Language and Literature

A chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash. Furthermore, the main verb in this sentence is buttresses.

Ex.9-3 The red-haired woman, smiling, waving to the disappearing shore. She left the maharajah other lights o’passing love in towns and cities and theatres and railway station all over the world. But Melchior she did not leave.

Example: Hands in They were short of hands at harvest time means workers, labourers or helpers.


Refer to the book page(200-201)

EX.9-6 O, my luve is like a red, red, red rose That’s newly sprung in June; O, my luve is like the melodie That’s sweetly play’d in tune.

Metaphor The above process of transferring qualities from one thing to another also works in metaphor. In that the words like or as do not appear.


Here Sceptre and Crown represent kings and queens, and Scythe and Spade represent ordinary peasants and workers.
Synecdoche A further kind of figurative language is SYNECDOCHE, which is usaually classed as a type of metonymy. It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing

Ex-9-4 She left the maharajah She left innumerable other light o’passing love Melchior she did not leave.

Tree: a large plant A family tree When we use the term for a plant it is a literal usage and when we use the term to describe our ancestry, it is a figuretive usage.

Another word for the figurative use of language is TROPE, which refers to language used in a figurative way for a rhetorical purpose. EX-9-5 Friends, Romans and Countrymen, lend me your ears.
In
this chapter, we will mainly deal with the close relationship between language and literature, that is LITERARY STYLISTICS. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.

Ex.9-7 The world is like a stage.(Simile) Ex.9-8 All the world’s a stage,…(metaphor)

Metonymy METONYMY means a change of name. Ex.9-9 There is no amour against fate; Death lays his icy hand on kings; Sceptre and Crown Must tumble down And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked Scythe and Spade
What
seems to distinguish literary usage may be the extent to which the phonological, grammatical and semantic features of the language are salient or foregrounded in some way.
Originally coming from visual arts and in contrast with backgrounding, the concept of FOREGROUNDING, now a popular term in STYLISTICS. It is defined as“artistically motived deviation”This deviation, or uncommon usage, involves all level of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology,etc.
It
is“a branch of linguistics which studies the features of situationally distinctive uses(varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.”(Crystal, 1980)

Simile A SIMILE is a way of comparing one thing with another ,of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing, and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like.
9.1Introduction 9.2 Some General Features of the Literary Language 9.3 The Language ecognized since the days of ancient rhetoric. whereas STYLISTICS is perhaps the creation of bibliographers.




Ex.9-1 The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare. Ex.9-2 Four storeys have no windows left to smash But in the fifth a chipped still buttresses Mother and daughter the last mistresses Of that black block condemned to stand , not crash.