环境工程专业英语复习总结

汉译英&英译汉（Note Book）
Unit1
life expectancy(预期寿命) poverty-stricken(极其贫困，贫困不堪的) smog-laden air(充满烟雾的空气) 补：panic-stricken（极其恐慌的）global conditions(全球状况) haves and have-nots(富人和穷人) underprivileged（贫困的，社会地位低下的）savanna（热带草原，热带的稀树大草原）predator（捕食者，食肉动物）environmental disruptions（环境破坏）Unit5
primary pollutant 一次污染物secondary pollutant 二次污染物
air stagnation 空气停滞nitrous oxide 氧化亚氮
nitric oxide 一氧化氮nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮
soot 烟尘dust 粉尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 除虫剂
Unit10
treatment facilities: 处理设备，净化结构municipality: 市政当局，自治市population equivalent: 人口当量basement flooding: 地下室浸水
per capital per day: 每人每天runoff: 排水，径流，溢出domestic sewage: 生活污水the type of terrain: 地形种类
Unit12
land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 类大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 现实出路aquatic life 水生物
detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源生长期Unit13
flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性
activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线监测
Unit14
biological degradation 生物降解equalization basin（pond）均质池（塘）aeration basin（tank）曝气池（槽）sludge flocs 污泥絮凝体
settling tank 沉降槽dissolved oxygen 溶解氧
biofilm 生物膜suspended-growth 悬浮生长
Unit21
well-compacted landfill 夯实良好的填埋场pulverized refuse 磨（研）碎的垃圾fluidized bed incineration 流化床焚烧wet oxidation 湿式氧化
anaerobic digestion 厌氧硝化/过程nutrient source 营养源
soil conditioners 土壤改良剂mass-burning 大量燃烧
municipal waste 城市垃圾
Unit26
action 行为biogeophysical environment 地球环境surperficial analyses 肤浅（表面）分析
an identification of human concerns 个人的担忧remedial action 补救行动，纠正措施
relevant physical and biological factors 有关物质因素和生物因素 a spatial 无空间的frame of reference 参照系（标准）
Unit 1
农药（pesticide）化肥（chemical fertilizer）有机废物（organic wastes）微生物（organism）衰减（reduction）阻滞的（retardant）
稀释（dilute）添加剂（additives）合成塑料（synthetic plastic）再生（regeneration/recovery）
Unit 5
正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的heavily polluted
决定因素determing factors 光化学氧化物photochemical oxide
液体微滴liquid droplet 放射性物质radioactive substance
不完全氧化incomplete oxidation 含硫的sulfuric（sulfur content）
风化weathering 汽车尾气automobile exhaust
Unit 7
出口outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone 合成纤维synthetic fibre 捕集效率collection efficiency
机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing（washing）压力降pressure drop
焚化炉inciner furnace 气体离子gas ions
捕集板collection board 炭黑carbon-black
Unit 9
肺囊lung pocket （lung-sac）氟中毒fluorosis 煤烟soot
呼吸系统respiratory system 过滤filter 吸附adsorb
浓度concentration 硫化氢hydrogen sulfide 硫化铅lead sulfide Unit 13
手动控制operator control/ manual control 最优化the most optimization 微处理器microprocessor 统计分析statistical analysis
质量衡算mass balance 动力学dynamics
氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox 停留时间residence time
模拟simulation 参数parameter
水解hydrolysis 积分integral
Unit 25
温度每升高10℃every rise in temperature of 10℃
内部调节机制internal regulatory mechanisms
一百万千瓦one-million-kilowatt 热血动物warm-blooded animals 神经系统nervous system 食物链food chain
非哺乳动物non-mammalian 冷却系统cooling system
热力学第二定律the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Unit 26
地理环境geographic environment
影响评价方法methodologies for impact assessment
替代方案的研究study of alternatives
有关环境质量的各组分相对值the relative worth of various components of environmental quality 环境质量标准criteria for environmental quality
模型技术modeling techniques
基础数据the data base
Unit7
1.The spiral motion produces the centrifugal forces that cause the particulate matter to move toward the periphery of the vessel and collect on the walls and fall to the bottom of the vessel.
旋转运动产生的离心力使颗粒物移向锥体的外围然后沿外壁落入容器的底部（灰斗）。

2.The basic filter collector or baghouse is capable of operating in excess of 99% efficiency ,although satisfactory operation of the system is contingent upon the characteristics of the gas stream and the particulate matter being removed.
尽管系统的良好的效率视所需处理的气流和颗粒物的性质而定，简单的过滤捕集器或布袋的除尘效果可达99%以上。

3.The high energy scrubber ,or Venturi, imparts high velocity to the gas stream by means of converging-diverging duct section ,and contacts the stream with injected water.
高能除尘器或文丘里洗涤器通过收缩-扩大管截面使气流加速并与喷入的水雾接触。

4.The gas is ionized by the high voltage discharge and the particulate matter is charged by the interaction of the gas ions.
气体被高压放电进行电离，然后颗粒物在与气体离子的相互作用下带电。

Unit9
1.Reduction in visibility results in a social cost due to slowdown of air traffic and the need for instrument-guided landing systems.
能见度的降低导致了空中交通变缓和必须的导航系统需求，这些都增加了社会成本。

2.These impacts are taken into consideration when sensitive components are designed ,and the required protective measures or design modifications add to the cost of the item being produced.
当设计中有敏感的组成时，应考虑这些影响，并且对该项目中所需保护措施或设计修改增加费用。

Unit18
1.饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有易腐烂性，尤其在温暖天气里，会极快的腐烂。

The most important characteristic of these wastes is that they are highly putrescible and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.
2.除了在家庭产生饮食废物外，在自助食堂，饭馆，医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发，零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的饮食废物
In addition to the amounts of food wastes generated at residences,considerable amounts are generated at cafeterias and restaurants, large institutional facilities such as hospitals and prisons,and facilities associated with the marketing of foods,including wholesale and retail stores and markets.
补充：
一次污染物
carbon monoxide(CO) carbon dioxid(CO2) sulfur dioxid(SO2) hydrogen sulfid(H2S) nitrogen oxides: nitric oxide (NO) nitrogen dioxide(NO2) nitrous oxide(N2O) ammonia(NH3)
organic chemicals(methane(CH4) butane(C4H10) volatile organic compounds(VOCs)) hydrogen fluoride (HF) hydrochloric acid(HCl)
二次污染物
sulfur trioxide(SO3) sulfuric acid(H2SO4) sulphates(MSO4)
nitric acid(HNO3) nitrates(MNO3)
PAN(a group of peroxyacylnitrates)
ozone(O3) aldehydes ketone
PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 多烷芳香烃类
PAC polyaluminium chloride聚合氯化铝
PAN peroxyacetyl nitrate过氧乙酰硝酸酯
PFC perfluorinated organic compound全氟化合物
PFS polymeric ferric sulfate聚合硫酸铁
PAS polymeric aluminum sulfate聚合硫酸铝
HRT Hydraulic Retention Time水力停留时间
SRT Sludge Retention Time污泥停留时间（污泥泥龄）
TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳
COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需要量
BOD biological oxygen demand 生化需氧量
TOD total oxygen demand 总需氧量
DO dissolved oxygen溶解氧
水生物aquatic life 水污染疾病waterborne diseases
过氧酰基硝酸酯peroxyacylnitrate （peroxide过氧化物acyl酰基nitrate硝酸盐）布袋过滤器fabric filter
沉淀池settling pond
卫生污水sanitary sewage 生活污水domestic sewage
城市废水municipal wastewater 工业污水industrial wastewater
氯化物和硫酸盐chlorides and sulphates
初级处理primary treatment
二级处理secondare treatment
三级或高级处理tertiary or advanced treatment
反向渗透reverse osmosis
普通沉淀法plain sedimentation
单元操作unit operations
混凝/絮凝coagulation/flocculation
氯化（消毒）chlorination
好氧呼吸aerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸anaerobic respiration
1. Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste. 环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。

2. System，according to webster’s dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.依据韦伯斯特的字典，系统被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物；比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。

3. Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms. 污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。

1. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使它们经常特别容易受频繁的空气流动和污积物的影响。

2. By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危险的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生物放大效应都是决定因素。

1. Fabric filters usually provide very high collection efficiencies, exceeding 99.5%, at pressure drops usually ranging from 4 to 6 inches of water. 布袋过滤器经常提供超过99.5%的很高的补集效率，压力降一般在4~6英寸水柱之间。

2. The method of removal consists of passing the particle-laden gas through an electrostatic field produced by a high voltage electrode and grounded collection surface.去除方法为使载满微粒的气体通过由一个高压电极和接地捕集板表面产生的静电区域。

1. All of the examples identify local, observable, or measurable impacts, because it is very difficult to develop direct relationships between specific pollutants and effects for exposures over the longer term or at great distances.这部分例子是局部的，可见的或可测量的。

因为去研究分析那些被长期地、大面积地暴露的特殊污染物之间的关系是很困难的。

2. The human respiratory system is quite efficient in filtering the larger particles out of the air we breathe.人类的呼吸系统善于将我们吸入空气中的较大颗粒物过滤出来。

3. Some particles are particularly damaging because they adsorb gases which cause more intense irritation locally.某些颗粒的损坏尤其严重，因为它们可以吸附一些对局部造成更强烈刺激的气体。

4. Damage to vegetation due to chronic exposure to atmospheric pollutants may be one of the more apparent precursor symptoms leading to identification of chronic air pollution.长期暴露
于大气污染物中的植被所遭受的破坏也许是空气长期污染症状的一种较明显的前兆。

5. Each pollutant affects the human body differently, and records of effects have been assembled relating the intensity to the period of exposure for various pollutants.每种污染物对人体的影响不同，而且所收集的各种影响效果的记录都与暴露于各种污染物期间的强度有关。

6. Fluorine affects plants at concentrations several orders of magnitude below that at which
氟对人体健康影响的浓度比它对植物影响的浓度低好几个数量级。

1. The way we deal with the waste problem depends upon whether the contaminants are oxygen demanding, algae promoting, infectious, toxic, or simply unsightly. 我们处理污染问题是依据污染物是耗氧性的、营养型的、传染性的、有毒的，或是仅仅是感官污染。

2. Tests for the few pathogens that might be present are difficult and time consuming, and standard practice is to test for other more plentiful organisms that are always present in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. 对可能存在的病菌的检测不仅有难度并且很耗时，并且标准的实施是对其他许多存在于包括人类在内的热血动物肠道内的有机体进行的检测。

3. Differentiation between dissolved solids and undissolved, that is, suspended, solids are accomplished by evaporating filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples. 溶解性的固体和悬浮的非溶解性的固体的区分是通过把过滤的和非过滤的废水样品蒸发而实现的。

4. TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing it with the amount in a standard of known TOC. 总有机碳（TOC）是通过测量样品中的有机碳在一种强氧化剂的氧化作用下产生的二氧化碳的量，并与已知的总有机碳的标准对比而测得的。

5. The COD, or chemical oxygen demand, of the wastewater is the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present.废水的化学需氧量（COD）是测量有机物质化学氧化时所需的氧量。

6. The BOD, or biochemical oxygen demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater. 生物化学需氧量（BOD）是测定废水中有机物质经驯化的(适应环境的)微生物生物降解时所需的氧量。

7. To measure the amount of biodegradable organics, we use an indirect method in which we measure the amount of oxygen used by a growing microbial population to convert (oxidize) organic matter to CO2 and H2O in a closed system. 为了测定可生物降解的有机物的量，我们采用一种间接的方法，即测定在一个封闭系统内利用成长中的微生物把有机物质转化（氧化）为二氧化碳和水时所需的氧量。

1. Coagulation/flocculation is a chemical-physical procedure whereby particles too small for practical removal by plain sedimentation are destabilized and clustered together for faster settling.混凝/絮凝法是一种化学物理过程，那些太小的用普通沉降法不能去除的颗粒具有在这个过程中失去稳定性能成团的特点，从而能较快地沉淀。

1. The primary clarifier is used for removal fo grit, oily and fattlyl material and gross solid material, while the equalization basin is used to dampen wastewater flow bariations and to provide more uniform organic loading to the activated sludge system.预净化池用来处理沙砾、
油和脂肪以及总固体物，而均质池则对废水流率的变化进行缓冲同时使活性污泥系统的有机负荷更加均匀。

2. This is partly the result of the fact that recirculation of the biomass,which is an integral part of the process, allows microorganisms to adapt to changes in wastewater composition with a relatively short acclimation time and also allows a greater degree of control over the acclimated bacterial population.这部分是基于生物质循环这一结果，生物质循环是整个工艺的一部分，它可以使微生物在相对较短的驯化时间内适应废水组分的变化，并能在较大程度上控制驯化菌的数量。

3. The end-products, i.e. , alcohols and acids, from those reactions will enter the microorganism and be metabolized by oxidation reactions catalyzed by endo-enzymes.通过这些反应的最终产品即乙醇和酸进入微生物体内并经细胞内酶催化氧化被代谢。

4. Dissolved metal ions and fine metal particles produce an adverse effect on microbial metabolism by blinding at the enzyme-active site or causing conformational changes in the enzyme with activated sludge process.溶解的金属离子和细小的金属微粒通过结合于酶的活性位而对微生物的新城代谢产生不利的影响，或在活性污泥处理过程中导致酶的构象变化。

Unit 18
1. Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful.虽然已有许多废物来源的分类法，但以下的分类法是很有价值的。

2. As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of solid
作为以下讨论的基础，定义所产生的各种固体废物是有帮助的。

Unit 21
堆肥过程：堆肥可能自然发生受控条件下或在机械化堆肥厂。

在自然系统、地面垃圾,去除玻璃和金属,与营养源混合(污泥、动物肥料、人类粪便)和填料(木屑、磨碎的玉米棒子),让空气易进入肥堆。

混合,维持50%左右的含水率,放置在户外,2 - 3米宽,每周翻堆2到3次。

在四到六周后,颜色变暗,温度下降,并且散发难闻的气味,这个过程完成。

填料可能会消失,剩余的“腐殖质”作为土壤调节剂。

在机械工厂,持续曝气和混合使堆肥时间减少大约50%。

机械加工后堆肥材料“成熟”的时间通常是非常短的。

1. The newer municipal incinerators are usually the continuously burning type, and many have “waterwall”construction in the combustion chamber in place of the order, more common refractory lining.较新的城市焚烧炉通常都是连续燃烧型，在燃烧室内很多都带有“水墙”式结构，取代了陈旧的通常难以处理的过程。

2. Composting is the aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, primarily bacteria and fungi.堆肥处理是有机物的微生物厌氧降解过程，微生物主要是细菌和真菌。