Chapter 9 Law, Ethics, and Cyber Crime(电子商务课件-英文版)
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黑客类经典书籍 《网络黑白》作者 花无涯 中国黑客协会创始人
中国黑客协会创始人花无涯带领的团队覆盖国内外多家信息安全组织，并担任国内多家影响力较 大的信息安全组织的负责人，今年2016年作为黑客界领军人物花无涯，对小白以及想了解黑客的 ，创作了第一本书，作为小白入门黑客的精品读物，将亲身经历和自身所学以及网络实际相结合 ，写就的《网络黑白》腾空出世，以浅入深出的方式，将网络江湖向我们娓娓道来。
Founder of the association of Chinese hackers spend no career led the team covering domestic and foreign information security organization, and served as the person in charge of a large domestic influence the organization of information security, this year 2016 as the hacker community leading figure in flower boundless, on white and want to know the hackers, the creation of the first book, as white entry hackers reading fine, will experience and its network and actual unifies, written "network black and white" vacated born, by shallow into deep, the network of rivers and lakes to we Weiweidaolai.
犯罪学 英文 书单
犯罪学英文书单摘要：一、犯罪学简介二、英文犯罪学书籍推荐1.《犯罪学原理》2.《犯罪心理学》3.《社会犯罪学》4.《刑事法学》5.《犯罪与刑罚》正文：犯罪学是一门研究犯罪现象、犯罪原因、犯罪预防和犯罪矫治的科学。
它涉及法律、心理、社会等多个层面，旨在揭示犯罪现象背后的规律，从而为制定相关政策和措施提供理论依据。
在英文犯罪学书籍方面，以下五本书具有较高的推荐度：1.《犯罪学原理》（Principles of Criminal Justice）：这本书详细阐述了犯罪学的基本原理，包括犯罪现象的描述、解释和预测，以及犯罪预防和矫治的方法。
书中还讨论了犯罪学与法律、心理学、社会学等相关学科的关系，为读者提供了一个全面的犯罪学理论体系。
2.《犯罪心理学》（Criminal Psychology）：这本书主要研究犯罪者的心理特征、心理过程以及犯罪动机。
通过分析典型案例，作者揭示了犯罪心理的成因、发展和变化规律，为预测和预防犯罪提供了心理学依据。
3.《社会犯罪学》（Social Criminology）：这本书从社会结构和社会过程的角度探讨犯罪现象。
作者详细分析了社会经济地位、教育、种族、性别等因素对犯罪行为的影响，并提出了针对性的社会政策建议。
4.《刑事法学》（Criminal Law）：这本书主要介绍刑事法的基本原理和主要制度，包括犯罪构成、刑事责任、刑罚制度等。
作者通过对各国刑事法的比较研究，揭示了刑事法的演变规律和发展趋势。
5.《犯罪与刑罚》（Crime and Punishment）：这本书是俄国著名作家陀思妥耶夫斯基的经典之作，通过一个充满哲学思考的故事，探讨了犯罪与刑罚、道德与法律等诸多问题，对犯罪学的发展产生了深远影响。
国际商法CHAPTER 9
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高科技是福还是祸英语作文
高科技是福还是祸英语作文In the modern era, high technology has become an integral part of our lives, shaping our world in ways that are both profound and pervasive. It has revolutionized communication, transformed industries, and opened up new frontiers in science and medicine. However, the rise of high technology has also brought about numerous challenges and concerns, leading to a debate about whether it is truly a blessing or a curse.On the one hand, high technology is undoubtedly a blessing. It has made our lives more convenient and efficient. The advent of smartphones, for instance, has allowed us to access information, communicate with others, and manage our daily tasks with unprecedented ease. The internet has connected the world, breaking down barriers of distance and time, enabling people from diverse cultures to share knowledge and ideas.Moreover, high technology has also revolutionized industries. Automation and robotics have increased productivity and efficiency, while artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled machines to perform complex tasks withremarkable accuracy. These advancements have not only ledto economic growth but have also created new job opportunities in fields such as data science, cybersecurity, and AI ethics.In the field of medicine, high technology has also brought about remarkable advancements. With the help of modern technology, doctors can diagnose diseases more accurately, develop personalized treatment plans, and monitor patients' progress remotely. Technologies like genetic engineering and regenerative medicine are pushing the boundaries of what is possible in healthcare, offering hope to those suffering from chronic illnesses and disabilities.However, the rise of high technology is not without its downsides. One of the most significant concerns is the impact it has on privacy. With the proliferation of smartphones, social media, and surveillance technology, our personal information is constantly being collected and analyzed. This has led to concerns about data breaches, identity theft, and the misuse of personal data by governments and corporations.Moreover, high technology has also contributed to the rise of cybercrime. Hackers and other malicious actors can use advanced technologies to steal sensitive information, disrupt critical systems, or even launch attacks onnational infrastructure. This poses a significant threat to national security and the safety of individuals.Furthermore, the dependence on high technology can also lead to a loss of human interaction and social skills. People often prefer to communicate through digital platforms rather than face-to-face, which can lead to a decrease in empathy and understanding. This can have negative impacts on personal relationships and society at large.Moreover, the rapid pace of technological development has also created a digital divide, with those who have access to technology enjoying its benefits while those who don't are left behind. This divide can exacerbate social and economic inequalities, leading to further disparities in society.In conclusion, high technology is a complex phenomenon that brings both benefits and challenges. While it hasrevolutionized our lives in many positive ways, it has also created new problems and concerns. It is, therefore, important for us to approach high technology with acritical eye, weighing its pros and cons, and ensuring that its development is balanced and sustainable. We must also strive to address the challenges it poses, such as protecting privacy, combating cybercrime, and bridging the digital divide, to ensure that technology serves as a force for progress and unity rather than division and harm.**高科技：福还是祸？**在现代社会，高科技已经成为我们生活的重要组成部分，它以深刻而普遍的方式塑造着我们的世界。
网络犯罪 Cyber Crime 英语作文
Cyber Crime>Cyber Crime Essay:A crime that involves a network and a computer is known as computer-oriented crime or cybercrime. Such a crime affects the security of everything, might be a person, institution or even a nation. The computer is either used to commit a crime or is usually a target. Things that are hacked include information, privacy, data and it is often released out in the open to bring someone or some people down. Cybercriminals can be anyone, even your next-door neighbour or a high functional, advanced organization. Likeany other form of criminal activity, cybercrime is committed to gain excess money and finish the lives of people without murder.Long and Short Essays on Cyber Crime for Students and Kids in EnglishWe are providing students with essay samples on an extended essay of 500 words and a short piece of 150 words on the topic Cyber Crime for reference.Long Essay on Cyber Crime 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on Cyber Crime is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.There are various forms and types of Cyber Crime all over the world. Cybercrimes are committed by hackers not only for profit but for personal gains and with aims to damage a person, institution or nation. Internationally, both governmental and non-state institutions engage in cybercrime. Cybercrime is known as cyber warfare as soon as it crosses international borders.Most cybercrimes fall under two broad categories, namely, Criminal Activity that Targets and Criminal Activities that Uses.Other categories of cybercrime include, cyberterrorism which is is terrorism committed through a network or a computer, Financial Fraud Crimes, Cyber extortion which is when individuals ask for money in return of stopping malicious attacks on a system, Cybersex Trafficking, Online Harassment, Drug Trafficking, etc. Phishing, Malware Attacks, Denial of services and distributed DoS attacks are few of the most common examples of cybercrime.Online Harassment is something that is not considered as a form of cybercrime by most people, but it, in reality, is what happens in bulk. Under the category of online Harassment also falls the sub-category of cyber crimes against women, which is defined as ‘crimes targeted against women with a motive to intentionally harm them either physically or psychologically, using modern communication networks’.Tracing a cybercrime delinquent isn’t the most straightforward task to do because of their use of virtual spaces and attacks from various parts. It has been recorded that in 2018 The InternetCrime Complaint Sector received 351,937 complaints alone.Sine, everything you do on a computer or a network is recorded one way or the other, getting hold of the criminals isn’t impossible.Since many developing countries like the Philippines have underdeveloped laws regarding cybercrime and cybersecurity, it becomes easy for cybercriminals to use the underdeveloped laws of the developing countries to remain undetectable and anonymous.With the rise of the increase of technology, cybercrime has become a critical part of the society, and majors like that of Cyber Security have been established in many universities, hence, becoming an integral part of the academic system.You can now access more Essay Writing on Cyber Crime topic and many more topics.Since the age of computers and technology is rising every day, our lifestyles are becoming computer-dependent, and everything is stored on there. As the main aim of cybercriminals isthe breach of privacy, things become simpler for them.One major step towards prevention of cybercrime is the spread of Awareness. There are many individuals who aren’t comfortable using a computer, and hence they are more prone to cybercrimes. People don’t know how much and to what extent things can be done with the help of technology and computers; once, people are made aware of all these factors, a little wall of prevention can be created. Updated software and use of reliable anti-virus software are critical practices in preventing cybercrimes.The phrase, ‘prevention is bett er than cure might be old but has been relevant since forever and is relevant in today’s technology-dependent world full of all sorts of crime.Short Essay on Cyber Crime 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on Cyber Crime is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.Crime synonymous with the use of computers and network as means or targets is known as computer crime or cybercrime. Cybercrime is not a new word for anyone living in the 21st century,but not many know in how many forms they are present.Some of the most relevant forms of cybercrime are online Harassment, even though some might not give too much attention to it, it is part of the heinous umbrella term. Drug Trafficking, Cyber Warfare, Cyber Extortions, etc. are a few other famous forms of cybercrime.The cybercriminal can either use a computer to commit the crime or have another computer as his aim. Most of these criminals commit cybercrimes for money, no matter the reason, their primary objective is to a breach of privacy.Since most people have their lives saved on computers, they need to be extra cautious, which will only be possible through education and Awareness.10 Lines on Cyber Crime Essay in English1. Crimes committed by using a network or computer is known as cybercrime.2. Cybercriminals either use the computer as a tool to commit the crime or aim the computer to commit the crime.3. Online Harassment, no matter what anyone says, is a significant and ubiquitous form of cybercrime.4. Most cybercriminals resided in America sinceAmerica’s development with the computer was faster than that of any other country, but now, no place is devoid of cybercriminals. 5. Cyber-crimes can bring down a person, an institution or even a whole nation with the breach of privacy.6. Cyber Criminals use underdeveloped laws of the developing countries to manipulate records and remain anonymous; hence laws need to be made stricter.7. Education and Awareness are the initials steps taken to prevent cybercrimes from taking place.8. One needs to have a reliable anti-virus service and have all their software updated if they want to prevent cybercrimes.9. Cyber Security has become anintegral part of the curriculum in developed countries in the past few years. 10. Anyone can be a cyber-criminal. They can be a well-structured organization or a novice hacker.FAQ’s on Cyber Crime EssayQuestion 1.How to prevent cyber crimes?Answer:The best way of prevention is by keeping everything updated and secure with a reliable anti-virus service.Question 2.How to file cybercrime reports?Answer:Almost all countries have a cybersecurity cell, and their contact information is available online easily.Question 3.Is Online Harassment Cyber Crime?Answer:Yes, it is; please report the individual as soon as possible.Question 4.Is it very hard to catch cybercriminals?Answer:Yes, it is hard to catch cybercriminals but not impossible.。
互联网网络犯罪外文翻译文献编辑
文献信息文献标题：Juvenile Delinquency in the Virtual World: Similarities and Differences between Cyber-Enabled, Cyber-Dependent and Offline Delinquents in the Netherlands（虚拟世界中的青少年犯罪:荷兰使用网络犯罪、依赖网络犯罪和线下犯罪的异同）文献作者：Josja J. Rokven等文献出处：《 International Journal of Cyber Criminology》,2018.12(1): 27–46.字数统计：英文3172单词，18497字符；中文5758汉字外文文献Juvenile Delinquency in the Virtual World: Similarities and Differences between Cyber-Enabled, Cyber-Dependent and Offline Delinquents in the NetherlandsAbstract This study examines similarities and differences between juvenile delinquents of self-reported cyber-enabled offenses, cyber-dependent offenses, and offline offenses. The study builds on past studies by examining a broad range of online and offline offenses among a national probability sample of Dutch juveniles aged 12-17 years old. Results show that juveniles who report both offline and online offenses have the most high-risk profile. Within the group online delinquents, juveniles who commit both cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled offenses have the highest risk profile. The results further indicate that cyber-dependent delinquents are a distinct group from online delinquents.Keywords: Online offending, cyber crime, cyber-dependent crime, cyber-enabled crime, risk and promotive factors.IntroductionSince 2007 police census data have shown a sharp decline in juvenile crime in the Netherlands (Van der Laan & Goudriaan, 2016). Because of this crime drop, the urgency to deal with juvenile crime seems to have decreased, and the focus has shifted to more specific forms of crime, such as high impact crimes. However, official statistics relate primarily to traditional offline offenses. One possible explanation for the observed crime drop is that juveniles have shifted from committing traditional offline offenses to online offenses (Tcherni et al., 2016). With the digitalization of society, new ways to commit traditional offline offenses have emerged, as well as opportunities to commit new types of offenses online. This raises the question as to whether ‘street criminals’ have gone online, or whether we are dealing with a new type of delinquent.Previous research distinguishes two types of online delinquency: cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent delinquency (Holt & Bossler, 2016; McGuire &Dowling, 2013). Cyber- enabled delinquency refers to ‘traditional’ offenses that are committed using Information Communication Technology (ICT), and includes acts such as online fraud, extortion, and online stalking. Cyber-dependent delinquency refers to offenses that can only be committed using ICT and that are primarily directed against computer or network resources. This includes acts such as hacking, distributing viruses, and orchestrating DDoS- attacks.In an attempt to better understand what kind of individual is involved in online delinquency, scholars have now started to examine correlates of online delinquency and their differences and communalities with correlates of offline delinquency. The majority of previous studies have limited their focus to either one or, at most, a small number of online offenses. Regarding cyber-enabled delinquency, research has focused on offenses such as bullying and online harassment (e.g., Kerstens & Veenstra, 2015; Raskauskas & Stolz, 2007; Ybarra & Mitchell, 2004), online child pornography (for an overview, see Babchishin, Hanson & Hermann, 2010), and digital piracy (e.g., Brunton-Smith & McCarthy, 2016; Higgins, 2005; Higgins, Fell & Wilson, 2006; Wolfe & Higgins, 2009). With regard to cyber-dependent offenses, most studies have focused on hacking (e.g., Bossler & Burruss, 2011; Khey et al., 2009; Yar, 2005a). Tothe best of our knowledge, only one study has focused on a broader range of online offenses, whilst also including offline offenses (Donner, Jennings & Banfield, 2015). Donner and colleagues found that online delinquents were often prone to offline delinquency as well. However, these findings are based on a sample from a specific population, namely undergraduate college students in the US. The question is whether their results can be generalized to a national probability sample of juveniles.In the current study, we build on previous research by first investigating the extent to which cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent delinquents differ from each other, and secondly the extent to which they differ from offline delinquents. Studying types of online delinquents and their similarities and differences with traditional offline delinquents is important, because if online delinquents are similar to offline delinquents, the same prevention methods could be used for both. However, if differences emerge within and between groups, different approaches regarding prevention and forensic treatment may be required.To study potential differences between cyber-enabled, cyber-dependent, and offline delinquents, we used the Youth Delinquency Survey (YDS), a cross-sectional self- reported study on a national probability sample of juveniles from the Netherlands (see Van der Laan, Blom & Kleemans, 2009). The YDS contains detailed information on both self-reported online and offline delinquency, and on risk and promotive factors that are related to traditional offline delinquency. Risk factors increase the likelihood of delinquency, whereas promotive factors decrease this likelihood. Determining the differences between cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent delinquents, and determining the extent to which online delinquents differ from offline delinquents, is done by examining these risk and promotive factors. The main research questions of this study are: What distinguishes juvenile delinquents of cyber-enabled offenses from juvenile delinquents of cyber-dependent offenses? What distinguishes juvenile delinquents of online offenses from juvenile delinquents of offline offenses?1.Theory1.1.Risk Factor ModelThe risk factor model is based on the (bio) social ecological model of Bronfenbrenner (1979).The general idea behind this model is that different domains influence the likelihood of antisocial and delinquent behavior (Farrington, 2003; Lipsey & Derzon, 1998; Loeber et al., 2008). The domains are generally organized into five broader categories: the individual, family, school, peers, and the community domain.A variety of factors have been found to increase the likelihood of delinquent behavior. Individual risk factors include impulsivity or defective moral beliefs (Agnew, 2003; Farrington, 2003), unstructured routine activities without the supervision of parents (Osgood & Anderson 2004; Osgood et al., 1996), and (excessive) substance use (Felson, 1998). Another important risk factor is self-control. Self-control has been demonstrated to be one of the most influential correlates of traditional crime, and has also frequently been applied to various forms of cybercrime (e.g., Bossler & Burrus, 2011; Higgins, 2005). Next, certain online activities may place individuals at risk for online delinquency. Past studies suggest that more advanced forms of cyber-dependent crimes, such as hacking, may require higher levels of computer skills (Bossler & Burrus, 2011; Xu, Hu & Zhang, 2013). A factor that may favor the development of these skills is gaming; juveniles, who frequently play online games, may develop more online skills, which are necessary for the (successful) pursuit of cyber-crimes (Xu, Hu & Zhang, 2013).In the family domain, poor parental bonding, little openness to parents, and the lack of parental supervision have been found to predict delinquency (Rutter, Giller &Hagell, 1998; Stattin & Kerr, 2000). In the school domain, poor academic performance and low attachment to school are examples of risk factors (Junger & Haen Marshall, 1997; Mason & Windle, 2002). The delinquent behavior of friends is considered an important risk factor in the peer domain (Warr, 1993; Weerman, 2011), and poverty and community disorganization are examples of risk factors in the community domain (Hawkins et al., 2000).In addition to risk factors, scholars have also identified promotive factors (Farrington et al., 2008; Sameroff et al., 1998). Promotive factors reduce thelikelihood of negative outcomes, and can counterbalance risk factors. As such, promotive factors can (partially) explain why not all juveniles that are exposed to risk factors become involved in antisocial or delinquent behavior (Farrington & Welsh, 2007; Loeber et al., 2008). Examples of promotive factors are strong social bonds, pro-social norms, parental support, and a strong attachment to school (Catalano et al., 2004).Research has shown that the accumulation of risk factors across multiple domains increases the likelihood of negative outcomes, including antisocial and delinquent behavior (Loeber et al., 2008; Stouthamer-Loeber et al., 2002). Studies on promotive factors show that an accumulation of promotive factors reduces the likelihood of negative outcomes (Farrington et al., 2008; Sameroff et al., 1998). Because promotive factors have the ability to buffer the negative influences of risks, scholars have also examined the cumulative impact of risk and promotive factors across different domains. Overall, the more risk factors and the fewer promotive factors present, the higher the likelihood that individuals engage in (serious) delinquent behavior (e.g., Stouthamer-Loeber et al., 2002; Van der Laan et al., 2010). As such, we expect juveniles who commit several types of offenses, both online and offline, the most serious delinquents, to be characterized by the highest risk profile(i.e., most risk factors and fewest promotive factors).1.2.The Current StudyIn this study, we first examine the differences between self-reported cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent delinquents on risk and promotive factors, distinguishing between factors in the individual, family, peer and school domain. Secondly, we test whether these online delinquents differ from offline delinquents on these factors. So far, research on online delinquency has mostly focused on a single type or limited number of online offenses, and/or are based on samples of student populations. Our study builds on and extends this body of literature by examining a broader range of cyber-enabled, cyber-dependent, and offline offenses among a national probability sample of juveniles. This way, we are able to provide a more comprehensive picture of different types of online delinquents, and their differenceswith offline delinquents. For this purpose, we focus on a variety of risk and promotive factors derived from the risk factor model, and also investigate the cumulative impact of these risk and promotive factors across different domains.2.Data and MethodsWe used data from the most recent wave (2015) of the YDS. The YDS is a cross-sectional, self-report study, conducted every five years among a national probability sample of Dutch juveniles, aged between 10 and 23 years. Within the YDS, a random stratified sampling method was followed. The initial sample was divided into 30 strata, defined by age and ethnic origin, followed by a random selection of juveniles from the Municipal Population Register. Ethnic minorities (Turks, Moroccans, Surinamese and Antilleans/Arubans) and juveniles under twelve (10 and 11-year-olds) were oversampled, as these groups tend to be less likely to participate in survey research.In the current study, we focused solely on minors aged between 12 to 17 years. We excluded juveniles under the age of twelve, as these individuals cannot be prosecuted by the juvenile justice system in the Netherlands. Young adults (18-to 23-year-olds) were also excluded, as these individuals are prosecuted by the adult justice system in the Netherlands. Between January and June 2015, a total of 2,207 juveniles, aged between 12 and 17 years, were approached to participate in the study. With an unweighted response rate of 61.8%, the final sample consisted of 1,365 juveniles. The sample was largely representative of the target populations. Juveniles from Turkish and Moroccan origin were less likely to participate in the study (response rates respectively 52.2% and 56.2%). However, this underrepresentation is small enough that the data can be considered representative for these groups as a whole (Engelen, Roels & de Heij, 2015). The data were gathered by means of Computer Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI) and Computer Assisted Self Interviews (CASI), with CASI being used for questions about sensitive information, including self-reported delinquency.2.1 Dependent VariablesTo measure delinquency, we used 27 items on offline delinquency, and 10 itemson online delinquency. Offline delinquency items included whether or not a juvenile had been involved in any of the following type of offenses in the 12 months prior to the interview: violent offenses (7 items), property offenses (11 items), vandalism (5 items), distributing narcotics (3 items), and the possession of weapons (1 item). Online delinquency was measured using 10 items, differentiating between cyber-enabled (5 items) and cyber-dependent offenses (5 items). Cyber-enabled delinquency included: threats through text messages, e-mail or chat-box, threats through social media, not supplying goods that have been purchased online, not paying for goods that have been purchased online, and distributing sexual pictures of minors through the internet. Cyber-dependent offenses included: carrying out DDoS attacks, hacking without changing information, hacking and changing information, sending viruses, and changing passwords. For readability, we use the term ‘digitized delinquents’ to refer to juvenile delinquents of cyber-enabled offenses, and the term ‘cyber delinquents’ to refer to juvenile delinquents of cyber-dependent offenses.Juveniles were asked to indicate whether they had ever committed any of these offenses, and if so, how often in the 12 months prior to the interview. Juveniles were coded as delinquents if they reported committing at least one offense in the 12 months prior to the interview (one year prevalence). In total, 23.4% of the juveniles reported that they had committed at least one online offense in the 12 months prior to the interview (N=320). Of those online delinquents, 42.2% reported only cyber offenses (N=135), 32.2% reported only digitized offenses (N=103), and 26.6% reported both cyber and digitized offenses (N=85). These three groups were used to study the differences between cyber and digitized delinquents. To study the differences between online and offline delinquents, four groups were distinguished: a group of non-delinquents (N=796, 58.3%), a group only reporting online offenses (N=85, 6.2%), a group only reporting offline offenses (N=249, 18.2%), and a group that reported both online and offline offenses (N=235, 17.2%).2.2.Independent VariablesTo study the differences between (different types of) online and offline delinquents, we examined factors concerning the individual (self-control, alcohol anddrug use, gaming, attitude towards delinquency), family (emotional warmth, parental solicitation, parental control), friends (delinquent behavior of peers), and school domain (satisfaction with school). Unfortunately, the YDS does not include questions regarding the community domain.DiscussionThe purpose of the current study was to identify differences between digitized delinquents and cyber delinquents, and to examine differences between them and traditional, offline delinquents. For these purposes, we used data from the 2015 wave of the Youth Delinquency Survey (YDS), a cross-sectional study with a national probability sample of juveniles aged 12 to 17 years in the Netherlands, containing detailed information on both self-reported online and offline delinquency, and risk and promotive factors.The results of our study suggest differences between juveniles who reported only online offenses and juveniles who also reported offline offenses, regarding risk and promotive factors. Juveniles who report both offline and online offenses have the most high-risk profile, in comparison to juveniles who only commit online offenses and juveniles who only commit offline offenses. This finding supports the assumption that the risk factor model primarily provides an explanation for more serious delinquency (Loeber et al., 2008). Furthermore, evidence is found for a counter-balancing effect of cumulative risk and promotive factors. The more risk domains and fewer promotive domains that were experienced, the higher the percentage of juveniles that committed both offline and online offenses. This implies that for these juveniles, preventions and interventions across multiple domains are required. Within the group of online delinquents, juveniles who commit both cyber and digitized offenses had the highest risk profile.Our findings suggest that cyber delinquents are a distinct group from online delinquents. Cyber delinquents have the least severe risk profile: they report more promotive factors and fewer risk factors compared to other groups of online delinquents. Furthermore, cyber delinquents are the group least likely to also commitoffline offenses. These findings support the findings of Yar (2005b), and Bossler and Burruss (2011). They too found mixed support for the applicability of traditional theories to cyber-dependent delinquency. As such, our results imply that whilst traditional criminological theories can be used for explaining cyber-enabled delinquency, new theories may be needed for the explanation of cyber-dependent delinquency.Our finding that online delinquents, and cyber delinquents in particular, have the lowest risk profile in terms of risk and promotive factors may, however, indicate a lack of relevant risk factors to characterize these delinquents. To determine profiles of online delinquents we relied on the existing risk factor model (Loeber et al., 2008). This model was designed for understanding why juveniles commit offenses offline, but not necessarily online. The results of our study suggest that some of these risk factors do apply to self-reported online delinquency. Yet, in particular for cyber delinquents, we found few significant associations with the risk and promotive factors. This supports the suggestion that delinquents of cyber-dependent offenses are in need of a typological approach that specifically explains this type of delinquency (Capeller, 2001). However, instead of, as some have suggested, developing a new theory, an alternative approach is to expand the risk factor model to include a digital domain. Digital risk and promotive factors, such as social media use, digital activities, and programming skills, are often related to cyber-dependent delinquency (Bossler & Burrus, 2011), but are mostly missing in research on online delinquency. In addition, in order to verify whether our results hold when using data sources other than self-reported data, we recommend future studies investigate how police and judicial records can be used to distinguish offline delinquency from online delinquency. Furthermore, it would be of interest to explore whether alternative (online) sources, such as data from social media, can be used to measure or predict online delinquency.ConclusionIn conclusion, the results of this study provide a first insight into the differences between juvenile delinquents of cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent offenses, and intothe extent to which they differ from traditional offline delinquents. Based on self-report data from a national probability sample of Dutch juveniles, we showed that juvenile cyber delinquents are a distinct group compared to juvenile digitized delinquents and to juveniles who report both cyber and digitized offenses. Given that the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency is primarily focused on traditional offenses, it remains to be seen whether existing interventions are also effective in preventing juveniles from committing cyber-dependent offenses.Limitations and Directions for future researchAlthough this is the first comprehensive study on the characteristics of juvenile online delinquents using a national probability sample of juveniles, the findings and implications should be viewed in light of some limitations. First, the data we used are based on self-report data. Self-report data has the advantage that it supplies information on delinquency that is not known to the police or justice system. However, the use of self-reports also has limitations. For instance, juveniles maybe reluctant to reveal criminal activities, which may lead to an under-representation of more serious forms of delinquency (Weijters, Van der Laan & Kessels, 2016). Moreover, self-reports may be affected by respondents’ recall errors, if a long period of time since the delinquent act has elapsed (Junger-Tas & Haen Marshall, 1999). Second, the cross-sectional nature of this study precludes temporal inferences. As such, the various risk and promotive factors may not only cause juvenile delinquency, but they may also be the result of juveniles’ engagement in delinquency. It is feasible, for instance, that juveniles who commit offenses develop a more positive attitude towards delinquency. In addition, in criminological literature, there is an ongoing debate on whether peer delinquency is a cause or consequence of delinquent behavior (Weerman, 2011). To study temporal order, longitudinal data are required. Lastly, although many of the factors in previous research were also addressed in the current study, we knew little about the internet behavior of juveniles. In various studies, different aspects of internet behavior have been identified as strong predictors of online risk behavior among juvenile delinquents (Kerstens & Veenstra, 2015). With this in mind, werecommend future research specifically focuses on factors that are related to online behavior.中文译文虚拟世界中的青少年犯罪：荷兰使用网络犯罪、依赖网络犯罪和线下犯罪的异同摘要本研究调查了青少年犯罪在自述使用网络犯罪、依赖网络犯罪和线下犯罪中的异同。
网瘾的危害英文ppt全版.ppt
great. • 3 Difficult to obtain and Preservation evidence. • 4 Difficult to prevent. • 5 Wide spread rapidly. • 6 easy to hidden.
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9
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• 2) It`s full of dangerous virus
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• 3) poisonous information and pictures, it is hard to be observed
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• 4) the information is not to be trusted
Internet “Smart Rules”
4. Don’t reply to e-mail messages that make you feel uncomfortable. 5. Don’t give out credit card numbers to anyone. 6. Don’t forward chain letters. 7. Don’t copy music illegally from the internet. 8. E-mail is not private. Do not assume that it is.
Internet “Smart Rules”
9. Don’t download anything without asking your teacher or parent. You may download a virus. 10. If you receive an e-mail asking you to forward something to everyone,….don’t. 11. Don’t tell anyone your account password. 12. Don’t e-mail in UPPERCASE. It’s like shouting.
大数据的危害英语作文
大数据时代的隐患：机遇与挑战并存In the age of big data, the volume, velocity, and variety of data have exploded, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and think. With the ever-growing accessibility and affordability of data, its potential to transform industries and revolutionize decision-making processes is immense. However, alongside the remarkable opportunities that big data presents, it also brings a myriad of hazards that cannot be ignored.One significant hazard posed by big data is the issue of privacy. As more and more personal information is collected and stored, the risk of privacy breaches and misuse of data increases exponentially. Hackers and cybercriminals are constantly on the lookout for vulnerabilities in data systems, exploiting them to steal sensitive information or launch malicious attacks. Even well-intentioned organizations can fall victim to data breaches, putting the personal details of millions at risk. Moreover, the rise of big data analytics and predictive modeling has led to concerns about the potential for abuse. With the ability to analyze vast amounts of data andpredict behaviors, organizations can gain unprecedented insights into individuals' lives. This knowledge can be misused for discriminatory practices, such as targeting certain groups for unfair treatment or excluding them from opportunities based on flawed algorithms.Another hazard of big data is the ethical implications associated with its use. In the quest for data-driven insights, organizations may be tempted to overlook ethical considerations. This could lead to unethical practices such as manipulating data to fit a desired outcome or using data in ways that violate individuals' rights and freedoms.Furthermore, the sheer volume of data generated by big data can be overwhelming, leading to issues of information overload. As individuals and organizations struggle to process and understand the vast amounts of data available, they may miss important signals or fail to identify patterns and trends that could lead to valuable insights. Lastly, the dependency on big data can create a false sense of security. Relying solely on data-driven decisions can blind organizations to the need for human intuition and expertise. In some cases, data may not capture all relevantinformation or may be subject to interpretation and misinterpretation. Relying solely on data can lead to decisions that ignore important contextual information orfail to anticipate unexpected outcomes.In conclusion, while big data holds immense potentialto transform our world, it also brings a range of hazards that need to be addressed. It is crucial that we strike a balance between harnessing the power of data and safeguarding privacy, ethics, and human values. By doing so, we can ensure that big data serves as a tool for positive transformation rather than a threat to our society and wayof life.**大数据时代的隐患：机遇与挑战并存**在大数据时代，数据的数量、速度和多样性都呈爆炸性增长，彻底改变了我们的生活方式、工作方式以及思维方式。
Cyber Crime
online media administration and industry regulation cannot keep up
with the rapid change of situation, he said.
On March 1, 2011 at Lassiter High School, two students were accused of impersonation of a staff member via cybercrime, but both claimed they were uninvolved. The offense was made a felony in the Cobb County School District two months after the impersonation had happened. Shortly afterwards, the head of the LHS School Board said "The teacher just wouldn't do this at all". The case ended on May 9, and no evidence was found. June 2012 LinkedIn and eHarmony had been attacked, compromising 65 million passwords, 30,000 passwords were cracked and 1.5 million EHarmony passwords were posted online.
Cyber Crime
What is the Cyber Crime?
Computer crime refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Net crime refers to criminal exploitation of the Internet.
中国青少年网络欺凌原因和解决方法英语作文
中国青少年网络欺凌原因和解决方法英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Cyberbullying: A Big Problem That Needs Big SolutionsHi there! My name is Xiaoming and I'm a 5th grader here in Beijing. Today I want to talk to you about something that's been happening a lot online with kids my age – cyberbullying. It's a really big problem that a lot of young people in China and around the world are dealing with.What is Cyberbullying?Cyberbullying is when someone uses the internet, smartphones, or other technology to try to hurt, embarrass, or threaten someone else on purpose. It can involve sending mean messages or rumors, posting embarrassing photos or videos of someone without their permission, or excluding someone from online groups in a cruel way.Some examples are:• Sending nasty texts or DMs insulting someone's looks, intelligence, or other traits• Sharing someone's personal information online without their consent• Creating a hateful webpage, meme, or social media post about someone• Repeatedly sending harassing messages or threats to someone• Hacking into someone's accounts and impersonatin g them onlineIt's a huge issue because the bullying follows you everywhere you go online. You can't escape it by going home from school. The harassment and cruelty is right there on your devices.Why Does It Happen?There are a few big reasons why cyberbullying has become such a widespread issue, especially among kids and teens:Anonymity - Bullies can hide behind anonymous usernames and fake accounts online, which makes them feel braver about saying really cruel things they might not say in person.Lack of Empathy - It's harder to understand how your actions impact others when you're not face-to-face. The distancecreated by technology makes it easier to forget there's a real person getting hurt.Peer Pressure - Some kids cyberbully because they think it will make them look cool or popular, especially if they're doing it to someone disliked by their friend group.Revenge - In some cases, cyberbullying starts as retaliation against someone who bullied or offended the other person first, creating a harmful back-and-forth cycle.Boredom/Entertainment - Sadly, some bullies do it just because they're bored and find it entertaining to stir up drama online at someone else's expense.Why It's So HarmfulThe effects of cyberbullying can be really devastating and long-lasting, especially for young people. Some of the major consequences include:• Depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues• Low self-esteem and body image problems• Academic difficulties and p oor school performance• Isolation from friend groups and activities• Self-harm and even suicidal thoughts/behaviorThat's why it's so important to take steps to prevent cyberbullying and protect the targets when it does happen.What Can We Do About It?So what are some of the solutions? Here are some of the top ways experts recommend addressing cyberbullying among youth:For Parents and Teachers:• Educate yourselves about internet safety, popular apps, and signs of cyberbullying• Have open conversations about online respect, ethics, and responsible tech use• Monitor children's online activities while still givingage-appropriate privacy• Establish clear rules about acceptable tech and social media use• Encourage kids to speak up if they witness or experience cyberbullying• Work cooperatively with schools and parents of involved studentsFor Kids and Teens:• Be kind and respectful to others online, just like you would in-person• Refuse to participate in bullying behavior and call it out when you see it• Block, report, and talk to a trusted adult about any harassment you receive• Use strict privacy settings and be cautious about what you post/share• Take breaks fro m technology if it's causing you stress• Practice self-care and positive self-talk to boost confidence• Seek help from a counselor or helpline if you're struggling with your mental healthFor Companies and Government:• Design apps and platforms with safeguards to detect and prevent cyberbullying• Have clear policies and reporting systems for online harassment• Provide resources educating about internet safety and ethics• Cooperate with law enforcemen t to address severe cyberbullying cases• Enact and enforce laws against online harassment, threats, and abusive behaviorBy working together on multiple levels - at home, school, in peer groups, and through technology and policy changes - we can create a culture of greater online responsibility, empathy and kindness. It will take effort from everyone, but we owe it to ourselves and future generations to make the internet a safer, more compassionate place, free from cyberbullying.I hope this essay has helped explain why cyberbullying among youth is such a serious issue, where it comes from, and what we can all do to try to prevent it and protect those who become targets. Thanks for reading, and let's all take a stand against cruelty online! The internet should be a place for making friends, learning, and having fun - not bullying.篇2The Danger of Cyberbullying and How to Stop ItMy name is Xiaoming and I'm 10 years old. I love playing video games, hanging out with my friends, and learning about science and math. But there's one thing I really don't like - cyberbullying. It's when people use phones, computers, or other devices to be mean and hurt others. I've seen it happen to some of my classmates and it's not okay.Cyberbullying can really damage people's feelings. When bullies send insulting messages, spread rumors online, or share embarrassing photos/videos without permission, it makes the victims feel sad, angry, and alone. Some kids who get bullied a lot even start skipping school or hurting themselves because the pain gets so bad. That's why we need to understand why cyberbullying happens and how to prevent it.One reason some kids become cyberbullies is because they get bullied offline too. Maybe they get picked on at school or don't have many friends, so they take out their anger anonymously online. It makes them feel powerful to put others down when there are no face-to-face consequences. Some bullies also do it because they think it's funny to upset people or want to look cool in front of their friends.But a lot of cyberbullies don't realize how much harm they're causing. With the internet, mean messages or posts can spread super fast and be seen by tons of people. Things said online stick around forever too, haunting the victims. Even if the bullies are just joking or don't mean it personally, their actions are still hurtful.Bystanders often stay quiet about cyberbullying because they're afraid of becoming the next target or just don't want to get involved. But by doing nothing, they let the bullying continue and make the victims feel even more alone. If nobody speaks up, bullies start to think their bad behavior is acceptable.So how can we put an end to cyberbullying? First, schools need to take it way more seriously. Teachers should talk to students early about internet safety and why cyberbullying is wrong. There need to be very clear rules about acceptable online behavior, with punishments for breaking them. Counselors should also help kids who are bullies or victims to address the root causes.Parents have an important role too. They should closely monitor their kids' online activities from a young age and set firm guidelines. Having open conversations about cyberbullying and going over scenarios can help prevent it. If bullying doesoccur, parents need to step in, document it, and work with the school to resolve the situation.Kids themselves have to step up as well. If you see someone getting bullied online, don't join in and don't just watch silently. Tell the bully firmly to stop or report them to parents/teachers. Bullies are more likely to back off if peers stick up for the victim. Be kind to anyone being picked on too and let them know they have support.Those doing the bullying really need a reality check. Think about how you'd feel if you were constantly terrorized and had no escape from the harassment. The cruel words you think are temporary or "just jokes" can actually traumatize someone for life. Unless you walk a mile in a victim's shoes, you'll never understand the depression, anxiety, and fear they experience daily.Cyberbullies, ask yourselves this: What kind of person do you want to be? The type who hurts others for kicks and turns the internet into a terrifying place? Or someone who uses technology to build people up and spread more kindness and happiness in the world? I hope you'll make the right choice.The internet and social media are here to stay. We can either allow cyberbullying to keep doing massive damage, or we canfoster a safer, more respectful online environment. But it will only happen if everyone – kids, parents, teachers, tech companies, all of society – works together to take a stand against bullying in all its forms.I'll do my part by always treating others how I want to be treated, whether face-to-face or on the internet. I hope you'll join me in making the internet a place of positivity, not cruelty. Because in the end, we're all human and should look out for one another. Let's spread more smiles and less sadness online!篇3Cyberbullying: A Big Problem That Needs Big SolutionsHi there! My name is Xiaoming and I'm a 5th grader here in China. Today I want to talk to you about something that's a really big deal for kids my age – cyberbullying. It's when people use the internet, phones, apps, games, or other technology to be mean and bully others. Trust me, it's a huge problem and it can make kids feel awful.Why Does Cyberbullying Happen?There are quite a few reasons why some kids turn into cyberbullies. First of all, they might be bullies at school too and just take that bad behavior online. Maybe they were bulliedthemselves and are taking out their anger on others. Some bullies think it's funny to post embarrassing photos or say nasty things. A lot of times, cyberbullies don't really understand how hurtful their actions can be since they're not face-to-face with their victims.Another major cause is that it's just so easy to cyberbully someone these days. We have all these devices and apps to communicate through, and a bully can strike at any time from anywhere without getting caught. It's a lot harder for parents and teachers to monitor what kids are doing online too. Online bullies can also feel more brave and powerful when they're anonymous behind a screen.Kids sometimes cyberbully because of peer pressure too. If all their friends are making fun of someone online, they might join in so they don't get targeted themselves or to try to look cool. Jealousy and not fitting in can spark cyberbullying incidents as well.What Are the Effects?Cyberbullying is never ok and can seriously hurt kids. Imagine how you'd feel if somebody posted an embarrassing video of you for the whole world to see, or sent you a barrage of hateful messages day after day? It can make you feel sad,depressed, anxious, afraid, alone, and unhappy at school and at home. Your self-esteem takes a beating and you might even think about not wanting to live anymore, which is really scary.Even for kids who witness cyberbullying happening, it's upsetting and contributes to a climate of negativity, disrespect, and fear. It can make kids not want to go online at all if they're worried about being bullied or seeing bullying happen. Overall, cyberbullying creates an atmosphere where kids don't feel safe.What Can We Do About It?So what's the solution? How can we put a stop to cyberbullying? Well, I think there are a few key things we need to do:We have to teach kids to be better "cybercitizens" and treat each other with kindness online, just like they should in the real world. Teachers, parents, celebrities, social media infIuencers –all the trusted adults and role models need to hammer home this message early and often.Schools need to have very clear policies against cyberbullying and punishment for anyone who engages in it. There should also be secure ways for kids to report incidents without fear of retaliation.Parents have to really monitor what their kids are up to online and on their devices. They should go through apps, games, text messages – everything – regularly, and have open conversations about proper online behavior.Social media companies, app developers, game makers etc. need to have solid systems to prevent cyberbullying on their platforms. That means human moderators, filters for bad language, and ways for users to report problems.Kids who are cyberbullies need to face real consequences like losing internet access, getting off sports teams, or getting expelled so they learn their behavior is unacceptable.We should have programs and counselors available to help cyberbullying victims recover and rebuild their confidence. Being bullied can have lasting negative effects, so it's important to support these kids.We all need to make an effort to be "upstanders" not bystanders when cyberbullying happens. If we see it, we should report it to parents, teachers, app moderators etc. Cyberbullies should be outnumbered by all of us calling out their cruelty.At the end of the day, stopping cyberbullying takes a huge group effort from kids, parents, teachers, schools, techcompanies, and society at large. We have to work together to make the online world a safer, kinder, more respectful place. It's going to take a lot of work, but we have to keep trying for the sake of kids everywhere. After all, we're the future!。
cyber crime英文作文
cyber crime英文作文Cyber crime is a serious issue that affects individuals and businesses worldwide. It can take many forms, such as identity theft, hacking, and online scams. These crimes can have devastating effects on victims, causing financial loss and emotional distress.The internet has provided criminals with new opportunities to commit cyber crime. They can easily hide their identities and operate from anywhere in the world. This makes it difficult for law enforcement to track down and prosecute these criminals.Cyber crime can also have a significant impact on businesses. Data breaches can result in the loss of sensitive information, such as customer and employee data. This can damage a company's reputation and lead tofinancial loss.It's important for individuals and businesses to takesteps to protect themselves from cyber crime. This includes using strong, unique passwords, keeping software and security systems up to date, and being cautious about sharing personal information online.Law enforcement agencies around the world are working to combat cyber crime, but it's a challenging task. International cooperation is essential to track down and prosecute cyber criminals who operate across borders.In conclusion, cyber crime is a growing threat that affects individuals and businesses globally. It's important for everyone to be aware of the risks and take steps to protect themselves from online threats.。
网络安全 Cyber Security 英语作文
Cyber Security>Essay on Cyber Security:Nowadays, personal and business operations depend on technologies and computers, so it is easy for attackers to steal information through the internet. Cybersecurity covers all aspects of ensuring citizens’ protection, critical infrastructures, and businesses from any threat from using the internet.Long and Short Essays on Cyber Security for Students and Kids in EnglishWe provide students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on Cyber Security for reference.Long Essay on Cyber Security 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on Cyber Security is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.The main definition of cyber security is protecting networks, data, programs, and other information from unattended or unauthorized access, change, or destruction. Around the globe nowadays, cyber security is very vitalbecause of some cyber-attacks and cyber-attacks. Many companies develop software for data protection.The main task of the software developed by the companies is to protect the data in their system. Not only does cyber security helps to secure information, but it also protects it from a virus attack. India is one of the countries with the highest number of internet users, after the USA and China.Cyber threats can be classified into two major types: Cyber crime, which happens against anindividual, corporate, etc. and Cyber-warfare, which happens against a state.Cyber-crime is the use of cyberspace such as cellphones, computers, the internet or other technical devices, etc. By using numerous codes and software in cyberspace, cyber attackers can commit cyber crime. Through the use of malware, the attackers exploit the weakness in the hardware and software design. Hacking is an ordinary way of penetrating the defences of protected computer systems and disrupting their functioning.Cyber crimes may occur directly by targeting the computers and spreading the computer viruses or by using Denial of service attacks, which is an attempt to make a network or machine unavailable to its projected users. A software named malware is used to gain access to a private computer, gather sensitive information, or disrupt computer operation.Snowden exposures have shown that cyberspace can become the theatre of warfare in the 21st century. The future battles will not be fought on land, air, or water but more of wars using cyber-attacks. The use of internet-basedinvisible force as an instrument initiated by any state to fight against another nation is known as the Cyber-warfare.The easiest thing that an individual can do to up their security and relax knowing their data is safe is to change their passwords. Many password management tools can be used to keep track of everything for an individual as these applications help them use unique, secure passwords for every website one needs and keep track of all the passwords.Deleting old unused accounts is a good way to secure someone’s information. In many cases,an attacker can easily access someon e’s network by using their old credentials that have fallen by the curb.To add extra security to logins, one can enable two-factor authentication as the extra layer of security makes it harder for an attacker to get into someone’s accounts. Keeping one’s software up to date is also a way to prevent cyber-attacks.Cyber security is one of the world’s biggest needs due to today’s high internet penetration as cyber security threats are very dangerous to a country’s security. The government and thecitizens should both spread awareness among the people to update their network security settings and their systems and use proper anti-virus so that their system and network settings stay malware and virus-free.Short Essay on Cyber Security 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on Cyber Security is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.Protection of networks, data, programs, and other sensitive information from unauthorized access, change, and destruction is known ascyber security. Cyber security is a major concern in this era where the use of computers has become ordinary for everyone. With the development of technology and the internet’s availability to most of the public, the pathway of cyber crimes has also increased.Malware, spyware, ransomware, fraud, phishing, etc. are the different types of viruses used in a cyber-attack. Hackers gains access to someone’s computer systems easily if the user of that computer clicks on infected web pages, links, malicious websites, or unintentionally downloads a dangerous program. Cyber securityplays an important role in preventing some difficult and heinous crimes like blackmailing, fraud transactions through another account, leakage of personal information.It is the responsibility of every citizen to spread awareness among everyone and keep their system and network security updated to prevent cyber attacks from happening worldwide.10 Lines on Cyber Security in EnglishCyber Security is the body of technologies, operations, and applications designed to protect programs, devices, networks, and data.As numerous amounts of data are collected, processed, and stored on computers by government, military, and corporate, cyber security is necessary.Organizations tasked with protecting information relating to national records should take steps to protect this information with cyber attacks’ growth.India ranks higher than its global peers as 54% of ransomware and malware attacks occur in India, whereas globally, 47% of attacks occur.Brutal terrorist attacks like 9/11 and 26/11 in Mumbai and America also took place due to a lack of cyber security.Three billion accounts were breached in 2013, as reported by Yahoo.The government has taken some huge steps to improve India’s cyber secu rity and has established many cyber-crime police stations.Cyber security is one of the major challenges in the contemporary world due to its complexity in technology and politics.In December 2014, a six-month-long cyber-attack on the German parliament, and in 2008, a cyber-attack on US military computers were launched.Citizens and governments have to spread awareness about cyber attacks among the public; otherwise, the rate of cyber attacks will increase more and not control it.FAQ’s on Cyber Securi ty EssayQuestion 1.What are the major types of cyber-attacks?Answer:The main cyber-attacks are:HackingMalwareSpamming Question 2.Is there any difference between IT and cyber security?Answer:IT security is applying measures and systems designed to safely protect the information usingvarious forms of technologies, whereas cyber security is more about the protection of data in its electric form.Question 3.Name the biggest cyber attack to date?Answer:The Internet Giant in September 2016 announced that a cyber-attack that compromised 500 million users’ personal information took place, which is the biggest cyber attack to date.Question 4.What are some of the main foundations of cyber security?Answer:Some of the main foundations of cyber security consists of information security, end-user education, business continuity planning, application security, operational security.。
网瘾的危害英文
can you leave a small space for me to put the food in the refrigerator?
darling, go home~
internet addition
he will fall behind
Cultivate healthy habits
we should deal with the Internet carefully
parents are responsible for their own children
The conclusion of our task
• 1.Internet has its advantages and disadvantages.
• 1 high IQ of Criminal. • 2 the cost of cybercrime is low and the harm is
great. • 3 Difficult to obtain and Preservation evidence. • 4 Difficult to prevent. • 5 Wide spread rapidly. • 6 easy to hidden.
our rights.
• 4. Internet is wonderful, but we shouldn`t be addicted to it.
Thank you!!!
Thinking: what should we
postgraduates do?
Internet “Smart Rules”
1. Do not give out personal information or send pictures to a person you only know online. They may not be who you think they are. 2. Tell an adult when someone online makes you feel uncomfortable. 3. Don’t agree to meet someone you only know online. It could actually be a person who means to do you harm.
高中英语 Unit4 Law and order Cybercrime素材 牛津译林版选修10-牛津
CybercrimeCybercrime 是宽广地半新规定描述犯罪活动做在计算机或一些它是该罚的由各种各样的国家法律, 但是其他人有一种无定论的法律地位。
定义有是一些分歧至于是否罪行介入一个或更多计算机出现应该必要被分类当计算机犯罪。
一方面, 一些新闻记者和新闻工作者似乎, 时常, 建议任一种罪行介入计算机的出现是根据该事实计算机犯罪。
另一方面, 有那些争辩说, 有没什么特别关于介入计算机的罪行。
Gotterbarn (1990) 批评了许多更加早期的媒介炒作围拢的计算机有关的罪行, 声称罪行介入计算机不一定是需要一个特别类别。
其它作者, 譬如Deborah G 。
约翰逊(1985) 并且保卫了看法, 罪行是罪行是否它做有或没有对计算机的用途建议罪行介入计算机不是定性地与计算机不是存在的罪行不同。
李・兴安(2005) 声称计算机犯罪不是唯一类型罪行与其它罪行不同。
相反, 几乎各种各样的罪可能会犯通过计算机。
Cybercrime 是一种独立罪行, 只因为包含的罪行或多或少与计算机系统有关, 他们叫做cybercrime 用一个一般用语。
它有时说明种类, 有时是一个类别计算机犯罪。
那里存在被多样化的期限, 譬如cybercrime 、计算机犯罪、罪行由计算机, 计算机辅助的罪行、计算机有关的罪行、计算机恶习、计算机误用, 等。
这些用语互换性日常地被使用得(李・兴安2005) 。
有是很多争执在专家之中在什么构成cybercrime, 缺乏国际上被认可的定义。
李・兴安(2005) 认为, 一个原因是计算机科技迅速地改变的状态。
一些专家相信, 计算机犯罪是没什么更比普通的罪由高技术计算机犯并且当前的刑事诉讼法在书应该向各种各样的法律运用违反, 譬如非法侵入, 偷窃, 并且阴谋。
其他人观看cybercrime 作为罪行一个新类别要求一个全面新法律体系演讲涌现的技术的独特的本质和传统罪行不应付, 譬如司法, 国际合作、意向, 和辨认犯人困难的独特的套挑战。
U.S.Code：TableofContents｜美国法典目录
U.S.Code：TableofContents｜美国法典目录美国大法学家哈罗德·伯尔曼曾提出：法律必须被信仰，否则它将形同虚设（The lawmust be faith, otherwise it will be useless）.Title 1. General Provisions(第一卷总则)Title 2. The Congress(第二卷国会)Title 3. The President(第三卷总统)Title 4. Flag and Seal， Seat of Government， and the S tates(第四卷国旗，国章，政府部门和联邦各州)Title 5. Government Organization and Employees; and A ppendix(第五卷政府组织与雇员，及附录)Title 6. Surety Bonds (Repealed) [第六卷担保债券(已废除)] Title 7. Agriculture(第七卷农业)Title 8. Aliens and Nationality (第八卷外国人与国籍)Title 9. Arbitration(第九卷仲裁)Title 10. Armed Forces; and Appendix (第十卷武装力量，及附录)Title 11. Bankruptcy; and Appendix(第十一卷破产，及附录)Title 12. Bank and Banking(第十二卷银行与金融)Title 13. Census(第十三卷人口普查)Title 14. Coast Guard(第十四卷海岸警卫)Title 15. Commerce and Trade(第十五卷商业与贸易)Title 16. Conservation(第十六卷资源保护)Title 17. Copyrights(第十七卷版权)Title 18. Crimes and Criminal Procedure; and Appendix (第十八卷犯罪与刑事程序，及附录)Title 19. Customs Duties(第十九卷关税)Title 20. Education(第二十卷教育)Title 21. Food and Drugs(第二十一卷食品与药品)Title 22. Foreign Relations and Intercourse(第二十二卷对外关系)Title 23. Highway(第二十三卷公路)Title 24. Hospitals and Asylums(第二十四卷医院与收容所)Title 25. Indians(第二十五卷印第安人)Title 26. Internal Revenue Code; and Appendix(第二十六卷财政收入法典，及附录)Title 27. Intoxicating Liquors(第二十七卷麻醉性酒精)Title 28. Judiciary and Judicial Procedure; and Appendix (第二十八卷司法与司法程序，及附录)Title 29. Labor(第二十九卷劳工)Title 30. Mineral Lands and Mining(第三十卷矿藏和采矿)Title 31 Money and Finance(第三十一卷货币与财政)Title 32. National Guard(第三十二卷国民警卫)Title 33. Navigation and Navigable Waters(第三十三卷航运与可航水域)Title 34. Navy (Repealed)[第三十四卷海军(已废除)]Title 35. Patents(第三十五卷专利)Title 36. Patriotic Societies and Observances(第三十六卷宗教习俗)Title 37. Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services (第三十七卷规制行业薪金与津贴)Title 38. Veterans' Benefits; and Appendix(第三十八卷退伍军人救济金，及附录)Title 39. Postal Service(第三十九卷邮政事业)Title 40. Public Buildings， Property， and Works; and Ap pendix(第四十卷公共建筑，财产和设施，及附录)Title 41. Public Contracts(第四十一卷公共合同)Title 42. The Public Health and Welfare (第四十二卷公共卫生与福利)Title 43. Public Lands(第四十三卷公共土地)Title 44. Public Printing and Documents(第四十四卷国家印刷品与文献)Title 45. Railroads(第四十五卷铁路)Title 46. Shipping; and Appendix(第四十六卷航运，及附录)Title 47. Telegraphs， Telephones， and Radiotelegraphs (第四十七卷电报，电话和无线电报)Title 48. Territories and Insular Possessions(第四十八卷领土与岛屿所有权)Title 49. Transportation(第四十九卷交通)Title 50. War and National Defense; and Appendix(第五十卷战争与国防，及附录)。
智能驾驶的英语作文精选五篇
智能驾驶的英语作文精选五篇【篇一】The development of autonomous driving technology, also known as smart or self-driving technology, has been a hot topic in recent years. It is a revolutionary advancement in the field of transportation that has the potential to drastically change the way we travel.Autonomous driving technology utilizes various sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence to enable vehicles to operate without human intervention. This technology has the potential to improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and increase efficiency in transportation systems.One of the key advantages of autonomous driving is its potential to significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by human error. Self-driving cars are equipped with advanced systems that can detect and react to road conditions much faster and more accurately than human drivers, potentially leading to a decrease in accidents and fatalities on the roads.In addition, autonomous driving has the ability to improvetraffic flow and reduce congestion on roads. Self-driving cars can communicate with each other and with traffic management systems to optimize routes and minimize delays, leading to a more efficient transportation system as a whole.Despite the many benefits of autonomous driving technology, there are also concerns and challenges that need to be addressed. Safety and security are major concerns, as the technology must be able to handle complex and unpredictable situations on the road. Additionally, there are ethical and legal issues surrounding liability in the event of accidents involving autonomous vehicles.In conclusion, the development of autonomous driving technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we travel and improve road safety and efficiency. However, it is important to carefully consider the challenges and risks associated with this technology as it continues to be developed and implemented on a larger scale.【篇二】The emergence of autonomous driving technology, also known as smart or self-driving technology, in recent years hassparked great interest and discussion in the field of transportation. This innovative technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we commute and travel.Autonomous driving technology utilizes a combination of sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence to enable vehicles to operate without human intervention. This technology has the potential to enhance road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and increase the overall efficiency of transportation systems.One of the key advantages of autonomous driving is its ability to reduce human error on the roads, leading to a decrease in accidents and fatalities. Self-driving vehicles are equipped with advanced systems that can quickly and accurately react to changing road conditions, making them potentially safer than human drivers.Furthermore, autonomous driving has the potential to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion on roads. Self-driving cars can communicate with each other and with traffic management systems to optimize routes, minimize delays, and create a more efficient transportation system overall.While there are numerous benefits to autonomous driving technology, there are also challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. Safety remains a top priority, as the technology must be able to handle complex situations and interactions with other vehicles and pedestrians on the road. Additionally, issues surrounding cybersecurity, ethics, and legal liability need to be carefully considered as this technology becomes more widespread.In conclusion, the advancement of autonomous driving technology holds great promise for improving road safety, reducing congestion, and enhancing transportation efficiency. It is crucial that we continue to research, develop, and implement this technology in a responsible and thoughtful manner to fully realize its potential benefits.【篇三】Autonomous driving technology, also known as self-driving technology, has been a significant breakthrough in the transportation industry in recent years. This cutting-edge technology has the potential to transform the way we travel and navigate our cities.Through the use of advanced sensors, cameras, andartificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles are able to operate on their own without the need for human intervention. This technology has the potential to greatly improve road safety, reduce traffic congestions, and increase the overall efficiency of transportation systems.One of the key advantages of autonomous driving is its ability to minimize human errors on the roads, which are often the cause of accidents and fatalities. Self-driving cars can react quickly and accurately to changing road conditions, making them potentially safer than human drivers.Additionally, autonomous driving technology has the capability to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion on roads. These vehicles can communicate with each other and with traffic management systems to choose the most efficient routes, leading to a smoother and more efficient transportation system.Despite the numerous benefits of autonomous driving, there are still challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. Safety, cybersecurity, ethical considerations, and legal implications are some of the key issues that need to becarefully evaluated as this technology continues to evolve and become more widespread.In conclusion, autonomous driving technology has the potential to revolutionize transportation and improve road safety and efficiency. It is important to continue research and development in this field to ensure that this technology is implemented responsibly and ethically for the benefit of society.【篇四】Autonomous driving technology, also known as self-driving technology, has been a game-changer in the transportation industry in recent years. This innovative technology has the potential to transform the way we travel and revolutionize our roads.By utilizing sophisticated sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles are able to navigate without the need for human intervention. This technology has the potential to greatly enhance road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and improve overall transportation efficiency.One of the main benefits of autonomous driving is itsability to minimize human errors on the roads, which are a common cause of accidents. Self-driving cars can react quickly and accurately to changing road conditions, potentially making them safer than human drivers.Moreover, autonomous driving technology can optimizetraffic flow and reduce congestion on roads. These vehicles can communicate with each other and with traffic management systems to choose the most efficient routes, leading to a more streamlined and effective transportation system.Despite the promising benefits of autonomous driving, there are still challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. Safety, cybersecurity, ethical considerations, and legal issues are important factors that must be carefully considered as this technology advances and becomes more widespread.In conclusion, autonomous driving technology has the potential to greatly improve transportation and enhance road safety and efficiency. It is essential to continue research and development in this field to ensure that this technology is implemented responsibly and ethically for the betterment of society.【篇五】Autonomous driving technology, also known as smart or self-driving technology, has emerged as a groundbreaking innovation in the transportation industry. This cutting-edge technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we commute andtravel on a global scale.By leveraging a combination of sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles are capable of operating without direct human control. This technology has the ability to significantly enhance road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and improve overall transportation efficiency.One of the key advantages of autonomous driving is its potential to minimize human errors on the roads, which are often the cause of accidents and fatalities. Self-driving cars can react swiftly and accurately to changing road conditions, potentially making them safer than human drivers.Furthermore, autonomous driving technology can optimize traffic flow and alleviate congestion on roadways. These vehicles can communicate with each other and with traffic management systems to select the most efficient routes,contributing to a smoother and more effective transportation network.Despite the promising benefits of autonomous driving, there are challenges and considerations that need to be addressed. Safety, cybersecurity, ethical dilemmas, and legal implications are crucial aspects to be carefully evaluated as this technology continues to evolve and expand.In conclusion, the advancement of autonomous driving technology holds immense promise for enhancing transportation systems and road safety. It is important to continue advancing research and development in this field to ensure responsible and ethical implementation for the betterment of society.。
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Law, Ethics, and Cyber Crime
Prentice Hall, 2003
1
Learning Objectives
Describe the difference between legal and ethical issues Understand the difficulties of protecting privacy in EC Discuss issues of intellectual property rights in EC Understand the conflict between free speech and censorship on the Internet
Prentice Hall, 2003
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Privacy
Privacy—the right to be left alone and the right to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions
Two rules have been followed fairly closely in court decisions:
Prentice Hall, 2003
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Legal Issues vs. Ethical Issues
Ethics—the branch of philosophy that deals with what is considered to be right and wrong
Businesspeople engaging in e-commerce need guidelines as to what behaviors are reasonable under any given set of circumstances What is unethical in one culture may be perfectly acceptable in another
Prentice Hall, 2003 9
Privacy Advocates Take On DoubleClick (cont.)
Several class action lawsuits were brought against DoubleClick, claiming that the company was “tracking Internet users and obtaining personal and financial information with-out the individual’s knowledge
Were not written for digital content Financial gain loophole was not closed
Prentice Hall, 2003
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MP3, Napster, and Intellectual Property Rights (cont.)
Prentice Hall, 2003 13
Cookies (cont.)
Solutions to unwanted cookies
Users can delete cookie files stored in their computer Use of anti-cookie software Passport—a Microsoft component that lets consumers permanently enter a profile of information along with a password and use this information and password repeatedly to access services at multiple sites
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Cookies
Cookie—a small piece of data that is passed back and forth between a Web site and an end user’s browser as the user navigates the site; enables sites to keep track of users’ activities without asking for identification
Prentice Hall, 2003 4
MP3, Napster, and Intellectual Property Rights (cont.)
The Solution
filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Copyright laws and copyright cases have been in existence for years but:
Prentice Hall, 2003 2
Learning Objectives (cont.)
Document the rapid rise in computer and network security attacks Understand the factors contributing to the rise of EC security breaches Describe the key security issues facing EC sites Discuss some of the major types of cyber attacks against EC sites Describe some of the technologies used to secure EC sites
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Protection of Privacy
Notice/awareness Choice/consent Access/participation Integrity/security Enforcement/redress
Supported in the U.S. by the Federal Internet
1. The right of privacy is not absolute. Privacy must be balanced against the needs of society 2. The public ’s right to know is superior to the individual’s right of privacy
Prentice Hall, 2003 3
MP3, Napster, and Intellectual Property Rights
The Problem
enabled users to listen to music from any computer with an Internet connection without paying royalties Napster supported the free distribution of music and other digitized content among millions utilizing peer-to-peer (P2P) technology These services could not be ignored because they could result in the destruction of millions of jobs and revenue
In violation of the state’s Consumer Protection Act and asked it to stop placing cookies on consumers’ computers without their permission In January 2001, the FTC ruled that DoubleClick had not violated FTC policies
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Privacy Advocates Take On DoubleClick (cont.)
DoubleClick agreed to enhance its privacy measures and to pay legal fees and costs up to $18 million Key provision of the settlement requires DoubleClick to “obtain permission from consumers before combining any personally identifiable data with Web surfing history”
Privacy Protection Act Protection Directive
Supported in the European Union by EU Data
Prentice Hall, 2003
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Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual property (IP)—creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce
Prentice Hall, 2003 8
Privacy Advocates Take On DoubleClick
DoubleClick is one of the leading providers of online advertising