Architect Renzo Piano (建筑师)论文外文翻译
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑设计中英文对照外文翻译文献On the other hand, there is a significant amount ofliterature in the field of architecture design that is writtenin foreign languages. While it may not be as readily accessible for non-native speakers, there are many benefits to exploring literature in other languages. For example, architects who are fluent in multiple languages can have a broader understanding of different cultural approaches to architecture. By reading literature in foreign languages, architects can gain insights into design concepts and practices that may not be covered in English-language sources. This can lead to a more diverse and innovative approach to design.However, one challenge with accessing literature in foreign languages is the accuracy of translations. Architecture is a technical field with specific terminology, and it is important to ensure that translations accurately convey the intended meaning. In some cases, the translation of technical terms and concepts may not accurately convey their full meaning, which can lead to misunderstandings or confusion. Architects who rely on translated literature should be cautious and ensure they verify the accuracy of the translations with experts in the field.Despite these challenges, it is essential for architects to explore literature in multiple languages to stay informed and to gain a global perspective on architecture design. By consideringboth English and foreign language translated literature, architects can access a wider range of resources and insights. Additionally, architects should consider collaborating with colleagues who are fluent in different languages to ensure accurate translation and interpretation of foreign language sources.In conclusion, architecture design is a field that benefits from accessing literature in multiple languages. English provides a wealth of resources and is the global language of academia. However, architects who can access and read literature in foreign languages can gain new perspectives and insights into different cultural approaches to design. While caution should be taken to verify the accuracy of translations, architects should explore literature in multiple languages to broaden their understanding and enhance their creative problem-solving skills.。
建筑设计外文翻译文献
建筑设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper.Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load1. IntroductionIn recent years, reinforced concrete slope of the roof has been very common seen, the correct method of it’s design need establish urgently It’s target is to abolish or reduce the roof beams and columns, to obtain big room and make the roof plate "clean ". This not only benefits tructure specialty itself but also to the design of the building professionals to develop new field, and ultimately to allow users, property developers benefited,and so it has far-reaching significance.In the common practice engineering practice, a designer in the calculation of the mechanical model often referred sloping roof as vertical sloping roof under the projection plane Beam, or take level ridge, ramps ridge contour as a framework and increase unnecessary beam and tilt column . In fact ,the stress is similar between General square planar housing, double slope, multi-slope roof and arch, shell.Ping and oblique ridge are folded plate like “A”, whether layout beams and columns, its ridge line of the deformation pattern is different from the framework fundamentally. All these method will make the difference between calculation results and real internal structure force. During the construction process, housing backbone, plate bias department template has complex shapes, multi-angle bars overlap, installation and casting is very difficult. These projects are common in construction and is a typical superfluous. Some scholars use the elastic shell theory to analyze folded plate roof、internal force and deformation, reveals the vertical loads law of surrounding the base is neither level rise nor the vertical displacement which to some extent reflects the humps and shell’s features .But assume that boundary conditions which is very different from general engineering actual situation and covered the eaves of a vertical cross-settlement and bottom edge under the fundamental characteristics of rally, so it is not for general engineering design .2. Outlines of MethodsFor most frequently span, the way to cancel the backbone of housing, didn’t add axillary often. But in the periphery under the eaves to the framework need established grid-beam or beams over windows. For long rectangular planar multi-room, multi-column, building professionals in a horizontal layout of the partition wall between each pair of columns and the direction set deep into the same thickness width have possession of a gathering of the rafah beam profiles . Pull beam above has a two-slope roof plate affixed sloping beams expect smaller span. For residential,if it has no needs according construction professional, we will be able to achieve within the household no ceiling beams exposed, see figure 1. Similar lattice theory, this approach emphasizes the use of axial force component effe ct, But is different with the truss because it’s load distribution along the bar not only single but also along the axis of the plate. Generally each plate has force characteristics of folded plate, for bear gravity at the roof, wind, earthquake loads, caused the plate along with the internal force components, each plate is equivalent to strengthen the thin flange beams .Among vertical bearing , it is thin-walled beams anti-edge horizontal component to balance Wang thrust formed by arch shell effect. When plates bear the the vertical component load, each plate is equivalent to a solid edge embedded multilateral bearing plates .The design feature of this method is establish and perfect the sloping roof of the arch, folded plate system Consciously, at top of the roof, using a minimal level of rafah balance beam ramp at the level of thrust.It’s calculation methods can be divided into hand algorithm and computer paper, this paper focus on the hand algorithm.Hand algorithm take the single-slope plate of sloping roof plate as slider , through approximate overall analysis, Simplified boundary conditions of determine plate,solving load effect along level and vertical plane, Internal forces of various linear superposition under the condition of assumption of normal straight, testing stability and integrated reinforcement. The method pursuit of operational, use general engineer familiar calculation steps to address more complex issues.This method is suitable for the framework structure, little modifications also apply to masonrystructure or Frame-wall structure. General arch structure have good anti-seismic performance, if designed properly, the sloping roof will also do so. In this paper the pseudo-static is used to analysis earthquake effects.3. Analysis and Design for Along Plane Effect of LoadsFirst regard to cross profile of figure 1,we analysis equal width rectangular parts of long trapezoidal panels 1、2. as for approximate calculation,it is take plane loads along plane as a constant just like four rectangular plate can be simplified to one-way slab,we take along to long unit width narrow structure as analysis object ,take hinged arch model shown in figure 2.图2a图3a图2b图3b图2c图3cIn Figure 2 the right supports vertical linkage representatives roof beams supporting role, ramps connecting rod on behalf of the board itself thin beam reaction effect which is virtual and approximate equivalent. We would like to calculate two anti-bearing.Because the total pressure of physical project through two plate roof beams and transfer to the ends column, So Anti two numerical difference can be seen as two plates bear along with the plane load and roof beams bear the vertical load pressure. Two Anti power link expressions in Various conditions were given as follows, because the model take units width,so the results is line averageload distribution except it has Focus quality in house.They are bouth represent by N , English leftover subscript s, b, represent the plane along the roof panels and vertical role in the roof beam, g, w, e,represent gravity, air pressure and the level of earthquake separately. d, c, represent distribution of concentrated load or effect separately, In the formula h is thicness of every plate,g is gravitation acceleration, a is roof for the horizontal seismic acceleration value formula, Wk represent the standard value Pressure.m with number footnotesrepresent every numbered ramp the quality distribution per unit area ,m with english footnotes represent quality of per location.as to two symmetrical slopes, the formula can be more concise.Figure 2a represent situation of vertical gravity load ,these formulas as follows:()()'''111100110cos cos 38cos cos cos cos L AL L m L AL N l h l h l m ωαβμααββ-=++ ()()()()'10000000101'100000cos cos 2cos cos 8sin cos 8sin cos cos 8sin cos cos cos l l l l l h m m s h N l l h h l h l μαβωααηαβωμβββαββααβ++-=--++()()()()101101110100001012111cos 2cos cos 2L L L L L L L m LL L L mLL L L L L L N h B hL hL LIμξβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫--+-+--+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=++()()()()()001001110011200101021000110111121cos sin 2sin 2sin cos cos A L h L m LL L L mL L m a L L L L h h L m l m N L L L Ah L L k B h L h L δδββββαβ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-+--+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=+---++Figure 2b represent situation of bear wind load, these formulas as follows:()()222211122111cos cos cos 8cos cos cos cos wkL h L L S li N a L h h b ωαωββαβα-=++ ()()()()22222001111222212110cos cos cos 11cos cos cos cos sin 5cos sin cos cos sin cos k K L h l w L w w h w h m L N l l AL h L a h L αωαβαβλαβααββββαββ⎡⎤-⎡⎤+⎢⎥=+++-+⎢⎥++⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦Figure 2c represent situation of role of level earthquake, these formulas as follows:()()2222210011022001sin cos sin cos 3sin cos cos cos cos cos a a L h l L L N L h l hl αμβαωαβωβδαβαβδβ+=--+ ()()()()222221011120322222102101sin cos sin cos sin sin sin 3cos 2ln cos 5ln cos cos cos cos a l h m l m L m m m N n s l l l g h l h l δβααβαββββαβαβαβ++=++++ ()()()0010011012110121000111sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos a a L L m L L L n L L L L L nh L N L l h l h l ββαβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥=+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()00000201sin 2cos a a L m L L L h L l θβα⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎣⎦+()()()2000010121001sin sin cos sin cos sin cos cos 2sin cos a e L m L L L h L m m N l l h βααβαββαβββ⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎣⎦=-+ ()()()001001001221111221001sin 1sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos sin a a L L L L L L m L L L L L h L h l L h l h ωαββαβαββ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥-+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ When vertical seismic calculation required by Seismic Design ParametersIt’s calculate formula generally similar as formula 1 to 4 which only need take gravity g asvertical seismic acceleration a. Above formulas apply to right bearings in figure 2 and also to left when exchange data of two plate.As end triangle of Multi-slope roof ,for simplify and approximate calculation need, we assume two lines distribution load only produced by roof board of several load, effect.now II-II cross-section from figure is took to analysis Long trapezoidal plate two’s end triangle, assuming the structure symmetry approximately, take half of structure to establish model (figure 3). Because linked with the end triangular plate-3 plane has great lateral stiffness ,therefore assume the model leftist stronghold along the central component around which can not be shifted direction. Central Plate vertical stiffness small, in general gravity load of roughly symmetric midpoint only next movement happened possible, Therefore, the model used parallel two-link connection. Wind loading, and the general role of the earthquake in two slope was roughly antisymmetric,so plate model in the central use fixed hinge bearings which allow rotation and transtlateral force to plate 3near the plate beam. Under plate two triangular area is eaves of vertical beams and plates itself along with plane load distribution is functionshown in Figure 1 take the variable x as an argument,assume the distance from position of section II to end part is x 0s so the slope level length is y 0=x 0L 2/L 3,formula 11 to 14 is the value of Vertical triangle of gravity along the x direction arbitrary location of the two load distribution ,where h 3 is Slitting vertical thickness of plate 3.()22001cos 212cos e a a mkxL h x N L sh v l x ββ⎡⎤=-⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()211121001sin cos 212cos m kvL h x N l xh x L V βββ⎡⎤=+⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()22000002221100max 1123cos L La h L L L L N VL h h l a V L L αγβ⎡⎤⎛⎫=---⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ ()22201000112222201001ln 23cos a L L h l L L L n V s xl h v h L x x l L ββ⎡⎤⎛⎫=+-⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ As wind load and earthquake effect, sketch could use approximate figure 3b 、3c and use method of structural mechanics to solve But the process is cumbersome and reasonable extent is limited .the wind and earthquake effect is not important compare with the load effect. Moreover,the triangle area is small As approximate calculation, such direct-use rectangular plate slope calculation is more convenient and not obvious waste. The method of solve two load distribution of plate three is same as the solution of Long trapezoidal plate area just make the change of x and y、L2 and L3 in figure 1.The actual profile is part III-III shown in figure 1A B C图4a图4b BDFigure 4 is vertical launch plan and bear load portfolio value of roof ramp shown in Figure 1 to analysis inclined plate and the internal forces of the anti-bearing column . in the figure hypotenuse is oblique roof equal to strengthen frame, Similar wind ramp truss rod and the next edge portfolio, could form the dark truss system ,while long rectangular plate can be seen as part of thin-walled beams, which could also be seen as truss. Therefore, we called roof boarding the plane formed a "thin-walled beam-truss" system, in concrete theory, between the truss and the b eam have no natural divide . it’s no need hand count accurate internal forces and bearing force to such a joint system, Because on the one hand span more, big bending stiffness structure sensitive to the bearing uneven subsidence and have to stay safe reserves; on the other hand it has high cross-section, by increasing reinforced to increase capacity on the cost impact is not significant. Specific algorithm is: Single-ramp calculate by simple cradle, Multi-Span ramp’s bending moment, shear, and supporting anti-edge use the calculate value by the possible maximum numerical control methods, Moment is calculate by simple cradle two sides of supports middle Shear, negative moment and support force calculate according to bearing this continuous, two-hinged, about two span take the largest one. Pin-Pin bearing shear force that is supported by the inter-simple calculate according to simple cradle. But in this method the location of the various internal force’s safety level is uneven expansion, appropriate adjustmen t should be made is late calculation. No mater f the triangular or rectangular part of plate, Thin-plane bending rebar can get by method of moment right boards from the bottom point for the moment distance whichassigned to the eaves or roof. The author believe it has no necessary control number of reinforcement according to smallest beams reinforced rate. On the rim of triangle equivalent to ramp strut can shear entirety. when consider the end is weak can properly reinforced its roof beam below the reinforcement. If shear required stirrup in the rectangular part of thin-walled, should superposition to the beam, generally it’s no need to intentionally imaginary abdominal strengthening reinforcement at rod position.4. Calculation and Design of Pull Beam and Roof BeamsBy column in figure 1 marked calculated value of supporting force and their level of vertical component, horizontal component of the total force multiplied by the cosine of angle. Take column A as example, the first footnotes in R A2 is column number, the first footnotes represent the force generated by the panel two. Their horizontal component balanced by triangle three under the eaves of beams. horizontal component of intermediate support reaction is balanced by the two-level pull beam in deep direction. Then pull beam and above the sloping beams constitutes steel Arch. Because of the existence of antisymmetric load, bilateral role in the anti-power-level components may be inconsistent and pull beam should take the average lag. consider the support impact of uneven settlement, the level pull beam design should take bigger value.Roof beams general under four internal forces: First of the above is levels Rally, The second is axial force generated when oblique roofing in the flange plate plane bending. The third is the vertical load to bear as the roof slab edge beams under bending moment, shear ,like board supported by multi-faceted, Actual force is smaller than bear calculated by one-way plate N b,Fourth is the effect of lateral framework of internal forces .it should linear superposition ,Composite Reinforced, in the situation of weight Load, span and the small dip, checking computations should be took for tension beams cracking, appropriate intensify the section, with fine steel, including the side beams of steel beams rafah terminal should take two meander anchorage,just like letter L With ng as 10d long bends, meander 135 degrees angle and put pull beam intersection with the vertical reinforcement column touting the Meander overcast horn.This paper take model in figure 1 as example, ignore tigers window , 4 sloping roof are 35 o angle, the length of roof slab dimensions are shown in figure 4. Plate unit area quality is 350kg/m2,Overhaul live load is 0.50 kN/m2, Pressure standard of windward side is 0.21 kN/m2, Leeward face is -0.45 kN/m2, Design value of roof horizontal seismic acceleration is 0.1g, Calculate the bearing capacity limit by standardizing, Considered separately with and without seismic load effect of the combination basic design value,we use combination of without earthquake force through compare，Load calculation and analysis results of every position shown in table 1:5. Analysis and Design for Roof of the Vertical Loads Under Sloping RoofSlabs as a Multilateral Support PlateFolded plate structure has character of “unified of borad and frame”: General intersection of each pair of ramps are for mutual support, both sides of the transition line’ plate can be counted dogleg small rotation and transmission, distribution Moment.Under load control which is the role of gravity the two sloping geometry load roughly symmetrical occasions, there is no corner at symmetry capital turning point, Approximate seen as the plate embedded solid edge.if take out a distance by plate of eaves, plate of inside ridge also formation to negative moment,and long roof slabs in the plate sloping beams department and neighbor plate linked together, these all can be approximated as embedded-plate edge to process.For antisymmetric load like horizontal seismic load,the Ping roof should be treated as shear,but it is not control load usually. Plate final design moment value is the status of various unfavorable combination of linear superposition, from the cross-sectional direction plate reinforced by the columns, Reference, balance the require of concrete deep beams of tectonic, upper plate for Moment of negative reinforcement should be reinforced at all or an entire cross-leader, as they also serve as a deep beam distribution lumbartendons or stirrup. plate in the bottom vertical with reinforcement eaves, Negative reinforcementin accordance with their respective calcualte requirements,and it is different after superpositionstirrups requirementBoth sides of "stirrup" in this situation cann’t linked at awnings edge follow shape “U”, can bebent to shape "L" follow upper and down direction,legnth of packs could equal to thickness ofplate.It should enhenced at the node of ramp at the intersection appropriately. It recommended thatuse swagger tectonic shown as in Figure 5 considing simple structure without axillary at thesituation of Cloudy angle without pull. To ensure all reinforced Installing accuracy, Few of therhombus with the supports and rebar stirrups could be added to formed positioning Skeleton atstrengthening reinforced department in the figure, Let two later installed sloping steel plate tie toits lashing,designers should use a three-dimensional geometric method to accurately calculate thediamond stirrups limb edge length and Forming a swagger construction plans6. Calculating and processing of open window and hole in sloping roofAssume the plate in figure 6 has a big hole whose wideth is b ,height is h 0 ,assuming that tungcenter along with the plane bending moment, shear, respectively are M and V through overall calculation, use vierendeel calculation method get about middle cave:1XO MM T τ= 2NR MM T τ=3113312h V V h h =+ 0XO NR M M M V h --= Where I 1、I 2 、I respectively represent upp er and down plate limb’s Section moment of inertia anddouble limbs section moment of inertia.while Edge Moment by hole is:1113I M V b M α=+ 2212I M V b M μ=+not very big by the hole, close to the neutral axis in most cases overall, under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation,under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation.General tiger win dow’s form prominent roof Facade which a hole had opened up and the other faces a concrete slab closed.when analysis of vertical slab roof slab surface loads ,compare with without windows and roof slabs hole window sheet increased load. profiles of window’s folded plate form make it reduce the bending stiffness compare with without hole roof board, But with the profile hole edge which parallel to the vertical plate is a partial increase in bending stiffness. In the absence of the vertical plate window subordinate legislation should have upturns beam to increase stiffness of the surrounding caves near.in this way i can temporarily ignore the plate stiffness variation acording to the actual load, size and boundary conditions by entities plate to calculate psitive and negative moment and further processing nodes.it should point out that theRoof ramp layout hole edge ideal location is near the plate-bending line, especially in the open side of the window because it was cut down byvertical transmission line of the moment. If the roof slab roof beams department no outward roof then the actual plate-bending force on the line near the roof beam reversed also true, Because of this architects should strive for when determine oosition of tiger position take appropriate care.When pin tung far away from line-bending window wall and roofing in the intersection must bear folded plate and transmission moment, but compare with plate without hole its capacity is weaken surely,and it’s node turn into weak parts. To fill thy judgment and calculation errorstwo panels can be double reinforcement. When the hole is less than line-bending scope should increase negative reinforcement around to keep overall security plate bearing capacity. To ensure steel plate in place accuratly,also should use positioning stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement constitute skeleton similar as figure 5. Hoop end within vertical bars should be strengthen steel and end cave corner should be harvested more than one anchor length to make sure that bottom of the cave 4 tensile stress concentration.7. Stabilize Roof SlopeIn China's V-shaped folded plate structure design norms,the method prevent both sides of theflanges at local instability is limit its generous ratio,This requirement come from the use of isotropic plate buckling theory analysis. In research the flanges outside instability in critical state, the boundary conditions of winglets suppose as freedom outside, fixed interior, pre - and post-hinged on both sides,the situation plates subjected to the bending stress to solve width and height ratio corresponding with the critical pressure compressive stress. When the grade of concreteIs C30,the limit of width and height(b/t)ratio is 47, take 35 as stress non-normative value. Concrete elastic modulus and strength levels is not a linear relationship if use high-strength concrete other study should be taken. In the actual slope roof only a long row to the middle plate bearing plate outside may receive pressure. And here is just the pouringplate affixed roof sloping beams and horizontal pull beam cast together.Have no possible of rollover and foreign rising displacement. norms limited of folded plate span is 21m. roof below and the vertical column spacing generally much smaller it. And the board which into one with roof beams changed boundary conditions of plate, anti-great instability role also very big. For other locations ramp vertical compression edge May also set up the appropriate plate edge beams all these method will receive beyond the norms of redundant safety. Taking into account the plate shear plane, while the vertical direction of the load caused the exit plane effects, Therefore, the grasp of security of caution should cautious. This paper proposed ramp thickness not less than to the short span of 1 / 35 which also conform to design experience of generally confined SLABS, Concrete should graded between C25 and C35 while Steel should I or class II.puter Calculation Method of Local Sloping Roof Structure andOverall ICC of Overall StructureAny calculate software with inclined plate shell modules and the modules bar structural finite element can calculation of competent sloping roof. Shell element of each node have 3 membrane freedom and three panels freedom and can analysis the plane board and internal forces Of out-of-plane effects. However, the current prevalence of certain spatial structure finite element computer program which although have shell model but some are not inclined plate, some not right at the same plane, the stress state and foreign integrated reinforcement are not perfect. Withstructures becoming more diverse, complex and ramp space problems often encountered. Such software should expand its pre - and post-processing functions for conversion of shell element stiffness matrix and loading vector in the direction of freedom and further analysis of ramp space, the space of concrete against stress integrated reinforcement. In a fundamental sense manual method and the finite element method are interchangeable but the result may be very different. As long as layout roof component as this concept,then use the software to calculate can fast, precise, to achieve this goal of this paper.From the eaves to the roof elevation areas, the whole roof of anti-lateral stiffness lower than mutation, quality small than lower,this could not easy to simulate in calculation of whole housing. At the top construction of the seismic as higher-mode response which is also whiplash effect, the earthquake-lateral force may be abnormal and have effect on under layers. Therefore, in the partial hand count roof occasions when take ICC analysis to the overall structure, it proposed roof layer use model of tilt rod ramp support to reduce effect on the overall results distortion.If use software with function of space ramp handling and sloping roof modeling with shell element,all will be wrapped from top to bottom. Top results can be directly used and the distortion of the overall impact would cease to exist.10. Conclusion1）Concrete ramps, side beams in different directions superposition of internal forces, reinforced and ramp stability, the hole limits all to be do in-depth study related this research. Similar typical problems are top floor of structural transformation layer and box-type base box side wall all their research results can be used to adopt.It’s a important method do observation on project; finite element analysis ICC will be more economical, practical and popular. Currently existing completed sloping roof no matter the subjective designers use what kind of assumptions and analysis and whether reinforcement is reasonable as long as the overall structure of the objective reality, create a space folded plate and the arch system that their current work state can be used to summarize and draw upon.2）This structure forms make a new world of design concept of use the top floor and impact on people's living habits.The economic, social benefits it taked will gradually revealed,however it need interaction of architectural and structural professionals and People’s awareness andinformation and even real estate management policies and other support aspects.This method is hard for structure professional,some specific details have no norms to follow at present. This is the challenges sructure staff faced and also the happy exist.references[1]Francis D.K.Ching A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, International Thomson Publishing Inc. 1997.[2]Jiang Fengqing :internal forces of Simply supported two-way pack square plate, Civil Engineering Journal,1982(2)[3]Lai Mingyuan.Zhang Guxin:Deflection and internal forces of Simple peripheral portfolio folded plate roof, Civil Engineering Journal,1992(2)[4] ]Lai Mingyuan: Deflection and internal forces of Simple flattened four folded plate roof slope, Civil Engineering Journal, 1995(1)[5]Li Kaixi.Cui Jia:Local Stability About Yan Beam, Building Structures ,1996(1) [6]user manuals and technical conditions of Multi-storey high-rise building and the space finite element structural analysis and design software SATWE, PKPM CAD department of China Building Research Academy[7]Chen Xinghui.Lin Yuankun: Several calculation problems in the design of V-folded plate roof , Scientific publishing house,1985[8]current building structure norms, China Construction Industry Press,2002译文：钢筋混凝土坡屋顶的结构设计简介：本文对于现浇钢筋混凝土坡屋顶，尤其是常见的住宅结构，指出实际工程中常见的设计错误及问题。
建筑外文文献及翻译(参考模板)
外文原文Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of ProjectsLin Jingjing , Zhou GuohuaSchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm.Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority .1.INTRODUCTIONMore and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have discussed the resource allocation problem in multi-project environment with resources constrained. Reference [1] designed an iterative algorithm and proposeda mathematical model of the resource-constrained multi-project scheduling .Basedon work breakdown structure (WBS) and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method ,a feasible multi-project planning method was illustrated , as in [2] . References [3,4]discussed the resource-constrained project scheduling based on Branch Delimitation method .Reference [5] put forward the framework of human resource allocation in multi-project in Long-term ,medium-term and short-term as well as research and development(R&D) environment .Basedon GPSS language, simulation model of resources allocation was built to get the project’s duration time and resources distribution, as in [6]. Reference [7] solved the engineering project’s resources optimization problem using Genetic Algorithms. These literatures reasonably optimized resources allocation in multi-project, but all had the same prerequisite that the project’s importance is the same to each other .This paper will analyze the effects of project’s priority on human resource allocation ,which is to be introduced into a mathematical model ;finally ,a Genetic Algorithm is used to solve the model.2.EFFECTS OF PROJECTS PRIORITY ON HUMAN RESOUCE ALLOCATIONAND THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PROJECT’S PRIORITYResource sharing is one of the main characteristics of multi-project management .The allocation of shared resources relates to the efficiency and rationality of the use of resources .When resource conflict occurs ,the resource demand of the project with highest priority should be satisfied first. Only after that, can the projects with lower priority be considered.Based on the idea of project classification management ,this paper classifies the affecting factors of project’s priority into three categories ,as the project’s benefits ,the complexity of project management and technology , and the strategic influence on the enterprise’s future development . The priority weight of the project is the function of the above three categories, as shown in (1).W=f(I,c,s…) (1)Where w refers to project’s priority weight; I refers to the benefits of th e project; c refers to the complexity of the project, including the technology and management; s refers to the influence of the project on enterprise .The bigger the values of the three categories, the higher the priority is.3.HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODEL IN MULTI-PROJECTENVIRONMENT3.1Problem DescriptionAccording to the constraint theory, the enterprise should strictly differentiate the bottleneck resources and the non-bottleneck resources to solve the constraint problem of bottleneck resources .This paper will stress on the limited critical human resources being allocated to multi-project with definite duration times and priority.To simplify the problem, we suppose that that three exist several parallel projects and a shared resources storehouse, and the enterprise’s operation only involves one kind of critical human resources. The supply of the critical human resource is limited, which cannot be obtained by hiring or any other ways during a certain period .when resource conflict among parallel projects occurs, we may allocate the human resource to multi-project according to project’s priorities .The allocation of non-critical independent human resources is not considered in this paper, which supposes that the independent resources that each project needs can be satisfied.Engineering projects usually need massive critical skilled human resources in some critical chain ,which cannot be substituted by the other kind of human resources .When the critical chains of projects at the same time during some period, there occur resource conflict and competition .The paper also supposes that the corresponding network planning of various projects have already been established ,and the peaks of each project’s resources demand have been optimized .The delay of the critical chain will affect the whole project’s duration time .3.2 Model HypothesesThe following hypotheses help us to establish a mathematical model:(1)The number of mutually independent projects involved in resourceallocation problem in multi-project is N. Each project is indicated withQ i,while i=1,2, … N.(2)The priority weights of multi-project have been determined ,which arerespectively w1,w 2…w n .(3) The total number of the critical human resources is R ,with r k standingfor each person ,while k=1,2, …,R(4) Δk i = ⎩⎨⎧others toprojectQ rcer humanresou i k 01(5) Resources capturing by several projects begins on time. t E i is theexpected duration time of project I that needs the critical resources tofinish some task after time t ,on the premise that the human resourcesdemand can be satisfied .tAi is the real duration time of project I thatneeds the critical resource to finish some task after time t .(6) According to the contract ,if the delay of the project happens the dailycost loss due to the delay is △c i for pro ject I .According to the project’simportance ,the delay of a project will not only cause the cost loss ,butwill also damage the prestige and status of the enterprise .(while thelatent cost is difficult to quantify ,it isn’t considered in this articletemporarily.)(7) From the hypothesis (5) ,we can know that after time t ,the time-gapbetween the real and expected duration time of project I that needs thecritical resources to finish some task is △t i ,( △t i =t A i -t E i ). For thereexists resources competition, the time –gap is necessarily a positivenumber.(8) According to hypotheses (6) and (7), the total cost loss of project I is C i(C i = △t i * △C i ).(9) The duration time of activities can be expressed by the workload ofactivities divided by the quantity of resources ,which can be indicatedwith following expression of t A i =ηi / R i * ,.In the expression , ηi refersto the workload of projects I during some period ,which is supposed tobe fixed and pre-determined by the project managers on project planningphase ; R i * refers to the number of the critical human resources beingallocated to projects I actually, with the equation Ri * =∑=Rk ki 1δ existing. Due to the resource competition the resourcedemands of projects with higherPriorities may be guarantee, while those projects with lower prioritiesmay not be fully guaranteed. In this situation, the decrease of theresource supply will lead to the increase of the duration time of activitiesand the project, while the workload is fixed.3.3 Optimization ModelBased on the above hypotheses, the resource allocation model inmulti-project environment can be established .Here, the optimizationmodel is :F i =min Z i = min∑∑==Ni i N i Ci 11ω =min i i Ni i N i c t ∆∆∑∑==11ω (2) =min ∑∑==N i i N i 11ω )E i R i ki i t - ⎝⎛∑=1δη i c ∆ 2F =min Z 2=min ()i t ∆=min )E i R i ki i t -⎝⎛∑=1δη (3) Where wj=max(wi) ,(N j i 3,2,1,=∀) (4)Subject to : 0∑∑==≤R k ki N i 11δ=R (5)The model is a multi-objective one .The two objective functions arerespectively to minimize the total cost loss ,which is to conform to theeconomic target ,and to shorten the time delay of the project with highestpriority .The first objective function can only optimize the apparenteconomic cost ;therefore the second objective function will help to makeup this limitation .For the project with highest priority ,time delay will damage not only the economic benefits ,but also the strategy and the prestige of the enterprise .Therefore we should guarantee that the most important project be finished on time or ahead of schedule .4.SOLUTION TO THE MULTI-OBJECTIVE MODEL USING GENETICALGORITHM4.1The multi-objective optimization problem is quite common .Generally ,eachobjective should be optimized in order to get the comprehensive objective optimized .Therefore the weight of each sub-objective should be considered .Reference [8] proposed an improved ant colony algorithm to solve this problem .Supposed that the weights of the two optimizing objectives are αand β ,where α+β=1 .Then the comprehensive goal is F* ,where F*=αF1+βF2.4.2The Principle of Genetic AlgorithmGenetic Algorithm roots from the concepts of natural selection and genetics .It’s a random search technique for global optimization in a complex search space .Because of the parallel nature and less restrictions ,it has the key features of great currency ,fast convergence and easy calculation .Meanwhile ,its search scope is not limited ,so it’s an effective method to solve the resource balancing problem ,as in [9].The main steps of GA in this paper are as follow:(1)EncodingAn integer string is short, direct and efficient .According to thecharacteristics of the model, the human resource can be assigned to be acode object .The string length equals to the total number of humanresources allocated.(2)Choosing the fitness functionThis paper choose the objective function as the foundation of fitnessfunction .To rate the values of the objective function ,the fitness of then-th individual is 1/n。
建筑设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Architecture StructureWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a total system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic, preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic consideration s .In fact , we can say that an architect’s ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designer .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbolism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructive feasibility and economic of his or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level, the architect’s emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift toapproximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasis will be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists can be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specific form of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaboration with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.1.Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice ofconcrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.2. EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with thedragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m ³struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³ and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.3.Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also asunserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. Ther e are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults andimperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) .文献翻译建筑师必须从一种全局的角度出发去处理建筑设计中应该考虑到的实用活动，物质及象征性的需求。
大师的思想伦佐·皮亚诺（RenzoPiano
大师的思想伦佐·皮亚诺（RenzoPiano相信意大利建筑大师伦佐·皮亚诺(Renzo Piano)的草图表达是许多人热爱上建筑设计的缘由，也是众多设计师效仿的对象。
其草图表达清晰，线条精炼至极，偶尔的色彩点缀让画面顿生美感，活泼灵动！是一种自信而成熟的建筑设计思维的直接流露~“灵感”怀着高涨的热情整理了一套大师的手稿供各位赏析，如果补充请联系站长。
（以下文字来自网络：伦佐·皮亚诺的自我剖析：反叛与自由）伦佐·皮亚诺(Renzo Piano)的创作思路和作品让人有种看三维立体画的感觉，第一面远观的整体印象并不足以充分理解他，但当你贴近了再离远了去看他，似乎才能真的看到作品背后的深意。
和许多大师一样，他有超强的动手能力，但也有独特的个性。
成长的建筑观1937年，我出生在意大利热那亚一个建造者的家庭，我的父亲是建筑工人，他对我的影响最大，因为我在七、八、九岁跟他学到的事情，会一辈子难忘。
我真正的热情并不只是盖房子，而是打造建筑物。
我在成长过程中，曾想和父亲一样当个建筑工人，但是在此同时，我又想摆脱热那亚，于是和我父亲年纪一样大的普维，就成为我的建筑工人典范：他智慧，为人处事果断。
1964年在米兰建筑工程学院毕业后，我到他位于巴黎的美术工艺学校(Ecole des Artset Metiers)就读，他教导年轻人如何靠着双手来做事。
我还记得普维教我的练习：他给你一张纸，然后要你造一座桥，连接位于这张纸两端的点！之后他会回来，把铅笔放在你的桥梁上，如果桥垮了，你得再做一遍。
用这种方式，年轻人就会明白材料的特性，也了解到折叠可以强化其中一边的力量，但在另一个方向会较小。
因此，要找出的形式必须有稳定的表现，而不是迷人却不可行的即兴想法。
多亏有这些抗体，我能够安然度过年轻建筑师最困难的时光，那时你很容易陷入形式与学术概念的陷阱。
反叛与自由我年轻时一直很不听话，老是惹得母亲流泪。
意大利建筑大师伦佐·皮亚诺Renzo
谢谢！
1971年—1977年，成长与法国的年轻皮亚诺和罗杰斯 共事，他们合作赢得了巴黎蓬皮杜艺术文化中心竞标赛。
1978年—1980年，皮亚诺和赖斯形成了伙伴关系，建 立了皮亚诺&赖斯设计事务所。1981年以后，皮亚诺独自成 立了伦佐·皮亚诺建筑工作室。
1998年，伦佐·皮亚诺获得了第20届普利策建筑大奖。
关西机场位于大阪湾，于1994年启用。机场是一座豪华玻璃与钢制的建筑 物。这项工程包括在软黏土上堆起20米的碎石。一条长桥把岛屿与陆地连接起 来，并直接将公路和铁路乘客运送到机场。机场只有一条跑道，拥有可供41架 飞机同时使用的空间。
登机翼楼的长度极大，可能是已有的建筑物中最长的，并且内部空 间完整，有1700米，一个一个的空间在顶棚下不断向前，就像是向前用 动的波浪。这些空间包括一个称作“峡谷区”的多层大厅。
意大利建筑大师伦佐·皮亚诺 (Renzo Piano)
提纲
▪ 走进伦佐·皮亚诺 ▪ 经典建筑赏析
走进伦佐·皮亚诺
▪ 伦佐·皮亚诺的生平简介 ▪ 伦佐·皮亚诺的建筑成就 ▪ 皮亚诺工作室的四个时期
生平简介
伦佐·皮亚诺（Renzo Piano）于1937 年9月14日出生于意大利热那亚一个建 筑商世家，皮亚诺的祖父、父亲、四位 叔伯和一个兄弟都是建筑商人，他曾经 说过自己也应该是建筑商人,而不是建筑 师,但他最终还是选择了建筑师。
2004年，皮亚诺完成了达拉斯的Nasher雕塑美术馆
建筑成就
▪ 1970年，与理查德·罗杰斯，以及赖斯合作，赢得了蓬皮杜 艺术文化中心国际竞赛。
▪ 1978年，被授予国际建筑师协会荣誉奖。 ▪ 1981年，荣获了美国AIA荣誉奖 ▪ 1985年，荣获伦敦RIBA荣誉奖 ▪ 1988年，荣获大阪空港优秀设计首奖 ▪ 1994年，荣获美国文学与艺术协会荣誉奖 ▪ 1998年，获得普利策建筑大奖 ▪ 2000年，荣获“自然之魂”木建筑奖 ▪ 2003年，荣获意大利建筑金奖பைடு நூலகம்
建筑结构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Create and comprehensive technology in the structure globaldesign of the buildingThe 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together.The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity andreduce whole expenses of project.The comprehensive new technology is to give full play to the technological specialty of every discipline , create and use the new technology, and with outside space , dimension of the building , working in coordination with in an all-round way the building component, thus reduce equipment investment and operate the expenses.Each success , building of engineering construction condense collective intelligence and strength; It is intelligence and expectation that an architect pays that the building is created; The engineering design of the building is that architecture , structure , equipment speciality compose hardships and strength happenning; It is the diligent and sweat paid in design and operation , installation , management that the construction work is built up .The initial stage of the 1990s, our understanding that the concept of global design is a bit elementary , conscientious to with making some jobs in engineering design unconsciously , make some harvest. This text Hangzhou city industrial and commercial bank financial comprehensive building and Hangzhou city Bank of Communications financial building two building , group of " scientific and technological progress second prize " speak of from person who obtain emphatically, expound the fact global design - comprehensive technology that building create its , for reach global design outstanding architect in two engineering design, have served as the creator and persons who cooperate while every stage design and even building are built completely.Two projects come into operation for more than 4 years formally , run and coordinate , good wholly , reach the anticipated result, accepted and appreciated by the masses, obtain various kinds of honor .outstanding to design award , progress prize in science and technology , project quality bonus , local top ten view , best model image award ,etc., the ones that do not give to the architect and engineers without one are gratified and proud. The building is created Emphasizing the era for global design of the building, the architects' creation idea and design method should be broken through to some extent, creation inspirations is it set up in analysis , building of global design , synthesize more to burst out and at the foundation that appraise, learn and improve the integration capability exactly designed in building , possess the new knowledge system and thinking method , merge multi-disciplinary technology. We have used the new design idea in above-mentioned projects, have emphasized the globality created in building .Is it is it act as so as to explain to conceive to create two design overview and building of construction work these now.1) The financial comprehensive building of industrial and commercial bank of HangZhou,belong to the comprehensive building, with the whole construction area of 39,000 square meters, main building total height 84, 22, skirt 4 of room, some 6 storeys, 2 storeys of basements.Design overall thinking break through of our country bank building traditional design mode - seal , deep and serious , stern , form first-class function, create of multi-functional type , the style of opening , architecture integrated with the mode of the international commercial bank.The model of the building is free and easy, opened, physique was made up by the hyperboloid, the main building presented " the curved surface surrounded southwards ", skirt room presents " the curved surface surrounded northwards ", the two surround but become intension of " gathering the treasure ".Building flourishing upwards, elevation is it adopt large area solid granite wall to design, the belt aluminium alloy curtain wall of the large area and some glass curtain walls, and interweave the three into powerful and vigorous whole , chase through model and entity wall layer bring together , form concise , tall and straight , upward tendency of working up successively, have distinct and unique distinctions.Building level and indoor space are designed into a multi-functional type and style of opening, opening, negotiate , the official working , meeting , receiving , be healthy and blissful , visit combining together. Spacious and bright two storeys open in the hall unifiedly in the Italian marble pale yellow tone , in addition, the escalator , fountain , light set off, make the space seem very magnificent , graceful and sincere. Intelligent computer network center, getting open and intelligent to handle official business space and all related house distribute in all floor reasonably. Top floor round visit layer, lift all of Room visit layer , can have a panoramic view of the scenery of the West Lake , fully enjoy the warmth of the nature. 2) The financial building of Bank of Communications of Hangzhou, belong to the purely financial office block, with the whole construction area of 19,000 square meters, the total height of the building is 39.9 meters, 13 storeys on the ground, the 2nd Floor. Live in building degree high than it around location , designer have unique architectural appearance of style architectural design this specially, its elevation is designed into a new classical form , the building base adopts the rough granite, show rich capability , top is it burn granite and verticality bar and some form aluminum windows make up as the veneer to adopt, represent the building noble and refined , serious personality of the bank.While creating in above-mentioned two items, besides portraying the shape of the building and indoor space and outside environment minister and blending meticulously, in order to achieve the outstanding purpose of global design of the building , the architect , still according to the region and project characteristic, put forward the following requirement to every speciality:(1) Control the total height of the building strictly;(2) It favorable to the intelligent comfortable height of clearances to create; (3) Meet thefloor area of owner's demand;(4)Protect the environment , save the energy , reduce and make the investment;(5) Design meticulously, use and popularize the new technology; (6)Cooperate closely in every speciality, optimization design.Comprehensive technologyThe building should have strong vitality, there must be sustainable development space, there should be abundant intension and comprehensive new technology. Among above-mentioned construction work , have popularized and used the intelligent technology of the building , has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology, baseplate temperature mix hole , technology of muscle and base of basement enclose new technology of protecting, computer control STL ice hold cold air conditioner technology, compounding type keeps warm and insulates against heat the technology of the wall , such new technologies as the sectional electricity distribution room ,etc., give architecture global design to add the new vitality of note undoubtedly.1, the intelligent technology of the buildingIn initial stage of the 1990s, the intelligent building was introduced from foreign countries to China only as a kind of concept , computer network standard is it soon , make information communication skeleton of intelligent building to pursue in the world- comprehensive wiring system becomes a kind of trend because of 10BASE-T. In order to make the bank building adapt to the development of the times, the designer does one's utmost to recommend and design the comprehensive wiring system with the leading eyes , this may well be termed the first modernized building which adopted this technical design at that time.(1) Comprehensive wiring system one communication transmission network, it make between speech and data communication apparatus , exchange equipment and other administrative systems link to each other, make the equipment and outside communication network link to each other too. It include external telecommunication connection piece and inside information speech all cable and relevant wiring position of data terminal of workspace of network. The comprehensive wiring system adopts the products of American AT&T Corp.. Connected up the subsystem among the subsystem , management subsystem , arterial subsystem and equipment to make up by workspace subsystem , level.(2) Automated systems of security personnel The monitoring systems of security personnel of the building divide into the public place and control and control two pieces of systemequipment with the national treasury special-purposly synthetically.The special-purpose monitoring systems of security personnel of national treasury are in the national treasury , manage the storehouse on behalf of another , transporting the paper money garage to control strictly, the track record that personnel come in and go out, have and shake the warning sensor to every wall of national treasury , the camera, infrared microwave detector in every relevant rooms, set up the automation of controlling to control.In order to realize building intellectuality, the architect has finished complete indoor environment design, has created the comfortable , high-efficient working environment , having opened up the room internal and external recreation space not of uniform size, namely the green one hits the front yard and roofing, have offered the world had a rest and regulated to people working before automation is equipped all day , hang a design adopt the special building to construct the node in concrete ground , wall at the same time.2, has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force- dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technologyIn order to meet the requirement with high assurance that the architect puts forward , try to reduce the height of structure component in structure speciality, did not glue and form the flat roof beam of prestressing force concrete - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology after adopting.(1) Adopt prestressing force concrete roof beam board structure save than ordinary roof beam board concrete consumption 15%, steel consumption saves 27%, the roof beam reduces 300mm high.(2) Adopt flat roof beam structure save concrete about 10% consumption than ordinary roof beam board, steel consumption saves 6.6%, the roof beam reduces 200mm high.Under building total situation that height does not change , adopt above-mentioned structure can make the whole building increase floor area of a layer , have good economic benefits and social benefit.3, the temperature of the baseplate matches muscle technologyIn basement design , is it is it is it after calculating , take the perimeter to keep the construction technology measure warm to split to resist to go on to baseplate, arrange temperature stress reinforcing bar the middle cancelling , dispose 2 row receives the strength reinforcing bar up and down only, this has not only save the fabrication cost of the project but also met the basement baseplate impervious and resisting the requirement that splits.4, the foundation of the basement encloses and protects the new technology of design and operationAdopt two technological measures in enclosing and protecting a design:(1) Cantilever is it is it hole strength is it adopt form strengthen and mix muscle technology to design to protect to enclose, save the steel and invite 60t, it invests about 280,000 to save.(2) Is it is it protect of of elevation and keep roof beam technology to enclose , is it protect long to reduce 1.5m to enclose all to reduce, keep roof beam mark level on natural ground 1.5m , is it is it protect of lateral pressure receive strength some height to enclose to change, saving 137.9 cubic meters of concrete, steel 16.08t, reduces and invests 304,000 yuan directly through calculating.5, ice hold cold air conditioner technologyIce hold cold air conditioner technology belong to new technology still in our country , it heavy advantage that the electricity moves the peak and operates the expenses sparingly most. In design, is it ice mode adopt some (weight ) hold mode of icing , is it ice refrigeration to be plane utilization ratio high to hold partly to hold, hold cold capacity little , refrigeration plane capacity 30%-45% little than routine air conditioner equipment, one economic effective operational mode.Hold the implementation of the technology of the cold air conditioner in order to cooperate with the ice , has used intelligent technology, having adopted the computer to control in holding and icing the air conditioner system, the main task has five following respects:(1) According to the demand for user's cold load , according to the characteristic of the structure of the electric rate , set up the ice and hold the best operation way of the cold system automatically, reduce the operation expenses of the whole system;(2) Fully utilize and hold the capacity of the cold device, should try one's best to use up all the cold quantity held basically on the same day;(3) Automatic operation state of detection system, ensure ice hold cold system capital equipment normal , safe operation;(4) Automatic record parameter that system operate, display system operate flow chart and type systematic operation parameter report form;(5) Predict future cooling load, confirm the future optimization operation scheme.Ice hold cold air conditioner system test run for some time, indicate control system to be steady , reliable , easy to operate, the system operates the energy-conserving result remarkably.6, the compounding type keeps in the wall warm and insulates against heat To the area of Hangzhou , want heating , climate characteristic of lowering the temperature in summer in winter, is it protect building this structural design person who compound is it insulate against heat the wall to keep warm to enclose specially, namely: Fit up , keep warm , insulate against heat the three not to equal to the body , realize building energy-conservation better.Person who compound is it insulate against heat wall to combine elevation model characteristic , design aluminium board elevation renovation material to keep warm, its structure is: Fill out and build hollow brick in the frame structure, do to hang the American Fluorine carbon coating inferior mere aluminium board outside the hollow brick wall.Aluminium board spoke hot to have high-efficient adiabatic performance to the sun, under the same hot function of solar radiation, because the nature , color of the surface material are different from coarse degree, whether can absorb heat have great difference very , between surface and solar radiation hot absorption system (α ) and material radiation system (Cλ ) is it say to come beyond the difference this. Adopt α and Cλ value little surface material have remarkable result , board α、Cλ value little aluminium have, its α =0.26, Cλ =0.4, light gray face brick α =0.56, Cλ =4.3.Aluminium board for is it hang with having layer under air by hollow brick to do, because aluminium board is it have better radiation transfer to hot terms to put in layer among the atmosphere and air, this structure is playing high-efficient adiabatic function on indoor heating too in winter, so, no matter or can well realize building energy-conservation in winter in summer.7, popularize the technology of sectional electricity distribution roomConsider one layer paves Taxi " gold " value , the total distribution of the building locates the east, set up voltage transformer and low-voltage distribution in the same room in first try in the design, make up sectional electricity distribution room , save transformer substation area greatly , adopt layer assign up and down, mixing the switchyard system entirely after building up and putting into operation, the function is clear , the overall arrangement compactness is rational , the systematic dispatcher is flexible . The technology have to go to to use and already become the model extensively of the design afterwards.ConclusionThe whole mode designed of the building synthetically can raise the adaptability of the building , it will be the inevitable trend , environmental consciousness and awareness of saving energy especially after strengthening are even more important. Developing with the economy , science and technology constantly in our country, more advanced technology and scientific and technical result will be applied to the building , believe firmly that in the near future , more outstanding building global design will appear on the building stage of our country. We will be summarizing, progressing constantly constantly, this is that history gives the great responsibility of architect and engineer.译文：建筑结构整体设计-建筑创作和综合技术21世纪将是多种学科技术并存的时代，它必将形成推动建筑发展的巨大动力，建筑结构整体设计也就越来越重要，建筑师必须把握时机，充分发挥建筑师的主导作用，主持好各项建筑工程设计。
Renzo_Piano_伦佐_皮亚诺
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center
让· 马利· 奇巴欧文化中心
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center
让· 马利· 奇巴欧文化中心
场地入口
第一村落 第二村落
第三村落
•建筑的结构是从加里东木屋的所有的功能、建筑形态以及社会形态进行了转载 和改编得来的。总共有十个小屋，在沿海岸海洋自然保护区的中心，小屋的高度 在20和28米之间。相互之间通过一条小径连接。
• 文化中心开始建设之前的情形
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center
让· 马利· 奇巴欧文化中心
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当时的想法是不是创造了历史重建或一个简单的副本村子，这是最好力求体 现本土文化及其符号的，虽然年代久远，仍然非常活跃。 对卡纳克文化发展的理解是该项目的一个重要组成部分：熟悉卡纳克历史， 环境和信仰才有可能尽可能地忠于当地人民的传统。
美国加州博物馆
自然光可达到此建筑90%的展 示空间，使电力使用实现最小化。
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center
让· 马利· 奇巴欧文化中心，新喀里多尼亚
1998年，在南太平洋的法属新喀里多尼亚岛上落成了一组美丽的 “棚屋”， 这就是吉巴欧文化中心。它名字的由来是为了纪念终生为复兴本土文化而战斗 的民族领袖奇巴欧。当文化中心落成时，已经是奇巴欧遇刺身亡9年之后了。
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center
让· 马利· 奇巴欧文化中心
当时最大的挑战是在这 个项目背后的顶礼膜拜 的文化。在设计的同时 要尊重其传统和历史， 过去、现在和未来，并 且要考虑文化的敏感点。 这也就是说在新喀里多 尼亚岛上建造的这个利 用欧洲先进技术和专业 知识的建筑绝不应该是 对文化对历史的简单的 复制，也不应该是一个 完全陌生的模型。它应 该是二者的结合，既能 体现当地的文化，又不 乏创新。
建筑空间设计与人体工程学(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑空间设计与人体工程学（英文中文双语版优质文档）As an indispensable part of life, architectural space design has been widely concerned and researched by people. Ergonomics is the discipline concerned with the interaction of human behavior and characteristics of the human body with design and engineering. Combining architectural space design and ergonomics can help us better understand the characteristics and behavior of the human body, thereby optimizing the design of architectural space and improving the comfort and usability of architectural space.First, the basic principles of ergonomicsErgonomics is a discipline based on human physiological characteristics and behaviors. It studies the behavior and physiological responses of human beings in various scenarios such as work, study, and life, as well as the relationship between human beings and various systems such as design and engineering. interaction relationship. In architectural space design, the basic principles of ergonomics mainly include the following aspects:1. Human physiology. Human physical characteristics and physiology are important factors in design and engineering. For example, physiological characteristics such as human height, weight, and stride length will affect the design of doors, staircases, stairs, corridors and other spaces.2. Human cognitive and psychological responses. Human cognition and psychological response are also important factors in architectural space design. For example, for different spaces, people's cognition and feelings are also different, so the psychological response and emotional needs of human beings need to be considered in the design.3. Human behavior and activities. Human behavior and activities are one of the most important factors in architectural space design. For example, different functional areas require different layouts and designs to accommodate people's different behaviors and activity needs.4. Human productivity and safety. In the design of architectural spaces, human work efficiency and safety need to be considered. For example, when designing office space, it is necessary to consider the office efficiency and work safety of employees, so as to improve the work efficiency of the office and the work experience of employees.2. Application of Ergonomics in Architectural Space DesignThe application of architectural space design and ergonomics can help us better understand human physiological characteristics and behavioral needs, thereby optimizing the design of architectural space. The following are several aspects of ergonomic application in the design of architectural spaces:1. Optimization of space layoutIn the design of architectural space, space layout is an important aspect. By understanding human behavior and activity needs, the layout of spaces can be optimized to increase the usability and comfort of spaces. For example, when designing an office space, it is necessary to consider the office needs of employees, reasonably separate the work area from the rest area, and at the same time ensure the basic requirements such as ventilation, lighting, and sound insulation, so as to improve the work efficiency and work experience of employees.2. Design of equipment and facilitiesIn the design of architectural space, the design of equipment and facilities is also an important aspect. By understanding the physical characteristics and behavioral needs of humans, it is possible to design ergonomic equipment and facilities. For example, when designing a kitchen space, it is necessary to consider human body characteristics and action needs, and design ergonomic stoves, sinks and other facilities to facilitate human use.3. Choice of color and materialIn the design of architectural space, the choice of color and material is also an important aspect. By understanding human cognitive and psychological responses, it is possible to choose ergonomic colors and materials. For example, when designing a hospital space, it is necessary to choose materials such as walls and floors with soft colors to relieve the tension of patients.4. Optimization of the environmentIn the design of architectural space, the optimization of the environment is also an important aspect. By understanding human behavior and activity needs, environments can be optimized to increase the usability and comfort of spaces. For example, when designing a school space, it is necessary to optimize the lighting, ventilation and other environments of the classroom to improve the learning effect and learning experience of students.3. Cases of Ergonomics and Architectural Space Design1. Seventh Avenue skyscraper in New YorkThe Seventh Avenue skyscraper in New York is an architectural space design based on ergonomic principles. When designing the building, the architect fully considered the needs of human behavior and activities, rationally arranged different functional areas, and at the same time ensured the basic requirements of ventilation, lighting, and sound insulation, so as to improve the usability and comfort of the building space. The building adopts modern high-tech equipment, which conforms to the principles of ergonomics, making people's work more efficient and comfortable.2. Zero Ring Building in Tokyo, JapanThe Zero Ring Building in Tokyo, Japan is an architectural space design based on ergonomic principles. When designing the building, the architect fully considered human cognition and psychological responses, and selected materials such as walls and floors with soft colors and natural materials to create a comfortable and harmonious environment. In addition, the tower is equipped with modern high-tech equipment and ergonomics to improve the usability and comfort of the building spaces. This design concept is called "ergonomic architecture" and aims to improve the usability, comfort and human health of built spaces.3. The Dolder Grand Hotel in Zurich, SwitzerlandThe Dolder Grand Hotel in Zurich, Switzerland is an architectural space design based on ergonomic principles. When designing the hotel, the architect fully considered the psychological needs of human beings and chose soft colors and materials to create a warm and comfortable environment. In addition, the hotel is also equipped with ergonomic high-tech equipment and facilities, such as comfortable beds, humanized lighting systems, etc., to enhance the guest's stay experience.The above cases demonstrate the close relationship between ergonomics and architectural space design. By considering human behavior, physical characteristics, and psychological needs, architects can design more ergonomic architectural spaces to improve space usability, comfort, and human health.作为生活中不可或缺的一部分，建筑空间设计一直受到人们的广泛关注和研究。
建筑大师：伦佐·皮亚诺
红色运输设备
蓝色空调设备
绿色给水、排水管道
黄色电气设施和管线
大楼的每一层都是一个长166米、宽44.8米、高7米的巨大空 间。整个建筑物由28根圆形钢管柱支承。其中除去一道防火 隔墙以外，没有一根内柱，也没有其他固定墙面。
各种使用空间由活动隔断、屏幕、家具或栏杆临时大致划分， 内部布置可以随时改变，使用灵活方便。设计者曾设想连楼板 都可以上下移动，来调整楼层高度，但未能实现。
特色
蓬皮杜中心建筑物最大的特色，就是外露的钢骨结构以及复杂的管线。 建筑兴建后，引起极端的争议，由于一反巴黎的传统风格建筑，许多 巴黎市民无法接受，但也有艺文人士大力支持。有人戏称它是“市中 心的炼油厂”。这种建筑风格被称为“高技派”（High-tech）风格。 这些外露复杂的管线，其颜色是有规则的。空调管路是蓝色、水 管是绿色、电力管路是黄色而自动扶梯是红色。 尽管有这些极端的争议，开馆二十多年来，已吸引超过一亿五千 万人次入馆参观。 巴黎的“国立蓬皮杜文化中心”位于著名的拉丁区北侧、塞纳河 右岸，是根据法国已故总统蓬皮杜的创议而建立的。它是一座新型的、 现代化的知识、艺术与生活相结合的宝库。人们在这里可以通过现代 化的技术和手段，吸收知识、欣赏艺术、丰富生活。
意义
在艺术上----钢与玻璃本身就显得很精致，而且它们的结点，分割 等都有很多很新的方式。在这种条件下，蓬皮杜中心把外貌整得很奇特。 钢结构梁、柱、桁架、拉杆等甚至涂上颜色的各种管线都不加遮掩地暴 露在立面上。红色的是交通运输设备，蓝色的是空调设备，绿色的是给 水、排水管道，黄色的是电气设施和管线。人们从大街上可以望见复杂 的建筑内部设备，五彩缤纷，琳琅满目。在面对广场一侧的建筑立面上 悬挂着一条巨大的透明圆管，里面安装有自动扶梯，作为上下楼层的主 要交通工具。 蓬皮杜文化中心像一个夺目的瑰宝，镶嵌在巴黎市内。开始时，也 像艾菲尔铁塔一样，因为它与众不同而遭到许多非议。现在人们开始习 惯了，不但不觉得怪，反而感到非常实用。从1977年2月揭幕后的两年 内共接待了大约1400万参观者。现在参观它的人数远远超过了艾菲尔铁 塔，居法国首位。仅开架式图书馆一处，平均每天接待1万人。它不仅 是一个名副其实的文化中心，而且是巴黎的一大名胜。而在建筑的历史 上，这个当时的高科技建筑的出现，标志着金属在建筑中的回归与创新。
著名建筑师的英语作文
著名建筑师的英语作文1. Frank Gehry is a renowned architect known for his avant-garde and innovative designs. From the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao to the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, Gehry's buildings are characterized by their bold and unconventional shapes.2. Zaha Hadid, the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize, was famous for her futuristic and dynamic designs. Her buildings, such as the Guangzhou Opera House and the Heydar Aliyev Center, often feature curvilinear forms and sleek lines that challengetraditional notions of architecture.3. Renzo Piano, the architect behind the Shard in London and the Centre Pompidou in Paris, is known for his emphasis on functionality and sustainability. His designs often incorporate natural light and open spaces, creating buildings that are both aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly.4. I.M. Pei, the architect responsible for the Louvre Pyramid in Paris and the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong, was known for his ability to blend modernist andtraditional elements in his designs. His buildings often exhibit a sense of harmony between the surrounding environment and the structure itself.5. Rem Koolhaas, the founder of the architectural firm OMA, is known for his intellectual approach to design. His buildings, such as the CCTV Headquarters in Beijing and the Seattle Central Library, often challenge conventional architectural norms and provoke thought and discussion.6. Norman Foster, the architect behind iconicstructures like the Swiss Re Tower (also known as "The Gherkin") in London and the Millau Viaduct in France, is known for his sleek and minimalist designs. Foster's buildings often prioritize efficiency and sustainability, while still creating visually striking landmarks.7. Jean Nouvel, the architect behind the Louvre AbuDhabi and the Torre Agbar in Barcelona, is known for his ability to create buildings that respond to their cultural and historical contexts. Nouvel's designs often incorporate elements of the local environment, such as light and color, to create unique and memorable spaces.8. Tadao Ando, a self-taught architect from Japan, is known for his minimalist and contemplative designs. His buildings, such as the Church of the Light and the Pulitzer Arts Foundation, often feature clean lines and a focus on natural materials, creating spaces that inspire reflection and introspection.9. Bjarke Ingels, the founder of the architectural firm BIG, is known for his playful and unconventional designs. His buildings, such as the Mountain Dwellings in Copenhagen and the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant, often combine functionality with a sense of whimsy, creating structures that are both functional and visually striking.10. Santiago Calatrava, the architect behind the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia and the World Trade CenterTransportation Hub in New York City, is known for his sculptural and dynamic designs. Calatrava's buildings often feature sweeping curves and a sense of movement, creating structures that are both visually captivating and technically impressive.。
Renzo Piano 伦佐 皮亚诺
建筑剖面图
轴测图
Punta Nave houses
工作室
Note: The space has an ethereal quality, characterized by transparency, vibrations of light and a constant change of scale in even the most intricate details Photographer: Michel Denancé
Punta Nave houses
工作室
Punta Nave houses
工作室
• Punta Nave For Piano the studio represents a place where he could build his moral position about architecture :’machines should not destroy nature but help us to live ; space should not be hierarchical but give pleasure to all of those who work in it.’ 对皮亚诺来说，工作室成了可以表现他建筑伦理观的地方：机器不应该破坏 自然，而是帮助我们生活：空间不应该等级森严，而是给所有身在其中的人 带来欢乐。
工作室
透明的斜向索道电梯联系上下交通
Punta Nave houses
工作室
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索道立面及自动调整不同坡度的转向架
Punta Nave houses
工作室
Note: Experimental structures in bamboo, studies of new applications of natural materials Photographer: Fregoso & Basalto
建筑师 伦佐·皮亚诺(Renzo Piano)
蓬皮杜艺术中心
2
3
保罗·克利（Paul Klee）中心
4
因为休斯顿menil博物馆 和瑞士巴塞尔附近的贝 耶勒基金会博物馆，人 们对皮亚诺的赞誉之声 不绝于耳。他用关西机 场美妙绝伦的候机楼装 点日本大阪湾的一座人 工岛。他还在新喀里多 尼亚的努美阿建造了一 所高耸入云的木棚状文 化中心。在那里，通过 煞费苦心地了解当地的 习俗、信仰与审美情趣， 他赢得了对西方殖民控 制戒心重重的土著长老
们的支持。
休斯顿menil博物馆(Meniu Collection Museum) 5
皮亚诺注重建筑艺术、技术以及建 筑周围环境的结合。他的建筑思想 严谨而抒情，在对传统的继承和改 造方面，大胆创新勇于突破。皮亚 诺用现代主义的表现手法实现了先 辈大师如达·芬奇、米开朗基罗同 样深远的理想—人、建筑和环境完 美的和谐，并以热诚的态度关注着 建筑的可居住性与可持续发展性。 皮亚诺的作品范围惊人，从博物馆、 教堂到酒店、写字楼、住宅、影剧 院、音乐厅及空港和大桥。在他的 作品中，广泛地体现着各种技术、 材料和各种思维方式的碰撞，这些 活跃的散点式的思维方式是一个真 正具有洞察力的大师和他所率领的
大胆创新勇于突破：伦佐·皮亚诺（Renzo Piano）
伦佐·皮亚诺（Renzo
Piano）于1937年9月14日出生
于意大利热那亚（Genoa）一
个建筑商世家，1964年，皮
亚诺从米兰科技大学获得建
筑学学位，开始了他永久性
的建筑师职业生涯。他先是
受雇于费城的路易斯·康工
作室、伦敦的马考斯基工作
室，其后在热那亚建立了自
团队奉献给全人类的礼物。
6
罗马综合音乐厅
7
皮亚诺的伟大之处在于， 他的建筑作品没有一个 固定的模式。与其他建 筑师一望即知的建筑模 式不同，皮亚诺作品的 识别标志是它们没有识 别标志。皮亚诺本人对 于那些排斥教条和主义 的年轻建筑师们来讲是 一个榜样和激励，他的 作品没有浮夸的表情， 透露出稀有而温暖的人 文精神，执着地关心着 天空、大地和人的内心， 在现在这种一味张扬个 性、标榜自我的大潮流
建筑师 英文作文
建筑师英文作文英文：As an architect, I often get asked what it is that I do. The truth is, being an architect is much more than just designing buildings. We are responsible for creating spaces that are not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing.One of the biggest challenges as an architect isfinding a balance between form and function. We need to create buildings that not only look good but also serve a purpose. This is where our creativity and problem-solving skills come into play.Another important aspect of being an architect is understanding the needs of our clients. We need to listento their requirements and come up with a design that meets their needs while also staying within their budget. Communication is key in this aspect of the job.One of the most rewarding parts of being an architectis seeing our designs come to life. It's amazing to see something that was once just an idea on paper become a physical structure that people can use and enjoy.Overall, being an architect is a challenging but rewarding career. It requires a combination of creativity, problem-solving skills, and the ability to communicate effectively with clients.中文：作为一名建筑师，我经常被问到我所做的事情。
Architect Renzo Piano (建筑师)论文外文翻译
Architect Renzo PianoRenzo Piano was born in September 14, 1937 in Italy Genoa a builder 's family, his grandfather, father, four uncles and a brother is building businessman. When he was a small boy, he loves at the site of the climb to climb on the sand, magically into buildings and bridges were amazed. Due to bathe in a construction worker, he on the art of building and material respect grow with each passing day.In 1964, West from Milan University of science and technology to obtain a degree in architecture, he started a permanent architect occupation career. He was first employed in Philadelphia's Lewis Kahn studio, London Makowski studio, thereafter in Genoa set up their own studio. There, he began a series of experimental design: refinery, Museum exhibition hall, multifunctional hospital etc..In 1971, a project proposal Peano and Rodgers participate in Paris's Pompidou center international competition match, they eventually won the contest. Lively Liang Li, a riot of colours channel, with crystal clear, winding elevator, the Pompidou center has become a recognized one of the landmark buildings in Paris. Since the Pompidou project, Renzo Piano to his stacks of construction drawings to create a world reputation, Japan, Germany, Italy and France are his bold commercial and public building projects, he designed the museum is so far.Renzo Piano building has received a master's works, but since his debut to date, he has personal independence of conduct, will not stick in the mud, pick up, and always prefer open design and the effect of natural light.Renzo Piano's range of works from the museum, amazing, church to the hotel, office, residential, theaters, concert halls, airports and bridge. In his works, and extensive expression of a variety of technology, a variety of materials and various ways of thinking of the collision, the active scatter type thinking mode is a real insight into the master and he led the team to give the mankind the gift. It is this century and even centuries ago masters common ideal.He attached importance to the use of materials, the material has a special sensitivity, he attaches more importance to technology on the properties of materials to explore further, via his hand of the materials used are being played to the material properties of the extreme. This sensitive, can say from artisan family deep family and tradition, comes from nature and diligence. He did not inherit fathers engaged in the family business, but hereby irrevocably committed to his love of architecture design. But in a sense, his career has realized his family for a long time the impossible dream.architectural design ideas and stylePeano focus on architecture, technology and building environment combined with. His work relates to the humanities as well as the most modern technology field.His architectural bold innovation and the courage to break, his innovative building to activity, such as electronic control of the floor, streamline shape; at the open design, such as a transparent material or fuzzy partition function to performance; advocating the beauty of machine, in his buildings originally hidden pipes, construction exposed, shock people's aesthetic standards; with modern technique to realize human, architecture and environment of perfect unity; and the attitude of enthusiasm to pay close attention to building livable and sustainable development.At a White House meeting Pulitzer awards, Peano said: " I belong to end its life and constantly try new methods for the generation of people, what the sacred rules of the religious order, restrictions and fetters are not put in the eye, we love over everything again, constantly adventure, also continue to make mistakes. But at the same time we also love our past. So. One aspect of our past is filled with emotions, on the other hand have to try and Brunei adventure filled with passion. We ride the wind and waves, the constant beyond the past."A word out of his design ideas, his this thought is us many domestic architects are lacking, is worth us to draw lessons from.Peano in each design before there will be very careful investigation and research of relevant information.In the design process. His soul to guess in the buildings of various kinds of people will accept this building mood, expected value, they can be in building what to do? What is the characteristic of environment will attract these people to do what they want to do? What kind of design can be adapted to motivate them, and make them feel comfortable, humane consideration of every space.He did not follow any form or theoretical trends. It is not limited to personal style, persist in using the model are organized into objects full scale morphology to imitate, it is aesthetic judgement and subsequent sensory strategies provide accuracy.For him, technology and science are equally important. This user-friendly design thought is precisely our many designer lacks, is also our worth to draw lessons from.French Pompidou CenterPeano advocating the machine aesthetic, in the building's renovation, made bold to represent knowledge, industrial piping exposed. Lively, beautiful, a riot of colours channel, plus operating transparent, winding elevator, the Pompidou center has become one of the landmarks of Paris commune. The upper and lower five layers, covers an area of nearly 1 million square meters cultural center, including a specialized collection of the Museum of modern art, temporary exhibition halls, cinemas, concert halls, a multimedia library and archives, as well as spectacular roof. 25000 daily visitors, the Pompidou center immediately became the city 's most popular buildings.Pompidou cultural center of strange appearance. Steel beam, column, truss, pull even painted all kinds of pipelines are uncovered exposed on the face. Red is a transport device, blue is the air conditioning equipment, water supply, drainage pipes are green, yellow is the electrical facilities and pipelines. People in the street can see the complex architectural interior equipment, a riot of colours, a superb collection of beautiful things. In the face of the square side of the building facade hung a huge transparent tube, inside installation of escalators, as the upper and lower floors of the main traffic tools. The designer put these arranged on the outside of the building, is to is to make the floor interior space without barrier.In this behind the design is the basic purpose of identifying it with the new cultural relations, culture will deviate from its tone, and become the mainstream of life. People and artists through public clubs such a connection hub has established a strong relationship, but not completely the universe and tomb building in. Cultural exchange in the nationwide Internet, this is only a major joint form, in order to achieve such an effect, the design of the building into the present building on many characteristics, such as the open design and the mechanical design. And these features were further improved. Pompidou cultural center began construction of industrial culture in the age of Peano construction the original design career.Japan Osaka Kansai International AirportKansai International Airport is located in the Gulf of Osaka, built from 1998 to 1994, it is like a long steel worm is located at above sea level of 5 meters artificial island. It is built on the artificial island is because Osaka wanted a ride from downtown in 30 minutes to the airport. The airport by reclamation, with soft clay pile up 20 meters of gravel deposits. Computer monitoring. Show project of the.Kansai International Airport wave-like roof and end tapers to a smaller space modeling people feel it is like pulling people moves forward. The overall effect of building construction and materials obtained from the perfect combination, the whole building is an organic whole. The organic shapes and attractive feeling is the decisive factor of the building materials integrated geometric shape, but is a secondary factors, the overall effect is realized by means of computer.Structure, space, shape and facilities is formed between the closely integrated. In particular he provides people with wide eyes, the airport with Paul Kelly Center Museum into a glider morphology. The design not only makes in the center of the building and construction of every aspect -- space, visual, and even ceilings and structure are guided and inspired to shuttle passengers. This flow structure as their partners. This building is not only in the tight machine under the control of alternation, and the building of different systems and components such as: dinosaur skeleton structure system, is also a closely integrated. The whole building was in precision integral integrates technologies and complete a perfect structure.Jean Marie giba Macao Culture CentreCenter by the ten different sizes, different functions of the" house", used as a card that cultureresearch base. This is a real sense of the village, have their own road, vegetation and public places, is located in the shore is closely connected with the ocean. The design focuses on considering using the natural flow of the air, and the use of modern design means expression of Pacific culture, and fully reflects the significant contributions anthropologists.Paul Buckley Center MuseumBonn Germany Paul Kelly Center Museum is located in the suburb of green and thick bern. Connected three by two wave shape building, seemingly by local scenery as a whole of the hill. Peano named it the" landscape sculpture". Three hills like building through a river called" Museum Street 150 meters long channel.". But the light, and is naturally expressionism master Paul Kelly works in the three elements, it is the three elements inspired by Renzo Piano building museum.della Park Music SquareDella Park Music Square has three large music halls: Petra hall to commemorate Godfrey Petra hope and set, with about 700 seats; West Polly hall in commemoration of Zhu Saipei Fassino Polly and set, with about 1200 seats; St. Cecilia hall about 2800 seats. The three Hall in the structure apart, in order to ensure the sound insulation effect, but a continuous verandah. Fourth" music hall", known as" Kay Virginia", namely the amphitheatre, reminiscent of ancient Greece and ancient Rome theater. This a sector layout, surround the center plaza. Such as big fat, beetle, scarab, turtle, insect shell, a computer mouse ... ... All of these names are used to describe this piece by Rome red thin brick and impressive heavy roof of building structure.Swiss Tony Beyeler foundation MuseumBuilding a variety of performance of shape is based on the image element based, it clearly shows its restriction. Roof height, the proportion of the wall and daylighting is the embodiment of the polysemy of spatial design scheme. A few materials are used and you can see the space elements generate too many to count the spatial variation. From the internal structure to the external shape of this process on visitor behavior plays a positive role, people are from concentrate ( art picture ) leads to recuperate, its internal open partition rooms and buildings and parks between connection is attract sb.'s attention symbol. A in the interior according to the mathematics division of the natural order is the order and the landscape as a polar opposite, these principles in building everywhere. The law determines its parts, even the smallest detail. All things are composed of proportional principle to define, mass中文：伦佐·皮亚诺（RenzoPiano）于1937年9月14日出生于意大利热那亚（Genoa）一个建筑商世家，他的祖父、父亲、四位叔伯和一个兄弟都是建筑商人。
建筑师 英语作文
建筑师英语作文Title: The Role of an Architect in Shaping the Built Environment。
As an architect, one plays a pivotal role in shapingthe built environment, not merely as a designer ofstructures but as a visionary who integrates functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability into their creations. This profession demands a diverse skill set, encompassing technical prowess, artistic sensibility, and a deep understanding of social and environmental dynamics. In this essay, we will delve into the multifaceted responsibilities of architects and their profound impact on society.First and foremost, architects serve as problem solvers, tasked with translating clients' needs and aspirations into tangible designs. This involves comprehensive analysis,from site assessment to budget constraints, to ensure that the final outcome aligns with both practical requirements and aesthetic objectives. Effective communication skillsare essential in this process, as architects collaborate with various stakeholders, including clients, engineers, contractors, and regulatory authorities, to bring their vision to fruition.Beyond the functional aspects, architects wield immense influence in shaping the cultural identity of communities through their designs. Whether it's a towering skyscraper or a humble residential dwelling, each structure contributes to the architectural narrative of its surroundings. By incorporating elements of local heritage and cultural symbolism, architects can foster a sense of belonging and pride among inhabitants, reinforcing social cohesion and identity.Moreover, architects play a crucial role in promoting sustainability and environmental stewardship in the built environment. With growing concerns about climate change and resource depletion, there is a pressing need for eco-conscious design solutions that minimize carbon footprint and enhance energy efficiency. From passive solar design principles to the use of renewable materials, architectshave the power to lead the way towards a more sustainable future by integrating environmentally responsible practices into their projects.In addition to their design responsibilities,architects often act as advocates for the public good, championing urban revitalization, historic preservation, and equitable access to built resources. Through community engagement and participatory design processes, architects empower marginalized populations to have a voice in shaping their built environment, ensuring that development projects serve the needs of all stakeholders, regardless of socioeconomic status or background.Furthermore, architects are at the forefront of technological innovation, harnessing the latest advancements in Building Information Modeling (BIM), parametric design, and digital fabrication to streamline the design process and optimize building performance. By embracing cutting-edge technologies, architects can push the boundaries of creativity and efficiency, delivering projects that are not only visually stunning but alsofunctionally robust and sustainable.In conclusion, the role of an architect extends far beyond the mere act of designing buildings; it encompassesa broad spectrum of responsibilities, from problem-solving and cultural stewardship to environmental advocacy and technological innovation. Architects have the unique opportunity to shape the physical and social landscapes of our cities, leaving a lasting imprint on future generations. As stewards of the built environment, architects hold the power to inspire, innovate, and transform our world for the better.。
RenzoPiano作品565Broome，建筑大师纽约的首个住宅建筑
RenzoPiano作品565Broome，建筑大师纽约的首个住宅建筑565 Broome位于纽约曼哈顿最古老的街区之一Soho区，这座住宅塔楼坐落于哈德逊河边上，为住户提供了城市和河流的绝佳全景。
Located in Soho, one of Manhattan's oldest neighborhoods, the residential tower overhangs the Hudson River, providing residents with excellent panoramic views of the city and the river.这座30层，约100米高的建筑共有115套公寓，由82岁的意大利建筑大师Renzo Piano设计，这也是他在纽约的第一座住宅建筑。
该建筑的外墙选用了独特的水晶状玻璃，以使立面具有天空的色彩，并为室内提供清晰的视野。
Designed by 82-year-old Italian architect Renzo Piano, the 30-story building, about 100 meters high, has 115 apartments and is his first residential building in New York. The exterior of the building is made of unique crystalline glass to give the facade a weather-like hue and to provide clear views from the interior.Renzo Piano长期以来一直以工匠工作室著称，非常注重建筑元素的制作和组合。
通过保持材料的朴素，并强调了这些材料的质量。
与长久以来定义Soho的历史铸铁建筑一样，565 Broome也将通过关键的材料来表达它的与众不同。
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Architect Renzo PianoRenzo Piano was born in September 14, 1937 in Italy Genoa a builder 's family, his grandfather, father, four uncles and a brother is building businessman. When he was a small boy, he loves at the site of the climb to climb on the sand, magically into buildings and bridges were amazed. Due to bathe in a construction worker, he on the art of building and material respect grow with each passing day.In 1964, West from Milan University of science and technology to obtain a degree in architecture, he started a permanent architect occupation career. He was first employed in Philadelphia's Lewis Kahn studio, London Makowski studio, thereafter in Genoa set up their own studio. There, he began a series of experimental design: refinery, Museum exhibition hall, multifunctional hospital etc..In 1971, a project proposal Peano and Rodgers participate in Paris's Pompidou center international competition match, they eventually won the contest. Lively Liang Li, a riot of colours channel, with crystal clear, winding elevator, the Pompidou center has become a recognized one of the landmark buildings in Paris. Since the Pompidou project, Renzo Piano to his stacks of construction drawings to create a world reputation, Japan, Germany, Italy and France are his bold commercial and public building projects, he designed the museum is so far.Renzo Piano building has received a master's works, but since his debut to date, he has personal independence of conduct, will not stick in the mud, pick up, and always prefer open design and the effect of natural light.Renzo Piano's range of works from the museum, amazing, church to the hotel, office, residential, theaters, concert halls, airports and bridge. In his works, and extensive expression of a variety of technology, a variety of materials and various ways of thinking of the collision, the active scatter type thinking mode is a real insight into the master and he led the team to give the mankind the gift. It is this century and even centuries ago masters common ideal.He attached importance to the use of materials, the material has a special sensitivity, he attaches more importance to technology on the properties of materials to explore further, via his hand of the materials used are being played to the material properties of the extreme. This sensitive, can say from artisan family deep family and tradition, comes from nature and diligence. He did not inherit fathers engaged in the family business, but hereby irrevocably committed to his love of architecture design. But in a sense, his career has realized his family for a long time the impossible dream.architectural design ideas and stylePeano focus on architecture, technology and building environment combined with. His work relates to the humanities as well as the most modern technology field.His architectural bold innovation and the courage to break, his innovative building to activity, such as electronic control of the floor, streamline shape; at the open design, such as a transparent material or fuzzy partition function to performance; advocating the beauty of machine, in his buildings originally hidden pipes, construction exposed, shock people's aesthetic standards; with modern technique to realize human, architecture and environment of perfect unity; and the attitude of enthusiasm to pay close attention to building livable and sustainable development.At a White House meeting Pulitzer awards, Peano said: " I belong to end its life and constantly try new methods for the generation of people, what the sacred rules of the religious order, restrictions and fetters are not put in the eye, we love over everything again, constantly adventure, also continue to make mistakes. But at the same time we also love our past. So. One aspect of our past is filled with emotions, on the other hand have to try and Brunei adventure filled with passion. We ride the wind and waves, the constant beyond the past."A word out of his design ideas, his this thought is us many domestic architects are lacking, is worth us to draw lessons from.Peano in each design before there will be very careful investigation and research of relevant information.In the design process. His soul to guess in the buildings of various kinds of people will accept this building mood, expected value, they can be in building what to do? What is the characteristic of environment will attract these people to do what they want to do? What kind of design can be adapted to motivate them, and make them feel comfortable, humane consideration of every space.He did not follow any form or theoretical trends. It is not limited to personal style, persist in using the model are organized into objects full scale morphology to imitate, it is aesthetic judgement and subsequent sensory strategies provide accuracy.For him, technology and science are equally important. This user-friendly design thought is precisely our many designer lacks, is also our worth to draw lessons from.French Pompidou CenterPeano advocating the machine aesthetic, in the building's renovation, made bold to represent knowledge, industrial piping exposed. Lively, beautiful, a riot of colours channel, plus operating transparent, winding elevator, the Pompidou center has become one of the landmarks of Paris commune. The upper and lower five layers, covers an area of nearly 1 million square meters cultural center, including a specialized collection of the Museum of modern art, temporary exhibition halls, cinemas, concert halls, a multimedia library and archives, as well as spectacular roof. 25000 daily visitors, the Pompidou center immediately became the city 's most popular buildings.Pompidou cultural center of strange appearance. Steel beam, column, truss, pull even painted all kinds of pipelines are uncovered exposed on the face. Red is a transport device, blue is the air conditioning equipment, water supply, drainage pipes are green, yellow is the electrical facilities and pipelines. People in the street can see the complex architectural interior equipment, a riot of colours, a superb collection of beautiful things. In the face of the square side of the building facade hung a huge transparent tube, inside installation of escalators, as the upper and lower floors of the main traffic tools. The designer put these arranged on the outside of the building, is to is to make the floor interior space without barrier.In this behind the design is the basic purpose of identifying it with the new cultural relations, culture will deviate from its tone, and become the mainstream of life. People and artists through public clubs such a connection hub has established a strong relationship, but not completely the universe and tomb building in. Cultural exchange in the nationwide Internet, this is only a major joint form, in order to achieve such an effect, the design of the building into the present building on many characteristics, such as the open design and the mechanical design. And these features were further improved. Pompidou cultural center began construction of industrial culture in the age of Peano construction the original design career.Japan Osaka Kansai International AirportKansai International Airport is located in the Gulf of Osaka, built from 1998 to 1994, it is like a long steel worm is located at above sea level of 5 meters artificial island. It is built on the artificial island is because Osaka wanted a ride from downtown in 30 minutes to the airport. The airport by reclamation, with soft clay pile up 20 meters of gravel deposits. Computer monitoring. Show project of the.Kansai International Airport wave-like roof and end tapers to a smaller space modeling people feel it is like pulling people moves forward. The overall effect of building construction and materials obtained from the perfect combination, the whole building is an organic whole. The organic shapes and attractive feeling is the decisive factor of the building materials integrated geometric shape, but is a secondary factors, the overall effect is realized by means of computer.Structure, space, shape and facilities is formed between the closely integrated. In particular he provides people with wide eyes, the airport with Paul Kelly Center Museum into a glider morphology. The design not only makes in the center of the building and construction of every aspect -- space, visual, and even ceilings and structure are guided and inspired to shuttle passengers. This flow structure as their partners. This building is not only in the tight machine under the control of alternation, and the building of different systems and components such as: dinosaur skeleton structure system, is also a closely integrated. The whole building was in precision integral integrates technologies and complete a perfect structure.Jean Marie giba Macao Culture CentreCenter by the ten different sizes, different functions of the" house", used as a card that cultureresearch base. This is a real sense of the village, have their own road, vegetation and public places, is located in the shore is closely connected with the ocean. The design focuses on considering using the natural flow of the air, and the use of modern design means expression of Pacific culture, and fully reflects the significant contributions anthropologists.Paul Buckley Center MuseumBonn Germany Paul Kelly Center Museum is located in the suburb of green and thick bern. Connected three by two wave shape building, seemingly by local scenery as a whole of the hill. Peano named it the" landscape sculpture". Three hills like building through a river called" Museum Street 150 meters long channel.". But the light, and is naturally expressionism master Paul Kelly works in the three elements, it is the three elements inspired by Renzo Piano building museum.della Park Music SquareDella Park Music Square has three large music halls: Petra hall to commemorate Godfrey Petra hope and set, with about 700 seats; West Polly hall in commemoration of Zhu Saipei Fassino Polly and set, with about 1200 seats; St. Cecilia hall about 2800 seats. The three Hall in the structure apart, in order to ensure the sound insulation effect, but a continuous verandah. Fourth" music hall", known as" Kay Virginia", namely the amphitheatre, reminiscent of ancient Greece and ancient Rome theater. This a sector layout, surround the center plaza. Such as big fat, beetle, scarab, turtle, insect shell, a computer mouse ... ... All of these names are used to describe this piece by Rome red thin brick and impressive heavy roof of building structure.Swiss Tony Beyeler foundation MuseumBuilding a variety of performance of shape is based on the image element based, it clearly shows its restriction. Roof height, the proportion of the wall and daylighting is the embodiment of the polysemy of spatial design scheme. A few materials are used and you can see the space elements generate too many to count the spatial variation. From the internal structure to the external shape of this process on visitor behavior plays a positive role, people are from concentrate ( art picture ) leads to recuperate, its internal open partition rooms and buildings and parks between connection is attract sb.'s attention symbol. A in the interior according to the mathematics division of the natural order is the order and the landscape as a polar opposite, these principles in building everywhere. The law determines its parts, even the smallest detail. All things are composed of proportional principle to define, mass中文：伦佐·皮亚诺（RenzoPiano）于1937年9月14日出生于意大利热那亚（Genoa）一个建筑商世家，他的祖父、父亲、四位叔伯和一个兄弟都是建筑商人。