The American Revolutionary War
美国独立战争(英文版ppt)最新PPT课件
1.
Rebellious mood
2.
Introduction
? The Revolutionary war ? The Background ? The Causes ? The Process ? The Significance
The revolutionary war
1775-1783
? Also known as the American Revolution
? Between the British and the North American colonies
? The war of liberation and bourgeois revolution
The Causes
? The development of economy in North America colonies
? British colonial domination hindered the development of American capitalism
British Actions
WAR 1765
1767
1770
Intolerable Acts Tea Act
1773 1774
Colonial Responses
Colonists were angry
Smuggling
The Stamp Act Congress & Sons of Liberty
More boycotts & Daughters of Liberty
America ? Appointed George Washington as commander
美国独立战争胜利的原因
美国独立战争胜利的原因美国独立战争（The American Revolution,American War of Independence, AmericanRevolutionary War, 1775–1783）也称“北美独立战争”。
指1775年波士顿人民在美国来克星顿与英军交战拉开独立战序幕到1783年英军在法国签订《巴黎条约》投降的战争。
美国独立战争既是一次民族独立战争，又是一次资产阶级革命。
美国独立战争是世界史上第一次大规模的殖民地争取民族独立的战争，它的胜利，给大英帝国的殖民体系打开了一个缺口，为殖民地民族解放战争树立了范例。
胜利原因的分析美国独立战争的胜利究其原因，在于这场战争本身所反映出的性质——一个崭新的民族反对殖民统治争取民族独立战争的正义性。
同时，美国的独立战争反映了一个新的时代的到来，它的胜利更是影响深远，就像马克思说的：美国是“宣布了第一个人权宣言和最先推动了18世纪的欧洲革命的地方”；是“最先产生了伟大的民主共和国思想的地方”。
基于此，我们有必要好好的研究一下战争胜利的原因，对研究19世纪以来的世界民族独立、民族解放运动有莫大的帮助。
一，这是一场正义的战争17世纪初期，英国人开始在北美大西洋沿岸建立殖民地。
一百多年后英国在北美的殖民地已有13个。
这些殖民地的居民除英国移民和土著居民印第安人外，还有来自欧洲其他国家的人以及非洲来的黑人奴隶。
每个殖民地都由英国派来的总督统治。
英国政府为了增加财政收入，不断增加殖民地的税收，对殖民地进行蛮横的压榨和残酷的剥削。
为了维护英国本土的垄断利益，颁布了一些限制殖民地经济发展的法令，例如“航海条例”、“印花税条例”、“唐森德税法”等等，同时还发生了“波士顿惨案”，激起了北美人民的反抗，发生了北美殖民地波士顿人民反对英国东印度公司垄断茶叶贸易的事件——“波士顿倾茶事件”。
伴随着英国殖民者的变本加厉和更加残酷的统治，北美殖民地人民不得不为了自己的生存“揭竿而起”。
美国独立战争
1774年英国政府通过一系列“强制法案”（Coercive Acts），旨在加强控制。这些法案虽然是针对麻塞诸塞州，但被北美居民称作“不可容忍的法案”，后来费城等其他港口也陆续响应，终于导致1775年4月的美国独立战争。
独立战争的开始
1775年4月19日，波士顿人民在来克星顿上空打响了独立战争的第一枪，来克星顿的枪声拉开了美国独立战争的序幕。莱克星顿的北美民兵
波士顿倾茶事件
波士顿倾茶事件
波士顿倾茶事件(Boston Tea Party) 又称波士顿茶党事件。1773年发生的北美殖民地波士顿人民反对英国东印度公司垄断茶叶贸易的事件。1773年，英国政府为倾销东印度公司的积存茶叶，通过《救济东印度公司条例》。该条例给予东印度公司到北美殖民地销售积压茶叶的专利权，免缴高额的进口关税，只征收轻微的茶税。条例明令禁止殖民地贩卖“私茶”。东印度公司因此垄断了北美殖民地的茶叶运销，其输入的茶叶价格较“私茶”便宜百分之五十。该条例引起北美殖民地人民的极大愤怒，人们饮用的走私茶占消费量的十分之九。纽约、费城、查尔斯顿人民拒绝卸运茶叶。[5] 波士顿革命分子塞谬尔·亚当斯领导的一个由三组每组50个当地人组成的组织“自由之子”，打扮成印第安人偷偷摸到三艘船上，将船上货物捣毁，并将342箱茶叶倒入港口内。当时，灯把晚上照得像白天一样，很多人起来看热闹，整个过程相当平和及安静。但是此举得到来自各个方面的批评，英国政府下令关闭波士顿港口，直到他们把扔下茶叶的钱偿还，还将战船和军队驶入殖民地。 前新泽西州州长本杰明·富兰克林认为被倾倒的茶叶应该被赔偿，表示愿意用自己的钱来赔。英国认为这是对殖民政府的挑衅。
1765年，英国人又想出个新花样：印花税。他们规定，一切公文、契约合同，执照、报纸、杂志、广告、单据、遗嘱，都必须贴上印花税票，才能生效可流通。这激起殖民地人民极大的愤怒，于是，“自由之子”、“通讯委员会”等秘密反英组织相继出现，各地都发生了反英事件，抵制英货、赶走税吏、焚烧税票、武装反抗等等。这一切引起了英国政府的恐慌，他们立即派军队镇压。反英的怒火在殖民地人民心中燃烧，一场争取独立和自由的战火即将在北美大陆上燃烧起来了。 1765年，英国国会为转嫁沉重的军费负担而向英属北美殖民地直接征税的条例。七年战争后，英国政府为了进一步控制殖民地和镇压印第安人，派遣一万名军队常驻北美，由当地负责全部开支。1765年3月22日，英国国会通过的印花税条例规定，北美殖民地的印刷品包括报纸、书刊、契据、执照、文凭、纸牌、入场券等均需加贴印花税票，税额自2便士到几英镑不等，违者罚款或监禁。该条例定于11月1日起生效。印花税条例遭到殖民地人民的强烈反对。殖民地人民坚持只有通过他们自己的议会才能作出征税决定。“自由之子”、“通讯委员会”等秘密会社组织起来，带领群众捣毁税局，焚烧印花税票，把税吏身上涂满柏油、粘上羽毛、游街示众。11月印花税法生效前，全殖民地税吏都被迫辞职。1765年10月，在纽约召开全殖民地反对印花税法大会。会上通过拒绝向英交纳印花税等14项决议。为抵制印花税条例，全殖民地展开抵制英货运动，从而导致英国对殖民地的出口额大幅度下降。英国30个城市的商人和制造商联合向议会上书请求废除印花税法。英国议会于1766年3月18日，最后通过废除印花税条例的决议。[2]
美国历史上的重大事件及其影响英语作文范文
美国历史上的重大事件及其影响英语作文范文The United States has a rich and complex history filled with significant events that have shaped the nation. From the early colonial period to the present day, these events have had a profound impact on the country's development. Here, I will provide an overview of some of the most significant events in American history and their consequences.1. The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)The American Revolutionary War marked the beginning of the United States' struggle for independence from Great Britain. The war arose from growing tensions and resentment towards British rule, ultimately leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Through perseverance and the support of France, the American colonies emerged victorious,establishing the United States as a sovereign nation. This event laid the foundation for democratic governance and inspired revolutions worldwide.2. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)President Thomas Jefferson's acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France doubled the size of the United States. This purchase, which encompassed present-day states like Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and parts of many others, facilitated westward expansion and secured control over the vital Mississippi River and New Orleans port. The Louisiana Purchase reinforced the nation's commitment to territorial growth, manifest destiny, and the idea of American exceptionalism.3. The Civil War (1861-1865)The Civil War was one of the most consequential events in American history, fueled by deep divisions over slavery and states' rights. The conflict between the Northern (Union) andSouthern (Confederate) states resulted in enormous loss of life and a path towards the abolition of slavery. Following the Union's victory, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution officially abolished slavery and began the long process of rebuilding and reconciling the divided nation.4. The Industrial Revolution (late 18th to early 19th century)The Industrial Revolution transformed the United States into a modern industrial power. Innovations in manufacturing, transportation, and communications revolutionized the economy and society. Key developments included the mechanization of agriculture, the establishment of factories, the construction of railroads, and advancements in technology. This period of rapid industrialization laid the groundwork for America to become a global economic powerhouse.5. The Great Depression (1929-1939)The Great Depression represents the most severe economic downturn in American history. Triggered by the stock market crash of 1929, the nation experienced widespread unemployment, bank failures, and a collapse of agricultural prices. The consequences were widespread poverty and hardship, leading to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at reviving the economy, creating jobs, and providing a social safety net. The Great Depression forever changed the way the government approached economic policies and regulations.6. World War II (1939-1945)World War II had a profound impact on the United States, propelling it onto the world stage as a global superpower. Initially, the U.S. remained neutral, but after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the nation joined the Allies. The war effort stimulated the economy through increased industrial production and led to significant technological advancements. America's emergence from the war as one of thevictorious nations solidified its position as a global leader and defender of democracy.7. The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)The Civil Rights Movement aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. Inspired by various leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., protests, boycotts, and acts of civil disobedience took place throughout the country. The movement resulted in landmark legislation suchas the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, promoting equal rights for African Americans and challenging the deep-rooted racism that persisted in American society.These are just a few examples of the numerous significant events that have shaped American history. Each eventmentioned has had a lasting impact on the nation's political, economic, and social landscape, defining the United States as we know it today. Understanding these events is crucial incomprehending the nation's journey and its ongoing quest for progress and equality.。
美国革命 American Revolution 英语作文
American Revolution>American Revolution Essay:American Revolution is also known as United States War of Independence. This American Revolutionary War started in 1775 and ended in the year 1783 and was between Great Britain and North America.In this revolutionary war, Great Britain’s 13 of North American colonies were given political independence. Local militiamen clashed with the British soldiers on April 19th, 1775 in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts.Long and Short Essays on American Revolution for Students and Kids in EnglishWe are providing students with samples of essay on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic American Revolution for reference.Long Essay on American Revolution 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on American Revolution is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.The American Revolutionary War happened from 1775 to 1783. Great Britain had 13 North American colonies at that time. When the residents of those 13 North American colonies of Great Britain had issues with the colonial Government, i.e., the British crown then some tensions started growing. These tensions led to the start of the revolutionary war.These tensions had been building for more than ten years, even before the beginning of the American Revolution in 1775. The French and Indian War or Seven Years’ War that happenedfrom 1756 to 1763 brought new colonial territories under the British crown.When in 1770, the British soldiers openly fired on the mobs of the colonists, five men were killed. This incident led the colonial residence to engage in violence. The people of today know this incident as the Boston Massacre.After December 1773, a group of Bostonians dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded some British ships and put 342 chests of tea in the Boston Harbour. Boston Tea Party was happening at that time. The Parliament became outraged, and they passed a series of measuresdesigned to assert imperial authority in Massachusetts again. These acts were named as Coercive Acts.In response to this Coercive Acts, some delegates of the North American colonies including big names like George Washington of Virginia, John and Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry from Massachusetts and John Jay from New York held a meeting in September 1774 in Philadelphia.This continental congress denounced maintenance of the British army in the colonies without their consent and even issued adeclaration of rights for each citizen of those colonies in North America. These rights included liberty, property, assembly and the last one, trial by jury. The First Continental Congress agreed to meet again in May 1775 to take further necessary steps, but unfortunately, the violence already broke out at that time.On April 18th, 1775, tons of British troops marched from Boston to Concord that was nearby and Massachusetts at night to seize an arms cache. Paul Revere and some other riders sounded the alarm, and thus, colonial militiamen started mobilizing to intercept the Redcoats.On the next day, the British soldiers clashed with the local militiamen in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts ad that officially started the Revolutionary War of America.During the Second Continental Congress meeting, delegates that included two new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson decided to form a Continental Army. George Washington was appointed as the commander in chief of the army. On June 17th, the Battle of Bunker Hill was won by the British Army.By June 1776, while the Revolutionary War was in full swing, a growing number of colonists had come to earn independence from Great Britain. On July 4th, 1776, America’s Continental Congress voted to gain the Declaration of Independence. This petition was drafted by a five-person committee including Franklin and John Adams.Washington made a surprise attack in Trenton, New Jersey, on Christmas night and won another victory and then the Battles of Saratoga. And, this is how the British Government were forced to hand over independence to theresidence of 13 colonies of North America that were under the British crown for a long time.Short Essay on American Revolution 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on American Revolution is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.American Revolution was also known as the United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War. 13 of North American colonies were under the control of the British Government. Until 1778, the conflict betweenthe colonies and the British Government remained as a civil war within the British Empire.Afterwards, this revolutionary war took an international look when, in 1778 and 1779, France and Spain joined the colonies against Britain. And, the Netherlands at that time was already involved in a war against Britain.Americans won the war on lands with the help of two types of organizations, namely the Continental Army and the state militias. Militias were poorly disciplined, and elected officers summoned them for less than three months.Later Washington took the command of the Continental Army and fought the Battle of Bunker Hill where the British army won. In the next war, i.e., the Battle of Trenton and Princeton was won by the American force under the leadership of Washington. In 1777 the Battles of Saratoga was fought, and Washington brought victory for America, and then the British Government agreed to give North America their independence.10 Lines on American Revolution Essay in English1. The War of the American Revolution occurred from 1775 to 1783.2. Seven Y ears’ War that happened from 1756 to 1763 brought new colonial territories under the British crown.3. Continental congress denounced maintenance of the British army in the colonies without their consent.4. The First Continental Congress agreed to meet again in May 1775 to take further necessary steps.5. Delegates that included two new additions Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson decided to form a Continental Army.6. Washington took the command of the army.7. On July 4th, the American Continental Congress voted to gainthe Declaration of Independence. 8. Washington fought the Battle of Bunker Hill, where the British army won. 9. The American force won the Battle of Trenton and Princeton under the leadership of Washington. 10. The war ended in 1783, and from the United States of America got their recognition as an independent country.FAQ’s on American Revolution EssayQuestion 1.When did the American Revolution happen?Answer:The American Revolution happened from 1775 to 1783.Question 2.Who was the commander in chief of the Continental Army?Answer:George Washington was the commander in chief of the Continental Army.Question 3.Who won the Battle of Bunker Hill?Answer:The British Army won the Battle of Bunker Hill.Question 4.Which battle is considered as the turning point of the American Revolutionary War?Answer:The Battle of Saratoga is considered as the turning point of the American Revolutionary War.。
外国有名历史事件有哪些_外国有名历史事件介绍
外国有名历史事件有哪些_外国有名历史事件介绍晚清时期,随着洋务运动和戊戌变法等效法西方活动的进行,具有西方特色的新式学校陆续出现。
这些新式学校大多设置了授课时数不等的外国历史课程,今天店铺给大家带来了外国有名历史事件，希望能够帮助到大家。
外国有名历史事件一：斯巴达克起义斯巴达克起义(拉丁文：Spartak tumultu，意大利文：Spartak rivolta，英文：Spartak Uprising;前73—前71年)，是在斯巴达克领导下，罗马共和国爆发的一次最大的奴隶起义。
这次起义是古罗马最大的一次起义，也是古代社会大规模奴隶反抗事件，在世界历史上具有重要意义。
在古罗马，到处都有大规模使用奴隶劳动的大庄园，斯巴达克起义奴隶被称之为“会说话的工具”。
奴隶主为了取乐，建造巨大的角斗场，强迫奴隶成对角斗，并让角斗士手握利剑、匕首，相互拼杀。
一场角斗戏下来，场上留下的是一具具奴隶尸体。
奴隶主的残暴统治，迫使奴隶一再发动大规模武装起义。
起义的主要原因是罗马奴隶社会内部(即奴隶主和被剥夺人权、遭受残酷剥削的奴隶之间)的阶级矛盾。
列宁指出：“斯巴达克掀起的战争就是为了保卫被奴役的阶级” [1]。
起义由伦杜鲁斯·巴奇亚图斯(卡普阿城)角斗学校逃出的一伙奴隶角斗士(70余名)发起。
公元前73年的一个深夜。
罗马中部卡普亚城的角斗士的铁窗内突然发出可怕的惨叫，在静寂的夜晚里显得格外凄惨。
3名卫兵急忙赶了过去，隔着铁窗厉声问道：“干什么?找死啊!还不老实睡觉!”一名角斗士伸了脑袋说：“打死人了。
高卢人打死了我们的伙伴。
他被我们制服了，你们看该怎么处理他?你们不管我们就勒死他。
”卫兵拿着油灯一照，果然是死了一个人，另一个人正被几个人反扭着手。
士兵说：“把他交给我们吧。
把死人也抬出来。
”边说边开了门。
说时迟，那时快，角斗士们迅速击倒他们，拨出他们身上的短剑，冲出牢门。
沉重的铁门被一扇扇打开，角斗士们挥舞着镣铐向屋外冲出。
The War of Independence
The War of IndependenceThe American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) or American War of Independence, Revolutionary War, or simply American Revolution, began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America, and ended in a global war between several European great powers.●Causes of the War●The War●Achievements of the War●Impact of the War※Causes of the War1.Escalating political tensions between the Parliament of Great Britainand colonists opposed to the Stamp Act of 17652.The Patriots○1The colonies were beginning to think of themselves as Americans, not as separate colonies.○2Many colonists were split over the issue of independence.○3Large landowners like George Washington,and wealthy businessmen like John Hancock were in favor of independence. They resented British control over their lives, and British interference in their business.○4On the other hand, some rich colonists were afraid they would lose their wealth if the revolution succeeded. Their wealth was heavily connected to British trade and the British government.○5Some poor colonists didn't want to be controlled by the wealthy colonists.They either believed the King of England treated them well, or just didn't wantto cause trouble.3. Lack of Government Representation○1The British passed laws that were in the best interest of England, not the colonies.○2While the British continued to enforce their control of the colonies, they refused to allow the colonies government representation in England. The British believed that their own appointed government officials adequately represented the colonies.4. The French Indian War 1754-1763○1Also called the Seven Years’ War○2In the 1750s, France and Britain were fighting in Europe. The war was now spreading to North America. British Colonists wanted to take over French land in North America. The British wanted to take over the fur trade in the French held territory.○3British soldiers fought against French soldiers and Native Americans. Native Americans joined in the battle against the British because they were afraid the British would take over their land.○4In the peace treaty of 1763 the British got most of the French land in North America. Also as a result of the war, the British began taxing the colonists to pay for the war.5. Sugar Act of 1764& Stamp Act of 1765○1Enforcement of Sugar Act of 1764: outlawed the importation of foreign liquor;levied taxes on wines, silks, coffee and a number of other luxury items ○2Stamp Act of 1765: met with the greatest resistance. Revenue stamps had to be attached to all newspapers, pamphlets, licenses or other legal documents.6. Boston tea party○1The powerful East India Company, finding itself in critical financial situation, appealed to the British government, which granted it the sole right on all tea exported to the colonies.○2On December 16, 1773, Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians and led by Samuel Adams boarded three British ships and dumped their tea cargo into Boston harbor.※The War1. December 16, 1773: Tea-Dumping at Boston Harbor2. September 5, 1774: First Continental Congress○1British government passed a series of acts to punish the Bostonians—which were called ―the Intolerable Acts‖.○2In response to the ―Intolerable Acts‖, on September 5, 1774, the colonies held the First Continental Congress.○3They met to discuss their relationship with Britain, and how to assert their rights with the British government. They wanted to appear as united colonies in their reply to Britain. The purpose of the First Continental Congress was not to seek independence from Britain.3. April 19, 1775: First Shot in Lexington○1On the night of April 18, 1775, Britain sent around 2,000 soldiers from Boston to confiscate munitions that the colonists were storing at Concord—26 miles northeast of Boston○2Minutemen—were giving warning to people and ready to fight○3On the morning of April 19,1775, the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts.4. July 4, 1776: Second Continental Congress—Declaration ofIndependence○1On the night of April 18, 1775, Britain sent around 2,000 soldiers from Boston to confiscate munitions that the colonists were storing at Concord—26 miles northeast of Boston○2Minutemen—were giving warning to people and ready to fight○3On the morning of April 19,1775, the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts.○4The Continental Congress held the Virginia Convention in May, 1776. The Congress appointed a committee to draft the formal declaration of independence. The committee included Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston and Roger Sherman. This committee then chose Thomas Jefferson to write the first draft.5. Signing of the Declaration of Independence○1The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson, assisted by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. The document defined the rights of the people of the independent states.○2On July 2, 1776, the members of the Second Continental Congress voted in favor of independence. The delegates then held a second vote and approved the Declaration of Independence.○3John Hancock, President of the Congress and Charles Thomson, the secretary, signed the document. July 4, 1776 is officially recognized as the birth of America.★“ We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal;that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,….”●Declaration of Independence introduced a fundamental change in the viewof government. Thomas Jefferson declared that governments were created to serve the people, and could only act with consent of the people. It created the democratic government.●The declaration consisted of two parts. The preamble describes the peoplesrights and it states that " all Men are created equal" and have the God-given right to "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness."The second part declares independence from Britain, and lists the colonies' issues against the British government.6. September 3, 1783: Signing of Treaty of Parisin 1783 ，officially recognized American independence .The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1782. The treaty was ratified on April 17, 1783, and it officially recognized American independence. It acknowledged the independence, freedom and sovereignty of the 13 former colonies, now states.※Achievement1. Independence of the U.S.2. Articles of Confederation 《十三州邦联宪法》（美国第一部宪法）(accepted by all states in 1781，no king, emphasis on state power, firstwritten constitution)○1Articles of Confederatio n →The first written constitution of the United States of America and specified how the national government was to operate.It was drafted in 1776-77 and became the working constitution, although it was not formally ratified until 1781. The Articles legitimized the Congress in its supervision of the American Revolution, its diplomacy with Europe, and its handling of territorial issues.○2Challenges to the Confederation★International Relations●With Britain. Although Britain lost the war and the peace treaty wassigned in 1783, the British still held on to some forts along the Canadianborder. From these they kept a hand in the fur trade and had someinfluence with the Indian tribes.●With Spain. The chief issues with Spain were the southern boundaryand the right to navigate the Mississippi.★Economic troublesLack of uniformity in trade. Every state has its own regulations concerningduties. Therefore, there was a clear need for a central power to regulatetrade.★Shay’s rebellion●An armed uprising in Central and Western Massachusetts from 1786 to1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays were mostly poor farmersangered by crushing debt and taxes.●After 1780, Massachusetts had remained in the control of a rigidlyconservative regime which levied heavy taxes. The taxes mainly fellupon farmers and the poor in general. In 1786, there was still no relieffrom taxes and debts, three western counties started a revolt.●The rebellion started on August 29, 1786 and was defeated on February3, 1787.●There was a lack of an institutional response to the uprising, whichenergized calls to reevaluate the Articles of Confederation and gavestrong impetus to the Constitutional Convention which began in May17, 1787.◆Constitutional Convention●May 1787, Philadelphia●All states except Rhode Island were represented●Impossible to revise the Articles of Confederation, need a new plan●Contradiction& Great Compromise◆Bill of Rights●In 1789, James Madison introduced a series of amendments which werelater drafted into 12 proposed amendments and sent to the states forratification.● 2 of these were not ratified and the others were ratified in 1791 andbecame the first ten amendments to the constitution—the Bill of Rights.◆ Government Structure●President: Washington (1789 Presidential election; 1st US president)●Department of State: Thomas Jefferson●Department of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton●Attorney General: Edmund Randolph※Impact of the War1. The war made people realize the importance of a strong nationalgovernment.2. The war strengthened the feeling of a national unity and patriotism.3. For almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent.4. It made both Britain and the US realized that their disputes should be solved through negotiation.。
American Revolutionary War
American Revolutionary WarThe American Revolution (1775-83) was a conflict between 13 British colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America and their parent country, Great Britain. France later intervened as an ally of the independent states, and the war resulted in the colonies becoming a separate nation, the United States of America. It is also known as the American War of Independence.The end of the Seven Years' War (1756-63), which had its North American beginning in 1754 and was known in America as the French and Indian War, resulted in the final expulsion of France both from the continent of North America and from India. In both cases French power was replaced by that of Great Britain. As a result, Britain became the preeminent power in the western hemisphere and supreme on the high seas. It enjoyed an enormous and growing volume of maritime commerce. Britain's king, George III, who had succeeded to the throne in 1760, was determined to play an active role in governing the nation. Due to the king's ineptitude, however, the result was political instability and a lack of direction in national affairs at the same time that Britain's crisis with its American colonies developed.Causes of the RevolutionThe Declaration of IndependenceBritain's king,George III, who had succeeded to the throne in 1760, was determined to play an active role in governing the nation. Due to the king's ineptitude, however, the result was political instability and a lack of direction in national affairs at the same time that Britain's crisis with its American colonies developed.King George IIIPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe end of the Seven Years' War (1756-63), which had its North American beginning in 1754 and was known in America as the French and Indian War, resulted in the final expulsion of France both from the continent of North America and from India. In bothcases French power was replaced by that of Great Britain. As a result, Britain became the preeminent power in the western hemisphere and supreme on the high seas. It enjoyed an enormous and growing volume of maritime commerce. Britain's king, George III, who had succeeded to the throne in 1760, was determined to play an active role in governing the nation. Due to the king's ineptitude, however, the result was political instability and a lack of direction in national affairs at the same time that Britain's crisis with its American colonies developed.The Stamp ActThe Stamp ActPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe Seven Years' War revealed to British officials the Americans' disregard for the Navigation Acts and imperial authority. During the conflict, colonial merchants continued to trade with the enemy and smuggle goods, while colonial assemblies repeatedly refused to provide British military officials with men and supplies.The war left Great Britain with a considerable debt and expensive responsibilities to administer newly acquired territory in North America. Believing that the Navigation Acts should be enforced strictly and that the lightly taxed colonists should pay a share of the empire's defense costs, Parliament in March 1765 passed the Stamp Act to raise revenue. This act required the colonists to purchase and use specially stamped (water marked) paper for all official documents, deeds, mortgages, newspapers, and pamphlets. Violators would be prosecuted in vice-admiralty courts, without juries. Revenues derived from the act were intended to pay part of the cost of maintaining a permanent force of 10,000 British troops to prevent hostilities between the colonists and the Indians of the western frontiers.The Stamp Act provoked almost unanimous opposition among the colonists, whoregarded it as a violation of their rights. They believed in a federal theory of empire that divided authority between the colonies and Great Britain. From their beginnings, the colonial assemblies had modeled themselves on Parliament and had legislated internal matters, including raising taxes and armies, and overseeing the judiciary. In practice, Britain was responsible for external matters such as declaring war and peace, presiding over foreign affairs, and regulating trade, Indian affairs, and the post office. To the colonists, the Stamp Act violated the right of English subjects not to be taxed without representation; it undermined the independence of their colonial assemblies; and it appeared to be one step in a plot to deprive them of their liberty.On these grounds a storm of protest arose against the Stamp Act. In the months before November 1765, when the act was to go into effect, riots organized by the Sons of Liberty broke out in colonial port cities and prevented British-appointed stamp distributors from assuming their posts. Colonial assemblies passed resolves denouncing the Stamp Act and petitioned Parliament requesting its repeal. To add strength to the formal protest, American merchants banded together in nonimportation agreements, pledging not to buy British goods. This colonial boycott was so effective that commerce between Great Britain and America came to a standstill. In October 1765 delegates from nine colonies met in New York City in the Stamp Act Congress and petitioned Parliament and the king concerning colonial grievances. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in March 1766, yielding not to the colonists' constitutional objections to taxation, but to the demands of economically depressed British merchants.The Townshend ActsRepeal of the Stamp Act left Britain's financial problems unresolved. Parliament had not given up the right to tax the colonies and in 1767, at the urging of chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend (1725-67), it passed the Townshend Acts, which imposed taxes on lead, glass, tea, paint, and paper that Americans imported from Britain. In an effort to strengthen its own authority and the power of royal colonialofficials, Parliament, at Townshend's request, also created the American Board of Customs Commissioners whose members would strictly enforce the Navigation Acts. Revenue raised by the new tariffs would be used to free royal officials from financial dependence on colonial assemblies, thus further encroaching on colonial autonomy.Once again the colonists protested vigorously. In December 1767, John Dickinson, a Philadelphia lawyer, published 12 popular essays that reiterated the colonists' denial of Parliament's right to tax them and warned of a conspiracy by a corrupt British ministry to enslave Americans. The Sons of Liberty organized protests against customs officials, merchants entered into nonimportation agreements, and the Daughters of Liberty advocated the nonconsumption of products, such as tea, taxed by the Townshend Acts. The Massachusetts legislature sent the other colonies a circular letter condemning the Townshend Acts and calling for a united American resistance. British officials then ordered the dissolution of the Massachusetts General Court if it failed to withdraw its circular letter; the court refused, by a vote of 92 to 17, and was dismissed. The other colonial assemblies, which were initially reluctant to protest the acts, now defiantly signed the circular letter, outraged at British interference with a colonial legislature.In other ways, British actions again united American protest. The Board of Customs Commissioners extorted money from colonial merchants and used flimsy excuses to justify seizing American vessels. These actions heightened tensions, which exploded on June 21, 1768, when customs officials seized Boston merchant John Hancock's sloop Liberty. Thousands of Bostonians rioted, threatening the customs commissioners' lives and forcing them to flee the city. When news of the Liberty riot reached London, four regiments of British army troops—some 4000 soldiers—were ordered to Boston to protect the commissioners.The contempt of British troops for the colonists, combined with the soldiers' moonlighting activities that deprived Boston laborers of jobs, inevitably led toviolence. In March 1770 a riot occurred between British troops and Boston citizens, who jeered and taunted the soldiers. The troops fired, killing five people. Theso-called Boston Massacre aroused great colonial resentment. This anger was soon increased by further parliamentary legislation.The Boston Tea PartyPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesBowing to colonial economic boycotts, Parliament, guided by the new prime minister, Lord Frederick North, repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770 but retained the tax on tea to assert its right to tax the colonies. In order to rescue the British East India Company from bankruptcy, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773, reducing the tax on tea shipped to the colonies so that the company could sell it in America at a price lower than that of smuggled tea. The colonists, however, refused to buy the English tea. They viewed the Tea Act as another violation of their constitutional right not to be taxed without representation. Colonial merchants also feared that the act would allow the East India Company to monopolize the tea trade and put them out of business. In Philadelphia and New York City the colonists would not permit British ships to unload tea. In Boston, in the so-called Boston Tea Party, a group of citizens, many disguised as Indians, swarmed over British ships in the harbor and dumped the cargoes of tea into the water.Intolerable ActsIn retaliation, Parliament in 1774 passed a series of laws designed to punish the province of Massachusetts and demonstrate Parliament's sovereignty. These were the Coercive Acts, dubbed by the colonies the Intolerable Acts. The Boston Port Act closed that city's port to trade until its citizens compensated the East India Company for the destroyed tea. The Massachusetts Government Act altered the colony's charter by permitting the Crown rather than the House of Representatives to appoint the Governor's Council and by restricting town meetings to one a year and only forelecting town officials. The Impartial Administration of Justice Act allowed a royal official or soldier accused of a capital crime in Massachusetts to be tried in England, where he would not have to face a hostile colonial jury. The Quartering Act allowed the billeting of British troops in uninhabited private buildings or barns. To oversee enforcement of the Coercive Acts, Parliament appointed as governor of Massachusetts Lt. Gen. Thomas Gage, commander of the British army in North America. Rather than seeing Parliament's actions, from its point of view, as sensible measures to centralize British authority in America or as legitimate efforts to share the expense of running an empire, many colonists saw in the Coercive Acts another attempt to deny them their rights as English subjects, subvert their colonial assemblies, and fuse military and civilian authority.First Continental Congress The Coercive Acts secured for Massachusetts the support and sympathy of all the other colonies. The Virginia assembly called for a meeting of representatives from the 13 colonies and Canada to consider joint action against Parliament's encroachments on colonial rights. The meeting, known as the First Continental Congress, took place in Philadelphia in September 1774; it consisted of representatives from all 13 colonies except Georgia.The Congress did not seek independence from Great Britain but attempted to define America's rights, place limits on Parliament's power, and agree on tactics of resistance to the Coercive Acts. In October, the delegates adopted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances that denied Parliament's right to tax or legislate for the colonies and asserted that only the colonial assemblies had that power. They grudgingly conceded Parliament's authority to regulate trade. The Congress drew up the Continental Association, an agreement calling for the colonies to cease all trade with Britain until Parliament repealed the Coercive Acts. The Congress then adjourned, arranging for a second meeting in May 1775. By that time, however, hostilities had begun between Britain and the colonies.Lexington and ConcordPaul Revere's RidePhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe first armed encounter of the American Revolution took place in Massachusetts, where the British force in Boston numbered some 3500 men. General Gage was aware that the militia members of the outlying towns were being trained and reorganized into active elements known as minutemen, ready for immediate service. Ammunition and military stores were being gathered under direction of a Committee of Safety acting for the provincial assembly. On the night of April 18-19, 1775, Gage, under orders from Lord North, sent out about 800 men to seize munitions being gathered at Concord, some 29 km (about 18 mi) from Boston. The move did not escape the vigilance of the Committee of Safety, whose mounted messengers, including a local silversmith named Paul Revere, spurred into the countryside to give the alarm. Early on the morning of April 19, the advance guard of the British force exchanged fire with a party of militia at Lexington; eight Americans were killed, and the British continued marching on to Concord. Lt. Col. Francis Smith (1720?-91), the British commander, found militia companies assembling near Concord. Most of the military stores had already been removed, and a British attempt to seize one of the two bridges near the town was forestalled by an American counterattack. More militia companies were appearing. Smith, having sent back for reinforcements, took his time reassembling his men for the return march to Boston. That 800 British regulars should be seriously threatened by colonial militiamen, no matter how numerous, was impossible for a British officer to conceive. Smith's men, however, were tired and low on ammunition. Combined with persistent, if inaccurate, American sniping from the cover of hedges, trees, and buildings, the British retreat became a disorganized flight by the time the troops met a supporting force of 1400 men under Brig. Gen. Hugh Percy (1742-1817). British reinforcements checked the Americans briefly and enabled the retreat tocontinue in somewhat better order. When the regulars reached Boston, British casualties numbered 273, American casualties less than 100. Militia companies from at least 23 towns took part in this operation, which was nothing less than an uprising in arms of a whole countryside against the British. The American offensive did not end with chasing the invaders back to Boston; militia forces kept coming, closing in on the city, which remained under siege from April 20, 1775, until the British evacuation on March 17, 1776.George WashingtonPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, to face the fact that the New England colonies had taken arms against the king's troops. The delegates quickly established the Congress as the central government for "The United Colonies of America," adopted the troops engaged in the siege of Boston as their own "Continental Army," and by unanimous vote appointed George Washington as commander in chief. This was a deserved tribute to the high military reputation Washington had earned as an officer of the Virginia troops in the French and Indian War. It was also a shrewd move to nominate a Virginian, who would likely bring southern support to a war being waged by an army mostly composed of New England militia. The vote was taken on June 15; Washington received his commission on June 20 and without delay set out for Boston to take up his new responsibilities. Despite preparations for war, most Americans still hoped for reconciliation with Britain. To that end, the Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition, affirming American loyalty to George III and asking the king to disavow his ministers' policies.Meanwhile, Gage had received reinforcements, raising the strength of his garrison to 8000 men. He now felt that his forces were strong enough to occupy the heights overlooking Boston from the north at Charlestown and from the south at Dorchester. The colonists had advance notice of his intention and on the night of June 16-17, 1200 Americans under Col. William Prescott (1726-95) occupied Breed's Hill, overlookingCharlestown and the Boston waterfront, and began digging in. (The original purpose had been to hold nearby Bunker Hill. Although the orders were changed, the ensuing engagement is known as the Battle of Bunker Hill.) On June 17, Gage sent Maj. Gen. William Howe with about 2500 infantry to storm the position. The British were confident that in a conventional battle they could defeat the American militia. Two British assaults were beaten off with severe losses. A carefully prepared third attack penetrated the American lines. The Americans, almost out of ammunition and without bayonets, fell back in some disorder to Bunker Hill; later they withdrew from this position as well. British losses were heavy, with about 1000 men killed and wounded; the Americans lost less than half that number. Technically, the battle was a victory for the British because they had driven the Americans from Breed's Hill, but when measured by damage inflicted on the enemy, the Americans had won.News of the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Olive Branch Petition reached London at the same time. George III refused to receive the petition, and on August 23 proclaimed New England in a state of rebellion. Parliament followed suit by declaring all the colonists rebellious and making their ships subject to seizure. As the magnitude of British casualties at the Battle of Bunker Hill became known, the government realized that it was facing a genuine war and replaced Gage with Howe.On July 2, 1775, Washington assumed command of the American forces with a total strength varying from 13,000 to 17,000, as men came and went almost at will. Washington devoted his immediate efforts to training and reorganizing the army. He could not press the siege of Boston without heavy artillery. For that he would have to wait until winter, when frozen roads and rivers would enable his soldiers to drag overland to Boston the cannon that had been captured on May 10, 1775, when Col. Ethan Allen of Vermont's Green Mountain Boys and Col. Benedict Arnold of Connecticut had surprised and captured the British fort at Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain.During the winter of 1775-76, Col. Henry Knox, Washington's chief of artillery, brought 59 heavy guns and mortars from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston. On the night of March 4, 1776, Washington occupied Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston from the south, and began emplacing his newly arrived artillery there. Howe, taken by surprise, realized that he must storm those gun-crowned heights if he hoped to hold Boston by sea; instead, recognizing his untenable position, on March 17 Howe embarked his 11,000 troops and more than 1000 Loyalists and sailed for Halifax, N.S.The British Invasion of the NorthWashington was under no illusion that Howe's departure from Boston meant the end of British attempts to reduce the colonies to submission. George III and Parliament were not likely to give up at a first rebuff, and already word had come that Britain was recruiting mercenary troops from Germany. Howe had withdrawn only to reorganize and receive reinforcements. Washington foresaw that when Howe returned, New York City, with its spacious harbor and immediate access to the interior by way of the Hudson River, was the most likely place for the British to launch their invasion.While the Continental Congress in Philadelphia began to think seriously of declaring the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, Washington in New York was wrestling with the problems of preparing to resist a British invasion, which this time was sure to be made in great force. On June 29, 1776, General Howe arrived off Sandy Hook, N.J., with a fleet commanded by his brother, Adm. Richard Howe. In this fleet were transports carrying troops of the strongest expeditionary force Britain had ever sent overseas. When fully assembled, this force would number 32,000 troops including 8000 German mercenaries, most from Hesse-Kassel, Brunswick, and Hesse-Hanau. In the leisurely manner that was typical of all his operations while commanding the British army, Howe waited nearly two months before attempting a landing in force. To face this attack, Washington had fewer than 20,000 men, of whom nearly half were inexperienced soldiers.Thomas Paine's Common SensePhoto Credit: The Library of CongressWhile both sides prepared for battle, American reluctance to declare independence was diminishing. In November 1775 the desire of southerners for reconciliation with Great Britain withered when the Virginia governor, Lord John Dunmore, offered freedom to any slaves who would rebel against their masters and join the British army. The idea of independence gained overwhelming popular support following the publication of Thomas Paine's Common Sense in January 1776. His pamphlet, published anonymously, attacked George III, calling him "the Royal Brute," and denounced monarchy as a form of government. Paine's arguments dissolved any lingering attachment to Great Britain and removed the last psychological barrier to declaring independence. On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted a Declaration of Independence declaring that the colonies "are and of right ought to be free and independent States." Thereafter the Americans fought not as rebellious British subjects, but as citizens of a sovereign nation repelling invasion by a foreign power.Battles around New YorkWashington had taken up positions on Long Island and Manhattan Island awaiting Howe's opening move. On Aug. 22, 1776, it came at last, as British troops began landing in Gravesend Bay. During the next five days the American troops were driven back to Brooklyn Heights, where they were defeated in the Battle of Long Island. They were removed in boats across the East River to Manhattan during the night of August 29-30, under Washington's personal supervision and without interference by a greatly superior enemy force. Still moving with great caution, Howe pushed Washington's forces northward; an indecisive skirmish on Manhattan Island was followed by the Battle of White Plains (October 28), also without a clear victor. In November Howe's forces took the two forts Washington had constructed to keep theBritish fleet from using the Hudson River. Washington retreated southwestward across New Jersey and then (December 8) across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. Convinced that the Americans were thoroughly beaten and that the Continental Congress would sue for peace, Howe did not pursue Washington, but merely established several outposts in New Jersey and settled down in winter quarters to wait for spring.Trenton and PrincetonThe Battle of TrentonPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesHowe had not underestimated the weakness of the American army toward the end of 1776. It consisted of fewer than 3000 men, badly clothed and equipped and poorly fed. In spite of strenuous efforts by Washington and others to recruit new troops, few citizens cared to join an army that appeared on the point of collapse. Total defeat and the end of the new nation seemed to be at hand, but by a masterstroke of strategy, Washington kept the cause alive.On Christmas night, in a blinding snowstorm, Washington led his troops across the Delaware and with a surprise attack overwhelmed some 1200 Hessian soldiers in Trenton, taking more than 900 prisoners. On January 3 Washington struck again, routing three regiments of a British force in the Battle of Princeton. He then took up a strong position on high ground at Morristown in north central New Jersey. The British retreated to New York, leaving the revitalized American army in full control of New Jersey.The Campaign of 1777-1778British strategy for the campaign of 1777 was determined by the secretary of state for the American Department, Lord George Germain, who prepared to put down therebellion before the end of the year. He planned to divide the colonies in two, separating New England, already blockaded by sea, from the southern colonies. A British army under Maj. Gen. John Burgoyne was to land in Canada and move south from Montr閍l to Albany, N.Y. Another force of British and Indians under Col. Barry St. Leger (1737-89) was to move east from Lake Ontario through the Mohawk Valley and meet Burgoyne's troops at Albany. The plan was too complicated to be successful on such rough terrain and with poor communications. St. Leger marched east to Fort Stanwix but was unable to capture it, and he retreated on the approach of a relief force under now Maj. Gen. Benedict Arnold.SaratogaThe Battle of SaratogaPhoto Credit: The Library of CongressBurgoyne, with about 7000 men, was at first successful. On July 6 he took Fort Ticonderoga, and by July 29 he had reached the upper Hudson River, where he waited for additional supplies from Canada. Meanwhile, he sent a Hessian foraging party east into Vermont; this force was cut to pieces in the Battle of Bennington by Vermont and New Hampshire militia. The battle not only cost Burgoyne heavy casualties but stimulated American militia enlistments. He proceeded south in September but was further depleted in two battles near Saratoga with militiamen and Continental troops under Maj. Gen. Horatio Gates. On October 17 Burgoyne surrendered his army, with less than 5000 men, to Gates.Howe's capture of PhiladelphiaGermain approved both Burgoyne's plan for British troops to cut off New England from the south, and Howe's plan to move south with the main British army and attack Philadelphia. Such plans, Howe imagined, would quickly end the war. He landed (August 25) at the head of Chesapeake Bay and marched on Philadelphia. Washington vainly tried to check him at Brandywine Creek, Pa., but on September 26 Howeentered Philadelphia. Before his advance, the Continental Congress fled, first to York, Pa., and then to Baltimore. On October 4, Washington attacked Howe at Germantown, just north of Philadelphia, but was defeated after hard fighting. Washington, with about 11,000 men, then went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. A few months later he was joined by Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, the Prussian officer who would help forge the Continental army into a professional fighting force and take part in the Battle of Monmouth and the siege of Yorktown.The French AllianceGeorge Washington at MonmouthPhoto Credit: The National ArchivesThe year 1777 marked the turning point of the war in favor of the American cause. France, defeated by Great Britain in 1763, had been sending money and supplies secretly to the colonists since the beginning of the Revolution. The American victory at Saratoga and the fight waged by Washington at Germantown convinced the French that the Americans now had a good chance of winning the war. In February 1778, France recognized the independence of the colonies and signed a treaty of commerce and alliance with the new nation. Thereafter, French support for the U.S. with arms, clothing, and money was open rather than clandestine, and Washington's great hope for French naval assistance off the American coast would soon be realized. A French fleet commanded by Charles Hector Théodat, comte d'Estaing (1729-94), sailed for America in April 1778. Warned by admiralty dispatches, Adm. Richard Howe and Lt. Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, who had succeeded Gen. William Howe in command of British troops at Philadelphia, decided on immediate evacuation of that city. They feared that d'Estaing's superior fleet would interrupt their sea communications with New York. Many Loyalists in Philadelphia, like those in Boston, had supposed themselves safe, but now they had to flee. These people, along with the heavy army equipment, were loaded into Adm. Howe's ships and reached New York City safely.。
The war of independence
战事的开始
1775年4月18日，英国驻马萨诸塞的总督托马斯· 盖奇将军得悉民兵在 距波士顿21英里的康科德设有武器库，遂出动800名英军奔袭康科德， 搜积殖民地民兵的武器，并意图一并拘补该地的“通讯委员会”成员， 但却被殖民地居民得悉，并通知了民兵组织“一分钟人”。一分钟人 得知消息后，当晚派人驰赴列克星敦和康科德报信，并立即作出防位， 4月19日清晨，5时左右，英军遭到列克星敦的民兵阻拦﹐英军突然开 火﹐民兵猝不及防﹐死伤多人。随后民兵与英军在正式交火，美国 独立战争第一枪正式打响。 1775年6月15日，第二届大陆会仪举行，并决定殖民地居民组建正规 的大陆军，乔治· 华盛顿为大陆军总司令。北美独立战争全面展开。华 盛顿总率大陆军采取持久作战以消耗英军的策略，与英军展开长期的 斗争。
美国独立战争是世界史上第一次大规模的殖民地争取民族独立的 战争，它的胜利，给大英帝国的殖民体系打开了一个缺口，为殖 民地民族解放战争树立了范例。独立战争又是一次资产阶级革命， 它推翻了英国的殖民统治，创造了美利坚合众国，同时又铲除了 殖民时期封建残余的长子继承法、续嗣限定法和代役税，契约奴 制也基本上废除。从而解放了生产力，为美国资本主义的发展开 辟了宽广的道路。正如列宁所说：“现代的文明的美国的历史， 是由一次伟大的、真正解放的、真正革命的战争开始的。” 美国独立战争的胜利，对欧洲资产阶级革命起了推动作用。美国 独立战争没有解决土地问题，也没有解决奴隶制问题，使得独立 后的美国南北方朝着两种不同的经济道路发展，最终导致美国内 战的爆发。
The causes of the independence war
1.the economic development of north America, British colonies 2. The formation of the American notion 3.North America’s active request getting rid of British oppression for national independence 4. British colonial oppression and exploitation
小学上册第十一次英语自测题
小学上册英语自测题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The __________ is a large area of grassland in North America. (草原)2.I have a toy _____ that can sing.3. (Romans) built aqueducts to supply water to their cities. The ____4. A circuit can be powered by batteries or a ______ source.5.Which of these is a flying mammal?A. BatB. SharkC. DolphinD. Frog6.Metals are good conductors of ______.7.She has a nice ________.8.How many colors are there in a standard box of crayons?A. 16B. 24C. 36D. 489.What is the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo?A. KinshasaB. LubumbashiC. KisanganiD. Mbuji-Mayi10.I love to _____ in the snow. (play)11.I enjoy playing with my ________ blocks.12.My mom is a __________ (教育工作者).13.She wears a _____ (裙子) to the party.14. A parakeet can be blue or ______ (绿色).15. A _______ can measure the amount of energy produced by a solar panel.16.What do we celebrate on December 25th?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. New Year17.The _______ (The American Revolutionary War) was a struggle for independence.18.The capital of Singapore is _______.19.What is the largest organ in the human body?A. HeartB. LiverC. SkinD. BrainC20.What is the term for a baby cow?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. FoalA21.I like to ______ (参加) cooking classes.22.What do we call the act of making changes for improvement?A. ModificationB. AdjustmentC. EnhancementD. All of the AboveD23.The frog has strong ______ (腿) for jumping.24.Plants can be a source of ______ (灵感).25.What do we call the liquid part of the cell?A. CytoplasmB. NucleusC. MembraneD. Organelle26. A glacier is a large mass of ______.27.What do we call the person who writes books?A. AuthorB. EditorC. PublisherD. LibrarianA28.I have a big ______ (玩具箱) filled with all my favorite toys. It brings me ______ (快乐).29. A ________ (袋鼠) can jump very high and carries its baby in a pouch.30.The ______ is very fast.31.The _______ is the unit of force.32.The unit of measure for chemical concentration is ______ per liter.33.The __________ (历史研究) involves analyzing primary sources.34.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. PortoC. FaroD. Braga35.I like to _______ (travel) to new places.36.The balloon is ______ (red) and yellow.37.I have a new ___. (phone)38.We participate in ________ (initiatives) regularly.39.What is a light-year?A. A unit of timeB. A unit of distanceC. A type of starD. A type of planet40.What do we call the natural home of an animal?A. HabitatB. ShelterC. DenD. NestA Habitat41.My favorite animal is a ________.42.What do you call a baby fox?A. KitB. CubC. PupD. FawnA43.We enjoy _____ (hiking) trails.44.Certain plants can ______ (促进) biodiversity in gardens.45.Which fruit is known for its high vitamin C content?A. BananaB. OrangeC. AppleD. GrapeB46.What is the process by which plants get energy from sunlight called?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. DigestionD. Germination47.The flowers bloom _______ (在春天).48.What do we call the movement of people from one place to another?A. MigrationB. TravelC. CommuteD. JourneyA Migration49.My neighbor, ______ (我的邻居), has a big dog.50.We have a ______ (新鲜的) fruit stand in our neighborhood.51.The leaves change _______ in the fall, making the world beautiful.52.The __________ (历史的研究方法) rely on evidence.53.She is _______ (learning) to play the guitar.54.The ________ (城市规划) helps organize urban spaces.55.What is the name of the famous American author who wrote "Moby Dick"?A. Mark TwainB. Herman MelvilleC. Edgar Allan PoeD. Nathaniel HawthorneB56.How many hours are in a day?A. 12B. 24C. 36D. 48B57. A __________ (实验室记录) is essential for reproducing results.58. A _____ (草本植物) is not woody and can die back in winter.59.The ______ is a thin layer of gases around Earth.60.What do we call the process of water turning into vapor?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. SublimationD. Freezing61.The ______ is known for its elaborate courtship dance.62.The ancient Romans created _______ to explain the world around them. (神话)63. A chemical reaction that produces a gas is called a ______ reaction.64.What is the name of the fairy tale character with long hair?A. CinderellaB. RapunzelC. Snow WhiteD. BelleB65.My favorite type of game is ______.66.He is a good ___. (student)67. Fire of London occurred in _____. The Grea68.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. HorseD. DogB69.I can ______ (扩展) my knowledge by reading.70.What is the name of the popular board game where you buy and sell properties?A. MonopolyB. ClueC. RiskD. BattleshipA71.The capital of Jamaica is ________ (金斯顿).72.The _______ (The Black Death) devastated Europe in the 14th century.73.My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to learn new skills.74.The ice cream is _____ melting. (slowly)75.What is 3 x 5?A. 12B. 15C. 20D. 2576.Energy changes can happen in many _______.77.biodiversity hotspot) is rich in various species. The ____78. (68) is a famous landmark in Paris. The ____79.I like to ________ my friends on weekends.80.I want to _____ (see/watch) a movie tonight.81. A ______ (蟋蟀) sings beautifully at night.82.The ________ is a tiny bird that builds nests.83.My favorite game is ________.84.The otter plays in the ______ (水).85.I hope to travel to ________ (外国) one day.86.What do you call a story with magical elements?A. BiographyB. FictionC. Non-fictionD. History87.The Earth's crust is made up of many different ______.88. A __________ is known for its ability to spin webs.89.What is 10 - 3?A. 5B. 7C. 8D. 6B90.What is the term for a baby pig?A. CalfB. PigletC. FoalD. KidB Piglet91.The ________ was a significant period in the evolution of human rights.92.How many legs does a spider have?A. SixB. EightC. FourD. Ten93. A compound that can donate protons is called an ______.94.What is the capital city of Spain?A. BarcelonaB. MadridC. SevilleD. ValenciaB95.We have a ______ (小) family.96. Depression started in ________ (1929). The Grea97.The chemical formula for magnesium acetate is _____.98.The __________ (古代中国) was known for inventions like paper and gunpowder.99.The dog is _____ (running/sitting) in the yard.100.What do you call a baby frog?A. TadpoleB. HatchlingC. LarvaD. FryA。
美国独立战争(英文版ppt)最新PPT课件
The First Continental Congress
? Declaration of Rights ? Peace petition
Beginning
? Shot of Lexington ,1775.4.18 ? The Americans were told, “Do not fire unless
Forming of state
? May 1776, the third Continental Congress
? July 4, 1776 , The Declaration of Independence
? Announcing the birth of the United State
The Declaration of Independence
fighting ? International support from France,
Holland and other countries
The Significance
? Ended colonial domination of the UK, and achieved national independence
and the Latin America's independence movement
? Did not solve the land problem
? Did not solve thakes the economic development of north and south towards the two different ways that ultimately led to the outbreak of the American Civil War .
美国独立战争英文介绍【精】
How are the people on the right reacting?
• About one fifth of the colonists were Loyalists who felt that British laws must be obeyed. • About two fifths of the colonists were Moderates who, in general, wanted Britain and the American colonies to resolve their differences peacefully. Moderates are not clearly depicted in the painting but could have been present at the scene.
1763
1764
1765
1767
1770
1773
1774
Colonial Responses
Colonists were angry
The Stamp Act Congress & Sons of Liberty
More boycotts & Daughters of Liberty
Smuggling
STUDENTS DO AN INVESTITAGTION
You will each need a •History Alive book and turn to pages 93-95 •The American Republic Book Pages 136-137 •Social Studies Book pgs 93-94
American Revolutionar y War
综合英语第五册Unit1解析
1 The first time I went to Washington D.C. was on the edge of the summer when I was supposed to stop being a child. At least that's what they said to us all at graduation from the eighth grade. My sister Phyllis graduated at the same time from high school. I don't know what she was supposed to stop being. But as graduation presents for us both, the whole family took a Fourth of July trip to Washington D.C., the fabled and famous capital of our country.
B.The Fourth of July is the National Day in the USA, the day on which America won independence and freedom. As a way of celebration, most Americans will take trips to various places.
Unit 1 The Fourth of July
Audre Lorde
Relevant information
Can you name the objects in following pictures? Are they important clues of the story?
介绍革命时期英雄人物英语作文150词
介绍革命时期英雄人物英语作文150词全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Hero from the Revolutionary WarHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about one of my biggest heroes from the American Revolutionary War - Deborah Sampson. She was a really brave woman who fought for America's freedom dressed as a man!Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she was a kid, she loved reading about brave heroes and adventurers. She dreamed of one day doing something amazing and heroic herself.When the Revolutionary War started in 1775, Deborah really wanted to join the Continental Army and fight against the British. But back then, women weren't allowed to be soldiers. So Deborah came up with a clever plan - she cut her hair short, dressed up like a man, and used the name "Robert Shurtliff" to enlist in the army in 1782!Can you imagine how scary that must have been? Deborah had to act like a man all the time so nobody would find out she was actually a woman. She marched for miles, set up camps, dug trenches, and even got shot in the thigh during a battle! The whole time she hid her true identity. How brave is that?During one battle, Deborah's legs were injured by musket fire. But she was too afraid to go to the army doctors, because they might discover she was a woman. So she took the musket balls out of her own legs and kept on fighting! What immense courage.Deborah served in the army for over two years before she got very sick with a fever. The doctors finally realized she was a woman when they were treating her. But instead of punishing her, the army honored Deborah as a hero! She received an honorable discharge and back wages for her service.After the war, Deborah got married, had children, and even fought for women's rights and better pay for Revolutionary soldiers. She lived to be 66 years old.I think Deborah Sampson's story is so inspiring. She risked everything and showed such unbelievable bravery and strength, all to win freedom and independence for America. She provedthat women can be just as courageous and heroic as any man on the battlefield.Deborah never gave up on her dream, no matter how hard things got. She reminds me to always believe in myself and fight for what I think is right, even when people tell me I can't do something because I'm "just a girl." Deborah showed the world that girls can be heroes too!What did you think of Deborah's amazing story? Who are some of your biggest heroes from history? I'd love to hear about them!篇2My Favorite Revolutionary HeroDo you know who my favorite hero from the Revolutionary era is? It's Deborah Sampson! She was a woman who fought bravely in the American Revolutionary War by disguising herself as a man named Robert Shurtleff.Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When the war started, she really wanted to fight for America's freedom, but women weren't allowed to be soldiers back then. So Deborah cut her hair short, put on men's clothes, and enlisted in theContinental Army in 1782. She fought in many battles and was even wounded twice!For years, nobody knew Deborah was actually a woman. When her secret was finally discovered in 1783, she was honored by the governor and given a pension from the Army for her brave service. I think Deborah Sampson was so courageous and determined to fight for liberty. She's an inspiration to me and shows that everyone can be a hero, no matter who they are!篇3My Favorite Revolutionary HeroDo you know who my favorite hero from the revolutionary times is? It's Deborah Sampson! She was so brave and did some really cool things that not many people know about.Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she grew up, the American Revolutionary War had already started. Even though girls weren't allowed to fight as soldiers back then, Deborah really wanted to join the Continental Army and fight for America's freedom from Britain.So in 1782, she did something super daring - she disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the army under the name RobertShurtleff! Can you imagine how nervous she must have been, worried that someone might find out she was actually a woman? But Deborah was determined and pulled it off.For over a year and a half, Deborah fought bravely as a soldier. She was part of several major battles and was even wounded twice by musket fire! Once she was hit by two musket balls in her thigh and had to remove them herself so nobody would discover her secret. Ouch! That must have been so painful.Deborah's commanders and fellow soldiers never suspected she was a woman because she was so good at her duties. She scouted for the army, did guard duty, dug trenches, and loaded cannons in battle. The other soldiers nicknamed her "Dr. Sampson" because she was really skilled at giving medical care and extracting teeth. Little did they know "Dr. Sampson" was actually Deborah!In 1783, Deborah's secret was finally revealed when she had to get treated for fever and the doctor discovered she was female. Instead of punishing her like some expected, the army honored Deborah with an honorable discharge and even gave her backpay and a nice uniform! People were amazed by her courage and determination.After the war, Deborah got married and had children. For the rest of her life, she was celebrated as the brave "female soldier" and people would come from all over to hear her exciting stories. Deborah lived to be 66 years old.I think Deborah Sampson was such an inspiring hero. She risked everything to fight for American independence and never gave up, even when facing tremendous challenges like getting wounded and hiding her true identity. Deborah showed that women could be just as strong and courageous as men on the battlefield. She defied expectations and proved that girls can do anything they set their minds to. I hope I can have that kind of perseverance and be as daring as Deborah when facing obstacles in my own life!篇4The Brave Patriot Named Paul RevereHave you ever heard of a hero named Paul Revere? He was a really brave and important person who lived in Boston a long, long time ago during the American Revolutionary War. Let me tell you all about his amazing adventures!Paul Revere was an expert silversmith who could make beautiful silver objects like dishes, cups, and jewelry. But whenthe British started causing trouble for the American colonies, he became a patriot fighting for independence.In 1775, the British army was getting ready to march from Boston to Concord to arrest some rebel leaders and seize their weapons. The patriots needed to be warned so they could be ready to defend themselves. That's where Paul Revere came in!On the night of April 18th, Paul Revere got a special signal - two lanterns hung in the tower of the Old North Church. This was a secret message that the British troops were crossing the Charles River to march to Concord. Paul quickly jumped on his horse and started riding to spread the alarm!As he galloped through the dark countryside yelling "The Regulars are coming out! The Regulars are coming out!" people sprang from their homes ready to fight. Paul had to avoid capture by the British several times on his midnight ride. He finally arrived in Concord just before dawn to warn the minutemen that red-coated soldiers were on their way.Thanks to Paul's brave ride, the patriot militia was able to fight the British at the Battles of Lexington and Concord - the first battles of the Revolutionary War! His heroic actions to sound the alarm rallied the colonists and helped start the struggle for American independence.After that famous ride, Paul Revere went on to fight in several more battles and help make ammunition and cannon for the patriot cause. He was a true American hero who risked his life over and over to protect his country's freedom.Doesn't that story make you want to be as brave and patriotic as Paul Revere someday? His courageous midnight ride will always be remembered as one of the most iconic events in the birth of the United States of America. Three cheers for the fearless hero - Paul Revere!篇5My Favorite Revolutionary Hero: Deborah SampsonDo you know who Deborah Sampson was? She was a really brave woman who fought in the American Revolutionary War, even though back then women weren't allowed to be soldiers. How cool is that?Deborah was born in 1760 in Massachusetts. When she was a kid, she loved reading about ancient warriors and adventurers. Even though girls were supposed to learn housework and sewing, Deborah preferred doing farmwork and other "boy" jobs. She was always getting in trouble for acting too boyish and not being ladylike enough.As she got older, Deborah became interested in the American Revolution that was happening. She supported the Patriots and wanted to help fight against the British. But of course, the army didn't let women join as soldiers back then. So in 1782, Deborah disguised herself as a man named Robert Shurtliff and enlisted in the Continental Army! Can you imagine how brave she had to be to do that?For three years, Deborah fought alongside the men and nobody realized she was actually a woman. She was wounded twice in battles! Once, she was shot in the thigh and couldn't go to an army doctor without risk of her secret being discovered. So she treated the musket wound herself by using a pen knife and dressing from a tree bark and leaves! How amazing is that?After being honorably discharged in 1783, Deborah went back to living as a woman. But she kept her army experiences a secret for many years. It wasn't until 1802 that she finally shared her incredible story. Deborah went on lecture tours talking about being a female Revolutionary War soldier. People were so impressed that the Massachusetts State Legislature awarded her a pension and some land for her military service.I think Deborah Sampson is such an inspiring hero, especially for girls! She showed that women can be just as brave and toughas men, even in difficult situations like being a soldier in war. Deborah never let society's expectations for women stop her from doing what she believed was right and important. Her courage and determination allowed her to make history.If I could travel back in time, I would love to meet Deborah and hear her story straight from her. I would ask her what it was like fighting in battles while keeping her true identity a secret. And I would thank her for her bravery in proving that women are capable of anything they set their minds to. Heroes like Deborah Sampson show that girls can grow up to be warriors and trailblazers too!篇6My Favorite Revolutionary HeroMy favorite hero from the revolutionary period is Betsy Ross. Betsy was a seamstress who lived in Philadelphia during the American Revolution. According to the story, George Washington himself visited Betsy in 1776 and asked her to sew the first American flag!Betsy was very talented with a needle and thread. She created the iconic design with 13 red and white stripes to represent the 13 colonies, and a circle of 13 white stars on a bluebackground to represent a new constellation. Betsy's flag became a powerful symbol of the patriots' fight for independence from Britain.I admire Betsy Ross because she used her ordinary job skills to make an extraordinary contribution to the revolution. She worked hard and took pride in her work. Her flag design is now recognized all over the world. Betsy was a true American hero who helped make history with her sewing! I hope I can be as brave and talented as she was.。
美国独立战争英语作文
美国独立战争英语作文The American Revolutionary War was a pivotal moment in history. It was a time of great change and upheaval, with the colonies fighting for their independence from British rule. The war lasted for eight long years, from 1775 to 1783, and it was a time of great sacrifice and bravery for the American people.The war was sparked by a number of factors, including high taxes imposed by the British government and a lack of representation for the colonies in the British Parliament. The American people were tired of being treated as second-class citizens, and they were determined to fight for their freedom.The war was not an easy one for the American forces. They were often outnumbered and outgunned by the British army, and they faced many hardships and setbacks along the way. However, they were determined to fight for their freedom, and they were willing to make whatever sacrificeswere necessary to achieve their goal.One of the key turning points in the war was the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. This battle was a major victory for the American forces, and it helped to convince the French to enter the war on the side of the colonies. This was a crucial turning point, as it provided much-needed support and resources for the American forces.The war finally came to an end in 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. This treaty officially recognized the independence of the United States, and it marked the end of British rule in the colonies. It was a momentous occasion for the American people, and it marked the beginning of a new era of freedom and opportunity for the nation.The American Revolutionary War was a time of great struggle and sacrifice, but it was also a time of great courage and determination. The American people were willing to fight for their freedom, no matter the cost, and their efforts ultimately paid off. The war laid the foundationfor the United States as we know it today, and it will always be remembered as a defining moment in the nation's history.。
小学上册第十五次英语第2单元真题(含答案)
小学上册英语第2单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The kitten is _____ with a ball of yarn. (playing)2.I see a ______ (bird) in the garden.3.My favorite activity is ______ (游泳).4.The capital of Papua New Guinea is __________.5.The _______ (The Berlin Wall) fell in 1989, signaling the end of the Cold War.6.On special occasions, we dress up in ________ (漂亮的衣服) and go out for________ (晚餐). It feels very nice!7.I want to ___ a story. (tell)8.The capital city of Kuwait is ________ (科威特的首都城市是________).9.The _______ (The American Revolutionary War) established the US as an independent nation.10. A ferret is a playful ________________ (小动物).11.We see a ___ (tree/rock) in the garden.12.The hummingbird can hover in _______ (空中).13.I planted _____ (西红柿) last season.14.An unstable isotope is known as a ______.15.What do you call a person who makes furniture?A. CarpenterB. BlacksmithC. BuilderD. Mechanic答案: A16.The __________ is a large desert in Australia.17.The _____ (birch) tree has white bark.18.The __________ is very warm today; let’s go swimming! (气温)19.I like to showcase my ________ (玩具).20.What is 6 x 7?A. 42B. 36C. 48D. 54答案:a21.What do we call the person who cuts hair?A. DentistB. BarberC. ChefD. Teacher答案: B22.We have ___ (history/math) class today.23.My ______ enjoys playing board games.24.The __________ (历史的探讨对象) spark interest.25.Listen and match.听录音，连线。