考研英语翻译第四章 翻译方法与技巧(句法)

合集下载
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

第四章翻译方法与技巧(句法)
第一节分句法与合句法
翻译英语句子时,有时我们可将原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变;但是
不少情况则必须将原来的句子的结构作较大的改变。

分句法是指将原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子;合句法则是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。

一.分句法
1、将原文中的一个单词译成句子
1)They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇的。

(将一个副词译为一个句子)
2)That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家最容易看得出的。

(将一个形容词译为一句子)
2、将原文中一个短语译成句子
1)Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness, and choking the shadows.
阳光射入了它能透过的几乎所有地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了阴影。

(将一个分词短语译为句子)
能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭。

这是一条普遍公认的规律。

(将一个名词语译为一个句子)
3、将一个句子拆开译成两个或两个以上句子
His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
因为他没有遵守安全规则,机器出了故障。

(将一个句子译为一个主句和一个从句)
二、合句法
1、将原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句
His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north and near the sea.
他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。

(将两个单句译为一个单句)
2、将原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句
When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.
我在谈判时总是有些紧张。

紧张时我就吃东西。

(将两个主从复合句分别译成单句)
3、将原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句
From Florence, the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.
阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。

(并列分句合一)
第二节被动语态的译法
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象。

一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。

汉语中往往用“被”、“受”等词来表示被动意义。

一般不及物动词不能构成被动语态,但不及物动词和介词结合构成短语词后,相当
于一个及物动词,就可以构成被动语态,形成“不及物动词的被动语态+介词”这样的结构。

例如:
A conclusion has been arrived at. 己经得出一个结论。

The design was not approved of at the meeting .该设计在会上未获通过。

英语中被动语态使用广泛,而汉语中被动语态的使用范围却狭窄得多。

英语被动语态的句子在译成汉语时,很多情况下都可译成主动句,但也是有一些可保持被动语态,在处理英语原文被动语态时,我们常采用下列方法。

一、译成主动句
1、原文主语仍译成主语
1)The whole nation was armed in a few days.
几天之内全国就武装起来了。

晶体管广泛用于通信系统。

2、原文主语译成宾格
那个工厂正在制造一种新的放大镜。

全世界都将通信卫星用于国际的实况转播。

3、译成汉语中带“的”字结构的主动句
1)The crews were trained at Eglin Field, Fla.
机组人员是在佛罗里达州埃格林空军基地训练的。

2)The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。

必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪声。

需要什么装置使控制系统简化?
5、以“it”为形式主语的被动语态在译文中常要改成主动形成,有时不加主语,有时则加上不确定的主语,例如“有人”,“大家”,“人们”,“我们”等。

不加主语:
It is hoped that…希望……
It is reported…据报……
It is said…据说……
It may be said that…可以说……
It must be admitted that…必须承认……
It must be pointed out…必须指出……
加主语:
It is asserted that…有人主张……
It is believed that…有人相信……
It is generally considered that…大家认为……
It is well known that…众所周知……
It will be said…有人会说……
It was told that…有人曾经说……
二、译成被动句
将英语原文中的被动句译成汉语被动句时,常借助“被”、“遭”、“受”等形式加以表达。

例如:
1、Radio waves are also known as radiant energy.
无线电波也被认为是辐射能。

2、Machines are made to run by electricity.
机器由电带动运转。

3、Is the air in this area still being polluted by smog?
这个地区的空气还在受烟雾污染吗?
4、Other processes will be discussed briefly.
其他方法将简单地加以讨论。

5、How long has nuclear power been known to scientists?
核动力为科学家所认识己经有多久了?
第三节名词从句的译法
英语名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。

翻译时大多数可译成相对应的汉语,但也还有一些其它处理方法。

下面分别加以介绍:
一、主语从句
1、以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句一般可按原文顺序翻译,例如:
3)What central bankers(中央银行)want to know, above all, is whether the supply of money is big enough to meet the demand for money, without exceeding it (which is what leads to
inflation).
中央银行需要了解的最重要的问题是货币的供给是否足够满足货币的需求,是否会供大于求(供大于求会引发通货膨胀)。

2、以“it”作形式主语的主语从句:
1)逻辑主语从句如提前译出,有两种情况:若强调,“it”一般可译出来;如不强调,“it”可不译出来。

① It doesn't make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.
2)逻辑主语从句不提前,“it”一般不需译出。

① It is suggested that the meeting should be canceled.
有人建议取消会议。

3、以that引导的主语从句用于句首,翻成汉语时一般可以后置:
That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. (1990年第63题)
这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话,也是微不足道的。

二、宾语从句
1)用that, what, how等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不须改变顺序。

① I told him that because of the last condition, I′d have to turn it down.
三.表语从句
与宾语从句一样,一般可按原文顺序译出,例如:
1、Another common argument against the concept of machine intelligence is that a computer is
dumb machine which does only what it is told by its human programmer.
这并不是说磅秤和天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在的差别,而是说与前者相比,后者是一种更精密得多的装置,因而在计量上更准确得多。

四.同位语从句
1、同位语从句汉译时不提前:
1) He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
他表示希望再到中国来访问。

2)Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
(1990年第68题)
3) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the
conclusionthat the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.(1996年真题第72题)
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

2、同位语从句提前译出:
1) It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.
延迟应由他负责,这个事实是改变不了的。

(1997年第74题)
这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

4、单词、短语作同位语的译法:
1)说明身份,称号的英语同位语往往放在专有名词后面,汉译时一般放在前面:
2)限定性同位语不须改变位置;
第四节定语从句的译法
一、限制性定语从句
1、前置法
译成带“的”的定语词组,放在被修饰词之前:
Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(1990年第62题)
在这场争论中,赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素决定的。

2、后置法
如果从句结构复杂,译成汉语时,前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯,这就往往译成后置的并列分句。

1) 译成并列分句,重复英语先行词:
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(2001年第48题)
皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

2)译成并列句,省略英语先行词:
It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.
3、溶合法
溶合法是指把原句中的主句和定语从句溶合到一起译成一个独立的句子的翻译方法。

它较适用于翻译限制性定语从句,如“There be…”结构形式。

另外,在定语从句中,将英语主句压缩成汉语词组做主语,而把定语从句译成谓语部分等,从而溶合成一个句子:
Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomenon.
这里大概不会有人在一整天里没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动,这些活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动,尽管复杂程度不同,但在类型上是完全一样的。

二、非限制性定语从句
1、前置法
一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句,可译成带“的”的前置定语:
1)The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendour.
2、后置法
1)译成并列分句
①定语从句后置,重复英语关系词所代表的含义:
Instead, governments should try to revive domestic consumption, which would help insulate the region from the vagaries of the world economy.
然而,政府应该尽力激活国内消费需求;这样才能使这一地区免受难以预测的经济冲击的影响。

③定语从句前置,重复关系词所代表的含义:
World War II was, however, more complete than World War I which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.
第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突,而第二次世界大战却比第一次更加复杂。

2)译成独立句
After the Asian crisis of 1997, when plunging currencies, free-falling asset prices and bankrupt banks had brought regional economies to a standstill, various national leaders declared that
South-East Asia should not look solely to exports to resuscitate its economic fortunes.
在1997年的亚洲金融危机中,暴跌的币值,狂贬的资产价格以及破产的银行使这一地区的经济处于停滞的状态。

经历了这场危机后,这一地区的领导人纷纷声称东南亚地区不能仅仅只依靠出口来复兴经济。

三.兼有状语特点的定语从句
有的定语从句,意义上有状语特点,说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系,可相应地译成状语从句。

1、译成表“因”分句
1)We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in more rays of light than ours, can see things clearly at night.
我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛吸收更多的光线,所以猫在黑夜也能看东西很清楚。

2)The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
这些年以来,因为从事主要职业运动项目的选手们的身高发生了显著变化,所以经理们倒是很愿意更改队服使其能套上越来越多的大个子。

2、译成表“果”分句
1)There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.
2)The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer—a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured.
3、译成表“让步”的分句
1)He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
2)Actually, it isn't, because it(上文提及的这种问法)assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
5、译成表“条件”、“假设”的分句
1)Men become desperate for work, any work which will help them to keep alive their families.
第五节状语从句的译法
英语状语从句包括表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等等各种从句。

一、时间状语从句
1、译成相应的时间状语,位置相对灵活:
After inflationary expectations take hold, they get built into contracts for labour, goods and services, producing a vicious cycle.
在通货膨胀预期站住脚了之后,就会延伸到劳动力市场,商品市场和服务行业,使恶性循环不断继续下去。

2、译成并列的分句:
1)译文前置
They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.
他还没有交赎金,他们就把他释放了。

二、原因状语从句
1、译成表“因”的分句:
1)“因”在“果”之前
Additional social stresses may occur because the population explosion or problems arise from mass migration movements.
大量人口流动造成的人口激增,抑或种种问题或许会对社会造成新的压力。

2)“果”在“因”之前
This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使得农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

2、译成因果偏正复句中的主句:
1)Pure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft.
3、译成无关联词的因果关系并列分句:
1)Where there is sound, there must be sound waves.
2)After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.
三、表示条件的状语从句
1、译成表示条件的分句,汉语一般前置:
1)When this question is answered, even better and cheaper magnetic materials can be developed.
如果这一问题得到解决,就能研制出更好、更便宜的磁性材料。

2)Over time, however, things get more complicated; because energy is such a crucial part of the economy, if prices stay high for a prolonged period, they will both raise the inflation rate and lower the rate of economic growth.
然而,随着时间的推移,情况会变得越来越复杂。

因为能源是国民经济中至关重要的一个环节。

如果能源的价格在很长一段时间内仍维持在很高的水平上,那么就不仅会抬高通货膨胀率而且还会降低经济增长率。

四、表示让步的状语从句
1、译成表示“让步”的分句,前置较灵活:
1)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to the one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. (1999年第71题)
尽管几乎有多少历史学家对历史下的定义就有多少,但是现代实践与一种定义最接近,即认为历史就是试图再现并解释过去的重大事件。

2)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. (2000年第73题)
大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想,由于上述原因,政府常常要推出更多的革新。

3)A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exi t by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family".
2、译成表示“无条件”的条件分句,一般前置
Plugged into the intercommunication system, the man can now communicate with the rest of the crewno matter what noise is going on about him。

不管周围是多么喧闹,插头一接上机内通话系统,他就能和同机其余的人通话。

五、表示目的的状语从句
1、译成表示“目的”的前置分句,常用“为了”、“省(免)得”、“以免”、“以便”、
“生怕”等引导:
1)They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bird’s eye view of the city .
为了对这个城市作一鸟瞰,他们跨进直升机,凌空飞行。

第六节长句的译法
从近几年的试题来看,要求翻译的划线部分基本上为长句,所以长句翻译技巧也应是复习的重点。

长句翻译实际上是多种翻译方法的综合应用,在翻译时,考生首先要弄清原文的句法结构,找出中心思想及各层意思,分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系,再按照汉语特点和表
达方式正确译出,不拘泥于原文的形式。

常用的翻译方法有顺序法、逆序法、分译法、综合法,下面分别加以介绍。

一、顺序法
如时间或逻辑顺序与中文表达相一致,可照原文顺序译出:
1、The Committee prepared this paper because its members recognized that the government has failed to establish an energy policy capable of providing a comprehensive energy source that can meet our requirements for the last portion of this century and the greater portion of the next.
【难点解析】这句话由四个部分组成,一个从属一个,为一种纵向关系,故顺序译出。

第三部分由于形容词capable引导的短语较长,作定语,置于所修饰的名词policy之后,译出时可置policy之前。

【译文赏析】该委员会制订这份文件,是因为其成员看到政府己不能制订一个为提供综合能源,以满足我们在本世纪最后时期及下大半个世纪需要的能源政策了。

2、On August l, the gunboat began her mission, which was, in the defenders, a provocative act and seemed to be part of the overall assault which had begun on July31.
【难点解析】本句由一个主句和两个定语从句组成,其逻辑顺序与中文习惯相符,故顺序译出。

【译文赏析】8月1日炮舰开始执行任务,在防御者看来,这是一次挑衅行动,而且似乎是7月31日开始的全面攻击的一个组成部分。

3、Almost all education-policy documents and research papers these days start with a reminder that a child’s family background is by far the strongest influence on his educational achievement.
【难点解析】本句主干为all education-policy documents and research papers … start with a reminder that…其中that引导同位语从句。

全句逻辑顺序与中文习惯相符,故顺序译出。

【译文赏析】如今几乎所有的教育政策文件和研究论文一开始就提醒我们:一个孩子的家庭背景是目前对其学习成绩产生最大影响的因素。

4、The methods include improved information exchange to avoid unnecessary repetition of animal experiments; physical techniques and structure-activity relations; mathematical and computer models; use of plants and microorganisms.
【难点解析】本句主干为The methods include…该句宾语部分为并列结构。

【译文赏析】这些方法包括增进信息交流以免重复做不必要的动物实验,还包括物理技术与结构活性关系、数学和计算机模型、植物及微生物的利用。

二、逆序法
英语原文长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,或相反,汉译时必须从原文后面逆着顺序译:1、Primary colors are colors in terms of which all other colors may be described, or from which all other colors may be evolved by mixture.
【难点解析】在英语中,名词、代词、形容词或动名词作定语时一般都放在所修饰的名词前面。

从句和各种短语作定语时则放在所修饰的名词之后。

汉语却不同,它的定语统统放在所修饰词之前,故翻译时,需对原文结构的排列顺序作部分调整。

本句有两个限制性定语从句,均逆译。

【译文赏析】原色就是所有其它颜色可以用它们来表示或者可用它们配制的色。

2、They cannot assume that they will stay at the forefront of science and technology as they have for a century.
【难点解析】本句强调内容偏于宾语从句的意思。

英译汉时可以利用逆序法翻译。

【译文赏析】像100年来一样,他们能否在未来保持科技领先的地位,很难以想象。

3、The method normally employed for free electrons to be produced in electron tubes is thermionic emission in which advantage is taken of the fact, if a solid body is heated sufficiently, some of the electrons that it contains will escape from its surface into the surrounding space.
【难点解析】本句主句比较简单,有一个较长的过去分词短语normally employed for free electrons to be produced in electron tubes作主语the method的后置定语。

由in which引出的非限制性定语从句修饰表语thermionic emission,十分复杂;它有一个fact的同位语从句,在同位语从句中又含有一个if引出的条件状语从句和一个由that引导的定语从句。

翻译时,需把次序颠倒过来,以符合汉语表达习惯。

【译文赏析】将固体加热到足够温度时,它所含电子就有一部分离开表面,飞逸到周围空间中,这种现象叫做热离子放射,电子管就是利用这种方法来产生自由电子的。

4、Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. Fox example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
【难点解析】本部分由三句话组成。

句子之间有紧密联系。

第一句中需要注意if条件状语从句的翻译;第二句中注意rather than(而不是);第三句中注意as compared to(与……相比)。

三句话汇总后的逻辑关系要利用逆序法进行分析。

【译文赏析】进而言之,社会变迁更易于缓慢地发生。

例如,与其他的美国少数民族相比,美国黑人因为其外貌与白人截然不同,所以他们的境况还没有很快地发生变化。

追其缘由,就在于社会变化更易于在连续不断的人际关系之中发生,而不易于在截然对立的条件下发生。

三、分译法
分译也称拆译,就是把一些曲折层叠的长复合句拆成短句,再分别翻译。

在英语原文的主句与从句或修饰语之间的关系并不是十分密切时,可按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句中的从句或短语化为句子,分开来叙述;为使语意连贯,有时可适当增加词语。

1、The site at Poverty Point,Louisiana, has been known to archeologists since the early 1990s, but it was not until 1953, when aerial photo graphs were taken, that the ridge pattern was first spotted.
【难点解析】本句将由but连接的并列句拆开分译,要因句而异,有的顺译,有的逆译,有的分译。

【译文赏析】考古学家早在二十世纪初就己知道路易斯安那州波佛迪波安特的这处遗址了。

然而,直到1953年进行了空中摄影之后,才第一次发现了土岗排列的图形。

2、It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animal should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (1997年第73题)
【难点解析】本句中出现了冒号,引导的从句是一个长附加说明成分。

该成分为带有宾语从句的复合句,其中出现了连词结构either…or…
【译文赏析】这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端。

它使人们认为要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物,要么完全冷漠无情。

3、The great difficulty of introducing radically new computer-architectures which requires customers to rewrite most of their software excluded the possibility for these techniques to find their way to the commercial marketplace.
【难点解析】本句的主语是带介宾短语,其中又套有定语从句的复杂结构,难以直译。

译文要打散原文句子结构,重新组合,先把定语从句拆出分译,再把great difficulty抽出来译为“难以付诸实现”,独立构成一词,圆满地解决了翻译困难,使译文通顺流畅。

【译文赏析】采用全新的计算体系结构,势必要求用户改写其大部分软件,因此难以付诸实现,这就排除了这种技术进入商品市场的可能性。

4、Computer languages may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by the particular computer to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically acceptable to a wide range of computers.
【难点解析】句中range from…to…之类结构,在汉语中没有相应的表达结构,故将原文结构顺序打乱,加以重新组合,采用增字、减字、变序等技巧,将形容词短语和定语从句拆出分译,并把作短语的过去分词和形容词短语组合在一句中,读起来会更为地道。

【译文赏析】计算机语言有低级的,也有高级的。

前者比较繁琐,很接近于特定计算机直接能懂的语言;后者比较复杂,适用范围广,能自动为多种计算机所接受。

四、综合法
当顺译、逆译都感不便,分译也有困难,便可以进行综合处理,或按时间先后,或按逻辑顺序,有顺有逆,有主有次进行分译。

事实上,长句翻译本身就是一个综合运用语法分析和各种翻译技巧的复杂翻译过程。

With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24,000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells or indirectly with plat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity.
【难点解析】本句主句是以it作形式主语、用动词不定式短语作逻辑主语的结构。

主语中的名词solar power plant带有一个相距较远的定语从句,该从句中又含有另外三个定语从句。

这四个定语从句均由that引出,环环相扣。

另外还有介词短语、省略成分和并列成分掺合在一起,为一个很复杂的长复合句。

译文把四个定语从句拆开,采用分译法;从整个句子结构
顺序上看,译文与原文相近,也可谓用了顺序法;而在个别地方把原文顺序作了局部颠倒,采用了逆序法。

【译文赏析】随着航天飞机的出现,有可能把一个沿轨道运行的太阳能发电站送到离地球24,000英里的轨道上去。

这个太阳能发电站几乎不间断地采集太阳能,并通过光电电池将太阳能直接地转变成电,或通过集热板使其间接地转换成电能,其原理是集热使热传导导体气化,驱动涡轮机发电。

相关文档
最新文档