encourage Americans to maintain healthier lifestyles. John Rowe of Mount Sinai-New York University Medical Center, coauthor of the new book Successful Aging, advocates an incentive program in which Medicare would pay a larger share of medical costs for individuals who quit smoking, drink moderately, or lose weight. That, he says, would10“enhance the well-being of older people” an d also cut the bill for Medicare.Others worry about creating ideals that the white, wealthy, and educated are most likely to live up to. The poor, minorities, and often women have the worst health in late life. A recent study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that the death rate among the poorest Americans is three times that of others of the same age—but not because they lead significantly less healthy lives. Rather, says Meredith Minkler of the University of California-Berkeley, poverty has “weathering” or cumulative effects. A woman who spends her life on her feet as a waitress or in some other physically demanding job—and then maybe also cares for her grandchildren—winds up in worse health than someone whose white-collar job lets her pay for membership in a health club.In reality, old age means to live with both vigor and limits. Barbara Toomer made that clear last week as she joined protesters in Washington who handcuffed their wheelchairs together at the doors of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to demand funding to live in their own homes. “We hear how marvelous it is for John Glenn to be in such great shape” says the 69-year-old Utah activist with American Disabled for Attendant Programs Today, “but we’re down here fighting to get everybody out of nursing homes, which is where you’re likely to get placed when you get old.”Section B (40 minutes, 20 points)Direction:Write an essay of no less than 250 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet II.Topic: List three important problems facing the world today. Discuss these problems and offer your suggestions as to how to solve them.11Reference key to Sample TestNON-ENGLISH MAJOR DOCTORATE ENGLISH QUALIFYINGEXAMINATION (DET)PAPER ONEPart I Listening ComprehensionSection A1－10 C D A DA B C C B DSection B11.country12.inevitable13.immigrantsmon life.munity16.human activity /humans.17.get warmer.18.influences19.earth’s temperature20.(the) oceans.Section CMini-talk One21: Ten million tons of grain each year.22: Any place they can get into—homes, shops, farm buildings and farm and home storage areas.23: By carrying fleas, mites and other organisms that cause sickness.Mini-talk Two24: Four years of high school or less.25: Any special requirements will be stated on the announcement of examination.26: Retirement support, life insurance and health insurance.Mini-talk Three27: Many of them are hits for a few weeks then they disappear.28: A professional tries to make a living by working in art, while an amateur does all the artistic work just for pleasure.29: Popular art usually makes a lot of money, while high art often lacks funds.30: To give money to make future performances possible.12。
中科院考博英语真题
司法考试票据法要点详解备注：1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。
2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。
二、背书（一）回头背书：（二）禁止转让背书（三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。
三、承兑和保证承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。
保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。
四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。
五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。
票据权利的种类1.付款请求权票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。
付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。
付款请求权须符合以下条件：（1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。
（2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款；（3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。
（4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。
（5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。
这是对票据权利不确切的处置。
2.追索权指持票人行使付款请求受到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，或有其他法定事由请求付款未果时，向其前手请求支付票据金额的权利。
由于这一请求是在第一次请求未果后的再次请求，所以将其称为第二次请求权，是票据权利的再次行使追索权的追索对象视票据种类的不同，可以分别包括出票人、背书人、保证人、承兑人和参加承兑人，这些人在票据中的地位是连带债务人，持票人可以不按照汇票债务人的先后顺序，对其中的法\律|教育网任何一人、数人或全体行使追索权；持票人对汇票债务人仍可行使追索权。
中科院考博英语真题
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中科院考博历年英语写作题目
中科院考博历年英语写作题目2013年3月What is the one thing that you’ve learned from doing sports which applies to all aspects of your life? Please use examples to illustrate your points.2013年10月People who claim to have supernatural powers, like Wang Lin, Yan Xin and many others, have come and gone in the past few decades and have always had a large following. What conclusion may be drawn from this phenomenon?2012年3月Do you agree that history repeats itself? Provide examples to support your viewpoints.2012年10月What is the true spirit of the Olympic Games? Please use examples to illustrate your points.2011年3月“To get success, you need friends; to get huge success, you need enemies.” Do you agree with this saying or not? Why or why not? 2011年10月If your child were bullied (受欺负), what would you say to him or her? Tell why you would say so.2010年3月People often come up with different decisions when facing the same situation. WHY?2010年10月According to some statistics, by the end of 2009, the resident population(常住人口) in Beijing has reached 17 million, not to mention the large floating population and the number isbecoming bigger. Do you think the population in Beijing should be controlled? Why or why not?2009年03月Should there be two focuses available in Chinese high school (humanity focus and science focus)? Please give specific reason to support your argument.2009年10月There are different kinds of students: those who don’t study; those who study hard, but have to; and those who really want to study and do it well. What kind of students are you? Why?2008年03月When do you think is the best time for a college candidate to dicide on his major: before going to college or while enrolled in college? Provide your reasons and supporting details.2008年10月What has China gained from holding the Olympic Games? Please give specific examples to support your argument.2007年03月How would you react to appearance when you are trying to the discrimination against your physical find a job?2007年10月There have been instances of students humiliating their teacher at school. What do you think is the cause for such happenings? 2006年03月China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of reseach workers, yet it has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far. What has caused this situatuin in your opinion?2006年10月A lot of people, especially the young, are crazy about stars. They wish to see their heroes at all costs. Do you think thesepeople are foolish, understandable or desirable? Justify your opinion.2005年10月What does work mean to you? Is it just a means to make ends meet, to cover life expenses?Is a job seeker’s previous work experience important? If so, in what sense and to what extent? If not, why not?2005年03月How to reduce traffic accidents?2004年03月Some people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reason.2003年10月My idea of professional Ethics for a scientist2003年03月Good management can help the organization chieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and reseach workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good management of a group of people?2002年10月As a yung scientist, which live would you prefer to: common or uncommon? Why?2002年03月With her entry into WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher- level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.2001年03月There is no denying that the average living standard of ourcountry has greatly increased since the economic reform started20 years ago. However, neither is it deniable that there has beena growing contrast in income between the rich and the poor. What do you think of this contrast in our country? State your opinion with appropriate supporting details.2000年03月One day Jim gave some money to a man on the street who claimed that he had lost all his money and couldn’t afford a train ticket to be back home. Some time later, Jim met the same man again who told the same story. Jim got very angry with this and decided not to give any more help to anyone whom he did not know.One respose to this story is that we should help whoever in need if it even if we might have the risk of be cheated. That is your opinion? State what you think is proper and give your reasons for your viewpoint.1993年03月T o what extent should university courses be geared to economic needs of society? Discuss.。
2013年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2013年10月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Abruptly the ground fell away from our feet, and an______void opened before us.A．anxiousB．audibleC．awesomeD．amiable正确答案：C解析：本题考查形容词的语义。
A焦虑的，发愁的；B听得见的；C令人敬畏的，令人惊叹的；D和蔼可亲的，令人愉悦的。
该句的大意为：突然大地从我们脚下陷落下去，一块可怕的凹陷出现在我们面前。
2．Autobiographical advertising can ______ consumers’ past memories about the product or brand.A．exaggerateB．excavateC．extractD．evoke正确答案：D解析：本题考查动词与名词的搭配。
A夸张，夸大；B挖空，挖掘；C(费力地)取出；采掘，提炼；D唤起，引起；使人想起。
该句的大意为：自传性质的广告可以唤起消费者对于该产品或该品牌的回忆。
3．Many animals are on the ______ of disappearing from the face of the earth and zoos can provide them with a safe place to live and breed.A．rangeB．vergeC．partD．link正确答案：B解析：本题考查介词与名词的搭配。
A山脉，排、行、走向；B边，边沿，边缘；C一部分，组成部分；D连接，纽带。
2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between twospeakers. At the end of eachconversion, you will hear a questionabout what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA BCDNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2.A. She hears noises in her ears day andnight.B. She has been overworking for a longtime.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, istroubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble dayand night.3.A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlierappointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4.A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C.8:40 D. 8:455.A. In a hotel. B.At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D.In the department store.6.A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.T o think twice before he make the decision.D.T o receive further training upon hisresignation.7.A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.S he had to work in the ER.D.S he went skiing.8.A. A customs officer. B.The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D.An immigration officer.9.A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.I t feels as if she is falling down.D.I t feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.J ohn has a dog that barks a lot.D.J ohn is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.T he math homework is difficult.D.T he math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B.His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D.His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox andmeasles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.W hooping cough, smallpox and Germanmeasles.D.W hooping cough, chickenpox and Germanmeasles.14. A. Saturday morning. B.Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D.Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.H e’ll miss class latter this week.D.H e cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, youwill hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.H e has just recovered from an illness.D.H e will be discharged from the hospital thisafternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.H e was suffering from influenza.D.H e had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B.Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D.Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.T o stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.T o move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B.From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D.From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleepdeprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleepdeprivation.C.T he link between weight loss and physicalexercise.D.T he link between weight gain and physicalexercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B.More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D.More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained moreweight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight overtime than 7-hour ones.C.S hort-sleepers were 15% more likely tobecome obese.D.S hort-sleepers consumed fewer caloriesthan long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.L ower metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.D.H igher metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B.Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D.Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.S he is always considerate of my feelings.D.S he is the meanest mother in theneighborhood.27. A. A university instructor.B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.T hey usually wait and see.D.T hey usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.T hey are psychologically dependent.D.T heir brains are still immature in someareas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.S ay no to your teen when necessary.D.D on’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statementsare incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choosethe word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement andmark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by thepolice.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pain,which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported byfrom foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protectthe property rights of thepatent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed tothemselves to the welfare and healthof the general public.A. adaptB. confineC.commit D. assess39. You should stop yourcondition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown hisremarkably keen into humannature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a wordor phrase underlined, beneathwhich are four words or phrase.Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlinedpart. Then mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimentalto human health.A. toxicB. immuneC.sensitive D. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for thepatient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation inthe most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity ofeven the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hehad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of notbelieving her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way oftelling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office jobor not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery forthe patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil whenevents suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choice markedA, B, C and D listed on the right side.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normalweight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may becomedependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposelyC. particularlyD. passionately52. A. from B. ofC. atD. in53. A. kill B. starveC. abuseD. worsen54. A. When B. WhileC. AsD. Since55. A. lost B. derivedC. generatedD. synthesized56. A. what B. whyC. howD. which57. A. good B. highC. lowerD. poor58. A. represent B. makeC. presentD. exert59. A. medication B. illusionC. motionD. action60. A. habit B. behaviorC. disorderD. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobilephone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down,agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,”he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the InternationalCommission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yetwhether mobile phone emissions can harmhuman tissue, according to thegovernment report, does not meanthat .A. the government should prohibitchildren from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for thesake of safetyC. the industry can have a right topromote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrainmobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible healtheffects63. On the issue in question,Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in thewayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that theUK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voiceof Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the currentsafety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards onsafety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit onthe mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain WaveB. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen infamous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumblenotes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’sbeauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except”Have a nice day？”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems thatwhether there is a smile or not in theportraits or pictures is decidedby .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian ofmicrobiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it,Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,”says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it tothese countries,”says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,”says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Whichof the following can be the best title for the passage?A.HowHitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.HitlerSaved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight togive the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner . A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and。
2023年中科院考博英语真题
中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
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中科院博士入学考试英语真题
中科院博士入学考试英语真题Text D Family MattersThis month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem o f the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law.Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age.Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people that will decline.But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care an d support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance(you have to be destitute to apply); or(c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages?The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply t o the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust. Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme caseswould any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle.First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's - not society's - responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values.Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, "Sue and be damned". The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.It would be nice to think Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place.78. The Maintenance of Parents BillA. received unanimous support in the Singapore ParliamentB. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poorC. was intended to substitute for traditional values in SingaporeD. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old79. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that __A. the country will face mounting problems of the old in futureB. the social welfare system would be under great pressureC. young people should be given more moral educationD. the old should be provided with means of livelihood80. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old。
中科院英语考博模拟试题(word)版及答案模考二
全真模拟试题BPart I: Vocabulary (20 points)1. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never ____from the higheststandards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain2. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed ____in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full3. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a ____for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request4. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam____, surveying what is on offer and gatheringliterature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed5. The closest ____to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools；they can, however,accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity6. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was ____revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently7. He ____us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks8. The water was so clear that it ____the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected9. Some 121 countries may be designated “developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries ____more thanfour-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away10. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall ____to bullies seems to determine how much itaffects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victim11. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature_ ___to protect thedolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee12. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will_ ___the memory of thepassers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance13. Diamonds have little_ ___value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic14. At the moment she is_ ___thenetball match between the Japanese team and the Cuban team over at theplaying field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding15. Any time_ ___, any period of waiting is becau se you haven’t come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. 1ackD. 1ag16. James Joyce was_ ___as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured17. All parts of this machine are ___________, so that it is very simple to get replacements for them.A. specializedB. standardizedC. minimizedD. modernized18. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and givesome_ ___to the origin of the solar system..A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations19. The Japanese Prime Minister's_ ___is a seat on the U N Security Council, for which he will be lobbying atthe summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure20. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growth was____ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of21. How well a person_ ___depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skillsand expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up22. The skin of the forest keeper_ ___exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A. is tanned fromB. is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by23. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an_ ___body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent24. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am_ ___to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved25. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be ____.A. struck outB. 1eft outC. ruled outD. counted out26. Hotels and restaurants are an_ ___part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable27. I reject any religious doctrine that does not_ ___to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend28. There are three bodies of writing that come to_ ___this question and we will consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on29. Success does not_ ___in never making mistakes but in never making the same one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform30.Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to_ ___the extent of the cruel acts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play down31. Largely due to the university tradition and the current academic milieu, every college student here works____.A. industriallyB. industriouslyC. consciouslyD. purposefully32. I don’t think it’s sensible o f you to ____your greater knowledge in front of the chairwoman, for it may welloffend her.A. show upB. show offC. show outD. show away33. The economic development of that small country is to a considerable extent limited by the __________ of raw materials and low consumption level.A. abundanceB. inflationC. deficiencyD. installment34. If we don’t stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the Whole globe will be____.A. empoweredB. punishedC. pollutedD. annihilated35. One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to ____further research and further thinkingabout a particular topic.A. inventB. stimulateC. renovateD. advocate36. When in his rebellious years, that is when he was sixteen or eighteen, Frank Anderson ____going around with astrange set of people and staying out very late.A. took toB. took upC. took onD. took in37. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially designed or ____for language learning purposes, there isyet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.A. appointedB. assembledC. acknowledgedD. adapted38. In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe ____Europe into a bloody War..A. imposedB. plungedC. pitchedD. inserted39. The municipal planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. Theyexpect increased tax____.A. privilegesB. efficiencyC. revenuesD. validity40. The problem of pollution as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in____again next spring.A. conventionB. conferenceC. sessionD. assemblyPart II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world’s most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, they have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid 1940s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported by both men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seemed as clean and strong as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi’s were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population’s first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 1950s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock’n’roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance. and jeans became a symbol of the b reak with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in“Jailhouse Rock,”his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like “The Wild One” and “Rebel Without a Cause.” cult figures Marion Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the 1960s,slim jeans had become a leisure wear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在)in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid 1960s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation—as the uniform of the budding social and sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations off the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.41. Jeans were first designed for__ __A. soldiers.B. workmen.C. teenagers.D. cowboys.42. In the mid 1940s,jeans gained popularity because__ __A. they made the wearer look clean and tough.B. they were comfortable and looked friendly.C. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream society.D. they stood for freedom and a strong character.43. What does the“real thing”re fer to in the second paragraph?A. Authentic Levi’s.B. Workwear.C. Casual wear.D. Jeans of European style.44. The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that__ __A. teenagers wanted to look sexy.B. people desired to look strong and manly.C. jeans went well with rock’n’roll.D. Americans were more rebellious than Europeans.45. The last sentence suggests that jeans were__ __A. used for military purposes.B. the symbol of the ideal of social equality..C. worn by all kinds of people.D. the outfit of social improvement.Passage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases. Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date b ack to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world’s Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gauch er’s, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system.Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as money lending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in over hundreds areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-SachsBeing side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that highly unlikely thatmutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase aperson’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120.This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expect a tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.46.According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are__ __A. more intelligent than other Jews.B. more likely to be sick than other Jews.C. endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseases.D. more likely to be born with genetic diseases.47.According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in__ __A. the whole Europe and Eastern Asia.B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countries.C. Eastern Europe and a few Asian countries.D. Eastern Europe and Germany48.Tay-Sachs,Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick are__ __A. diseases caused by absence of an enzyme.B. 1ife-threatening genetic diseases.C. diseases that make people more intelligent.D. the same disease with different terms.49.The“lucrative job”may most probably be a job which is__ __.A. profitable.B. unsteady.C. challenging.D. permanent.50.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchers believethat__ __A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligence.B. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligence.C. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genes.D. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance.Passage ThreeSometimes it’s just hard to choose. You’re in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at theready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff—be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government’s philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but that.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don’t have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don’t have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision—making paralysis causes.Choice wasn’t supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn’t：ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you of something you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice—limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers’ remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.51. The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice__ __A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a meal.B. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitation.C. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality food.D. it is possible to get know his customer’s partner.52. It is implied that it is the government’s intention to__ __A. improve the quality of TV programs.B. try to offer greater choice over public service systems.C. make people realize that some lovers are interchangeable.D. encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones.53. We can infer that th e author’s attitude t owards choice is that__ __A. the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoy.B. endless choice has only made us more miserable.C. it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choices.D. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible..54. The author mentioned“Starbucks”in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of__ __A. happiness.B. low life expectancy.C. perpetual stress.D.1uxury.55. From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can ge t recommendation tips on__ __A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitation.B. how to deal with your expense budget.C. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunities.D. how to save money by making a right choice.Passage FourMany things make people think artists are weird—the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t alw ays so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824,Beethoven completed his“Ode to Joy”.In 1962, novel ist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite：there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda—to pry our wallets from our pockets—they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的).“Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is OK not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot. Norway need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a mes sage even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.56. What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.57. What does the author mean by“a stretch”?A. A terrible thing.B. An exaggeration.C. A continuous period of time.D. An exception.58. The example that“Ode to Joy”was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustrate that___ __A. musicians and novelists share similar artistic taste.B. violent people have a strong desire to be happy.C. serious art is often contradictory with happiness.D. music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike.59. The word “Celebrex” in the advertisement__ __A. misleads people into buying dangerous drugs.B. reminds people of a cheerful feeling..C. boasts of the effectiveness of a drug.D. comes from a religious term.60. What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A. Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B. Happiness comes when everything dies.C. Happiness makes sadness deeper.D. Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveThe Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northern most state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely operate.The steel pipe crosses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.Resting on H-shaped steel racks called“bents,”long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline’s up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permanently frozen ground. A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere form 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.One of the largest in the world. the pipeline cost approximately $8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project ever undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oil fields and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages, equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagements and even theft the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.61. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline’s__ __A. operating costs.B. employees.C. consumers.D. construction.62. The word“it”(Par. 1, sentence 3)refers to__ __A. pipeline.B. ocean.C. state.D. village.63. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline’s route EXC EPT the__ __A. climate.B. 1ay of the land itself.C. 1ocal vegetation.D. kind of soil and rock.64. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?A. 3B. 4C. 8D. 1265. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortiumwould pay?A. How much oil field land each company owned?B. How long each company had owned land in the oil fields?C. How many people worked for each company?D. How many oil wells were located on the company’s land?Passage SixOn September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder(胆囊)removed by-surgeons operating, via computer form New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient..In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation.A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc. that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon’s movements in New York and the return video(from Strasbourg)on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.France Telecom’s engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. “I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room,”says Marescaux.The successful collaboration(合作)among medicine, advanced technology, and telecomm unications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a“third revolution”in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen(腹部)and thorax(胸腔)do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms(计算法)enhance the safety of the surgeon’s movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance-currently several meters in the operating room-could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.66. The title that best expresses the main idea is__ __A. How The Second Revolution in Surgery Comes Out.B. The Telesurgery Revolution.C. A Patient Was Saved.D. Dream Comes True.67. The italicized word“telesurgery”(Par. 1, sentence 2) can be best explained as__ __A. an operation done over a distance.B. an operation done on television.C. an operation demanding special skill.D. an operation demanding high technology.68. How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?A. 24 hoursB. 48 hoursC. About a weekD. Almost a month69. What is the major barrier to telesurgery?A. DistanceB. Advanced technologyC. DelayD. Medical facilities70. The writer implies that__ __A. difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world now.B. compared to the“third revolution”in surgery, the first two are less important.C. all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operation.D. a new breakthrough has been made in surgery.Part III: Translation (20 points)71. English-Chinese Translation (10 points)Dun took a deep breath, thinking over what had been said and searching in hismind for a possible course of action.Not for the first time in his flying career, he felthimself in the grip of an acute sense of apprehension, only this time his awareness ofhis responsibility for the safety of a huge, complex aircraft and nearly sixty lives wastinged.。
中国科学院博士考试英语真题2010年
中国科学院博士考试英语真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、PART Ⅰ VOCABULARY (总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.Because of______reviews, the producer announced that the play will close with tonight's performance.（分数：1.00）A.adjacentB.adequateC.adhesiveD.adverse √解析：[解析] 根据句中取消(close)当晚的表演可知，本只有D项adverse“反对的”符合题意。
因此本题选D。
2.Please don't interrupt me. If you have something to say, ______your comment until I have finished speaking.（分数：1.00）A.withdrawB.witherC.withhold √D.withstand解析：[解析] 根据句意“忍住评论暂时不说”可知，本题只有C项withhold“拒绝，不给；抑制，制止”符合题意。
因此本题选C。
3.The organ transplant community has______humans and monkeys for ethical reasons.（分数：1.00）A.knocked outB.bailed outC.pointed outD.ruled out √解析：[解析] 根据句意“排除在外”可知。
本只有D项rule out“把……排除在外，排除……的可能性”符合题意。
因此本题选D。
4.Did the entertainer prepare his jokes before the program, or______them as he went along? （分数：1.00）A.envisageB.visualizeC.improvise √D.mediate解析：[解析] 根据句意“即兴讲笑话”可知，本题只有C项improvise“即兴创作，即兴表演，临时准备”符合题意。
华慧2013年10月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解真题训练Section A(第一篇)
2013年10月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解真题训练PART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minute, 30 points) Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and the select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Passage One Germany, Europe's economic powerhouse, does not lack courage, it rebounded from two world wars, digested reunification and has new powered ahead of neighbors still reeling from the financial crisis. It overhauled a rigid labor market and raised the retirement age to 67 with little fuss. Most recently, it simply decided to abandon nuclear power. With this boldness at the top comes obedience at the bottom--82 million Germans will wait at a pedestrian red light even with no car in sight. But when it comes to empowering women, no Teutonic drive or respect seems to work--even under one of the world's most powerful women, Chancellor Angela Merkel.Despite a batch of government measures and ever more passionate debate about gender roles, only about 14 percent of German mothers with one child resume full-time work, and only 6 percent of those with two, all 30 German stock index companies are run by men. Nationwide, a singlewoman presides on a supervisory board: Dr. Simone Bagel-Trah at Henkel. Eighteen months after the International Herald Tribune launched a series on the state of women in the 21st century with a look at Germany, the country has emerged as a test case for the push-and-pull of economics and tradition. For the developed world, Germany's situation suggests that puzzling out how to remove enduring barriers to women's further progress is one of the hardest questions to solve. In all European countries, from the traditionally macho southern rim to more egalitarian Nordic rations, the availability and affordability of child care, intertwined with traditional ideas about gender roles, have proved key factors in determining gender equality. The nature of male networks is mother telling factor. Women remain a striking minority in top corporate circles, even in fiercely egalitarian countries like Sweden or the US where opportunities often go with one's abilities. Very few countries approach 20 percent female representation on corporate executive boards. Yet if Swedish executive suites boast 17 percent women and the united Slates and Britain 14 percent, in Germany it is 2 percent-as in India, according to McKinsey's 2010 Women Matter report. One of the countries in most need of female relate-the German birthrate is among the lowest in Europe and labor shortages in skilled technical professions are already 150.00-Germany is a place where gender stereotypes remain engrailed in the mind, and in key institutions across society. 36. The first two paragraphs describe______. A.practical Germ leadership in various fields B.retired Gamin workers' lives C.a successful Germany since World War I D.a German style of dealing with crises 37. According to the author, under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel______. A.females must have been allowed to take some full-time jobs B.women might have been supported to become stronger C.discussions should have been held about woman's importance D.women should have become more powerful than they are now 38. The author mentions Dr. Simone Bagel-Trah in order to show______. A.the potential for females to become Sop executives B.the scarcity of female CEO in the country C.the inferiority of female CEO to male ones D.the strength of a company led by a female 39. The phrase "the push-and-pull of economics and tradition" (in paragraph 5) refersto the fact that______. A.economic progress needs efforts by both genders B.traditional gender roles remain in modem society C.economic needs conflict with traditional mindsets D.traditional gender bias makes an economy even worse 40 Which of the following situations forms a barrier to European woman's progress? A.A woman may feel very proud with all her colleagues being male. B.A babysitter may find it very hard to make the hostess satisfied. C.Man's friendship is thought to be much strange than woman's. D.Women are deemed more capable than men only at home. 41 By writing this passage, the author aims to suggest that in Germany the improvement of woman's social rotes is______.A. essentialB. debatableC. hopelessD. formidable中科院考博英语真题完形填空训练文章大意及参考答案【华慧独家解析：文章大意】德国作为欧洲的经济驱动，一直都富有勇气。
华慧2013年10月中科院考博英语真题阅读理解真题训练Section A(第四篇)
2013年10月份中科院考博英语真题阅读理解真题训练Passage FourMuch of the debate about multiculturalism in the UK is crass, ignorant and misconceived. The new critics, from the left in particular, risk contributing to the very processes they decry, since they are so dismissive of the achievements that mark this country out from others, particularly in Europe. I can't think of any other EU state that has been more successful than the UK in managing cultural diversity.In this country, we need more multiculturalism, not less. That is to say, we should concentrate upon developing farther links between differ ethnic and cultural comities, and upon dialogue even when on the surface it seems to create problems. Jack Straw's remarks about women who wear the veil have provoked huge controversy. But he was fight to raise the issue, because he was emphasizing the importance of connection and communication. In a pluralistic society all groups should accept the need for interrogation from others—it is the condition of producing mutual respect, rather than undermining it. He was not suggesting any sort of coercion.Pakistani groups in particular featured in the riots that happened in Oldham, Leeds and Bradford in the 1990 and early 2000s. At that time as well, multiculturalism came in for a bashing: it was widely blamed in the press for creating segregation between Pakistani and local white communities. These claims were made, however, by writers with scant knowledge of the neighborhoods in question.A sociologist at the University of Leeds, Ludi Simpson, later studied the communities cohered in depth and—something often neglected—over time. He found that segregation was far lower than most outside commentators had suggested. Many Pakistani families originally living in the inner-city areas had in fact moved out across the years to middle-class neighbourhoods or rural areas. Contrary to the idea that the Asian (mostly Muslim) groups wanted to keep to themselves, the evidence showed a desire for more mixing, with most wanting independent lifestyles away from too much ethnic clustering.For much of the 20th century the main perceived social problem was that of class conflict. Class differences continue to overlap with cultural and ethnic divisions. But for us today the perceived social problem is that of the management of diversity: delivering its benefits, which are many, while containing the conflicts and costs that it can incur. We shan't get anywhere in pursuing such goals if we abandon multiculturalism.54. According to the author, the new critics are______.A.reluctant to understand the differences between culturesB.getting into a position contrary to their own argumentC.ignorant of the reasons why UK stands oat in EuropeD.going to the extreme left in criticizing multiculturalism55. Jack Straw's remarks as mentioned probably convey the idea that______.A.any culture in the world deserves respectB.gender bias remains the obstacle to women's liberationC.women's veil wearing shows cultural backwardnessD.social hierarchy remains a problem in Islamic countries56. As suggested by the author, the Pakistani groups in the 1990s and early 2000s______.A.suffered from wide blam in the mediaB.made strong criticism of multiculturalismC.had conflicts with the local white communitiesD.rose in rebellion against the government57. The author suggests that the blame pat on multiculturalism was due to the lack of______.A.close investigation into the reasons for the racial segregationB.in-depth knowledge about the cultural groups involvedC.an acute awareness of the feelings of the inner-city dwellersD.a full understanding of the gap between different social closes58. Ludi Simpson's study showed that______.A.the cluster of mixed ethnic groups likely gave rise to ethnic tensionB.the Pakistani groups tended to live peacefully much mom than beforeC.the Muslim community mostly kept separate from other communitiesD.the wish to live exclusively with one's own ethnic groups was a myth59. The boldfaced word "containing" in the last paragraph can best be replaced by the word" ______ ”.A.controllingpromisingC.covetingD.considering中科院考博英语真题完形填空训练文章大意及参考答案【华慧独家解析：文章大意】很多关于英国多元文化的辩论观点都是错误的，事实上作者认为英国在管理文化多元性上做得很成功。
中科院考博英语真题
2007年国家司法考试试卷三（合同法部分）一、单项选择题，每题所给的选项中只有一个正确答案。
本部分1－50题，每题1分，共50分。
1．某酒店客房内备有零食、酒水供房客选用，价格明显高于市场同类商品。
房客关某缺乏住店经验，又未留意标价单，误认为系酒店免费提供而饮用了一瓶洋酒。
结帐时酒店欲按标价收费，关某拒付。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．关某应按标价付款 B．关某应按市价付款C．关某不应付款 D．关某应按标价的一半付款3．甲公司业务经理乙长期在丙餐厅签单招待客户，餐费由公司按月结清。
后乙因故辞职，月底餐厅前去结帐时，甲公司认为，乙当月的几次用餐都是招待私人朋友，因而拒付乙所签单的餐费。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司应当付款 B．甲公司应当付款，乙承担连带责任C．甲公司有权拒绝付款 D．甲公司应当承担补充责任4．甲公司在与乙公司协商购买某种零件时提出，由于该零件的工艺要求高，只有乙公司先行制造出符合要求的样品后，才能考虑批量购买。
乙公司完成样品后，甲公司因经营战略发生重大调整，遂通知乙公司：本公司已不需此种零件，终止谈判。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．甲公司构成违约，应当赔偿乙公司的损失B．甲公司的行为构成缔约过失，应当赔偿乙公司的损失C．甲公司的行为构成侵权行为，应当赔偿乙公司的损失D．甲公司不应赔偿乙公司的任何损失5．王某因多年未育前往某医院就医，经医院介绍A和B两种人工辅助生育技术后，王某选定了A技术并交纳了相应的费用，但医院实际按照B技术进行治疗。
后治疗失败，王某要求医院返还全部医疗费用。
下列哪一选项是正确的？A．医院应当返还所收取的全部医疗费B．医院应当返还所收取的医疗费，但可以扣除B技术的收费额C．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费或赔偿损失D．王某无权请求医院返还医疗费，但是有权请求医院赔偿损失6．乙买甲一套房屋，已经支付1/3价款，双方约定余款待过户手续办理完毕后付清。
后甲反悔，要求解除合同，乙不同意，起诉要求甲继续履行合同，转移房屋所有权。
北京中科院2013年考博英语真题
北京中科院2013年考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary (10%)1.Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000, although training has been substantiallyby the corporation.A.boostedB. curtailedC. plungedD. expended2.It is a touching scene that every parent can immediatelybecause they have gone through the same ritual with their own children.e throughB. identify withC. take upD. refer to3.In ancient mythology there was no impassableseparating the divine from the human beings.A.polarityB. splitC. gulfD. void4.Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a mamifacturer isA. qualifiedB. agreeableC. compatibleD.liable5. The oil spill had aeffect on seabirds and other wildlife.A. reluctantB. mischievousC. devastatingD.malignant6. A friend is a second self.A. as it isB. as it wereC. as well asD.as though7. He leaned out of anupstairs window and felt a current of warm airfrom the street.A. exaltingB. ascendingC. swayingD. fluctuating8. In a market economy, it is impractical tobig banks to reduce the qualification to provide financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises.A. take onB. bear onC. hold onD.count on9. The authorus as consistently fair and accurate about the issues.A. dismissedB. agitatedC. struckD.seized10. The new system is similar to the old onethere is stilla strong central government.A. now thatB. so thatC. in case thatD.in that11. In the final analysis,it is ourof death which decidesour answers to ; all the questions that life puts to us.A. conceptionB. deceptionC. receptionD.presentation12. The great tragedy of life is not that men, but that they cease to love.A.terminateB. expireC. perishD. wither13.His doctor has told him he mustn’t drink, but he still has the occasional brandy.A.on the spotB. on the slyC. in natureD. in short14.In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient mayhis or her entire annual income.A.exploitB.expelC.expireD.exceed15.The currentwith exam results is actually harming children’s education.A.interventionB.manipulationC.obsessionD.domination16.Sometimes certain families adheredthe same religious beliefs for several generations.A.toB.forC.afterD.with17.He knew that the area’s rich plant life had been severelyby the huge herds of cows grazing the land.A. depletedB. decomposedC. corruptedD. corroded18.The long wait for news of my exam results has already set my nerves.A. on fireB. on edgeC. on earthD. on impulse19.A solution must be found that doesn’ttoo many people in this group, otherwise it cannot work.A. arouseB. offendC. spurD. violate20.The Federal Governmentfarmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above the market value.A.piratesB. mediatesC. supplementsD. SubsidizesPart n Cloze (15%)Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids’ attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 21 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 22 the children’s attention spans by 23 their schoolteachers. 24 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 25 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 26 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn’t distinguish between the type of 27 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school.“A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 28 obviously does not have a 29 problem with paying attention,” says Green. “30 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that aren’t being delivered in a school 31?” Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 32 by comparison, and the same may be true 33 video games, the study notes.“We weren’t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 34 nonvio-lent versus violent，” says Swing，35 that the impact that different types of games may have on at-tention is a ripe area for future research.21. A. followedB. trainedC.questionedD.challenged22. A. provokedB. speculatedC.formulatedD.assessed23. A. surveyingB. consideringC.persuadingD.guiding24. A. ContinuedB. terD.Ongoing25. A. far fromB. except forC.as well asD.instead of26. A. forB. toC.onD.of27. A. competitionB. techniqueC.attentionD.strategy28. A. on endB. at lengthC.now and thenD.in and out29. A. similarB. relevantG.seriousD.tricky30. A. WhatB. WhyC.WhenD.Where31. A. settingB. sceneC.frameD.platform32. A. industriousB. limitedC.dullD.funny33. A. onB. atC.inD.for34. A. orB. againstC.whileD.with35.A. addingB. addsC.addedD.having addedPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 1Ever since the early days of modem computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers — room-size behemoths — were referred to as “giant brains” or uelectronic brains，" in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was “artificial intelligence”. DNA,it is said, is the original software.For the most part, the biological metaphor has long been just that — a simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, “airplanes don’t flap theirwings. “Yet the principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscience and computer science, and from the push of necessity.The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight —not today or tomorrow,but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much further. Today’s chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chip’s circuitry can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, social networks, video streams and corporate and government databases.To meet the challenge, without gobbling the world’s energy supply, a differentapproach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. “Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how we should pursue the frontiers of computing,” said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M.Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question — answering computer that can play “Jeopardy!” and beat two human champions earlier this year. The I. B. M. ’s clever machine consumes 85，000 watts of electricity, while the human brain runs on just 20 watts. “Evolution figured this out, ” Dr. Kelly said.Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent months, the team has developed prototype “neurosynaptic” microprocessors ,or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.36.Paragraph 1 mainly tells.A.what the biological metaphor isB. how computers have improvedC . when modem computing beganD. why DNA is the original software37.Frederick Jelinek’s quotation implies that.A.technology is created by humans rather than by GodB.airplanes differ from birds when using their wingsputers can hardly match human brainsD.biology can barely serve to explain computing38.To meet growing demands computers need to be.A.more complex in circuitryB.smaller in chip sizeC.more energy efficientD.more heat-sensitive39.The boldfaced word “frontiers”(in Para. 5) refers to.puting problemsworking regulationsC.streaming restrictionsD.online shopping benefits40.The human brain is superior to Watson in.A.question generationB.power consumptionC.event organizationD.speech recognition41.In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a ( n) .A.initiatorB. directorC. acceleratorD. contributorPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 2South Korea’s hagwon ( private tutoring academies) crackdown is one part of a larger quest to tame the country’s culture of educational masochism. At the national and local levels, politicians are changing school testing and university admissions policies to reduce student stress and reward softer qualities like creativity. One-size-fits-all，government-led uniform curriculums and an education system that is locked only onto the college-entrance examination are not acceptable，” President Lee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in 2008. But cramming is deeply embedded in Asia, where top grades — and often nothing else — have long been prized as essential for professional success. Modem-day South Korea has taken this competition to new extremes. In 2010, 74% of all students engaged in some kind of private after- school instruction ,sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost of $2, 600 per student for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea than there are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars a year from online and in-person classes. When Singapore’Education Minister was asked last year about his nation’s reliance on private tutoring, he found one reason for hope: “ We’re not as bad as the Koreans."In Seoul, large numbers of students who fail to get into top universities spend the entire year after high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on university admissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. At the prestigious Daesung Institute, admission is based on students’ test scores. Only 14% of applicants are accepted. After a year of 14-hour days, about 70% gain entry to one of the nation’s top three universities.From a distance, South Korea’s results look enviable. Its students consistently outperform their counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In the U. S. , Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the enthusiasmSouth Korean parents have for educating their children ,and they lament how far the U. S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsession, South Korea could not have been transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But the country’s leaders worry that unless its rigid, hierarchical system starts to nurture more innovation, economic growth will stall — and fertility rates will continue to decline as families feel the pressure of paying for all that tutoring. “You Americans see a bright side of the Korean system. ” Education Minister Lee Ju-ho tells me, but Koreans are not happy with it. ”42.South Korea’s educational system.A.gives much weight to examsB.stresses students’ creativityC.shames the country’s cultureD.offers easy admissions43.Shadow education .A.casts a shadow in students’ mindsB.makes the students’ scores levelC.stimulates competition among teachersD.takes the form of private tutoring44.In Seoul, students who fail to get into top universities.A.can only go to private universitiesB.must spend one more year in high schoolsC.may choose any hagwon they likeD.need to fight for good private tutoring45.Parents in South Korea.ually supervise their children from a distanceB.only focus on their kids’ reading and mathC.devote much of their energy to their kids’ educationment the way the US parents educate their children46.South Korea’s education obsession.A.has failed to nurture any creative studentsB.has contributed to the country’s economic growthC.has led to an increase in the nation’s fertility ratesD.has won world notoriety for South Korean parents47.With respect to the future of the educational system, South Korean politicians.A.are concerned about its rigidityB.see it as a model for other culturesG. wish to encourage the birth of more childrenD.hope to expand the scope of private tutoringPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 3A dispute that, according to Members of Parliament (MPs) , threatens the very survival of London Metropolitan University (London Met) , the capital’s biggest higher education institution, is spilling over onto London’s streets. Last week lorry drivers on Holloway Road in Islington watched as a group of students and staff marched in protest against a meeting of London Met’s governors.“ Save our Staff”and London Met on the Roper”，a reference to the university’s vicechancellor, Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners.The university, which has 34,000 students, has long attracted controversy for the militancy of its staff and students, but the latest row is a more serious matter. This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education Funding Council ( Hefc) to claw back more than ￡ 50m that London Met should not have received. It is believed that as many as 500 jobs could go as a result of the university having been overpaidfor student dropouts since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the same time that the university is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither the managers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cuts.“The University and College Union ( UCU) is very concerned that the Hefc regulations appear to discriminate against widening participation,” said a UCU spokesperson. “But we also feel very strongly about the fact that the management are not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law and that they have not considered alternatives like a freeze on new appointments. ”One of the issues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessments at the end of the year but were intending to take them the following year should be classified as drop-outs. Hefcconsiders them to have dropped out and says that its funding definitions apply to all universities regardless ；UCU believes they should not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need all the help they can get to complete the course.The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed by MPs says that the scale of the cuts —- an 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38m in claw-backs for previous years—“ throws the future operability of the university into doubt at a time when education and training are vital to the capital’s economic health. ”48.The dispute mentioned is partly between.A.MPs and UCUB.MPs and the HefcC.London Mefs staff and its governorsD.London Met’s students and lorry drivers49.“London Met on the Roper” implies that.A.Brian Roper is in powerB.London Met is at riskC.London Met is facing a brain drainD.Brian Roper is losing credibility50.Hefc is to take back over ￡ 50m from London Met, believing that, for years, thelatter.A.has practiced low standards of teachingB.has overpaid its governors and staffC.has been unfair to some instructorsD.has had lots of students quitting school51.The unions are angry with the school management because the latter.A.has been indifferent to the possible job cutsB.has been negligent in approving appointmentsC.has unwisely widened the student enrollmentD.has unreasonably forced its 500 staff to leave52.According to UCU, Hefc should include in its funding system the students who choose to take their assessments.A. several timesB. outside schoolC.in later yearsD. at a lower cost53.It is likely that the House of Commons will.A.urge Hefc to be reconciled to London MetB.intervene concerning Hefc’s decisionsC.back up the governors of London MetD.question London Met’s qualificationsPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 4After years of defensiveness, a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism,a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.What has triggered this change of heart? It’s partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat from animal rights extremism, in the UK at least.Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from anti vivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency. Now criticism is coming from researchers too, with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimentation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to change.That is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers. These have been met with support, notably from the major funding bodies and many international journals. This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with scepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies, which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research. One by my own organization, the UK’S NC3Rs, found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we analysed that described publicly funded experiments on rodents and monkeys in the UK and the US.The new guidelines should ensure the science emerging from animal research is maximised and that every animal used counts. Better reporting will allow greater opportunity to evaluate which animal models are useful and which are not. One way of doing this is through the systematic reviews that are the gold standard in clinical studies but rarely undertaken for animal studies due to the lack of information published.Animal research has been a thorn in the side of researchers for many years. We can’t afford to get this wrong, scientifically, ethically or financially. Failings in reporting animal data properly can be perceived as an attempt to hide something, either about the quality or value of what is being done.When animal research is funded from the public purse a public mandate is essential. There is muchscope for improvement. It is time for scientists ——funders，researchers and editors ― to use the new guidelines to put our house in order.54.According to the passage, those who had long blamed animal research are.A.those ignorant of scienceB. government officialsC. some of their colleaguesD. antivivisection groups55.The passage suggests that the change of heart among animal researchers refersto _.A.their reconsideration of their researchB.their resistance to their greater enemiesC.their giving in to animal right groupsD.their confession to their Work failures56.The new guidelines mostly stress that the report on animal research needs to be.A. directiveB. comprehensiveC. affirmativeD. authoritative57.The UK’s NC3Rs research is mentioned to illustrate that animal research.A. needs government fundingB. needs publishing guidelinesC. involves some serious problemsD. involves analyses and variations58.For animal researchers, to put their work under systematic review would be Something.A. newB. hardG. pleasantD. unthinkable59.The best title for this passage is.A.Make the Most of Animal ExperimentsB.Improve the Quality of Animal ResearchC.Make Every Animal Experiment CountD.Give Public Support to Animal ResearchPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 5Likenesses of Buddha are these days SO commonplace — the casual adornment of fashionable spas, fusion restaurants and Parisian nightclubs — that it is strange to think that artists once hesitated, out of reverence, to portray the Buddha incorporeal form. In 2nd century India, judging by a 2nd century sandstone carving excavated from Mathura, it was sufficient to simply depict an empty throne — the implication that the Buddha was a spiritual king being very clearly understood by anyone who saw it. But as the stunning new gallery of Buddhist sculpture at London’s Victoria and Albert Museum makes Plain, somewhere along the line the reticence （沉默）about rendering the Buddha’s likeness gave way, and the world embarked on two millenniums of rich iconography and statuary. The gallery’s 47 masterworks, chosen from the museum’s renowned Asian collections, trace the Buddha’s portrayal from the 2nd to the 19th centuries, in places as diverse as India, Java and Japan.Inspiration came from unexpected sources. Some sculptors in Sri Lanka and China simply shaped the Buddha in their own likenesses. A 4th century stucco bust unearthed in Afghanistan features the full lips associated with Indian Gupta art, but also fulsome curls that reflect the Greco-Roman artists brought to the region by Alexander the Great.Other enlightened souls are shown beside the Buddha. Among the gallery’s most glorious artifacts are depictions of bodhisattvas —those who deliberately postpone their passage to nirvana （涅槃），Buddhists believe, in order to help others along the eightfold path. In the 14th century, metalworkers from Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley crafted the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, manifestation of the Buddhist lord of compassion, in gilded copper and precious-stone inlay. An androg Y nous -looking deity with wide hips and sensuous form （in Chinese tradition, Avalokiteshvara or Guan Yin is female, in others male） , Avalokiteshvara serene face projects the harmony to which all Buddhists aspire. John Clarke, the gallery’s principal curator, says that Avalokiteshvara is sometimes depicted holding a blooming lotus — a symbol of spiritual purity. “It comes up from the mud, flowers, and remains untouched by the dirt that surrounded it，” he says. You could say the same thing for the wonderful richness of Buddhist art.60.Spas, restaurants and nightclubs are stated to show that.A.images of Buddha are often seen in those placesB.those places are frequented by many Buddhist artistsC.those places are filled with flavor of Buddhist cultureD.Buddhist worshippers regularly go to those places61.The 2nd century Indian case mentioned denotes that artists at that time considered it disrespectful to.A. depict the figure of BuddhaB. reflect things about BuddhismC. paint Buddha in a vague formD. distort Buddhist spirituality62.The new gallery at London’s Victoria & Albert Museum indicates that.A.Buddha’s portrayal came to a surge in the year of 2000B.some Buddha sculptures have a history of about 2,000 yearsC.the image of the Buddha has been distorted for 2,000 yearsD.the silence on portraying Buddha was broken in 200063.The gallery’s sculptures of Buddha reflect.A.the sculptors’ secular views about BuddhismB.the sculptors’ imitation of an alien cultureC.something about the sculptors, own culturesD.something associated with modem art64.To Buddhists, Avalokiteshvara is a deity that can help one.A. against arroganceB. control his temperC. out of greedinessD. out of sufferings65.The last sentence of the passage implies that Buddhist art.A.emerges from other art forms but retains its own featuresB.needs to be further explored in its complex structuresC.keeps its dominant position over any other form of artD.remains a symbol of spiritual purity in the world of artistsPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section B (10%)Passage 1In August 1969 an unmarried pregnant woman living in Texas wanted to terminate her pregnancy by having an abortion. Her doctor refused this request because Texas law made it a crime to have an abortion unless the operation was necessary to save the mother’s life. 66 Throughout the legal proceedings, the woman was identified as Jane Roe to protect her anonymity. Roe’s lawyers claimed that the Texas abortion laws violated her rights under the due process clause of the 14 th Amendment, which prohibited states from depriving their citizens of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.67 Justice Harry Blackmun recognized that a woman’s right to an abortion could be limited by “ a compelling state interest” to protect her health and life. Based on medical evidence, Justice Black-mun concluded that during the second trimester”of a woman’s pregnancy (months 4 to 6) ,the stat might intervene to regulate abortion to protect the mother’s well-being. And the state could regulate or prohibit abortion during the third trimester (months 7 to 9) .68The Roe decision has generated continuing controversy. 69 Its critics can be roughly divided into two groups: those who oppose the decision because they believe abortion is murder and those who believe that the Court improperly substituted its policy preference for the will of the people as expressed through their elected representatives in state governments. 70 And so it has been since 1973，when the Hoe case was decided. Efforts to modify or overturn the Roe decision have continued.In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989)，for example, the Court upheld provisions of a Missouri law that restricted the right to an abortion, a retreat from the Roe decision that stopped short of overturning it.A.However, during the first trimester ( months 1 to 3) of a pregnancy, it seemed unlikely that there would be “a compelling state interest” to restrict abortion rights to protect the health and life of the mother.B.Abortions performed in the first trimester (months 1 to 3)pose virtually no long-term risk of such problems as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion ( miscarriage) or birth defect,and little or no risk of preterm or low-birth-weight deliveries.C.So the woman sought legal help and filed suit against Henry Wade, district attorney for Dallas County, Texas.D.The Supreme Court ruled that the Texas statutes on abortion were unconstitutional and that a woman did have the right to terminate her pregnancy.E.Justice Byron White accurately remarked in his dissent that the right to an abortion is an issue about which “reasonable men may easily and heatedly differ. ”F.Women’s rights advocates have hailed Roe as a landmark victory.Part III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section B (10%)Passage 2In 1998, a Belgian student named Sacha Klein left Brussels and enrolled as a four-year student at a U. S. university, graduating with a computer-science degree, and landing a summer internship at Virginia-based consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, where management liked him enough to offer him a full-time position. Today, he designs information systems for Booz Allen, and studies toward a master’s degree in business.He is deaf. 71 In 1990，the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA) opened the door for people like klein to contribute to the U. S. economy in ways no one imagined before. The ADA requires businesses to make accommodations to allow a person with a disability to do a job for which he or she is qualified.In addition, the ADA requires public facilities to remove architectural barriers that hinder people with disabilities from shopping, going to the theater, or using public toilets. 72 Katherine McCary，president of a business group that promotes hiring people with disabilities, said European managers tell her they want to hire people with disabilities, but that they can’t get to work.73Had he stayed in Europe, he said, he would not have been able to become a white-collar professional, but would have been put on track for factory work. 74A federal hotline offering advice on workplace accommodations went from handling 3,000 calls per year before the law to 40,000 calls per year in the mid-1990s.The cost of accommodations turned out to be zero in half the cases and averaged about $500 in the other half, according to the Labor Department 75 Compliance with the law is good for business :87 percent of consumers prefer to patronize companies that hire people with disabilities, according to a January 2006 survey by the University of Massachusetts. In addition, workers with disabilities could help relieve a labor shortage.A.Klein thinks attitudes matter, too.B.Employers report that workers with disabilities are loyal and productive.C.Klein said he has learned a lot at Booz Allen about teamwork and communication.D.While one can paint a rosy picture of the U. S. companies embracing people with disabilities, in the early 1990s, the ADA was greeted with panic by the business。
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园：/
考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
Email：kaobjy@
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考博家园：/
考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
Email：kaobjy@
考
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考博家园：/
考
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园：/
考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园：/
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考
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考博家园：/
考博家园 QQ:910198395
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考
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考博家园 QQ:910198395
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