what_is_citation
论文参考书目引用格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16th
CHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE(16th edition) REFERENCINGLast updated March 2011 This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.It is not for those publishing using the Chicago Author-Date style. For those publishing in the Chicago Author-Date style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style: The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via Databases link on the Library’shome page.The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-datestyle. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author‘s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago 16th B CurtinIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for notconforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have usedin your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well asideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the ChicagoAuthor-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author‘s name is given first, followed by thepublication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and readmore fully the cited author‘s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ‗bibliographical details‘ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volumenumber, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title ofthe article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).12In -Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author‘s personal name or initials in the in -text citation i.e.(Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in -text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author -datereferencing style1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your essay..4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.5. The Chicago Author -Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author -Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Place of publication Publisher Title of the journal article Journal titleuse URL.URL of the web pageExamples of Referencing3 of 175 of 176 of 178 of 179 of 1710 of 17Manual Changes—EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations and Bibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text, then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.。
citation的格式
citation的格式对于“citation”的格式，不同领域和学术规范有不同的要求。
以下是一些常见的引用格式：1.APA (American Psychological Association):o书籍：作者，年份. 页码.o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份. “文章标题”，网站名，日期。
2.MLA (Modern Language Association):o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份. “文章标题”，网站名，日期。
3.Chicago (Turabian):o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，页码。
o网站：作者，年份，“文章标题”，网址，日期。
4.IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers):o书籍：作者，年份. 页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份. “文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，起始页码-结束页码。
5.芝加哥格式（Chicago Manual of Style）:o书籍：作者，年份，页码。
o期刊文章：作者，年份，“文章标题”，期刊名，卷号，起始页码-结束页码。
6.Harvard Style:o书籍：作者, 年份, 页码。
o期刊文章：作者, 年份, “文章标题”, 期刊名, 卷号, 起始页码-结束页码。
7.Vancouver Style:o参考格式简短, 主要信息包括作者、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、年和页码。
不使用破折号或缩写。
8.OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities):o与APA类似, 但特别适用于法律文献的引用。
9.温哥华风格（Vancouver Style）:这是医学文献中最常用的引用格式之一。
课文ButWhatisaDictionaryFor
But What's a Dictionary For?Bergen EvansThe storm of abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of Webster's ThirdNew International Dictionary is a curious phenomenon. Never has a scholarly work of thisstature been attacked with such unbridled fury and contempt. An article in the Atlanticviewed it as a "disappointment," a "shock," a " calamity ," "a scandal and a disaster. " TheNew York Times, in a special editorial, felt that the work would " accelerate thedeterioration " of the language and sternly accused the editors of betraying a public trust.The Journal of the American Bar Association saw the publication as " deplorable ," "aflagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility," "a serious blow to the cause of good English." Life called it "a non-word deluge " monstrous ", " abominable ," and "a cause for dismay." They doubted that "Lincoln could have modelled his Gettysburg Address" on it –a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great dealon Life.What underlies all this sound and fury? Is the claim of the G. R C. Merriam Company, probably the world's greatest dictionary maker, that the preparation of the work cost $3.5million, that it required the efforts of three hundred scholar s over a period of twenty –seven years, working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled in any language-- is all this a fraud, a hoax ?So monstrous a discrepancy in evaluation requires us to examine basic principles.Just what's a dictionary for? What does it propose to do? What does the common readergo to a dictionary to find? What has the purchaser of a dictionary a right to expect for hismoney?Before we look at basic principles, it is necessary to interpose two brief statements.The first of these is that a dictionary is concerned with words. Some dictionaries givevarious kinds of other useful information. Some have tables of weights and measures onthe flyleaves . Some list historical events and some, home remedies . And there’s nothing wrong with their so doing. But the great increase in our vocabulary in the past threedecades compels all dictionaries to make more efficient use of their space. And ifsomething must be eliminated , it is sensible to throw out these extraneous things andstick to words.The second brief statement is that there has been even more progress in the makingof dictionaries in the past thirty years than there has been in the making of automobilesThe difference, for example, between the much-touted Second International (1934) andthe much-clouted Third International (1961) is not like the difference between yearlymodels but like the difference between the horse and buggy and the automobile. Betweenthe appearance of these two editions a whole new science related to the making ofdictionaries, the science of descriptive linguistics, has come into being.Modern linguistics gets its charter from Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933).Bloomfield's for thirteen years professor of Germanic philology at the University ofChicago and for nine years professor of linguistics at Yale, was one of those inseminatingscholars who can’ t be relegated to any department and don't dream of acceptingestablished categories and procedures just because they're established. He was as muchan anthropologist as a linguist, and his concepts of language were shaped not by Strunk'sElements of Style but by his knowledge of Cree Indian dialects.The broad general findings of the new science are:1. All languages are systems of human conventions , not systems of natural laws.The first -- and essential – step in the study of any language is observing and setting down precisely what happens when native speakers speak it.2. Each language is unique in its pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. It cannotbe described in terms of logic or of some theoretical, ideal language. It cannot bedescribed in terms of any other language, or even in terms of its own past.3. All languages are dynamic rather than static, and hence a "rule" in any language canonly be a statement of contemporary practice. Change is constant -- and normal4. "Correctness" can rest only upon usage, for the simple reason that there is nothing else for it to rest on. And all usage is relative.From these propositions it follows that a dictionary is good only insofar as it is a comprehensive and accurate description of current usage. And to be comprehensive itmust include some indication of social and regional associations.New dictionaries are needed because English changed more in the past two generations than at any other time in its history. It has had to adapt to extraordinarycultural and technological changes, two world wars, unparalleled changes intransportation and communication, and unprecedented movements of populations.More subtly , but pervasively, it has changed under the influence of mass education and the growth of democracy. As written English is used by increasing millions and f-ormore reasons than ever before, the language has become more utilitarian and moreinformal. Every publication in America today includes pages that would appear, to the purist of forty years ago, unbuttoned gibberish . Not that they are; they simply show that you can't hold the language of one generation up as a model for the next.It's not that you mustn't. You can't. For example, in the issue in which Life stated editorially that it would folly the Second International, there were over forty words constructions, and meanings which are in the Third International but not in the Second. The issue of the New York Times which hailed the Second International as the authority to which it would adhere and the Third International as a scandal and a betrayal which it would reject used one hundred and fifty-three separate words, phrases, and constructions which are listed in the Third International but not g the Second and nineteen others which are condemned in the Second. Many of them are used many times, more than three hundred such uses in all. The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's, " says, in the first sentence, "don't throw it away," and in the second, "hang on to it." But the old Webster's labels don't "colloquial" and doesn't include "hang on to," in this sense, at all.In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes, even the very editorials which scorn it. And this is no coincidence , because the Third International isn't setting up any new standards at all; it is simply describing what Life, the Washing-ton Post, and the New York Times are doing. Much of the dictionary's material comes from these very publications, the Times, in particular, furnishing more of its illustrative quotations than any other newspaper.And the papers have no choice. No journal or periodical could sell a single issuetoday if it restricted itself to the American language of twenty-eight years ago. It couldn't discuss halt the things we are inter ester in, and its style would seem stiff and cumbrous .If the editorials were serious, the public -- and the stockholders -- have reason to begrateful that the writers on these publications are more literate than the editors.And so back to our questions: what's a dictionary for, and how, in 1962, can it best dowhat it ought to do? The demands are simple. The common reader turns to a dictionaryfor information about the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, and proper use of words. Hewants to know what is current and respectable. But he wants – and has a right to – the truth, the full truth. And the full truth about any language, and especially about American English today, is that there are many areas in which certainty is impossible andsimplification is misleading.Even in so settled a matter as spelling, a dictionary cannot always be absolute.Theater is correct, but so is theatre. And so are traveled and travelled, plow and plough, catalog and catalogue, and scores of other variants The reader may want a singlecertainty. He may have taken an unyielding position in an argument, he may havewagered in support of his conviction and may demand that the dictionary "settle" thematter. But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's; it mustrecord the facts. And the fact here is that there are many words in our language whichmay be spelled, with equal correctness, in either of two ways.So with pronunciation. A citizen listening to his radio might notice that James B.Conant, Bernard Baruch, and Dwight D. Eisenhower pronounce economics as ECKuhnomiks, while A. Whitney Griswold, Adlai Stevenson, and Herbert Hooverpronounce it EEKuhnomiks. He turns to the dictionary to see which of the twopronunciations is "right" and finds that they are both acceptable.Has he been betrayed‘? Has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility? Should it say that one must speak like the president of Harvard or like the president of Yale, like thethirty-first President of the United States or like the thirty-fourth? Surely it's none of its business to make a choice. Not because of the distinction of these particular speakers; lexicography, like God, is no respecter of persons. But because so wide-spread and conspicuous a use of two pronunciations among people of this elevation shows that thereare two pronunciations. Their speaking establishes the fact which the dictionary mustrecord.The average purchaser of a dictionary uses it most often, probably, to find out what a word "means." As a reader, he wants to know what an author intended to convey. As a speaker or writer, he wants to know what a word will convey to his auditor s. And this, too,is complex, subtle, and for ever changing.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962). After a ringing appeal to those who "love truth and accuracy" and the usual bombinations about "abdication of authority" and " barbarism ," the editorial charges the ThirdInternational with " pretentious and obscure verbosity " and specifically instances itsdefinition of "so simple an object as a door.” The definition reads:a movable piece of firm material or a structure supported usu. along one side and swinging on pivots or hinges , sliding along a groove , roiling up and down, revolving asone of four leaves, or folding like an accordion by means of which an opening may beclosed or kept open for passage into or out of a building, room, or other covered enclosureor a car, airplane, elevator, or other vehicle. Then follows a series of special meanings,each particularity defined and, where necessary, illustrated by a quotation Since, asidefrom roaring and admonishing the "gentle men from Springfield" that "accuracy andbrevity are virtues,” the Post's editorial tails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright,man-in-the street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that.But if so, he has walked into one of lexicography's biggest booby traps: the belief thatthe obvious is easy to define. Whereas the opposite is true. Anyone can give a fairdescription of the strange, the new, or the unique. It's the commonplace, the habitual, that challenges definition, for its very commonness compels us to define it in uncommon terms.Dr. Johnson was ridiculed on just this score when his dictionary appeared in 1755. For two hundred years his definition of a network as "any thing reticulated or decussated , at equal distances, with interstices between the inter sec tions” has been good for a laugh. But in the merriment one thing is always overlooked: no one has yet come up with a betterdefinition! Subsequent dictionaries defined it as a mesh and then defined a mesh as anetwork. That's simple, all right.Anyone who attempts sincerely to state what the were door means in the UnitedStates of America today can't take refuge in a log cabin. There has been an enormous proliferation of closing and demarking devices and structure in the past twenty years, andanyone who tries to thread his way through the many meanings now included under doormay have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy and even have to employ words that a limitedvocabulary may find obscure.Is the entrance to a tent a door, for instance? And What of the thing that seals the exitof an air plane‘? Is this a door? Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges, to screen entrances and exists? Are they doors? And what of that accordion-like things that set off various sections of many modern apartments? The fine print in the lease takes it for granted that they are door s and thatspaces demarked by them are rooms -- and the rent is computed on the number of rooms.Was I gypped by the landlord when he called the folding contraption that shuts off my kitchen a door? I go to the Second Inter national, which the editor of the Post urges me touse in preference to the Third International. Here I find that a door isThe movable frame or barrier of boards, or other material, usually turning on hingesor pivots or sliding, by which an entranceway into a house or apartment is closed and opened; also, a similar part of a piece of furniture, as in a cabinet or book case. This isonly forty-six words, but though it includes the cellar it excludes the barn door and the accordion-like thingSo I go on to the Third International. I see at once that. the new definition is longer.But I'm looking for accuracy,and if I must sacrifice brevity. to get it, then I must. And sure enough, in the definition which raised the Post's blood pressure, I find the words "foldinglike an accordion.” The thing is a door, and my landlord is using the word in one of its currently accepted meanings.The new dictionary may have many faults. Nothing that tries to meet anever-changing situation over a terrain as vast as contemporary English can hope to befree of them and much in it is open to honest and informed, disagreement. There can belinguistic objection to the eradication of proper names. The removal of guides topronunciation from the toot of every page may not have been worth the valuable space itsaved. The new method of defining words of many meanings has disadvantages as wellas advantages. And of the half million or more definitions, hundreds, possibly thousands,may seem inadequate or imprecise. To some (of whom I am one) the omission of the label "colloquial" will seem meritorious ; to others it will seem a loss.But one thing is certain: anyone who solemnly announces in the year 1962 that he willbe guided in matter s of English usage by a dictionary published in 1934 is talking ignorantand pretentious nonsense.(from The Play of Language, 1971)NOTES1) Abraham Lincoln (1809 –1865): 16th President of the United States in office from 1861-1865; died from an assassin's bullet at the end of the Civil War. Once regarded asthe "Great Emancipator" for his forward strides in freeing the slaves, he was criticized a century later, when the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum, for his caution in moving to-ward equal rights.2) Gettysburg Address: the memorable words by President Abraham Lincoln at theNational Cemetry at Gettysbrug, Pennsylvania, on Nov. 19, dedication of the soldiers’ 18633) G & C Merriam Company: the company in Springfield, Massachusetts,publishing the Webster dictionaries4) Leonard Bloomfield ( 1887- 1949): American linguist. He published Language (1933), which became a standard work on the science of linguistics. An American school of linguistics developed in the 1920's and 1930's under the leadership of Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield.5) Cree Indian: An Algonkin-speaking North American Indian tribe, whose territory covered a vast area of north central Canada from Hudson Bay on the east almost to Lake Athabaska on the west6) James Bryant Conant (1893 - 1978): American chemist and educator; President of Harvard University (1933 - 53), Emeritus President (1953- 1978)7) Bernard Baruch (1870 - 1965): American financier. Philanthropist and public official. Asa public official, a self-made multimillionaire, and adviser to several presidents, Baruch reflected the temper of the American.scene for half a century.8) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890 - 1969): The 34th President of the United States in officefrom 1953 - 1961. Before being elected President he was supreme commander of the Allied F.xpeditionary Forces (1944 - 45),commander of U. S. occupation lorces in Europe( 1945), U. S. Arm Chief of Staff (1945 - 48), and supreme commander of NATO force(1950- 52).9) A Whitney Griswold ( 1906 - 1963 ): American educationist. In July-1950 he becamethe 16th president of Yale University.10) Adlai Stevenson (1900 - 65): American political leader. His y chiefly inhis efforts to raise the level of political debate in the United States. Unsuccessful in two presidential campaigns, Stevenson never dominated United States politics, but he did effect the ways in which Americans looked at and discussed public affairs.11) Herbert Hoover ( 1874 - 1964): The 31st President of the United States in office from 1929 to 193312) usu: abbreviated form of 'usually'13)'gentlemen from Springfield': referring to the makers of Webster's Third New International Dictionary (see note 3)。
CMS 芝加哥文献标注格式
1Chicago Author-DateReferencingLast updated August2009Curtin University Library.auThe Chicago Author-Date referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-date style. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote , it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago Curtin 2009.Note: this page is only an introduction to the Chicago Author-Date referencing system. Curtin University Library provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in:The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.How to cite references: Chicago style . 2008..au/find/citation/chicago.htmlThe information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above sources.It is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book , ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article , the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information , in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assign-ment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in the in-text cita-tion i.e.(Hamilton, C. L. 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author-date What is a Reference List?referencing style at.au/research_and_information_skills/referencing/reference_list.pdfA reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.Page numbers should only be included in in-text citations when directly quoting from anothersource.What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of the elements that allow the reader to trace the original book or article you have read or cited from. When citing a book you need the following elements, in this order:Author. Year of publication. Book title. City of publication: Name of the publisher.For example, if you looked at a book with these elements:Author: Mack, CharlesYear of publication: 2005Title: Looking at the Renaissance: essays toward a conceptual appreciationPublisher: Taylor & FrancisPlace of Publication: LondonYour citation would look like this:Mack, C. 2005. Looking at the Renaissance: essays toward a conceptual appreciation. London: Taylor & Francis. For a journal article, you need the following elements:Author(s). Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal volume number (issue number): Page numbers.Authors of article: Labonte, R. Schrecker, T.Year of publication: 2007Tile of article: Globalisation and social determinants of healthTitle of Journal: Globalisation and HealthVolume: 3Issue: 7Pages: 190-200Your citation would look like this:Labonte, R., and T. Schrecker. 2007. Globalisation and social determinants of health. Globalisation and Health 3(7): 190-220.For information on citing electronic journals, see the examples in the list below.2Examples of Referencing3 of 124 of 125 of 126 of 127 of 128 of 129 of 1210 of 1211 of 1212 of 12。
citation
P8
Integral citation
LOGO
Integral citations tend to give greater prominence to the cited author.
e.g.5: However, most of the companies in Elliot and Patton’s(1998) sample did not know whether the costs were recovered, which may mean that other elements play amore important role in the decision of the company to carry out an audit.
P10
Non-integral citation Non-integral citations tend to give greater prominence to the cited content.
LOGO
e.g.2: n the absence of an audit , companies can be suspected of disclosing only positive information (Niskanen and Nieminen 2001) or information that will have a positive influence on their image (Deegan and Gordon 1996).
LOGO
Citation
Name : Number:
由 Nordri®设计提供
Citation types
LOGO
Integral （完整引用）
如何做Citation
University of California Berkeley LibraryAPA Style Citations (American Psychological Association)T his document provides guidelines for citing sources according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition), often referred to as "APA style". It incorporates the updated guidelines for citing electronic references, which the APA has issued as an amendment to those originally published in the manual. This guide is an abbreviation of APA guidelines. If the kind of work you wish to cite is not represented, or specifics about the resource you need to cite are not addressed, see the guide's section on obtaining more help.How Do I Cite? When you refer to or base your ideas on another person's work, you need to cite it. APA style requires you place brief reference citations in your text and then complete citations for the works referenced at the end of your paper in an alphabetized reference list.1) In-Text Reference Citations.At the point of reference, provide your reader with a brief reference citation.When quoting, or referring to a specific part of a work, include information on the specific page(s) or part of the work.As Maguire (2004) stated, your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Maguire, 2004).According to Coward and Maguire (1999), your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Coward & Maguire, 1999).According to Coward and Maguire (1999, p. 45), your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Coward & Maguire, 1999, p. 45).As Coward (2008, Conclusion section, para. 3) concluded, your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Coward, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 3).General Rules for an In-Text Reference CitationElementsNote the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.Include these elements within the text's narrative or in accompanying parentheses;include in parentheses any element that does not already appear in the narrative.Separate elements in parentheses by a commaDo not include suffixes such as Jr.Cite only the year; do not include months or daysSubsequent citations to the same work, within the same paragraph, do not require you re-cite the yearCiting a specific part of a workAlways provide page numbers when quotingFollow the year of publication with a comma and identify the page(s), chapter, table, etc.Use abbreviations p. and chap. for page or chapterFor electronic sources without page numbers…if the source referenced provides paragraph numbers, use them (precede with symbol ¶ or para. ). If it does not, but has section headings, cite the relevant heading for the section followed by a comma and the number of the paragraph in that section.Works by more than one authorFor a work by two authors, provide the last names of both each time the cited work is referencedFor a work by three to five authors, provide the last names of all authors the first time the work is cited; in any subsequent references cite the last name of the first author followed by et al.For a work by more than five authors, provide the last name of the first author followed by et al.Include the year of publication in the first and any subsequent citations to the work.When citing within parentheses, join multiple authors with &When citing within the text's narrative, join authors with the conjunction andAuthor is a group, no author, and anonymous authorGroup author. For a work authored by a group, spell out the group name. When it is long, and has a readily understandable abbreviation, it may be abbreviated in subsequent references.(The National Organization for Women [NOW], 1999) (NOW, 1999)No author provided. For a work with no author, instead cite the first few words of the work's entry as given in the "reference list" (see “order of entries” in the section of this guide describing the reference list)–Usually it will be the title. If it is a title of an article or book chapter, put it in "quotes". If it is a title of a book, periodical, or report, italicize it.As was noted ("The Disability Gulag," 2003) at the time, your text continues.Note: Capitalization of title words differs from their treatment in the reference listAnonymous work. For a work designated as anonymous, cite the author as AnonymousUndated workFor undated works, note n.d.As Winton (n.d.) stated, your text continues.ORYour text or quotation here (Winton, n.d.).2) Reference List. The reference list provides the full citations for the works you cite. Below are examples and the general guidelines to follow when citing.Examples: print publications (for electronic publications, see corresponding examples)note: These examples are single-spaced to condense the length of this guide; however, APA style is to double-spacereference list entriesGeneral Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Location:Publisher.Examples:Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-told tales:Married couples tell their stories. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.General Format Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In A. Editor,B. Editor, &C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p./pp. pagenumber/s). Location: Publisher.Examples:Stein, A. (1997). Sex after 'sexuality': From sexology to post-structuralism. In D. Owen (Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism(pp. 158-172). London: Sage.General Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2004). Title of article.Title of Journal, volume(issue, when appropriate), page-number/s.Examples:McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: Theconservative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy.Social Problems, 50, 348-373.Stein, H. F. (2003). The inner world of workplaces: Accessing this worldthrough poetry, narrative literature, music, and visual art.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55(2), 84-93.General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine,volume if any, page-number/s.*Second example illustrates a citation when no author is namedand includes bracketed descriptive informationExamples:Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitivecontrol. Science, 303, 969-970.The disability gulag [Letter to the editor]. (2003, December 14).The New York Times Magazine, 28.General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper,p./pp. page number/s.*Second example illustrates citation format when no author is namedand the article referenced is on non-consecutive pagesExamples:Nagourney, E. (2003, October 28). Impatience, at your own risk.The New York Times, p. F6.Skin deep: 'Cosmetic wellness' helps people feel good about their looks.(2004, March 24). The Modesto Bee, pp. G1, G4.General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day as needed). Review title [Review of themedium Title of item reviewed]. Title of Periodical,andpublication information following format for journal, magazine,or newspaper, as appropriate.*Second example illustrates citation where review is untitledExamples:Petrakis, J. (2004, February 24). Regrets [Review of the motion pictureThe fog of war]. The Christian Century, 121, 66-67.Zulu, I. M. (1997). [Review of the book The opening of the Americanmind: Canons, culture, and history]. College & ResearchLibraries, 58, 487-488.Examples: electronic publicationsnote: These examples are single-spaced to condense the length of this guide; however, APA style is to double-space reference list entriesGeneral Format Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (2004). Title of article.Title of Periodical, volume(issue if needed), page-number/s.doi:numberExamples:Gilbert, J. (2008). Against the commodification of everything.Cultural Studies 22, 551-566. doi:10.1080/09502380802245811Journal Article General Format Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (2004). Title of article.Title of Periodical, volume(issue if needed), page-number/s.Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additional rules for electronic references for criteria.*Examples illustrate article citations for a freely available article, an article from a subscription database, and an article from a subscription database where the resource name is provided in lieuof a homepage.Examples: Wada, K. (2008). Illegal file sharing 101. Educause Quarterly, 31(4), 18-25. Retrieved from/ir/library/pdf/EQM0844.pdfHopkins, N., & Moore, C. (2001). Categorizing the neighbors: Identity, distance, and stereotyping. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 239-252. Retrieved from Singh, H. B., Prasad, P., & Rai L. K. (2002). Folk medicinal plants in the Sikkim Himalayas of India. Asian Folklore Studies, 61,295-310. Retrieved from ProQuest database.Magazine Article General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if any, page-number/s. Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additional rules for electronic references for criteria.Example:Newton-Small, J. (2009, February 11). Congress’s new love affair with twitter. Time. Retrieved from/time/politics/article/0,8599,1878773,00.htmlNewspaper Article General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p./pp. page number/s. Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additional rules for electronic references for criteria.*Example shows citation when no author is named.Example:Prohibition sustained. (1920, January 6). The New York Times, p. 14.Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers database.General Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Retrieved fromstatement including publisher information if appropriate.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additionalrules for electronic references for criteria.*The first example shows a citation for an electronic book that wasretrieved from a subscription database. As the homepage is notreadily identifiable, the database name is provided. The second exampleis a book that is freely available. In both cases, the publisher is nototherwise evident and needs to be provided.Examples:Bell, S., & Morse, S. (2003). Measuring sustainability: Learning bydoing. London: Earthscan Publications. Retrieved from the ebrarydatabase.Goldman, E. (1914). The social significance of the modern drama.Boston: Badger. Retrieved from/Goldman/Writings/Drama/index.htmlGeneral Format Author, A. A. (year if available, if not abbreviation for no date).Title of document. Retrieved from statement.*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, see additionalrules for electronic references for criteria.*Example shows citation with group as author. As the contentmay be changeable a retrieval date is provided.Examples:NCAA Committee on Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct. (n.d.). Operationsplan 2001-02 and 2002-03: Strategic planning and budgeting for the2002-03 and 2003-04 Academic Years. Retrieved February 9, 2004,from /membership/governance/assoc-wide/sportsmanship_ethics/index.htmlGeneral Rules for Reference Lists(see additional rules for electronic publications, below)Titling and spacingStart the list on a new page. Title it References (Reference if citing only one work) and center the titleDouble-space entriesIndividual entries should have a hanging indent (i.e. first line of entry is flush with the left margin, subsequent lines indented)Order of entriesEntries are alphabetized by author's last nameFor works with multiple authors, alphabetize by the last name of the first listed authorMultiple works by the same author(s) are alphabetized by the first author’s last name and ordered amongst themselves by year of publication (earliest first)Multiple works by the same first author, but different subsequent authors, are alphabetized within the list by the last name of the first author, and then alphabetized amongst themselves by the first unique last nameWhen the author is a group, alphabetize by the first significant word in the group's nameWorks signed Anonymous should be alphabetized as if that is the author's nameWorks with no author should move the title to the author position (before the date of publication) and alphabetize by the first significant title wordElements of an entryEach entry usually contains the following four elements: a) author b) publication date c) title and d) publishing dataCommas generally separate items within an elementPeriods are generally used to end an elementa) Author–Invert authors' names -- e.g., Last name, A. A., Last name, B. B., & Last name, C. C.–Use commas between an author's last name and initials, between initials and suffixes, and between multiple authors.When there are multiple authors, precede the last named author by &–Provide author last names and initials for works by one to six authors. For seven or more, follow the sixth author by a comma and the abbreviation et al.–If the author is a group, its name should be written in full, capitalizing the first letter of significant words. A parent body precedes a subdivision of an organization -- e.g., University of Somewhere, Department of Something –If the work has no author, move the work's title to the author position of the entry–Edited books generally treat the editor as the author. Follow editor name with (Ed.) or (Eds.) as appropriate However: If a book has only one author and also an editor, the editor’s name is given in parentheses, after the title --in the manner a translator would be treated. In this case, the editor name is not inverted –e.g.,Title of book (A. A. Lastname, Ed.).–For a chapter in a book, the chapter author is the author listed for the entry. Editor information, if any, precedes the book title and is not inverted. See book chapter example for a sample citation.•Multiple editors are separated with a comma; use & between the last two named editors•If there are only two editors, use & without a comma between the editor names•Follow editor name(s) with (Ed.),or (Eds.),–Reviews treat the reviewer as the author for the entryb) Publication date–The year of publication is enclosed in parentheses. It usually follows the author name and precedes the title.–For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, provide the year followed by the exact date as given on the publication –i.e. month, month and day, or season of the issue – e.g., (YYYY, Month dd) or (YYYY, Season)–If there is no date available, enter (n.d.)c) TitleCapitalization & italics–For published periodicals, capitalize the first letter of all significant title words–For nonperiodicals, book chapters, and articles, capitalize only the first word, and proper nouns, of titles and subtitles –Italicize titles of whole works for both periodicals and nonperiodicals. Also italicize the volume number, if any, for periodicals. Do not italicize the titles of parts of a larger work – e.g., chapters in books, articles in journals, etc.Title is a chapter in a bookAfter the author, cite the chapter title and add a period. Enter In and give the name of the book's editor(s), if any, the title of the book, and, in parentheses, the page numbers cited (use abbreviation p. or pp. as appropriate)See book chapter example, for a sample citationEdition, report number, volume information (for nonperiodicals & book chapters)–With a book, enclose any of the above in parentheses after the title -- e.g., Title of book: Subtitle (3rd ed.).–For a chapter in a book, provide this information prior to, and in the same parentheses as, the relevant page numbers, separated by a comma -- e.g., Title of chapter. In Title of book (3rd. ed., pp. 6-12).–Use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) to indicate volume numbersOther descriptive information.Any non-standard descriptive information regarding the form, or type of source cited, that is important for the identification of the material, is placed in brackets–For descriptive information regarding articles & chapters in a book, place brackets after the article or chapter title --e.g., Title of article [Letter to the editor or Special issue, etc.].–For descriptive information regarding books and other nonperiodicals, place brackets after the title and after any parenthetical information as regards edition, volume, etc. --e.g.,Title of nonperiodical (parenthetical information, if any) [Motion picture or Bibliography, etc.].–For reviews, place brackets after the review title, identify it as a review, identify the medium reviewed and the title of the work reviewed – e.g., Title of review[Review of the book/motion picture/television program/etc.Title of Book, Motion Picture, etc.].If a review is untitled, place the bracketed material after the review author and date; retain the brackets . See reviewexample, for sample citations.Periodical–Provide the title of the periodical, the volume number, if any, and inclusive page numbers–Do not use abbreviation vol. before the number; use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) to indicate volume numbers–If a periodical does not use volume numbers, include the month, season, or other designation following the year of publication – e.g., Author, A. A. (1991, July).–If a journal paginates each issue separately (i.e. each issue starts its numbering with page 1), provide the issue number, in parentheses, immediately after the volume number – e.g., 38(2), 12-17.–When noting page number(s) in an entry for a newspaper article, precede number(s) with p. or pp.–See article examples for sample citationsd) Place of publication and publisher (non-periodicals)–Provide the city, state (or province where applicable) and country (if outside the United States.).–Place a colon after the place of publication and provide the name of the publisher. Use 2-letter abbreviations for states –If two or more publisher locations are listed, give the first or the home office (if known)–If the publisher is a university and the university name includes the state or province, do not repeat that information in the place of publication–Write, in full, the name of associations, corporations & university presses. Omit terms like Publishers, Co., or Inc., not required to identify the publisher. Keep the words Books and Press.ADDITIONAL RULES FOR ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONSThe rules for citing electronic publications build upon those of their print counterparts. In general, you include the same elements, in the same order, as you would for a print copy of the material. Then you add a retrieval statement that provides details about electronic access to your source. APA guidelines for resource types are given above, guidelines for the electronic retrieval statement are outlined below. Note: what you include in a citation will depend partly on the information the source makes available. Sometimes a judgement call, as to what information to include, is required. When this is the case, keep in mind that the overall goal of the citation is to make a source findable to your readers.Retrieval statement. A retrieval statement is provided at the end of a citation's entry. It may include the date and/or source location.Retrieval date. When the source content is likely to change, or is retrieved from the "open" web, include the date of access,e.g., Retrieved Month day, year, from source/location.When the cited work has no fixed publication date, edition, or version, a retrieval date documents the moment you referred to a “changeable” sourceA retrieval date is not needed when the content is not likely to change – e.g., the published version of a journal article orbook.When in doubt about whether a retrieval date is needed, providing the date is acceptable styleName/location of a source. A decision will need to be made between the provision of a DOI, a URL, or a database name, and, for nonperiodicals, what publisher information needs to be included.DOI–When a D igital O bject I dentifier is available for the cited source, provide it in lieu of a URL or database name–Copy DOIs exactly and do not place a period at the end of the entry–See electronic journal article citation for an example entry with a DOIDOIs are used by scholarly publishers to uniquely identify electronic content and provide a persistent way to retrieve it that is notdatabase specific. A fuller discussion of DOIs, including more information on how to locate them within a source,is available via /elecmedia.htmlURL–Give the full URL to the material cited when the source is freely available–If the material cited was accessed via a subscription based resource (such as a library licensed database), give the URL to the home page of that resource. Also give the URL to the home page of reference resources (such as onlinedictionaries or encyclopedias).Your reader may not have access to a given subscription database, and/or the database may generate URLs that are not permanent.In both cases, providing the home page avoids the likelihood of a non-working URL.However: URLs for subscription resources can be complex and may not easily reduce to a homepage. Should this prove the case, providing the name of the database, in lieu of a URL, is acceptable – see next entry.–Copy URLs exactly and do not place a period at the end of the entry–If you need to break a URL across several lines of text, break it before a point of punctuation -- do not break it after http:// and do not use a hyphen to break it–When the URL leads to a page on how to obtain/purchase the material (for example, a vendor like Amazon), state Available from instead of Retrieved fromDatabase name–For subscription-based resources (when no DOI is available for the material cited and the URL does not reduce to an identifiable homepage) provide the database name -- e.g., Retrieved from database name.–Provide the name of a database used to access documents of limited circulation (hard to find books, etc.) Geographic location & publisher (non-periodicals)–The geographic location of a publisher is not generally needed–The name of the publisher is needed if it is not evident elsewhere in an entry (e.g., via the author's name for self-published works, via the URL if it includes the publisher name, etc.)–When you need to cite a publisher, you generally do so in the retrieval statement -- e.g.,Retrieved from Publisher at source location.However, when the material was not retrieved from the publisher, include any publisher location/nameinformation available as you would for a print copy, and then add a retrieval statement according to theguidelines noted above. This will provide your reader with the information they need to locate the source, either onlineor in print format. See online book citations for examples.–No publisher name is needed when a DOI is part of a citationNeed More Help??For complete information regarding the structure of individual citations, order of entries, citing materials not represented, etc., consult the following APA guides:•Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. The official APA style guide. Call number: BF11 A5 P8 (Doe & Moffitt Reference and otherlocations). Note: The rules for citing electronic resources have been updated since this guide was published. The APA has made these updates available online – see next bullet point.•An official update to the APA print manual as regards the citation of electronic references is available at /elecref.htmlBibliographic management software, like EndNote or RefWorks, can help automate the citation process. Similarly, many databases allow the export of their citations in APA style. To learn more about these options, visit/instruct/know_your_library.html#bib or talk with a reference librarian.(3/09) TD。
TPO41 阅读文本答案翻译
TPO-41Navajo ArtThe Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances,5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room. Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. ■ The paintings and chantswho are impersonated by masked performers. ■ The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be re presented by up to 500 sand paintings. ■These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.■The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change. When the world, which was created in beauty, becomes ugly and disorderly, the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world. Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony. Thus, the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process.Too many words you don’t know? Look them up in《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past. The songs sungover the paintings are renditions of songs from the past. By recreating these arts,which reflect the original beauty of creation, the Navajo bring beauty to the presenthero, who, after being healed by the gods, gave gifts of songs and paintings. Working from memory, the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accurately as possible.The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets. Navajo women own the family flocks, control the shearing of the sheep, the carding, the spinning, and dying of the thread, and the weaving of the fabrics. While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought, women embodydynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make. Weaving is a paradigm of theunited earth and sky. It was she who, according to legend, taught Navajo women how to weave. As they prepare their materials and weave, Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.Working on their looms, Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature. It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty, harmony, and healing of the world. Thus, weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it.A. colorfulB. exactC. delicateD. complexA. assistB. requireC. describeD. recruitYou enjoy the convenience of having all vocabulary questions listed as a separate part in《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.Wechat: geeqi08053. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the Navajo ritual chants?A. There is a large number of them.B. Each of them corresponds to a particular sand painting.C. They are difficult to remember.D. They do not take long to perform.4. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of many important Navajo rituals EXCEPT:A. They involve the creation of large, detailed images.B. They include performers whose faces are covered.C. They take place indoors.D. They are performed without elaborate planning.5. It can be inferred from the discussion of illness and curing in paragraph 2 thatA. the Navajo consider illness to always have a supernatural causeB. rituals involving songs and sand paintings may be used to treat an illnessC. when a Navajo is ill, ugly and disorderly sand paintings are madeD. after a serious illness, a Navajo will take part in a ceremonyA. modernB. accurateC. wonderfulD. simplified7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Navajo used the symbolism and beauty of their works of art to improve their life in an often inhospitable environment.B. The ideas the Navajo hold about symbolism and beauty were influenced by their inhospitable climate, neighbors, and rulers.C. When they first arrived in the Southwest, the Navajo produced symbolic art forms that promoted harmony.D. In their works of art, the Navajo emphasized beauty and harmony that can be found even under the most inhospitable circumstances.8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is often the subject of Navajo sand paintings?A. The landscape of the SouthwestB. Traditional Navajo practicesC. Historical events that occurred in the SouthwestD. The lives of heroes in traditional Navajo stories9. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about Navajo weavers and weaving?A. Navajo women oversee all aspects of wool production and weaving.B. The wool used for blankets comes from different sheep than does the wool used for other purposes.C. Navajo weavers have used some of the same designs for hundreds of years.D. Weaving is done primarily for use in rituals.A. relative from an earlier generationB. person who established a particular tradition in a societyC. hero from ancient timesD. person who once made important contributions to a social group or culture11. Why does the author discuss “a mythic ancestor”?A. To show how Navajo ideas of weaving have changed over time.B. To explain why the Navajo principle of stability is more clearly represented in their weavings than in their sand paintings.C. To emphasize the role of naturally occurring weaving materials in the creative weavings of the Navajo.D. To help explain the significance of weaving in Navajo culture.12. According to paragraph 4, Navajo weavers imitateA. traditional weaving patternsB. patterns used in sand paintingsC. the activities through which the world was createdD. images from nature13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Since this purpose is limited to the context of the ritual, the paintings are destroyed when the ritual is completed.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Navajo art is fundamentally connected to aspects of Navajo ritual and belief.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Navajo sand paintings are an expression of the close relationship between nature and the spiritual world in Navajo cultureB. Sand paintings, which help participants in rituals recall traditional chants, are part of ceremonies designed to restore beauty and harmony.C. Whereas Navajo sand paintings are associated with male deities. Navajo weaving involves representations of female figures such as Spider Woman.D. Individual Navajo sand paintings typically embody the principles of harmony and disorder.E. Sand paintings, which are created by Navajo men, are faithful re-creations of earlier works and as such represent the principle of stability.F. In Navajo culture, weaving is a female art and is associated with creativity and change.参考答案:1-5.B D C D B 6-10.B A D A A 11-13.D C D 14.BEFIf you have any questions concerning the texts or answers, feel free to contact Wechat: geeqi0805. If you are tired of looking up TPO words in a dictionary, try《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!参考译文：纳瓦霍人的艺术纳瓦霍人是生活在美国西南部的美洲土著人，以小规模的散居为生活方式。
What is argumentation
Argument, then, is nothing new. Still, just as college composition classes help you to improve language skills you already have, these same classes—and others in history, psychology, chemistry, and every other discipline—can help you to polish your argumentative skills.
You are to watch a film entitled, My Big Fat Greek Wedding. As you watch the film, take note of the different arguments which the characters/people in the film used to explain their views. Enjoy the film and make sure you take down notes for next week’s recitation.
An argument is a connected series of statements intended to establish a definite proposition.
英语论文引用文献参考格式 Citation
Sample Book Bibliography Citation
Surprise the Audience
Example: After explaining the grading of a writing course. This course is one of the hardest writing courses in the university. The majority of my students fail……to use proper punctuation. I will help you to improve
Example: Cancer How many of you are over 35, smoke, or drink often? (Wait for the hands to go up) All of you are at risk….
Emphasize the Importance of Your Topic
Example: Describing how things are not as they seem. “A cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night.” – Moses (in Exodus)
Conclusion: Revisiting the Introduction
Starting and Ending Speeches
The Function of the Introduction
图记单词：词根cit-（调动）
图记单词：词根cit-（调动）含义：调动，发动，召唤。
来源：拉丁语动词ciere的反复动词形式citare。
下面我们来学习词根cit-。
它来自拉丁语，本意是“召唤，使其动起来”，引申为“调动、发动”。
这个词根是个“准自由词根”，只需要在后面添加一个小尾巴，字母e，即可形成单词cite，意思和词根的意思差不多，表示把某人叫过来，或者是把某东西调动过来。
当宾语是人时，cite表示“传召、传讯”，尤其是法院传讯某人。
当宾语是物时，cite表示“引用”。
比如，cite an article（引用一篇文章），cite an example（举一个例子）。
cite还可以表示“嘉奖“，也就是”引用为榜样“的意思。
单词citation，后面的-ation是动名词后缀，所以citation可以看做是单词cite的动名词形式，含义不变，只是词性变化了。
excite这个单词，可以当成词根cit-的一个典型单词来学习。
前面的ex-表示“出来、起来”，所以excite的字面意思就是“把人的兴趣或热情调动出来”，引申为“激起，使兴奋”。
我们应该非常熟悉它的两个派生词：exciting和excited。
前者是主动式，表示某事物令人兴奋，后者是被动式，表示某人被激起了兴趣，感到兴奋。
下面我们学习单词excite更多的派生词，体会不同后缀的含义和用法。
单词excitement，后面的-ment是个常见名词后缀，常表示动作的结果和手段。
所以excitement的意思是“兴奋、刺激”这种状态或“令人兴奋的事物”。
单词excitation，后面的-ation是动名词后缀，所以excitation可以看做是单词excite的动名词形式，表示“激励、刺激”这个动作本身。
单词excitative，后面的-ative是形容词后缀，所以excitative可以看做是单词excite的形容词形式，表示“有刺激性的、激发的”。
单词excitant有点特殊，后面的-ant是个形容词后缀，所以excitant原本是个形容词，意思和excitative差不多，表示“有刺激性的，激发的”。
APA full citations
APA full citationsWhat is a full citation?How do I create a full citation?Examples of APA full citationsWhat is a full citation?Every recoverable source cited in the text must have a corresponding full citation, which should contain enough identifying information to allow the reader to locate the source.The full citation tells the reader who created the source, when it was published, what it is called, who is responsible for its publication, plus other identifying information that may help to locate it. Below is an example of a basic APA full citation for a book, giving author, year of publication, title, place of publication and name of publisher.Milne, L. G. (1996). Media and modernity. London, England: Fontana.In APA style, all full citations are presented together at the end of the piece of writing in an alphabetical list, titled 'References'. Instructions on how to present this list are given at the end of this chapter.Note: Although the full citations are presented at the end of your piece of writing, they should be created first because they contain the information you will need when creating the in text citations.How do I create a full citation?APA full citations are made up of the following parts of identifying information:∙Author∙Year∙Title∙Publication information∙Page numbers (where relevant)∙Retrieval information (for online sources)This section outlines the basic treatment of these parts. To help with explanation, shading has been applied to the particular part being discussed in each example.Note that the examples are a random representation of different material. For examples grouped according to material type, as well as examples of variations to the basic treatment outlined below, see Examples of APA full citations.Author (APA)The author is the creator/originator/principal contributor of the source. Depending on the material, the author may be a person (e.g., a writer, artist, director or composer) or a group (e.g., a corporation, government or organisation). Some works may have more than one author.For a basic single personal author, give the surname followed by the initial/s of the given names. Do not include name titles (e.g., 'Professor', 'Dr', 'Sir') or academic titles (e.g., 'PhD', 'MSc'). Separate surname and first initial by a comma and space. Separate any further initials by a full stop and space.Milne, L. G. (1996). Media and modernity. London, England: Fontana.Variations∙More than one author∙Group author (government/corporation/organisation)∙Same author, same year∙No authorYear (APA)The year of publication is the year (or specific date; e.g., for newspapers and some online material) that the material was made available in the form you have used.Give the year (or 'Year, Month Day' for specific dates) enclosed in round brackets (parentheses) after the author.Seacombe, N. J. (2001). Judgement. Melbourne, Australia: Liberty.Rousseau, N. (2008, June 3). Arrival of the spice setters. The Age, Epicure sec., p. 4.See Examples of APA full citations for instructions for specific material.Variations∙Same author, same year∙No yearTitle (APA)Give the title of the source in full, including any subtitle. Separate any subtitle from the main title by a colon and a space. Italicise the title and subtitle and use sentence capitalisation.Marks, L. (1998). Between silk and cyanide: The story of SOE's code war. London, England: HarperCollins.If the source is a part of a publication, such as a chapter/section of a book (top example below) or an article from a journal or newspaper/magazine (bottom example below), give the title of the part before the title of the whole work. Do not italicise. Use sentence capitalisation. Introduce books and other one-off publications by ‘In’ (not italicised). (Note: Title capitalisation is used for names of journals and newspapers/magazines.)Milne, L. G. (1996). Press barons. In Media and modernity (pp. 25-39). London, England: Fontana.Shaw, M. (1996). Tissue biopsies. Laboratory Techniques, 22(3), 23-28.VariationsNo titlePublication information (APA)Basic APA publication information identifies the place of publication and the name of the publisher. Online and multimedia material may require different information; see Examples of APA full citations for instructions for specific material.Give the place of publication as the city and the state (abbreviated); or for non-US publications, the city and the country. If two or more cities are listed, give the first-named city. Omit state if the publisher is an academic institution and its name includes the state name (e.g., University of Alabama). Give publisher’s name, or if the publisher is also the author (e.g., some publications by governments or organisations), use ‘Author’ to stand for the publisher's name.Green, J. R. (Ed.). (2001). Racism. New York, NY: Harlow.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health 2004 (AIHW Cat.No. AUS 44). Canberra, Australia: Author.Page numbers (APA)Page numbers are only included in the full citation if the source is part of a work (e.g., a chapter/section of a book or an article from a journal/newspaper) and the page numbers would be needed to locate the part within the whole work.If page numbers are required, give the inclusive page numbers of the part (joined by a short dash) after the title of the whole work. Add the abbreviation ‘p.’ (or ‘pp.’ for a range of pages) to the page number/s, except for articles in journals (see second example below). If the source appears across non-consecutive pages, give all page numbers and separate by commas (see third example below).Milne, L. G. (1996). Press barons. In Media and modernity (pp. 25-39). London, England: Fontana.Shaw, M. (1996). Tissue biopsies. Laboratory Techniques, 22(3), 23-28.Grattan, M. (2009, December 12). Revolt of the backbenchers. The Canberra Times, pp.1, 8-9.Retrieval information (online sources) (APA)Retrieval information should be given in full citations for online material. Basic retrieval information includes the digital object identifier (DOI) or, if no DOI, the retrieval date and the URL.DOI:Some scholarly publishers assign a DOI to journal articles and other documents available online. If a DOI is displayed (usually on the first page of the article with the copyright notice), use this instead of the URL. The DOI acts as a persistent link to the material online (unlike URLs, which may change or vanish).If avai lable, give the DOI as the last element in the citation, introduced by ‘doi:’ (no space after the colon). Do not use 'Retrieved from' or give a retrieval date. (Note: Because the string can be quite long, it is advisable to copy and paste the DOI.)Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581URL: If no DOI can be found, give the URL. If the material is formally published (e.g., a journal/newspaper article), it is sufficient to give the URL of the home page of the site/database/archive (not the full URL of the specific item). If the URL needs to be broken across a line, break it after a slash or before a full stop or symbol. Introduce the URL by 'Retrieved from'. Do not use a full stop at the end of the URL.Robinson, R. (2006). Farming and us. Retrieved from http://www.sharebooks.ca/Date of retrieval: The date of retrieval is not necessary for source material where the content is fixed and unlikely to change (such as journal articles or books), but it should be given for material that is likely to change through editing/updating (e.g., content on Web pages, wikis); material that is ‘in preparation’ or ‘in press’; or material where no publication date can be determined. If a retrieval date is needed, insert date as 'Month Day, Year,' between 'Retrieved' and 'from URL'.Network Ten. (2009) TV guide. Retrieved September 14, 2009, from.au/Database name: If citing a source accessed through an online database, give database name only if the material is in very limited circulation. Give the DOI instead, or if no DOI has been assigned give the URL of the database home page.Examples of APA full citationsPresented in this section are formats and examples of full citations for a range of source material set in APA style. (For instructions on how to treat the individual parts of a full citation and how to present the full citations as a list of references, see How do I create a full citation? and APA list of references.)The examples are grouped under the categories of print, multimedia and online. (Note that some material may be published in more than one form; e.g., in print and online. It is important to cite a source in the form you have accessed.) A further group of examples, listed under general variations, applies to all material regardless of category.Note that examples of corresponding in text citations have been included only where special treatments are required. (In most cases the in text format is not affected by the type of material cited.) For detailed instructions on how to create and use in text citations, see APA in text citations.PRINT∙Book (Basic book; Chapter/part; Edited collection; Multi-volume; Different edition)∙Brochure/Pamphlet∙Class handouts∙Conference papers/proceedings∙Encyclopaedia/Dictionary/Reference work∙Journal article/item∙Legal material/Legislation (adapted)∙Newspaper/Magazine article/item∙Parliamentary debate∙Report∙ThesisMULTIMEDIA∙Artwork∙Audio recording (CD/Audiotape, etc.)∙CD-ROM/DVD-ROM∙Digital file, offline∙Film/Video recording (DVD/Video/Film, etc.)∙Performance/Lecture, live∙Personal communication (Email/Letter/Conversation)∙Television/Radio broadcastONLINE∙Basic online citation∙Blog∙Book/Conference proceedings/Report, online∙Discussion (Post/Message/Comment), online∙Email∙Encyclopaedia/Dictionary/Reference work, online∙Journal article/item, online∙Lecture/Presentation, online∙Legal material/Legislation, online∙Newspaper/Magazine article/item, online∙Thesis, from online repository∙Video/Audio, online∙Web page/siteGENERAL VARIATIONS∙More than one author∙Group author (government/corporation/organisation)∙Same author, same year∙No author∙No year∙No titleIndirect (secondary) sourcePrint materialBook (APA)Basic book: Give author, year, title (italicised, using sentence capitalisation) and publication information (city, state/country of publication and name of publisher).Author, A. A. (Year). Title. City, State/Country: Publisher.Seacombe, N. J. (2001). Judgement. Melbourne, Australia: Liberty.Edited book (collection of pieces by multiple contributors): Follow basic book format, treating the editor as author and adding the abbreviation '(Ed.).' or '(Eds.).' after the editor's name.Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title. City, State/Country: Publisher.Green, J. R. (Ed.). (2001). Racism. New York, NY: Harlow.Chapter/section of a book: If citing a specific chapter, follow basic book format but give the chapter/section title (not italicised) before the title of the book (italicised). Introduce the book by ‘In’. Give the inclusive page numbers of the chapter/section.Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In Title of book (pp. #–#). City, State/Country: Publisher.Milne, L. G. (1996). Press barons. In Media and modernity (pp. 25–39). London, England: Fontana.If the chapter/section is from an edited collection, give the author and title of the chapter/section followed by ‘In' and the editor’s name as initials then surname followed by '(Ed.),' or '(Eds.),' and the title of the edited collection followed by the inclusive page numbers of the chapter/section.Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In B. B. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. #–#). City, State/Country: Publisher.Berry, K. L. (2001). Hate. In J. R. Green (Ed.), Racism (pp. 31–50). New York, NY: Harlow.Multi-volume book: Give total number of volumes after the title (or editor if it is an edited collection). If published over a number of years, give the year range. (Note: Give the year range in the in text citation as well.) If citing an individual volume (see second example below), give volume number and year of publication of specific volume.Author, A. A. (Year or Year range). Title (Vols. #–#). City, State/Country: Publisher.Glenane, B. K. (2002–2005). Systematic mechanics (Vols. 1–3). Chicago, IL: Lake Press.Glenane, B. K. (2003). Systematic mechanics (Vol. 2). Chicago, IL: Lake Press.Different edition: Only include an edition statement if the source is not the first edition. Check the title page or its reverse for the edition number (e.g., '2nd edition') or description (e.g., 'Revised edition'). If an edition number or description is not displayed, assume it is the first edition.Author, A. A. (Year). Title (# ed.). City, State/Country: Publisher.Grandel, K. R. (2001). Basic mathematics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Wells Books.Brochure/Pamphlet (APA)Treat as for a book, but add the description 'Brochure' (not italicised, in square brackets) to the title.Author, A. A. (Year). Title of brochure/pamphlet [Brochure]. City, State/Country: Publisher.Universities Australia. (2008). Supercharging HECS [Brochure]. Canberra, Australia: Author.Class handouts (APA)The use of informally produced lecture or class handouts as sources for written work may be allowed, but seek advice from your lecturer, tutor or teacher before citing such material. If permitted, the following basic format could be used or adapted.Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of handout [Description]. Unit/Course ID.School/Department, Institution.Briggs, J. (2009, May 26). Fall of communism [Lecture handout]. HPT322. School of Business, University of Eureka.Conference papers/proceedings (APA)Paper published in conference proceedings: Treat as for a chapter in a book (edited collection).Author, A. A. (Year). Title of paper. In B. B. Editor (Ed.), Title of Proceedings (pp. #–#).City, State/Country: Publisher.Stillman, L. (1997). Evaluating electronic community networking. In T. Greene (Ed.), Proceedings of the Australasian Evaluation Society International Conference,Adelaide, 1997 (pp. 456-478). Canberra, Australia: Australasian EvaluationSociety.Paper/poster, unpublished: Papers/posters that are presented at a conference/seminar but not published as part of the proceedings should be treated as follows:Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Paper presented at Name ofConference/Seminar/Meeting, City, State/Country.Wenzel, B. Q. (1998, June). Films of Fellini. Paper presented at the Society for Cinema Studies Biennial Conference, Ballarat, Australia.Encyclopaedia/Dictionary/Reference work (APA)Whole work: Treat as for a book: authored/edited/multi-volume, as appropriate. (The example below is for a multi-volume edited collection.)Author, A. A. (Year). Title of reference book. City, State/Country: Publisher.Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1–29). New York, NY: Grove.Article/item: Treat as for a chapter/section in a book. Give author if one is named, otherwise begin entry with title. Give inclusive page number/s of the article. Give edition number and volume number if relevant.Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. In Title of reference book (# ed., Vol. #, pp. #–#).City, State/Country: Publisher.Reed, D. L. (2003). Black holes. In The encyclopaedia of science (15th ed., Vol. 2, pp.501–508). New York, NY: Academic Resources.Journal article/item (APA)Article: Give author, year, article title (using sentence capitalisation, not italicised); name of journal (italicised, using title capitalisation); volume number (italicised), issue number (not italicised, enclosed in round brackets, no space after volume number), and inclusive page numbers (no ‘p.’ or ‘pp.’). Note: Issue numbers are not needed for journals that have a single sequence of page numbering across a volume (i.e., pagination that continues from issue to issue).Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, volume(issue), #–#.Shaw, M. (1996). Tissue biopsies. Laboratory Techniques, 22(3), 23–28.Item (Abstract/Book review/Editorial/Letter to the editor): Treat as for journal article, but give a description of item in square brackets after title of item. (Note: For abstracts obtained from abstracting journals, add ‘Abstract obtained from Abstracting Journal Name, volume(issue), #–#.’ at the end of the citation after the issue details of the original publication. This replaces the item description.)Author, A. A. (Year). Title of item [Description]. Journal Name, volume(issue), #–#.Sowey, E. R. (2001). Striking demonstrations in teaching statistics [Letter to the editor]. Journal of Statistics Education, 9(1), 2.Legal material/Legislation (adapted for APA)Legal Case: Use the adapted format below if no alternative is given by your lecturer or tutor. Italicise case name.Case (Year of Decision) Volume number Name of report series (abbrev.) Beginning page #.Cole v. Whitfield (1988) 103 CLR 177.Legislative Act: Use the adapted format below if no alternative is given by your lecturer or tutor. Italicise name of act and year. Jurisdiction is abbreviated state name or Commonwealth (‘Cth’).Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction).University of Western Australia Act 1911 (WA).Legislative Bill: Use the adapted format below if no alternative is given by your lecturer or tutor. Do not italicise name of bill or year. Jurisdiction is abbreviated state name or Commonwealth (‘Cth’).Name of Bill Year (Jurisdiction).Family Law Reform Bill 1994 (Cth).Newspaper/Magazine article/item (APA)Article: Give author, if one, or begin with title. Give date of issue after the author (or title if no author) as 'Year, Month' if published monthly, or 'Year, Month Day' if published weekly or daily. Give article title (using sentence capitalisation, not italicised) and newspaper/magazine name (italicised, using title capitalisation). Give page number/s preceded by 'p.' or 'pp.'. If article appears on non-consecutive pages, give all page numbers and separate by commas (see bottom example below).Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine, p. #.Rutenberg, J., & Bosman, J. (2008, August 13). Book on Obama hopes to repeat anti-Kerry feat. The New York Times, p. 1.Grattan, M. (2009, December 12). Revolt of the backbenchers. The Canberra Times, pp.1, 8-9.Article in supplement or section: Treat as for article (above), but add name of section after name of newspaper/magazine.Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine, Section name, p.#.Rousseau, N. (2008, June 3). Arrival of the spice setters. The Age, Epicure sec., p. 4.Item (Book/film review/Cartoon/Editorial/Letter to the editor): Treat as for article (above), but add description of item in square brackets after item title, or if item is unitled, add description after author.Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title (if one) [Description]. Newspaper/Magazine, p.#.Harrison, P. (2006, June 12). Refugee scandal [Letter to the editor]. The Age, p. 12.Petty, B. (2006, November 6). Global warming [Cartoon]. The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 14.Schembri, J. (2008, November 10). [Review of the motion picture Australia]. The Age, p.8.Parliamentary debate (Hansard) (adapted for APA)Use the adapted format below if no alternative is given by your lecturer or tutor.Government. Name of Parliament. (Year). Title. Vol. #####, pp. #–#.Australia. House of Representatives. (2002). Debates. Vol. HR103, pp. 2–6.Report (APA)Treat as for a book. If the author is also the publisher, use the word ‘Author’ to stand for the publisher’s name. Add any series name and/or number (not italicised, in round brackets) to the report title.Author/Agency/Corporation/Government. (Year). Title of report (Series name and/or number). City, State/Country: Publisher.Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (1988). Annual report. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health 2004 (AIHW Cat.No. AUS 44). Canberra, Australia: Author.Standards Australia. (1999). Australian standard: Risk management(AS/NZS4360–1999). Sydney, Australia: Author.Thesis (APA)Give type of thesis after title. If city or state is part of institution name, do not repeat this when giving institution location.Author, A. A. (Year). Title (Description). Institution, City, State/Country.Shen, G. (2008). The determinants of capital structure in Chinese listed companies (PhD thesis). University of Ballarat, Australia.Multimedia materialArtwork (APA)If citing an original artwork, cite in the text but do not create a full citation.The in text citation should identify the artist, the name of the work (italicised), and the date the artwork was produced, if known. (Note: If any of these elements are already mentioned in the surrounding sentence, you need include only the remaining elements in the in text citation.)(John Brack, Man in pub, 1953)If citing a reproduction (e.g., from a book), mention the artwork in the sentence and give an in text citation for the work in which the reproduction appears, including the page/plate number, (first example below) as well as a full citation for the reference list (second example below).John Brack's Man in pub (Millar, 1971, p. 23) is an example of ...Millar, R. (1971). John Brack. Melbourne, Australia: Lansdowne.Audio recording (CD/Audiotape, etc.) (APA)Whole work: Give primary contributor and their role, year of issue, title and format (e.g., 'Cassette', 'CD', 'Record'), and place and name of label/distributor.Primary Contributor, A. A. (Role). (Year). Title [Format]. City, State/Country: Label/Distributor.Jobim, A. C. (Writer/Performer). (1988). Wave [CD]. Hollywood, CA: A&M Records.Single track: Treat as above, but give title of song/item before title of whole work (introduced by 'On').Primary Contributor, A. A. (Role). (Year). Title of track. On Title of work [Format]. City, State/Country: Label/Production Company.Jobim, A. C. (Writer/Performer). (1988). Dialogo. On Wave [CD]. Hollywood, CA: A&M Records.CD-ROM/DVD-ROM (APA)If citing a publication on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM that was originally published in print, follow the relevant format for the printed source, and give 'CD-ROM' or 'DVD-ROM' as the format after the title.Author, A. A. (Year). Title [Format]. City, State/Country: Publisher.Milne, L. G. (1996). Media and modernity [CD-ROM]. London, England: Fontana.Digital file, offline (adapted for APA)APA does not cover this type of material specifically; use the following adapted format if you need to cite such material.Digital files (e.g., scanned images, PDFs, JPEGs, MP3s) can exist offline or outside of their original published form. If you have accessed a source in this way, follow the format for the kind of work (e.g., book, document, sound recording) and then give the digital file format in square brackets after the title. (If you do not know what the file type is, use 'Digital file' as the format.)Author, A. A. (Year of publication/creation). Title of unpublished document OR Title of published work [Format]. City, State/Country: Publisher/Sponsor.Kezos, V., & Valentine, C. (2003). Workplace bullying [PDF file]. Melbourne, Australia: Royal Children’s Hospital.Martin, D. (1998). Making spirits bright [MP3 file]. Los Angeles, CA: Capitol.Film/Video recording (DVD/Videocassette, Film, etc.) (APA)Give primary contributor, role, year of production and title followed by format (e.g., 'Motion picture', 'DVD', 'Video', etc.) in square brackets, and country and name of production company.Primary Contributor, A. A. (Role). (Year). Title [Format]. Country of Origin: Studio/Production Company.Ray, B. (Director/Writer). (2003). Shattered glass [Motion picture]. USA: Lions Gate Films.If distributed in a form other than the original, give year and production company of original and add name of distributor and year of distribution.Primary Contributor, A. A. (Role). (Year of production). Title [Format]. Country of Origin: Studio/Production Company; Distributor, Year of distribution.Hitchcock, A. (Producer/Director). (1958). Vertigo [DVD]. United States: Paramount;distributed by Universal Home Entertainment, 2003.Performance/Lecture, live (Concert/Play, etc.) (APA)If citing a live event (performance, lecture, presentation, etc.), mention in the text but do not create a full citation for the reference list (because the source is not recoverable by your reader).The in text citation should identify the performer/presenter, a description (e.g., 'performance', 'lecture'), the name of the venue, city and state/country, and the date (Month Day, Year). (Note: If any of these elements are already included in the sentence, you need include only the remaining elements in the in text citation.)(J. Kurro, performance, Her Majesty’s Theatre, Ballarat, Australia, May 6, 2008)Personal communication (Email/Letter/Conversation) (APA)If citing a personal communication (e.g., letter, email, personal interview, conversation, etc.), mention in the text but do not create a full citation for the reference list.The in text citation should identify the communicator, and include the description 'personal communication', and the date (Month Day, Year). (Note: If any of these elements are already mentioned in the sentence, include only the missing elements in the in text citation.)(E. Jensen, personal communication, June 7, 2008)Television/Radio broadcast (APA)Television broadcast: Give primary contributor as author, or if this is unknown/unclear, treat as for source with no author (i.e., begin with title).Primary Contributor, A. A. (Role). (Year, Month Day of broadcast). Program title [Format]. City, State/Country of broadcast: Broadcaster.Doogue, G. (Presenter). (2009, December 27). Compass [Television broadcast].Melbourne, Australia: ABC Television.Attard, M. (Presenter). (2009, August 18). Sunday profile [Radio broadcast].Melbourne, Australia: ABC Local Radio.Television series episode broadcast: An episode in a series is treated in a similar way to a chapter in a book. The remainder of the citation follows the broadcast format given above.Episode Primary Contributor, A. A. (Role). (Year, Month Day of broadcast). Episode title [Format]. In A. A. Series Primary Contributor (Role), Series title. City,State/Country of broadcast: Broadcaster.Innes, L. (Director). (2009, December 27). Nobody's baby [Television series episode]. InC. Chulack (Executive producer), ER. Ballarat, Australia: WIN Television. Online materialCitations for online sources are based on the same principles as citations for other sources, with extra information added for retrieval details (sufficient to allow the reader to locate the source).The examples that follow cover a wide range of online material. However, the dynamic nature of the online environment means that new and unforeseen types of material are constantly arising. If you wish to cite an online source that does not fit any of the specific examples, follow the basic online citation given below and adapt where necessary, remembering that the guiding principle when citing sources (online or otherwise) is to lead the reader as directly as possible to the source.For general advice on using online sources in academic writing, see Using online sources.Basic online citation (APA)A basic citation for an online source in APA style is made up of the following parts of identifying information.∙Author (begin with title if author is not named)∙Year OR Year, Month Day of publication/latest update∙Title (of part of work and/or whole work, as relevant)。
SCI论文的书写与投稿
(What are the rationales) (The reasons why do the project) 提出假设 将别人的不足作为本研究的目的 本研究目的
Key points That require special attention
Material and Methods (Methods)
Introduction：交代背景、提出问题、引出下文
现状：What is known? 存在问题: what is unknown? 针对问题，提出自己的假设: What is your hypothesis? What will you do in this study?
Key points That require special attention
Revision
Pay full attention Revise under comments strictly Anwser questions one by one Highlight any changes Explain the disposion of the referees
SCI 投稿前---稿件准备
Acknowledgements including
a. the conception and design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; b.drafting the article or revising for important intellectual content c.final approval of the version to be submitted
citation用法
Citation用法引言在学术写作和研究中，引用（Citation）是一种重要的实践，用于支持和加强作者的观点，并为读者提供进一步阅读和查证的信息来源。
引用的正确使用不仅能提高学术作品的可信度和可靠性，还能避免抄袭和知识产权的问题。
本文将介绍引用的定义、目的、常用的引用风格和格式，以及一些引用的注意事项。
定义引用是指在学术写作中使用他人的观点、研究成果、数据、引文等，以支持自己的观点或证明某个论点。
通过引用他人的作品，作者可以向读者展示自己的研究基础和对相关文献的了解，同时也表明自己的研究成果是建立在前人研究的基础之上的。
目的引用的主要目的是：1.支持和加强作者的观点：通过引用他人的研究成果和观点，作者可以为自己的观点提供更多的证据和支持，增加自己的可信度和说服力。
2.提供进一步阅读和查证的信息来源：引用可以帮助读者找到相关研究、文献和资料，进一步了解和深入研究主题，也可以方便读者对作者的观点和结论进行查证和验证。
3.尊重知识产权和学术道德：正确引用他人的作品可以避免抄袭和侵权问题，体现学术界的诚信和道德要求。
引用风格和格式在学术写作中，常见的引用风格有APA（American Psychological Association）、MLA（Modern Language Association）和Chicago等。
不同的学科和出版机构可能有不同的引用要求，因此在写作之前需要了解并遵守相应的引用规则。
以下是一些常见的引用格式要求：1.文章引用：作者姓氏、名字的首字母缩写，发表年份，文章标题，期刊名称，卷号，期号，页码。
2.书籍引用：作者姓氏、名字的首字母缩写，出版年份，书名，出版地，出版商。
3.网页引用：作者姓名（如果有），发布年份，文章标题，网页名称或网站名称，URL。
需要注意的是，引用的格式和内容可能会因不同的引用风格和出版要求而有所不同。
在进行引用时，应根据具体要求进行格式化，并在文末提供完整的参考文献列表。
中文翻译-what constitutes a theoretical contribution
什么是理论贡献？自从成为编辑以来，一直试图寻找一种简单的方式来传达理论贡献的必要成分。
关于这个主题有好几篇优秀的论文，但它们通常涉及难以纳入与作者和评论者日常交流的术语和概念。
我的经验是，现有的框架在澄清含义的同时也容易混淆含义。
除了接触卡普兰的作品外，都宾和其他人的作品在学术界各不相同。
AMR，我本文是填补这一空白的初步努力：其目的不是创造一个新的理论概念化，而是提出一些简单的概念来讨论理论的发展过程。
这是我每天的社论活动中产生的个人反思。
我的动机是缓解关于期望和标准的交流问题，这是由于缺乏一个广泛接受的框架来讨论组织科学中概念写作的优点。
最后，我的评论不应该被解释为官方的教条或指导评估过程的铁规则。
每一篇提交的论文都是独一无二的，而且都是根据自己的优点来评判的；然而，我的思想显然受到了前半期我读过的几百篇交流的影响。
自动抄表系统本文围绕三个关键问题展开：（a）理论发展的基础是什么？(b)什么是对理论发展的合法增值贡献-如何？(c)在判断概念性论文时考虑哪些因素？第一节描述一个理论的构成要素。
第二部分利用该框架建立理论发展过程的标准。
第三部分总结了评论者对论文实质归属和适当性的期望。
自动抄表系统什么是建筑砌块理论发展？根据理论发展权威（例如，Dubin，1978），一个完整的理论必须包含四个基本要素，这些要素在以下段落中描述。
什么。
哪些因素（变量、结构、概念）在逻辑上应该被考虑为解释社会或个人感兴趣的现象的一部分？判断我们包含“正确”因素的程度存在两个标准：全面性（即，是否包括所有相关因素？）以及节俭（即，是否应该删除一些因素，因为它们对我们的理解没有什么附加价值？）.当作者开始绘制一个主题的概念图时，他们应该错误地赞成包括太多的因素，并认识到随着时间的推移，他们的想法将会得到完善。
一般来说，删除不必要或无效的元素比证明添加是合理的要容易。
但是，这不应该被解释为允许扔进厨房水槽。
对于一个优秀的理论家来说，对竞争中的吝啬和全面性病毒的敏感性是其特征。
MLA basics (citations)
What is MLA?♠M odern L anguage A ssociation♠ A method of citing references in research paperstextino Parenthetical citationso Works Cited pageCurrentlyMLA published the 7th edition of the MLA handbook this year.♠ The♠To view complete changes consult the 7th edition of the handbook.♠Some changes include:y No more underlining. Instead use italics.y No more URL’s in citations. (more details to follow)y Continuous pagination doesn’t matter. You must include volume and issue numbers when citing scholarly publications.y Every entry must include a publication medium. Examples of the most common publication medium are: Print and Web. Other examples are: DVD, Performance or TV.y Many web source entries now require a publisher name, a date of publication, and/or page numbers. When no publisher name appears on the website, write N.p. for no publisher given. When sites omit a date of publication,write n.d. for no date. For online journals that appear only online (no print version) or on databases that do notprovide pagination, write n. pag. for no pagination.Documentation in the text: Parenthetical Citations♠One Authoro Author’s name in referenceUsually, the author’s last name and page numberpunctuationNote•(Author’s last name page number)•Ex. This point has been argued before (Frye 197).o Author’s name in textDo not use the author’s last name in the citation if the author’s name appears in the textnumber)• (page•Ex. Frye has argued this point before (197).♠Two Authorso Authors’ names in referenceAlphabetically by last name and page numberpunctuationNote•(Author’s last name and Author’s last name page number)•Ex. Others hold an opposite view (Warren and Wellek 310-15).o Authors’ names in textDo not use the authors’ last names in the citation if the authors’ names appear in the textnumber)• (Page•Ex. Others, like Wellek and Warren (310-15), hold an opposite view.♠Three Authorso Authors’ names in referenceAlphabetically by last name, separated by commas and page numberpunctuationNote•(Last name, last name, last name page number)•Ex. Another measure of emotional intelligence is the success of intrapersonal relationships(Smith, Taylor, and Todd 14-15).o Authors’ names in textDo not use the authors’ last names in the citation if the authors’ names appear in the textnumber)• (Page•Ex. Smith, Taylor, and Todd argue another measure of emotional intelligence is the successof interpersonal relationships (14-15).♠More than three authorso Authors’ names in referenceList only first author’s last name followed by “et al.” and the page number•(Last name et al. page number)•Ex. Emotional security varies depending on the circumstances of the social interaction (Carteret al. 158).o Authors’ names in textDo not use the authors’ last names in the citation if the authors’ names appear in the text• (pagenumber)•Ex. Carter et al. argues that emotional security varies depending on the circumstances of thesocial interaction (158).Documentation in the text: Direct quotes♠Direct quotations with one or multiple authors are cited as previously mentioned♠Difference is where the citation is placed in reference to the quoteo Author’s(s’) name in referenceCitation is placed after quotation mark“Quoted Material” (Author’s last name page number)•Ex. It may be true that “in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is ofprimary importance” (Robertson 136).o Author’s(s’) name in textDo not use the authors’ last names in the citation if the authors’ names appear in the textCitation is placed after quotation mark“Quoted Material” (page number)•Ex. Ernest Rose writes, “The highly spiritual view of the world presented in Siddharthaexercised its appeal on West and East alike” (74).Documentation in the text: Block Quotes♠Block quotes are used only when quoting more than 4 lines (not sentences)o The entire block quote is indentedo Only used when author is mentioned in the texto Page number at end is outside the periodo Quotation marks are not usedo Entire block quote is double spaced.Block Quote. (page number)Ex. In his essay “Primitive and Pastoral Elements in Sherwood Anderson,” Glen Love states that George Willard’s departure from Winesburg to a life in the city represents Anderson’s attempts toconnect America’s rural heritage to the modern world:Both the artist and his audience knew too well that they could not take to the woods orcountryside. Yet Anderson’s literary works as well as the record of his personal life suggestthat he actually believed that there is the possibility, if not of reclaiming the idealized pastoralmyth, of at least making a new start based upon some of its enduring values. (245) Documentation in the text: Cyberdocuments♠Cite using author’s last name as previously mentioned♠If author’s name is missing, use title of article♠If author and title are missing, use web site nameo Author’s(s’) name in reference(Author’sname/Title of Website)last•Ex. The Modern Language Association was founded in 1883 (Modern Language Association).o Author’s(s’) name in textDo not use the authors’ last names in the citation if the authors’ names appear in the text•(Title of Website)o Ex. According to the Modern Language Association’s (MLA) website, the MLA wasfounded in 1883. ** If the website title appears in the sentence a parentheticalcitation at the end of the sentence doesn’t need to include the website title. Electronic Sources in the Works Cited Page♠As of the MLA 2009 update, URL’s are no longer to be part of the parenthetical reference.♠“You should include a URL as supplementary information only when the reader probably cannot locate the source without it or when your instructor requires it” ( MLA handbook 7th Edition)♠The URL that you are referencing should ONLY be found on the Works Cited page at the end of your document following the date of access.Works Cited Page♠Starts new page numbered sequentially♠Placed after the body of the paper♠“Work(s) Cited” is centered, without quotation marks, italics, or underlining♠Include all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized sources♠Start each entry on new line, regular left marginsecond and all subsequent lines five spaces (“hanging indent”)♠ Indentthealllines♠ Double-space♠Alphabetize by the author’s last name, book title, or website name♠Include the new labels for what kind of medium you are citing. Ex: Print, Web.♠Authors’ Nameso For one author•Include the author’s name as it appears on the title page in reverse order, period at endo Ex. Mills, Stephanie R.o For multiple authors•First author = reverse order; all subsequent names = normal order, separated by commas,period at endo(Mills, Stephanie R., Bert W. Griggs, and Ronald H. Holland.) ♠Capitalization of TitlesCapitalize all major words and the first and last words of all titles and subtitlesDon’t capitalize articles (a, an, the), prepositions (by, with, from), or coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet)Italicize the title, but not the period at the end•Ex. Catcher in the Rye.♠Special Treatment of TitlesUse quotation marks around titles of shorter works (articles, poems, short stories, essays)Italicize titles of longer works (books, periodicals/journals, plays); MLA prefers italicized Times New Roman fontDrop A, An, or The as the first word of a periodical title if it is not a part of the title•Ex. “Melancholy Gender/Refused Identification.” Judith Butler Reader.NOT “Melancholy Gender/Refused Identification.” The Judith Butler Reader.• Ex.o The “ ” indicate the article is within the publication that is italicized.♠Place of PublicationGive only the first city listed for the place of publicationDo not list state names, regardless how obscure the city•(City of publication: Publisher name,)•Ex. Malden: Blackwell,♠Publishero List publisher name after the city and colon followed by a comma(City of publication: Publisher name,)•Ex. Malden: Blackwell,♠Publication Month Abbreviations•Abbreviate all publication months except May, June, and July•Use the first three letters followed by a period (Dec., Feb., Mar.) except for September (Sept.)•Year follows month with a comma following the yearYear,)o (Montho Ex. May 2002,o After the date you must add the format of the source, Ex: Print or Web.o Use “Print” for Books and Scholarly Publications. Use “Web” for web resources.♠Citing two or more texts by same authoro Give author name(s) in the first entry only; in subsequent entries, use three hyphens and a period(Last name, first name)(---.)•Ex. Van Delay, Art. Seinfeld: The Show About Nothing. New York: Penguin Books, 1997.Print.•Ex. ---. Venetian Blinds: Contemporary Study of Compulsive Lying. New York: PendantPublishing, 1994. Print.♠Citing texts with no authorBegin the citation with the titleAlphabetize the entry according to the first significant word of the title, italicized, with a period at the end•(Title of Text.)• Ex.Creation of the Media: Political Origins of the Media. Los Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin,1922. Print.The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.• Ex.♠Citing Journal Articleso Provide author name, article title, and publication information (periodical name, volume [and if necessary issue] number, publication date, and page numbers), publication medium.(Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical/Journal Volume number (Year ofPublication): Page numbers where the article is found. Print.•Ex. Tyson, Phyllis A., and Michael G. Gordon. “The Psychology of Women.” Journal of theAmerican Psychoanalytic Association 46 (1998): 361-364. Print.•Ex. Bernstein, Barton J. “Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.” Diplomatic History28.3 (1991): 126-129. Print.Articleo Magazine/Newspapero Provide the author’s name, article title, where the article was published, date ofpublication, and page numberso(Last name, First name. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical/Journal Date published:Page numbers where the article is found. Print.•Ex. Kramer, Cosmo F. “A Health Threat Baffling for Its Lack of a Pattern.” New York Times22 June 2003, natl. ed.: A14. Print.•Ex. Peterman, Jay S. “Eat This Now!” US News and World Report 28 Mar. 2005: 56-58.Print.•Ex. Crane, Niles F. “Anarchy at Sea.” Atlantic Monthly Sept. 2003: 50-80. Print.♠Citing Electronic Sourceso Citing Personal or Professional WebsitesName of Site. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sometimes found in copyright statements). Publication medium. Date you accessed the site[electronic address].The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. 26 Aug. 2005. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and • Ex.Purdue University. Web. 23 April 2006o An Article in a Web MagazineAuthor(s). "Title of Article." Title of Online Publication. Date of Publication. Date of Access <electronic address>.•Ex. Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing The Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites. No. 149 (16 Aug. 2002). Web. 4 May 2006o Article accessed through a library subscription serviceAuthor’s last name, Author’s first name. “Title of Article.” Title of Publication Volume (Year ofpublication): pages article can be found. Name of database. Library Name, School library is located in.Day Month Abbreviation. Publication medium. Year article accessed.<web address>.•Ex. Jackson, Gabriel. “Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War.” Science andSociety 68.3 (2004): 272-76. Academic Search Premier Elite. EBSCO. Brookens Library, Uof Illinois at Springfield. Web. 27 Sept.2002.o A Work Cited Only on the Web (from MLA 7th Ed)Name of the author, compiler, director, editor, narrator, performer, or translator of the workTitle of the workTitle of the overall Web site (italicized), if distinct from item 2 Version or edition usedPublisher or sponsor of the site; if not available, use N.p.Date of publication (day, month, and year, as available); if nothing is available, use n.d.Medium of publication (Web)Date of access (day, month, and year)Example:•Antin, David. Interview by Charles Bernstein. Dalkey Archive Press. Dalkey Archive P, n.d.Web. 21 Aug. 2007.o If a URL is necessary do so at the end of the citation.Example:•Eaves, Morris, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi, eds. The William Blake Archive. Lib. ofCong., 28 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2007. </blake/>.Sample Works Cited PageWorks CitedBernstein, Barton J. “Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.” Diplomatic History 28.3 (1991): 126-29. Print.The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print.Crane, Niles F. “Anarchy at Sea.” Atlantic Monthly Sept. 2003: 50-80. Print.Creation of the Media: Political Origins of the Media. Los Angeles: Houghton-Mifflin, 1922. Print.Green, Joshua. “The Rove Presidency.” The . Atlantic Monthly Group, Sept. 2007. Web. 15 May 2008.Jackson, Gabriel. “Multiple Historic Meanings of the Spanish Civil War.” Science and Society 68.3 (2004): 272-76. Academic Search Premier Elite. EBSCO. Brookens Library, U of Illinois at Springfield. Web. 27 Sept.2002.Kramer, Cosmo F. “A Health Threat Baffling for Its Lack of a Pattern.” New York Times 22 June 2003, natl. ed.: A14. Print Peterman, Jay S. “Eat This Now!” US News and World Report 28 Mar. 2005: 56-58. Print.Tyson, Phyllis A., and Michael G. Gordon. “The Psychology of Women.” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 46 (1998): 361-64. Print.Van Delay, Art. Seinfeld: The Show About Nothing. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. Print.---. Venetian Blinds: Contemporary Study of Compulsive Lying. New York: Pendant Publishing, 1994. Print.。
What is an abstract
How to write an abstract?
Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document. Avoid using I or we, but choose active verbs instead of passive when possible (the study tested rather than it was tested by the study). Avoid trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols. You would need to explain them, and that takes too much room. Use key words from the document.
How to write an abstract?
An abstract will nearly always be read along with the title, so do not repeat or rephrase the title. It will likely be read without the rest of the document, however, so make it complete enough to stand on its own. Your readers expect you to summarize your conclusions as well as your purpose, methods, and main findings. Emphasize the different points in proportion to the emphasis they receive in the body of the document.
论文参考书目引用格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16th
论⽂参考书⽬引⽤格式-芝加哥16版_Chicago_16thCHICAGO AUTHOR-DATE(16th edition) REFERENCINGLast updated March 2011 This guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University.It is not for those publishing using the Chicago Author-Date style. For those publishing in the Chicago Author-Date style, please consult the Chicago Manual of Style: The Chicago Manual of Style. 2010. 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The Chicago Manual of Style Online (16th ed.) is also available via Databases link on the Library’shome page.The Chicago referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-datestyle. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author‘s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote, it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago 16th B CurtinIt is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details,eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for notconforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have usedin your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well asideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the ChicagoAuthor-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author‘s name is given first, followed by thepublication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and readmore fully the cited author‘s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book, ?bibliographical details‘ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volumenumber, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of thesedetails will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article, the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title ofthe article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed theinformation, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).12In -Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assignment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author‘s personal name or initials in the in -text citation i.e.(Anderson, John 2008) or John Anderson (2008). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in -text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author -datereferencing style1. A reference list includes books, chapters, journal articles etc that you cite in the text of your essay.2. A bibliography is a list of relevant sources for background or for further reading.3. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author – at the end of your essay..4. Where an item has no author it is cited and listed by its title.5. The Chicago Author -Date referencing style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented.What is a Reference List? What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of elements that allow the reader to trace the original book, article or website you have consulted and cited. Here are some examples in the Chicago Author -Date referencing style.Book:Journal article from a database:Web page:Place of publication Publisher Title of the journal article Journal titleuse URL.URL of the web pageExamples of Referencing6 of 178 of 179 of 1710 of 1711 of 1712 of 1713 of 1714 of 1715 of 1716 of 17Manual Changes—EndNote users, please note: Make any manual changes when you have finished creating your reference list with EndNote or convert your word document to plain text by clicking on the drop down arrow at Convert Citations andBibliography and selecting Convert to Plain text, then make your changes in the new document this will create. Failure to follow this procedure will result in manual changes being lost, and the references reverting to their original form once the reference list is updated with any new entries.17 of 17。
What Is Globalization
What Is Globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people—and, later, corporations—have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example, the volume of world trade has increased by 20 times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign investment nearly doubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave of globalization from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalization is “farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper.”This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business structure.Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. Advances in information technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies have given all sorts ofindividual economic actors—consumers, investors, businesses—valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flung partners.Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization.To find the right balance between benefits and costs associated with globalization, citizens of all nations need to understand how globalization works and the policy choices facing them and their societies. tries to provide an accurate analysis of the issues and controversies regarding globalization, especially to high-school and college students, without the slogans or ideological biases generally found in discussions of the topics. We welcome you to our website.Globalization: What Is It?New Era Replaces Cold War and Space Ageby Keith Porterfor People around the globe are more connected to each other than ever before. Information and money flow more quickly than ever. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in all parts of the world. International travel is more frequent. International communication is commonplace. This phenomenon has been titled "globalization.""The Era of Globalization" is fast becoming the preferred term for describing the current times. Just as the Depression, the Cold War Era, the Space Age, and the Roaring 20's are used to describe particular periods of history; globalization describes the political, economic, and cultural atmosphere of today.While some people think of globalization as primarily a synonym for global business and trade, it is much more than that. The same forces that allowbusinesses to operate as if national borders did not exist also allow social activists, labor organizers, journalists, academics, and many others to work on a global stage.While coming up with a definition is difficult, an even greater challenge is deciding whether globalization is a good thing or a bad thing. Click here to find out more about that debate.GlobalizationGlobalization is a difficult term to define because it has come to mean so many things. In general, globalizationglobalizationglobalization refers to the trend toward countries joining together economically, through education, society and politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as a whole. GlobalizationGlobalizationGlobalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together, especially through a common medium like the economy or the Internet.GlobalizationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGlobalization (or globalisation) describes an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of exchange. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.[1] However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors.[2] The term can also refer to the transnational dissemination of ideas, languages, or popular culture.DefinitionsAn early description of globalization was penned by the American entrepreneur-turned-minister Charles Taze Russell who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897.[3] However, it was not until the 1960s that the term began to be widely used by economists and other social scientists. It had achieved widespread use in the mainstream press by the later half of the 1980s. Since its inception, the concept of globalization has inspired numerous competing definitions and interpretations.[4]The United Nations ESCWA has written that globalization "is a widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in aneconomic context, it refers to the reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods, capital, services and labour... although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labour.... Globalization is not a new phenomenon. It began in the late nineteenth century, but its spread slowed during the period from the start of the First World War until the third quarter of the twentieth century. This slowdown can be attributed to the inwardlooking policies pursued by a number of countries in order to protect their respective industries.. however, the pace of globalization picked up rapidly during the fourth quarter of the twentieth century...."[5]Saskia Sassen writes that "a good part of globalization consists of an enormous variety of micro-processes that begin to denationalize what had been constructed as national — whether policies, capital, political subjectivities, urban spaces, temporal frames, or any other of a variety of dynamics and domains."[6]Tom G. Palmer of the Cato Institute defines globalization as "the diminution or elimination of state-enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result."[7]Thomas L. Friedman has examined the impact of the "flattening" of the world, and argues that globalized trade, outsourcing, supply-chaining, and political forces have changed the world permanently, for both better and worse. He also argues that the pace of globalization is quickening and will continue to have a growing impact on business organization and practice.[8]Noam Chomsky argues that the word globalization is also used, in a doctrinal sense, to describe the neoliberal form of economic globalization.[11]Herman E. Daly argues that sometimes the terms internationalization and globalization are used interchangeably but there is a significant formal difference. The term "internationalization" (or internationalisation) refers to the importance of international trade, relations, treaties etc. owing to the (hypothetical) immobility of labor and capital between or among nations.[citation needed]Adrián Ravier of the Hayek Foundation summarize the globalization as such the process that arises spontaneously in the market and acts by developing a progressive international division of labour, eliminating restrictions on individual liberties, reducing transportation and communication costs,and increasingly integrating the individuals that compose the “great society.” [12]Finally, Takis Fotopoulos argues that globalisation is the result of systemic trends manifesting the market economy’s grow-or-die dynamic, following the rapid expansion of transnational corporations. Because of the fact that these trends have not been offset effectively bycounter-tendencies that could have emanated from trade-union action and other forms of political activity, the outcome has been globalisation. This is a multi-faceted and irreversible phenomenon within the system of the market economy and it is expressed as: economic globalisation, namely, the opening and deregulation of commodity, capital and labour markets which led to the present form of neoliberal globalisation; political globalisation, i.e., the emergence of a transnational elite and the phasing out of the all powerful-nation state of the statist period; cultural globalisation, i.e., the worldwide homogenisation of culture; ideological globalisation; technological globalisation; social globalisation.[13]HistoryThe historical origins of globalization are the subject of on-going debate. Though some scholars situate the origins of globalization in the modern era, others regard it as a phenomenon with a long history.Perhaps the most extreme proponent of a deep historical origin for globalization was Andre Gunder Frank, an economist associated with dependency theory. Frank argued that a form of globalization has been in existence since the rise of trade links between Sumer and the Indus Valley Civilization in the third millenium B.C.[14] Critics of this idea point out that it rests upon an overly-broad definition of globalization.Others have perceived an early form of globalization in the trade links between the Roman Empire, the Parthian Empire, and the Han Dynasty. The increasing articulation of commercial links between these powers inspired the development of the Silk Road, which started in western China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued onwards towards Rome.[citation needed]The Islamic Golden Age was also an important early stage of globalization, when Muslim traders and explorers established a sustained economy across the Old World resulting in a globalization of crops, trade, knowledge and technology. Globally significant crops such as sugar and cotton became widely cultivated across the Muslim world in this period, while thenecessity of learning Arabic and completing the Hajj created a cosmopolitan culture.[15]The advent of the Mongol Empire, though destabalizing to the commercial centers of the Middle East and China, greatly facilitated travel along the Silk Road. This permitted travelers and missionaries such as Marco Polo to journey successfully (and profitably) from one end of Eurasia to the other. The so-called Pax Mongolica of the twelfth century had several other notable globalizing effects. It witnessed the creation of the first international postal service, as well as the rapid transmission of epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague across the newly-unified regions of Central Asia.[16] These pre-modern phases of global or hemispheric exchange are sometimes known as archaic globalization.Up to the time of the voyages of discovery, however, even the largest systems of international exchange were limited to the Old World. The sixteenth century represented a qualitative change in the patterns of globalization because it was the first period in which the New World began to engage in substantial cultural, material and biologic exchange with Africa and Eurasia. This phase is sometimes known as proto-globalization. It was characterized by the rise of maritime European empires, particularly the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, and later the British Empire and Dutch Empire. It can be said to have begun shortly before the turn of the 16th century, when the two Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula - the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Castile, began to send exploratory voyages to the Americas and around the Horn of Africa. These new sea routes permitted sustained contact and trade between all of the world's inhabited regions for the first time.[citation needed]Global integration continued through the expansion of European trade in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Portuguese and Spanish Empires colonized the Americas, followed eventually by France and England. Globalization has had a tremendous impact on cultures, particularly indigenous cultures, around the world. In the 15th century, Portugal's Company of Guinea was one of the first chartered commercial companies established by Europeans in other continent during the Age of Discovery, whose task was to deal with the spices and to fix the prices of the goods.[citation needed]In the 17th century, globalization became a business phenomenon when the British East India Company (founded in 1600), which is often described as the first multinational corporation, was established, as well as the Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602) and the Portuguese East IndiaCompany (founded in 1628). Because of the large investment and financing needs and the high risks involved with international trade, the British East India Company became the first company in the world to share risk and enable joint ownership of companies through the issuance of shares of stock: an important driver for globalization.[citation needed]The 19th century witnessed the advent of globalization in something approaching its modern form. Industrialization permitted the cheap production of household items using economies of scale, while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities and manufactures. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism. After the Opium Wars and the completion of the British conquest of India, the vast populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. Meanwhile, the conquest of new parts of the globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by the European powers yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber, diamonds and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and the United States.[citation needed]It was in this period that areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were incorporated into the world system. The first phase of "modern globalization" began to break down at the beginning of the 20th century with the first World War. Said John Maynard Keynes[17],“ The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914. ”The novelist VM Yeates criticised the financial forces of globalisation as a factor in creating World War I.[18]The final death knell for this phase of globalization came during the gold standard crisis and Great Depression in the late 1920s and early1930s.[citation needed]Globalization in the middle decades of the twentieth century was largely driven by the global expansion of multinational corporations based in the United States and the worldwide export of American culture through the new media of film, television and recorded music.In late 2000s, much of the industrialized world entered into a deep recession.[19] Some analysts say the world is going through a period of deglobalization after years of increasing economic integration.[20][21] Up to 45% of global wealth had been destroyed by the global financial crisis in little less than a year and a half.[22]Modern globalizationGlobalization, since World War II, is largely the result of planning by politicians to break down borders hampering trade to increase prosperity and interdependence thereby decreasing the chance of future war[citation needed]. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference, an agreement by the world's leading politicians to lay down the framework for international commerce and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the processes of globalization.These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund. Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade.Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements —GATT. Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for which GATT is the foundation, have included:Promotion of free trade:elimination of tariffs; creation of free trade zones with small or no tariffsReduced transportation costs, especially resulting from development of containerization for ocean shipping.Reduction or elimination of capital controlsReduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businessesCreation of subsidies for global corporationsHarmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of states, with more restrictionsSupranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e.g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the United States)Cultural globalization, driven by communication technology and the worldwide marketing of Western cultural industries, was understood at first as a process of homogenization, as the global domination of American culture at the expense of traditional diversity. However, a contrasting trend soon became evident in the emergence of movements protesting against globalization and giving new momentum to the defense of local uniqueness, individuality, and identity, but largely without success.[23]The Uruguay Round (1986 to 1994)[24] led to a treaty to create the WTO to mediate trade disputes and set up a uniform platform of trading. Other bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade.World exports rose from 8.5% in 1970, to 16.1% of total gross world product in 2001.[25] (broken lnk)[citation needed]Measuring globalizationLooking specifically at economic globalization, demonstrates that it can be measured in different ways. These center around the four main economic flows that characterize globalization:Goods and services, e.g., exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per capita of populationLabor/people, e.g., net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows, weighted by populationCapital, e.g., inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or per head of populationTechnology, e.g., international research & development flows; proportion of populations (and rates of change thereof) using particular inventions (especially 'factor-neutral' technological advances such as the telephone, motorcar, broadband)As globalization is not only an economic phenomenon, a multivariate approach to measuring globalization is the recent index calculated by the Swiss think tank KOF. The index measures the three main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political. In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, an overall index of globalization and sub-indices referring to actual economic flows, economic restrictions, data on personal contact, data on information flows, and data on cultural proximity is calculated. Data is available on a yearly basis for 122 countries, as detailed in Dreher, Gaston and Martens (2008).[26] According to the index, the world's most globalized country is Belgium, followed by Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The least globalized countries according to the KOF-index are Haiti, Myanmar, the Central African Republic and Burundi.[27]A.T. Kearney and Foreign Policy Magazine jointly publish another Globalization Index. According to the 2006 index, Singapore, Ireland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Canada and Denmark are the most globalized, while Indonesia, India and Iran are the least globalized among countries listed.Effects of globalizationGlobalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:Industrial- emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries.[citation needed]Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational regulatory regime, the instability of the global financial infrastructure dramatically increased, as evidenced by the financial crises of late 2008.[citation needed]Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however meant that an economic collapse in any one given country could not be contained.[citation needed]Political - some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government which regulates the relationships among governments andguarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization.[31] Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers, in part because of its strong and wealthy economy. With the influence of globalization and with the help of The United States’ own economy, the People's Republic of China has experienced some tremendous growth within the past decade. If China continues to grow at the rate projected by the trends, then it is very likely that in the next twenty years, there will be a major reallocation of power among the world leaders. China will have enough wealth, industry, and technology to rival the United States for the position of leading world power.[32]Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone and Internet.Language - the most popular language is English.[33]About 35% of the world's mail, telexes, and cables are in English.Approximately 40% of the world's radio programs are in English.About 50% of all Internet traffic uses English.[34]Competition - Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition.[35]Ecological- the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with international cooperation, such as climate change,cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution. On the other hand, economic development historically required a "dirty" industrial stage, and it is argued that developing countries should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living.Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "worldculture". Some bemoan the resulting consumerism and loss of languages. Also see Transformation of culture.Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity (e.g. through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies). Some consider such "imported" culture a danger, since it may supplant the local culture, causing reduction in diversity or even assimilation. Others consider multiculturalism to promote peace and understanding between peoples.Greater international travel and tourism. WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any one time.[36]Greater immigration, including illegal immigrationSpread of local consumer products (e.g., food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture).Worldwide fads and pop culture such as Pokémon, Sudoku, Numa Numa, Origami, Idol series, YouTube, Orkut, Facebook, and MySpace. Accessible to those who have Internet or Television, leaving out a substantial segment of the Earth's population.Worldwide sporting events such as FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games.Incorporation of multinational corporations in to new media. As the sponsors of the All-Blacks rugby team, Adidas had created a parallel website with a downloadable interactive rugby game for its fans to play and compete.[37]Social - development of the system of non-governmental organisations as main agents of global public policy, including humanitarian aid and developmental efforts.[38]TechnicalDevelopment of a Global Information System, global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephonesIncrease in the number of standards applied globally; e.g., copyright laws, patents and world trade agreements.Legal/Ethical。
Lesson 11 But What’s a Dictionary For 课后练习及答案
EXERCISES 11I. Give brief answers to the following questions, using your own words as much as possible:1) What critical views did the popular press express on the publication of Webster's Third New International Dictionary?2) How much effort and money was spent on the making of this dictionary?3) What new science came into being between the appearance of the two editions of the dictionary? What are some of the features of this new science?4) Why are new dictionaries needed?5) How does the writer refute the criticisms of the popular press?6) What does the writer say about spelling and pronunciation?7) Why is the definition of a ‘door’ so complicated?8) Has the Third New International Dictionary any faults?II .Paraphrase:1) a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility2) What underlies all this sound and fury?3) It cannot be described in terms of any other language, or even in terms of its own past.4) All languages are dynamic rather than static5) Even in so settled a matter as spelling, a dictionary cannot always be absolute.6) But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's7) Has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility?8) lexicography, like God, is no respecter of persons9) And this, too, is complex, subtle, and forever changing.10) the editorial charges the Third International with "pretentious and obscure verbosity"III. Translate the following into Chinese'1) What underlies all this sound and fury? Is the claim of the G&C Merriam Company, probably the world's greatest dictionary maker, that the preparation of the work cost $3.5million, that it required the efforts of three hundred scholars over a period of twenty-seven years, working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled in any language -- is all this a fraud, a hoax?2) The definition reads: a movable piece of firm material or astructure supported usu. along one side and swinging on pivots or hinges,sliding along a groove, rolling up and down, revolving as one of four leaves, or folding like an accordion by means of which an opening may be closed or kept open for passage in to or out of a building, room, or other covered enclosure or a car, airplane, elevator, or other vehicle3) For two hundred years his definition of network as "any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections" has been good for a laugh. But in the merriment one thing is always overlooked:no one has yet come up with a better definition!IV. Spell the following words in another acceptable way:Models: 1) theatre – theater2) travelled – traveled1) anaemia 9) dialogue2) anaesthesia 10) gramme3) behaviour 11) programme4) favourite 12) modelled5) cheque 13) practise6) centre 14) manoeuvre7) metre 15) Muslim8) defence 16) fulfilⅤ. Replace the italicized words with simple, everyday words or expressions '1) An article "viewed it as "a scandal and disaster."( )2) The New York Times, ?- felt that the work would "accelerate the deterioration" of the language ( )3) Life called it "a non-word deluge," "monstrous," "abominable," ( ) ( )4) working on the largest collection of citation.s ever assembled in any language ( )5) So monstrous a discrepancy in evaluation requires us to examine basic principles.( )6) But the great increase in our vocabulary in the past decades compels all dictionaries ( )7) If something must be eliminated, it is sensible to throw out these extraneous things and stick to words.( )8) Has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility? ( )9) he wants to know what a word will convey to his auditors( ) l0) the editorial charges the Third International with "pretentious and obscure verbosity” ( )11) There has been an enormous proliferation of closing anddemarking devices and structures ( )12) There can be linguistic objection to the eradication of proper names. ( )VI. For each word or phrase listed below, give another word or expression of similar meaning from the text:Model: calamity -- disaster1) to view sth. as2) fraud3) to accuse4) to establish5) to adhere to6) citation7) to restrict8) to set down9) contemporary10) elevation11) to be the concern ofVII .The following sentences all contain metaphors or similes.Explain their meanings in plain, non-figurative language.1) Life called it "a non-word deluge"2) The difference, ... is not like the difference between yearly models but. Like the difference between the horse and buggy and the automobile3) Modern linguistics gets its charter from Leonard Bloomfield' s Language (1933).4) But if so, he has walked into one of lexicography's biggest booby traps5) anyone who tries to thread his way through the many meanings now included under door may have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy 6) And, sure enough, in the definition which raised the Post's blood pressureVII. Point out the figures of speech used in the following sentences: 1) a concept of how things get written that throws very littlelight on Lincoln but a great deal on Life ( )2)between the much-touted Second International (1934) and the much-clouted Third International (1961) ( )3) The Washington Post, in an editiorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's" ( )4) In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes ( )5) But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of thedictionary' s ( )6) the Post ’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that( )7) Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...( )IX. The author uses a lot of emphatic forms to give force to the Writing. Pick out all the sentences in which various emphatic forms are used.X . Translate the following into Chinese-1) We have come to terms.2) He always considers problems in terms of money.3) They speak of the boy in terms of praise.4) The two countries have kept on good terms since then.5) You must set it down to his account.6) We set down our success to your help.7) His parents set him up as a lawyer.8) They were held up by fog.9) It's hard work. But you must hang on.10) She has turned to singing.XI . Translate the following into English (using the following words or expressions: preference, to infer, to model ... on, to furnish ... with, to convey, to restrict, to relegate, as much ?- as, to set down, terms, to adapt, to hang on to):1）谐趣园是仿照无锡的一座花园造的。
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What is Citation?
A “citation” is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:
∙information about the author
∙the title of the work
∙the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source ∙the date your copy was published
∙the page numbers of the material you are borrowing
Why should I cite sources?
Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people’s work without plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources:
∙Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from.
∙Not all sources are good or right – your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will
keep you from taking the rap for someone else’s bad ideas.
∙Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done.
∙Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.
Doesn’t citing sources make my work seem less original?
Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps your reader distinguish your ideas from those of your sources. This will actually emphasize the originality of your own work.
When do I need to cite?
Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations almost always require citation:
∙Whenever you use quotes
∙Whenever you paraphrase
∙Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed
∙Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
∙Whenever someone else’s work has been critical in developing your own ideas. Document provided by and Research Resources. Turnitin allows free distribution and non-profit use of this document in educational settings.。