各类从句的简化方法
状语从句的简化讲解
状语从句的简化讲解状语从句是从句的一种用途，用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词，表达时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、方式等。
简化状语从句是指将完整的状语从句转换为简洁的词组或词语。
具体来说，可以通过以下几种方法进行简化：1. 使用分词结构：将状语从句中的谓语动词改为现在分词或过去分词形式，构成分词短语作为状语。
例如：While I was studying forthe exam, my friend called me. 可简化为：Studying for the exam, my friend called me.2. 使用介词短语：将状语从句中的介词部分提取出来，构成介词短语作为状语。
例如：She went to the park after she finished her homework. 可简化为：She went to the park after finishing her homework.3. 使用副词或连词：将状语从句中的连词替换为相应的副词，构成简单的副词短语作为状语。
例如：Because it was raining, we stayed at home. 可简化为：Due to the rain, we stayed at home.4. 去掉主从句共有的部分：如果主从句中存在相同的主语、谓语或其他部分，可以把它们省略，使得从句变得更加简洁。
例如：When she saw the movie, she was impressed. 可简化为：Seeing the movie, she was impressed.总之，简化状语从句在表达中起到了简洁、明确的作用，更加符合书面语的要求。
定语从句的简化
六. 当定语从句的表语为形容词短语时，去 掉关系词和系动词即可。例如： She received a box which was full of gifts. →She received a box full of gifts. The girl who is interested in Math is only 3 years old. → The girl interested in Math is only 3 years old.
定语从句的简化
一.当定语从句为被动语态，去掉关系词和系 动词，使之简化为过去分词短语作定语。例如： The dictionary which was bought for me by my mother is very useful. →The dictionary bought for me by my mother is very useful. The boy who was sent to the university is hardworking. →The boy sent to the university is hardworking.
三.当定语从句是表经常性习惯性动作或者 表状态时，去掉关系词，把动词改为现在分 词短语作定语。例如： The house that stands at the corner was built in 1990. → The house standing at the corner was built in 1990. The boy who runs to school everyday is healthy. → The boy running to school everyday is healthy.
四.当定语从句表将来时，去掉关系词和助 动词，把动词改为不定式作定语。 The next bus that will arrive is from the school. → The next bus to arrive is from the school. The boy who will go abroad is my brother. → The boy to go abroad ，去掉 关系词和系动词即可。例如： The books which are under the bed aren't worth reading. →The books under the bed aren‘t worth reading. The boy who is at the gate is my brother. → The boy at the gate is my brother.
20.从句的简化
that China had launched another manmade satellite.
f. We were greatly encouraged by the news
of China having launch
(3) that引导的宾语从句简化：宾语从句的简化 较复杂，可转换成不定式或动名词，这与主句 谓语动词用法密切相关。
从句的简化一名词从句的简化一名词从句的简化11名词从句与动名词名词从句与动名词that引导的名词从句一般换成动名词来表达通引导的名词从句一般换成动名词来表达通常采用动名词复合结构的形式
第 23 讲
从句的简化
一、名词从句的简化
1、名词从句与动名词
由that引导的名词从句一般换成动名词来表达，通 that引导的名词从句一般换成动名词来表达，通 常采用动名词复合结构的形式。 (1) that引导的主语从句：直接用动名词复合结构来替 that引导的主语从句：直接用动名词复合结构来替 换主语从句，放在句首作主语。 a. It surprised us that John won the marathon. .→ b. That John won the marathon surprised us. c. John's winning the marathon surprised us. d. That he lost the game came as a surprise to everybody.→ e. His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody.
assertion that economic recovery would be just around the corner was untrue.
定语从句的简化
→The books under the bed aren‘t worth reading.
The boy who is at the gate is my brother. → The boy at the gate is my brother.
定语从句的简化
一.当定语从句为被动语态，去掉关系词和系 动词，使之简化为过去分词短语作定语。例如：
The dictionary which was bought for me by my mother is very useful.
→The dictionary bought for me by my mother is very useful.
The boy who was sent to the university is hardworking.
→The boy sent to the university is hardworking.
二.当定语从句为现在进行时，去掉关系词 和系动词，使之简化成为现在分词短语作定
语。例如：
The boy who is standing against the door is his younger brother.
→ The next bus to arrive is from the school. The boy who will go abroad is my brother. → The boy to go abroad is my brother.
五.当定语从句的表语为介词短语时，去掉 关系词和系动词即可。例如：
六. 当定语从句的表语为形容词短语时，去 掉关系词和系动词即可。例如：
如何简化定语从句
．如何简化定语从句（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。
如:My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。
This is a book that is worth reading.→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。
（2）定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。
The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。
I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.当时我看到那房子在燃烧。
（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。
I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。
She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。
（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。
He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。
修改方法简化定语从句使句子更加清晰
修改方法简化定语从句使句子更加清晰定语从句在英语写作中起到了修饰名词或代词的作用，增加了语言的表达力。
然而，长而复杂的定语从句有时会令读者感到困惑，降低文章的可读性。
因此，为了使句子更加清晰明了，我们可以尝试简化定语从句的结构。
本文将介绍一些修改方法，帮助读者更好地理解句子含义。
一、省略关系代词或关系副词定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词可以被省略，这样可以让句子更加简洁。
例如：1. The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.可以简化为：The book I borrowed from the library is very interesting.2. The restaurant where we had dinner yesterday was fantastic.可以简化为：The restaurant we had dinner at yesterday was fantastic.二、使用介词短语替换定语从句有时候，可以将定语从句转换为介词短语，以简化句子结构。
以下是一些例子：1. The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister.可以改写为：The girl in a red dress is my sister.2. The house that is located on the top of the hill has a beautiful view.可以改写为：The house on the top of the hill has a beautiful view.三、使用非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句可以在不改变句子意思的情况下，使句子更加简明。
以下是一些例子：1. My brother, who is a doctor, lives in New York.可以改写为：My brother, a doctor, lives in New York.2. The movie, which was released last week, received positive reviews.可以改写为：The movie, released last week, received positive reviews.四、倒装结构在定语从句中，我们可以用倒装结构来简化句子。
宾语从句简化的三种结构
宾语从句简化的三种结构宾语从句的简化，这个话题一听就觉得有点复杂，但其实说白了就是让我们说话时更流畅更自然。
你知道的，咱们日常生活中，总会有些句子看起来很啰嗦，听起来像是绕口令。
举个简单的例子，咱们常说“我觉得他会来”。
这句话如果直接说成“我觉得他会来”，其实很简单，但如果把它变成宾语从句，比如“我认为他会来”，听上去就有点书面化，不是那么亲切。
再说了，谁愿意听那些高大上的句子呢，咱们就想直接明了地表达出来。
毕竟，生活中有太多有趣的事情，咱们应该把时间花在聊有趣的事上，而不是绞尽脑汁想着怎么说得更复杂。
而这宾语从句简化其实还有个小窍门，就是把它转换成名词短语。
这是个轻松的办法，比如说“我希望他能成功”，咱们可以直接说“我希望他的成功”。
听上去是不是顺溜多了？而且这样的说法，瞬间让人觉得你很有条理，像个小学霸一样。
谁说你不能在聊天中显得聪明伶俐呢？就像你在和朋友聊最近看的一部电影，原本你想说“我认为这部电影很好”，其实你完全可以简化成“我觉得这电影很棒”。
谁会纠结于那么多复杂的结构呢，生活太短暂了，何必要花那么多时间在这些小细节上？还有一种简化的方式，就是用直接引语代替。
这种方法简直太有意思了。
想象一下，你和朋友在讨论一个小八卦，原本你想说“她说她要搬家”，不如直接说“她说要搬家”。
这种方法让你听起来更像在叙述故事，而不是在给人上语法课。
就像讲故事的时候，不需要太多的修饰，简单直接才能引人入胜。
大家更喜欢听那种轻松随意的语气，不是吗？生活中的点滴瞬间，都能变得生动有趣，完全不需要被那些复杂的语法规则束缚住。
说到这里，咱们不妨再来聊聊宾语从句简化的最后一种方式，那就是用动词不定式来替代。
这种方法就像给你的人生加了一点调味料，让整个句子更加鲜活。
比如说“我想要他来帮我”，可以改成“我想让他帮我”。
听着是不是舒服多了？而且这样的表达，瞬间让你的话语更加生动，简直就像在撒娇，特别吸引人。
你可以在各种场合中使用这种方法，无论是跟朋友聊天还是在工作中发言，绝对让你在人群中脱颖而出。
宾语从句的简化初中英语知识点
宾语从句的简化初中英语知识点
宾语从句的简化初中英语知识点
1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为宾语+宾补结构，宾补为不带to的`不定式或V-ing形式。
如：
She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.
2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。
如：
She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths.
3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为连接代词/副词+不定式结构。
如：Can you tell me how I can get to the station?Can you tell me how to get to the station?。
定语从句的简化：省略主句中重复部分
定语从句的简化：省略主句中重复部分2023年，定语从句的简化已成为英语语法中的一项基本技能。
它的用途是为了减少文章的重复部分，并使文章更加简洁和易于理解。
通过省略主句中重复的内容，省略式定语从句能够使明确的修饰成为可能，而且是多种文体中的通用模式，包括学术论文、新闻报道和广告宣传等等。
在我们的生活中，各种各样的定语从句简化格式常常出现，它们可以大大提高我们的语言表达能力，让我们更加简单、准确地表达我们的意思。
现在，就让我们探讨一下省略式定语从句。
例1：My friend who is a doctor gave me some useful advice.可省略为：My friend, a doctor, gave me some useful advice.例2：This is the book which I borrowed from the library.可省略为：This is the book I borrowed from the library.例3：The car which Tom bought is very expensive.可省略为：The car Tom bought is very expensive.这些例子展示的是省略主句中的重复部分，其中省略的内容容易从上下文中得出，因此省略后仍然可以让读者明白句子的含义。
除此之外，定语从句的简化还可以采用省略关系词的方法。
通过省略关系词，我们可以进一步减少文章的冗余部分，让文章更加简洁明了。
例4：The house which was built last year looks very beautiful.可省略为：The house built last year looks very beautiful.例5：The man who spoke at the conference is a famous scientist.可省略为：The man speaking at the conference is a famous scientist.这两个例子中，省略了关系词“which”和“who”，但是通过上下文可以清晰地理解句子的含义。
【初中英语】简化宾语从句常用六法
【初中英语】简化宾语从句常用六法在各类中，同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的。
下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的：方法一：当主语句的谓语动词是hope、decision、wish、choose、agree、promise 等，宾语从句的主语与主语句的主语一致时，宾语从句可以简化为不定式结构。
例如：liminghopeshewillbebackverysoon.→liminghopestobebackverysoon.我们决定帮助菲姆。
→我们决定帮助他。
方法二：当主句谓语动词是know，learn，remember，forget，tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。
例如：她已经忘记了过去。
→她已经忘了怎么做。
注：当主句谓语动词是tell，ask，show，teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。
例如：你能告诉我我怎么才能得到遗产吗→你能告诉我怎么做吗方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。
例如：校长命令我们一次开始。
→校长下令立即开始。
方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。
例如：他坚持要和我们一起去。
→他和我们在一起。
thepoorboydoesn’tknowwhenandwherehewasborn.→thepoorboydoesn’tknowthetimeand theplaceofhisbirth.方法五：将动词后的宾语从句转化为宾语+v-ing形式（作为宾语补语）结构。
例如：liupingfoundthattherewasawalletlyingontheground.→liupingfoundawalletlyingonth eground.方法六：动词see后的宾语从句也可以用不定式（短语）简化，但句型需要适当改变。
各类从句的简化方法
各类从句的简化方法（一）改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性（包括谓语有情态动词）或之后性，则可以用“关系代词或关系副词＋不定式”来简化，或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。
要注意的是，此时的不定式一定要是及物动词，如果是不及物，则需要在动词后面加上相应的介词，使之成为及物动词短语。
这个结尾的介词可以提前到关系代词前面，也可以继续留在句尾。
前者是正式说法，后者是非正式说法。
例1：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.我们搬到了乡下，好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。
改为：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.或者：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.例2：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors （whom）he could quarrel with.他要是没有可以吵架的邻居就难受。
改为：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quarrel.或者：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors to quarrel with.例3：The conference which will be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success. 计划在今天下午举行的会议一定会取得成功。
改为：The conference which to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.或者：The conference to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.例4：At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, which will be available in 2005.12月29日，美国邮政总局局长约翰•E•波特在檀香山从句了农历新年的纪念邮票小型张的揭幕仪式，这枚小型张将于2005年正式发行，它为农历新年的系列纪念邮票写下了完美的结局。
辅导11 从句的简化
辅导11 从句的简化一，名词从句的简化（一）名词从句与动名词1．That 引导的主语从句a. It surprised us that John won the marathon. →John’s winning the marathon surprised us.b. That he lost the game as a surprise to everybody. →His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody.2．That 引导的同位语从句a. There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive. →There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive.b. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion that economic recovery would be just around the corner was untrue. →Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.c. We were greatly encouraged by the news that China had launched another man-made satellite. → We were greatly encouraged by the news of China having launched another man-made satellite. 3．That 引导的宾语从句简化：a. I hope that I can drive to work in my own car. → I hope to drive to work in my own car.b. I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future. → I consider emigrating to America in the future.c. Jane’s mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother. → Jane’s mother insisted on her going swimming with her brother.（二）名词从句与不定式a. I don’t know what I should do. → I don’t know what to do.b. Please tell me how I can get to the bus station. → Please tell me how to get to the bus station.c. She can’t decide whether she should go with him or stay home. → She can’t decide whether to go with him or (to) stay home.d. I haven’t decided whether I should vote for Clint. →I haven’t decided whether to vote for Clint.二．定语从句的简化（一）从句中含有be动词a. Do you know the boy who is playing the violin? → Do you know the boy playing the violin?b. The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher. → The man standing at the gate is my English teacher.c. Books that are written in English are more expensive. → Books written in English are more expensive.d. The car that was repaired yesterday by him is my brother’s. → The car repaired yesterday by him is my brother’s.e. The people who were responsible for the incident were all published. → The people responsible for the incident were all punished.（二）从句中没有be动词a. They live in a room that faces the south. → They live in a room facing the south.b. Anyone who touches the wire will get an electric shock. → Anyone touching the wire will get an electric shock.c. English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. → English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.（三）用不定式替换定语从句a. The only one that understands me → The only one to understand meb. The next train that arrives is from New York. → The next train to arrive is from New York.c. Clint was the second person that fell into this trap. → Clint was the second person to fall into this trap.三．状语从句的简化（一）从句含有be动词a. Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled.b. When a student in the university, he read a lot.c. While (he was) waiting, he took out a magazine to read.d. A tiger can’t be tamed unless (it is ) caught very young.e. _____, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s economic policies.A. Although not being an economist himselfB. although not an economist himselfC. Although not having been an economist himselfD. Although being no an economist himself（二）从句没有be 动词a. Since I came to Beijing, I have made many new friends. → Since coming to Beijing, I have made many new friends.b. After I finished my homework, I fed the dog. → After finishing my homework, I fed the dog.c. After he jumped out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. → After jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark.选择题：1．Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water ____.A. to constantly flow into themB. is constantly flowing into themC. constantly flows into themD. constantly flowing into them2. Tornadoes, powerful, destructive wind storms, occur most often in the spring when hot winds ____ over flat land encounter heavy, cold air.A. which to riseB. that risingC. are risingD. rising3. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman ____ the Nobel Prize for Literature.A. receiveB. ReceivedC. to receiveD. she received4. The first explorer ____ California by land was Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1825.A. that he reachedB. to reachC. reachedD. reaching it5. _____ often found in fruit and vegetables.A. Vitamin C, a trace element that isB. For vitamin C, a trace element to beC. Vitamin C, a trace element, isD. Vitamin C, is that trace element6. The Amazon rain forests, _____ the earth’s lungs, convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphereback into oxygen.A. functioning asB. which functioning asC. functions asD. functioned as7. Through a process _____ coalescence, water droplets in clouds grow to a size large enough to fall to earth.A. callsB. to be calledC. callingD. called8. Penicillin, _____ in the early 20th century, brought in the golden age of chemotherapy.A. to be discoveredB. discoveringC. discovery wasD. discovered9. The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device _____ to a computer.A. connectedB. to connect itC. and connectD. that connect10. An amendment to the Constitution _____ in Harry Truman’s tenure limits the US presidency to two terms.A. passingB. to passC. passedD. was passed11. A reagent is any chemical that reacts in a predictable way _____ with other chemicals.A. when mixedB. when is mixedC. it mixedD. when mixing.12. A beam of light will not bend round corners unless ____ to do so with the help of a reflecting device.A. madeB. to be madeC. being madeD. having made13. As a general rule, snakes don’t bite unless ____.A. offendedB. are offendedC. they offendedD. offending14. She had said little so far, responding only briefly when ____.A. speakingB. spokenC. speaking toD. spoken to15. _____, his family moved to America.A. When still a babyB. When a baby stillC. When he was still a babyD. When being still a baby16. _______ native to Europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of North America.A. AlthoughB. If it wereC. In spite ofD. That it is17. In its pure state antimony（锑）has no importance uses, but _____ with other substances, it is an extremely useful metal.A. when combined physically or chemicallyB. combined physically or chemicallyC. the physical and chemical combinationD. It is combined physically and chemically18. Although pure diamond is colorless and transparent, _____ with other material it may appear in various colors, ranging from pastels to opaque black.A. but when contaminatedB. but when contaminatingC. when contaminatedD. when contaminating19. ______ classified as a carnivore（肉食动物）, the North American grizzly bear eats berries and even grass.A. Just asB. Because ofC. AlthoughD. Either20. _____ usually thought to end in northern New Mexico, the Rocky Mountains really extend southward to the frontier of Mexico.A. DespiteB. To beC. WhileD. However21. Nearly all trees contain a mix of polymers（聚合物）that can burn like petroleum ____ properly extracted.A. afterB. ifC. when itD. is22. Although ____ rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.A. apparentlyB. are apparentlyC. apparentlyD. are they apparently23. Although ____ of the world’s oceans, the Atlantic has by far the largest drainage area（流域）.A. the largest is notB. not the largestC. the largest notD. largest not the。
三大从句简化
三⼤从句简化总结：第⼀,名词从句⼀般仅与动名词和不定式有关,其中与动名词的关系更密切。
第⼆,定语从句⼀般仅与分词和不定式有关,其中与分词的关系更密切。
第三,状语从句⼀般仅与分词和不定式有关,其中与分词的关系更密切。
名词从句的简化名词从句被简化成两种形式：动名词和不定式。
名词从句与动名词1. that引导的主语从句与动名词直接⽤动名词的复合结构替换主语从句：It surprised us that John won the marathon.That John won the marathon surprised us.Johns winning the marathon surprised us.约翰赢得了马拉松⽐赛,这真让我们吃惊。
2. that引导的同位语从句与动名词that引导的同位语从句替换为“名词 + 介词(常⽤of,偶尔可以⽤about等) + 动名词的复合结构”:We were greatly encouraged by the news that China had launched another man-made satellite.We were greatly encouraged by the news of China having launched another man-made satellite.听到中国⼜发射了⼀颗⼈造卫星的消息,我们都受到极⼤的⿎舞。
Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion that economic recovery would be just around the corner was untrue.Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.任何⼈只要稍稍看⼀眼⽬前的失业率就能知道,有关经济复苏即将到来的断⾔是不符合事实的。
高中英语-状语从句的简化
状语从句的简化一、省略（从句中）主语+be动词当从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，若从句的谓语动词是系动词be或包含be的某种形式，此时从句的主语和be动词通常可以一同省略。
常见以下几种形式:1、连词+形容词Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.She hurried out of the room, as if (she was) angry.2、连词+名词While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.He could write poems when (he was) yet a child.3、连词+现在分词While (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) searching for something.4、连词+过去分词If (it is) well read, the book will give you much to think.Unless (they were) asked to answer questions, the students were not supposed to talk in class.5、连词+不定式Smiling pleasantly, the stranger turned as if (he were) to speak to me.6、连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.When (you are) under attack, you must take cover immediately.二、省略从句中与主句重复的部分I wish to travel over the world if I can (travel over the world)．He should have arrived yesterday, if his wife would (arrive) today to meet him at the hotel．I must learn music ten more years though I have (learned it) ten years．William must be a good man, since his father is ( a good man)．She was happy because her husband was (happy)．They will arrive either before (the show begins) or after the show begins.(也可省after后从句部分) —由than 和as 引起的从句中有许多省略的办法：Liz spoke Chinese better before than (she speaks it) now．Liz speaks English better than her friends (speak it)．Liz is more shy than (she is) unfriendly．Liz looks younger than she is (young)．Liz considers him more a friend than (she considers him) a teacher．Liz speaks English better than you think (that she speaks it)．Bob doesn't regard money so seriously as his father (regards it)．Bob treats people as skillfully as (he) does research work．Bob knows science as much as you expect (that he knows it)．三、省略从句主语并改写成v-ing结构When arriving(=When you arrive), send me a message.Before leaving (=Before you leave) , turn off all the lights.Although working very hard(=Although he worked very hard), he failed in the final exam.If going there by air(=If we go there by air), we’ll have to pay twice the fare.After being caught by the police(=After he was caught by the police), the thief admitted.四、省略从句主语改写成to do结构He studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship.=He studied hard in order to get a scholarship.We rushed through the last few design drawings so that we could go home early.=We rushed through the last few design drawings so as to go home early.I'11 be glad if I can help.=I'll be glad to help.He is so clever a student that he can work out all the difficult questions.=He is so clever a student as to work out all the difficult questions.He is so young that he can’t join the army.=He is so young as not to join the army.=He is too young to join the army.=He is not old enough to join the army.巩固练习一．单句填空1.Film has a much shorter history, especially when _____(compare) to music and painting.2. His play was popular and every time _____(talk) about it, he owed his success to his friends.3.The boss, not the workers should be responsible for the accident. They just carried out the order as_____ . (tell)4. The plan must be modified ________ being put into effect.5.One day while ________(work) at the cash register in the gift shop, I saw an elderly couple.6.If _______(finish) your work, you can help me with mine.7.We all know that,____ not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse.8. ________ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.9.Friendship is like money: easier made than _____ .(keep)10.When I was at your age my father told me that I should go and work wherever ____ most. (need)二．短文填空Leaders of the European Union say they will help Greece as it struggles under a mountain of debt. They promise to take action, 1______ needed, "to maintain financial stability in the euro (欧元) area as a whole." But the leaders did not announce any 2______ (detail) plan for Greece after meeting Thursday in Brussels. They said that was 3______ Greece has not requested any financial support. European Commission President said this means the government believes 4______ does not need the support.Businessmen had a mixed reaction 5______ the statements from Brussels. Worries over Greek debt have pushed the euro to its 6______ (low) value in months against the dollar. European Union finance ministers are expected to talk about Greece when 7______ (meet) in the Belgian capital next week.Sixteen of the twenty-seven nations in the European Union use the euro as their currency. Now, the stronger members 8______ (seek) ways to help the weaker ones. European Union rules limit the choices for a rescue. The European Central Bank and national central banks are not permitted to aid members by purchasing their debt. European officials hope to avoid the economic disasters 9______ could become even worse if Greece fails 10______ (pay) its debt. This year Greece's debt could reach 120% of its GDP.答案：一. compared、talking、told、before、working、having finished、if、Although/Though/While、kept、needed二．1. if/when 2. detailed 3. because 4. it 5. to 6. lowest 7. meeting 8. are seeking 9. that/which 10. to pay。
定语从句简化
定语从句简化定语从句是初中英语的难点语法项目，许多同学在学习和运用定语从句时，感到很难理解。
若将其简化，理解起来就比较简单了。
定语从句简化的方法常见的有以下几种：Ⅰ、把定语从句简化为形容词短语作定语。
例如：She received a box which was full of gifts.→She received a box full of gifts.她收到了满满一盒子礼物。
Ⅱ、把定语从句简化为介词短语。
例如：The books which lie under the bed aren't worth reading.→The books under the bed aren't worth reading.床下那些书不值得读。
Ⅲ、把定语从句简化为不定式或不定式短语作定语。
例如：Have you anything that you want to say at the meeting?→Have you anything to say at the meeting?你在会上有什么要说的吗？Ⅳ、把定语从句变成不定式复合结构作定语。
例如：Is there anything else that we can do?→Is there anything else for us to do?还有其它我们可做的事吗？Ⅴ、把定语从句简化成现在分词短语作定语。
例如：The boy who stands against the door is his younger brother.→The boy standing against the door is his younger brother.靠门站着的那个男孩是他弟弟。
Ⅵ、把定语从句简化为过去分词短语作定语。
例如：The dictionary which my mother bought for me is very useful.→The dictionary bought for me by my mother is very useful.我母亲给我买的那本词典非常有用。
定语从句简化的四种方法
定语从句简化的四种方法定语从句用来修饰名词或代词，为了使句子更简结，可以把定语从句简化为短语，其方法有以下几种：一，当定语从句中谓语动词的后面是介词短语时，只需要去掉关系代词和谓语动词即可，例如：1:The student that is from Canada speaks French.The student from Canada speaks French.2:The book that is on the table is expensive.The book on the table is expensive.二，当定语从句是主动结构，且是进行时态（现在进行时态和过去进行时态），或者当定语从句表示经常性的动作或状态时，可以简化为分词短语，例如：1:The boy that is reading a book is Tom.The boy reading a book is Tom.2:The students who study here are all from Shanghai.The students studying here are all from Shanghai.三,当定语从句是被动结构时，去掉关系代词和助动词，成为一个过去分词短语，例如：1:This is a book which was written by a writer.This is a book written by a writer.2:The floor that was swept by Bill yesterday is clean now.The floor swept by Bill yesterday is clean now.四，当定语从句中的谓语动词，表示一个将要发生的动作或者有某种情态意义时，可以简化为动词不定式，例如：1:She has a lot of work that she must do.She has a lot of work to do.简化下列定语从句：(作业题)1:I bought a book that was written by Luxun.2:That boy who is studying in class is my brother.3:Now I have one thing that I must tell you .4:The man that is at the school gate is my headmaster.。
宾语从句的简化
宾语从句的简化宾语从句的简化是指将完整的宾语从句转化为简化的形式。
简化的宾语从句通常包括省略关联词或改变语序等方式。
以下是一些常见的宾语从句的简化方法：1. 省略引导词：结构动词+宾语从句时，可以省略宾语从句的引导词，直接使用主语+结构动词+宾语的形式。
例如：- She said (that) she would come.（她说她会来。
）2. 简化为动词不定式或动名词结构：将宾语从句中的谓语动词改为动词不定式或动名词形式。
例如：- I hope to see you later.（我希望以后能见到你。
）- He enjoys reading books.（他喜欢读书。
）- She suggested going to the park.（她建议去公园。
）3. 使用介词短语：将宾语从句转化为介词短语，通常使用介词"about"、"for"、"with"等。
例如：- He asked about the weather.（他询问天气。
）- I am waiting for her to come.（我正在等她的到来。
）- They are discussing the plan with the team.（他们正在与团队讨论计划。
）4. 使用名词或代词：将宾语从句中的主语改为名词或代词形式。
例如：- He knows the answer.（他知道答案。
）- We all hope for peace.（我们都希望和平。
）总之，宾语从句的简化可以根据具体的语境和需要进行灵活运用，以使句子更加简洁明了。
从句的简化 学生
•定语从句的简化（现在分词/过去分词短语）•Do you know the boy who is playing there?•Books which are written in English are more expensive.•名词从句的简化（主语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句和表语从句）1 that 引导的主语从句可以简化为sb‘s doing•That John won the race surprised us.•That he lost the game came as a surprise to everyone.2. that 引导的同位语从句可以简化为of + 动名词的复杂结构•There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive.That 引导的宾语从句—动名词/不定式•I hope that I can drive to work in my own car.•I consider that I will immigrate to America in the future.•Jane’s mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother.状语从句的简化表时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件等只有主从句主语相同状语从句才能简化。
•Metals expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.•While I was waiting, I took out a magazine to read.•从句中含有BE动词时，省去从句的主语和Be动词。
•Although he was not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s economic policy.• A tiger can’t be tamed unless it is caught young.当从句中没有Be动词时，去掉从句主语，并将动词变为“v-ing”形式•Since I came to Vancouver, I have made many new friends.•After I finished my homework, I fed the dog.动词的减少可以使英语表达更加地道，简洁采用比句子低一级的语言单位•我们要采取强有力的措施, 加大打击犯罪活动的力度, 使社会治安状况得到改善.•对当代世界的新变化和各种思潮, 我们要注意研究,进行科学分析, 这样才能获得正确认识.•在英语写作中减少动词的使用就是学会用低一级的语言单位---短语来表达，从而达到表达简洁的目的。
宾语从句的简化
二、宾语从句的简化一．改为不定式1. 改为"V+不定式短语"。
当主语谓语动词是hope, agree, choose, wish, decide, promise (许诺)等动词时，且主句和从句的主语相同，可进行这种转换。
它们既可接宾语从句，又可接动词不定式短语。
例如：He hopes that he will be back very soon.→ He hopes____ ____ _____ very soon. 他希望能很快回来。
2．改为"疑问词+ 不定式"结构。
当主句谓语动词是ask, tell, forget, remember 等动词时，宾语从句可转化成"疑问词+ 不定式"结构。
例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station?→ Could you tell me________ _______ ______ to the station? 你能告诉我到车站怎么走吗？She has forgotten how she can open the door.→ She has forgotten _________ _____ _____the door. 他已经忘记如何打开那扇门了。
3．改为"it + 形容词+ 不定式短语"。
例如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well.→ I found ______ _______ _____ ____ English well. 我发现学好英语是困难的。
二．改为"宾语+ V-ing 形式（作宾补）"。
例如：The girl found that there was a watch lying on the ground.→ The girl found a watch ________ on the ground. 那姑娘发现地上有块手表。
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各类从句的简化方法（一）改用"不定式”或"不定式短语”如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性（包括谓语有情态动词）或之后性，则可以用“关系代词或关系副词+不定式”来简化，或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。
要注意的是，此时的不定式一定要是及物动词，如果是不及物，则需要在动词后面加上相应的介词，使之成为及物动词短语。
这个结尾的介词可以提前到关系代词前面，也可以继续留在句尾。
前者是正式说法，后者是非正式说法。
例1: We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in . 我们搬到了乡下，好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。
改为：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.或者：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.例2：He felt miserable uni ess he had n eighbors （whom）he could quarrel with . 他要是没有可以吵架的邻居就难受。
改为：He felt miserable uni ess he had neighbors with whom to quarrel.或者：He felt miserable uni ess he had n eighbors to quarrel with.例3：The conference which will be held this after noon is bound to be a great success. 计戈U在今天下午举行的会议一定会取得成功。
改为：The conference which to be held this after noon is bound to be a great success. 或者：The conference to be held this after noon is bound to be a great success.例4：At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souve nir Sheet, the gra nd fin ale of the Lunar Year stamp series, which will be available in 2005.12月29日，美国邮政总局局长约翰？E皱特在檀香山从句了农历新年的纪念邮票小型张的揭幕仪式，这枚小型张将于2005年正式发行，它为农历新年的系列纪念邮票写下了完美的结局。
（注意：与定语从句一样，也可以采用非限制性形式）改为：At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the gra nd fin ale of the Lunar Year stamp series, to be available in 2005.（二）改用“介词短语”介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式：（1 ）省略“关系副词+主语+ be动词”，或“关系代词+ be动词” ；（2）根据从句的意思改编。
例1: We have never forgotten the days （when we were）at college.我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子。
（1）例2：I don 'know the person （who is）in your office.在你办公司的那个人我不认识。
（1）例3：Those who have high expectations but do not have those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.改为：Those with high expectations but without those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Prin cess Charm ing falls off their pedestal.那些对婚姻期望太高却又不具备处理婚姻关系技巧的人，一旦他们心中的白马王子或白雪公主从神圣的光环里跌落，他们就会很快地回到现实中。
（2）例4：He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.改为：He is a person above personal interests 他不是一个斤斤计较的人。
（2）（三）改用“现在分词短语”和“过去分词短语”“现在分词短语”作后置定语此项要明白三点：（1）“现在分词短语”与前面的名词一定是主谓关系；（2）它隐含的时态为与谓语动词同一阶段的时态。
例如：谓语是一般现在时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的是现在时、现在正在继续时；；如果谓语动词为一般过去时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的时态为过去时、过去正在进行时；（3）being+ -ed表示“正在进行时的被动语态”。
如果信息的中心在什么时候可以用现在分词呢？(1当被修饰的名词为“不定代词”、“泛指意义的名词”或“专有名词” ，可用现在分句短语作后置定语由于主语是泛指，句子的意思往往表达的是一条“道理”或一件“事实”，所以它们的隐含时为“一般现在时”，此时就可以用分词短语作后置定语。
为了看清分词所隐含的时态，配上定语。
为了读者看得明白，配上定语从句，把分词所替代的时间展示出来。
例1: Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock. 任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。
= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.例2：The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled task requiring (= which requires) con sta nt care and concen tratio n.唯一一个有效、持久的方法是说法人们相信，开车是一种技术活，需要不断的小心，思想不能开小差。
例3：Charles and Sydney, looking (= who look) so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似，经常被人误解为双胞胎。
注：虽然被修饰的词是泛指意义的词，但是如果从句里的时态不是同步，则不可以用“现在分词”去作后置定语，只能用“定语从句”。
例句Do you kn ow an ybody who has lost a dog?你知道有谁丢了一只猫？(2)当被修饰的名词为特指，即有the限定，可用现在分句短语作后置定语此类与上面一类一样，与被修饰词之间的关系为主动关系，所不同的是它强调该动词“正在进行”。
例1: Would you help me to pass this note to the person sitting in the corner?能帮助我把这个条子递给坐在角落的那个人吗？= Would you help me to pass this note to the person who is sitting in the corner?注：同上一个“注”道理一样，本项虽然主句的主语是特指，但两个动作时态不是在同一阶段时间内发生，所以也不能用“现在分词”作定语，只能用“定语从句”。
例句The police are auestioning the criminal who robbed the bank.警察在审问那个抢劫银行的犯人。
(3)“ Being+过去分词”表示“正在进行时的被动语态”“ Being +过去分词”作后置定语等同于含有“正在进行时+被动语态”的定语从句。
请注意与下面的“过去分词”作后置定语的区别，此项里的being是不可以省略的，否定表示现在时、完成时和过去时的被动关系了(详见2) “过去分词”作后置定语)。
例1: The dormitory being built is for girl students.正在盖的宿舍是给女生住的。
例2: The baby being taken care of by my mother is mine.正在由我妈妈带的这个婴儿是我的。
2) “过去分词短语”作后置定语此项要明白三点：(1) “过去分词短语”与前面的名词一定是动宾关系；(2)主句为一般现在时或一般将来时，“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般现在时”或“现在完成时”。
如果有时间/地点状语或有by引导的介词，还可以替代过去时，因为时间/地点状语以及by引导的状语都是强调的是动作。
当谓语动词是“一般过去时或过去将来时”的时候，“过去分词”所隐含的时态是“一般过去时”或“过去完成时”。
下面同样用分词与定语从句对比的方式要看看“过去分词”所替代的时态。
例1: The risk associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an in dividual decisio n-maker.对于作出某项行动的决定，集体作的要比个人作的风险小。
= The risk which is associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather thanan in dividual decisio n-maker.(由于主句为一般现在时，从句的时态与它同步，所以可以省略关系代词和助动词)例2： In fall 1992, people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit( = which was hit) by a hurricane. 在1992年的秋天，爱荷华州的居民将好几辆卡车的水送到受飓风袭击的佛罗里达州人的手里。