新高考英语题型精析精练与话题拓展：话题拓展03.气候变化(解析版)

03.气候变化
养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

一、阅读理解
1
Rough temperature records from December have yet to be finalized, climate scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have found there’s a more than 99%chance that 2023 will have the hottest recorded global average temperature, beating out 2016, the previous leader. The year will be the hottest in 174 years of second-keeping where humans have directly measured the temperature of the planet. It’s also likely to be the hottest in the last 125,000 years, which scientists measure by rebuilding temperature records from physical evidence like tree rings and layers of polar ice that have grown over time.
The record-breaking year caused fuel climate-driven disasters around the globe from extreme heat that hit Arizona for weeks to floods in Libya and record-hot oceans that caused coral to bleach (变白) off Florida.
Scientists say the extreme temperatures are in line with forecasts (预测) for how the planet will continue to warm. The biggest driver of the heat is the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (大气层) from burning fossil fuels (化石燃料). “We know why this is happening,” says Zeke Hausfather, climate scientist at Berkeley Earth, a non-profit organization that studies climate trends. “A year like this would not have occurred without the trillion tons of carbon we’ve put into the atmosphere over the last century.”
Even with the chart-topping heat this year, next year could be equally as hot. A strong El Nino has already begun, where ocean temperatures warm up in the eastern Pacific. El Nino years are typically hotter, because a large amount of heat that’s stored in the ocean is sent to
the atmosphere. “There’s absolutely still time to act,” an expert says. “Everything we do to change course today will make things better in the future.”
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1?
A. 2016 is likely to have the hottest global temperature.
B. The temperature records of 2023 have been finished.
C. Humans began to directly measure global temperature 174 years ago.
D. Tree rings are bad for recording temperature.
2. What is the main reason for the record-breaking heat?
A. The lack of fossil fuels.
B. The increase of greenhouse gases.
C. Corals bleached in the ocean.
D. Drivers putting much waste into the air.
3. Why could the next year be equally hot according to the text?
A. El Niño tends to cool down the atmosphere.
B. Ocean pollution leads to a warming Pacific.
C. A strong El Niño has begun in the western Pacific.
D. A lot of heat stored in the ocean goes into the atmosphere.
4. What is the best title for the text?
A. 2023 Has Suffered from a Strong El Nino
B. 2023 May Be the Hottest Year on Record
C. Climate driven Disasters Influence Daily Life
D. The Ocean Plays a Key Role in Cooling Earth
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

主要介绍了美国国家海洋和大气管理局的气候科学家发现2023年有99%以上的可能性将成为有记录以来最热的一年。

1. 推理判断题。

根据第一段“The year will be the hottest in 174 years of second-keeping where humans have directly measured the temperature of the planet. (这一年将是人类直接测量地球温度的174年来最热的一年.)”可知，人类直接测量地球温度已有174年，即174年前，人类开始直接测量全球温度。

故选C。

2. 细节理解题。

根据第三段“Scientists say the extreme temperatures are in line with forecasts (预测) for how the planet will continue to warm. The biggest driver of the heat is the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (大气层) from burning fossil fuels (化石燃料). (科学家表示，极端温度与地球将如何持续变暖的预测一致。

热量的最大驱动力是
燃烧化石燃料在大气层中积聚的温室气体。

)”可知，创纪录的高温出现的主要原因是燃烧化石燃料在大气中积聚的温室气体，即温室气体的增加。

故选B。

3. 细节理解题。

根据第四段“Even with the chart-topping heat this year, next year could be equally as hot. A strong El Nino has already begun, where ocean temperatures warm up in the eastern Pacific. El Nino years are typically hotter, because a large amount of heat that’s stored in the ocean is sent to the atmosphere. (即使今年的热度高居榜首，明年也可能同样热。

强烈的厄尔尼诺现象已经开始，东太平洋的海洋温度上升。

厄尔尼诺年通常更热，因为储存在海洋中的大量热量被输送到大气中。

)”可知，推测明年可能同样热是因为厄尔尼诺现象已经出现，储存在海洋中的大量热量会被输送到大气中。

故选D。

4. 主旨大意题。

根据第一段“Rough temperature records from December have yet to be finalized, climate scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have found there’s a more than 99%chance that 2023 will have the hottest recorded global average temperature, beating out 2016, the previous leader. The year will be the hottest in 174 years of second-keeping where humans have directly measured the temperature of the planet. (12月的Rough温度记录尚未最终确定，美国国家海洋和大气管理局的气候科学家发现2023年有99%以上的可能性将成为有记录以来最热的全球平均温度，击败之前的领先者2016年。

这一年将是人类直接测量地球温度的174年来最热的一年。

)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了美国国家海洋和大气管理局的气候科学家发现2023年有99%以上的可能性将成为有记录以来最热的一年，所以“2023年可能是有记录以来最热的一年”适合作为文章标题。

故选B。

2
Suzanne Simard, a professor of forest ecology who called herself a “forest detective”, was raised in mountains in Canada. Few scientists make much impact with their PhD thesis, but, in 1997, she did just that. Her research on the “wood wide web” made the cover of Nature and transformed our understanding of forests. What was then a challenge to traditional ideas is today widely accepted.
A mushroom is the part of a fungus (真菌) that sticks up above the ground. Thin, white threads grow from its stem deep into the soil. These threads are called hyphae (菌丝). Hyphae connect themselves to tree roots. They also stretch from root system to root system, like an underground network. This network may go for miles. Hyphae pick up nutrients and water from soil. The fungus threads that connect to tree roots share their nutrients and water with the trees. In return, they sip a bit of the sugar the trees make. Sharing helps both trees and
mushrooms live. It’s also how trees communicate.
When a tree is being eaten by bugs, it makes chemicals to shoo them away, sort of like bug repellent (驱虫剂). The chemicals travel through the tree, down its roots, and into the hyphae network. Other trees connected to the network taste the chemicals. That tells them a nearby tree is under attack, so they start to make their own bug repellent. Trees do more than share warnings through the hyphae. They also help each other. In the fall, paper birch trees drop their leaves and can no longer make sugar. So, a fir tree that stays green all winter uses the network to send extra sugar to the birch until spring comes again. This system of sharing information and nutrients through the hyphae is sometimes called the “wood wide web”, because it works a bit like the Internet.
Local climate sets the stage for the wood wide web, researchers say. In cool temperature and boreal forests, where wood and organic matter decay slowly, network-building EM fungi rule. By contrast, in the warmer tropics where wood and organic matter decay quickly, AM fungi dominate. These fungi form smaller webs and do less intertree swapping, meaning the tropical wood wide web is likely more localized.
Ecologist Thomas Crowther’s results suggest that as the planet warms, about 10% of EM-associated trees could be replaced by AM-associated trees. Microbes in forests dominated by AM fungi deal with carbon-containing organic matter faster, so they could liberate lots of heat-trapping carbon dioxide quickly, potentially accelerating a climate change process that is already happening at a frightening pace.
5. What do we know about Suzanne Simard?
A. She was a professor and a forest detective.
B. Growing up in the countryside, she made the cover of Nature.
C. Like many other scientists, she made big influence on her PhD thesis.
D. Her idea of the “wood wide web” used to challenge people’s thoughts.
6. Which of the following is not hyphae’s role in the forest ecosystem?
A. They facilitate tree communication.
B. They form an underground network.
C. They produce sugar and share it with trees.
D. They share nutrients and water with the
trees.
7. How do trees use the “wood wide web” to deal with insect attacks?
A. They release warning signals through leaves.
B. They produce real bug repellent to kill insects.
C. They make use of hyphae to produce chemicals.
D. They send chemical signals through the network.
8. What might be the impact of replacing EM-associated trees with AM-associated trees?
A. It might slow down carbon release.
B. It would break down organic matter.
C. It might speed up climate change.
D. It might lead to faster tree growth.
【答案】5. D 6. C 7. D 8. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

主要介绍了一位自称“森林侦探”的森林生态学教授Suzanne Simard对于“宽木网”的研究改变了人们对于森林的理解，真菌和树木可以互助互利。

5. 细节理解题。

根据第一段“Her research on the “wood wide web” made the cover of Nature and transformed our understanding of forests. What was then a challenge to traditional ideas is today widely accepted.(她对“宽木网”的研究成为了《自然》的封面，改变了我们对森林的理解。

当时对传统观念的挑战如今已被广泛接受)”可知，Suzanne Simard提出的“宽木网”的想法在当时是对传统观念的挑战。

故选D。

6. 细节理解题。

根据第二段“These threads are called hyphae (菌丝). Hyphae connect themselves to tree roots. They also stretch from root system to root system, like an underground network. This network may go for miles. Hyphae pick up nutrients and water from soil. The fungus threads that connect to tree roots share their nutrients and water with the trees. In return, they sip a bit of the sugar the trees make. Sharing helps both trees and mushrooms live. It’s also how trees communicate.(这些线被称为菌丝。

菌丝与树根相连。

它们也从一个根系延伸到另一个根系，就像一个地下网络。

这个网络可以延伸数英里。

菌丝从土壤中吸收养分和水分。

与树根相连的真菌丝与树木共享营养和水分。

作为回报，它们吸收一点树木做的糖。

分享有助于树木和蘑菇的生存。

这也是树木交流的方式)”可知，菌丝促进树木之间的交流、形成地下网络并与树木共享营养和水分，“菌丝生产糖并与树木分享”表述错误。

故选C。

7. 细节理解题。

根据第三段“When a tree is being eaten by bugs, it makes chemicals to shoo them away, sort of like bug repellent (驱虫剂). The chemicals travel through the tree, down its roots, and into the hyphae network. Other trees connected to the network taste the chemicals. That tells them a nearby tree is under attack, so they start to make their own bug repellent.(当一棵树被虫子吃时，它会制造化学物质将它们赶走，有点像驱虫剂。

这些化学物质穿过树木，从根部进入菌丝网络。

其他连接到菌丝网络的树木品尝这些化学物质。

这告诉它们附近的一棵树受到了攻击，所以他们开始自己制造驱虫剂)”可知，树木通过
网络发送化学物质作为信号，告诉附近的树木自己受到了昆虫的攻击，以便于其他树木制造驱虫剂以应对昆虫的攻击。

故选D。

8. 细节理解题。

根据最后一段“Microbes in forests dominated by AM fungi deal with carbon-containing organic matter faster, so they could liberate lots of heat-trapping carbon dioxide quickly, potentially accelerating a climate change process that is already happening at a frightening pace.(以AM真菌为主的森林中的微生物处理含碳有机物的速度更快，因此它们可以迅速释放出大量吸热的二氧化碳，这可能会加速已经以可怕的速度发生的气候变化过程)”可知，用AM相关树替换EM相关树可能会加速气候变化。

故选C。

3
Trees in tropical (热带的) forests grow more slowly in years when the nights are warmer than average or dry-season days are unusually hot, according to a 21-year study. This suggests such forests will grow less as the world warms due to climate change -potentially taking in less carbon dioxide from the air and worsening global warming.
“For the first time, we have a window on what a whole tropical forest is doing, ”says Deborah Clark at the University of Missouri-St Louis. “It is very scary. ”
Tropical forests contain a large amount of carbon, because the trees take in CO₂ from the air and use it to grow. Droughts, which are becoming more serious due to climate change, may harm the forests and re- lease (释放) some of the stored carbon.
For over two decades, Clark and her husband David Clark, also at the University of Missouri-St Louis, lived at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. From1997 to 2018, they took detailed measurements of the surrounding tropical forest, tracking the wood production as well as the amount of litter that fell from the trees.
The pair, with Steven Oberbauer at Florida International University, discovered that wood production fell in years with warmer nights -something studies had already suggested before. The team also found that the trees produced less wood in years when temperatures in the dry season rose more than 28°C.
While this hadn’t been shown before, Deborah Clark says it was expected because photosynthesis (光合作用) slows above this temperature.
The study adds to growing proof of climate effects on tropical forests, says lain Hartley at the University of Exeter in the UK. “It looks like, as you warm the climate, you put pressure on the plants, leading to reduced productivity. Coupled with droughts, tropical forests may have less ability to help us in the fight against climate change in the future.”
9. What causes the forests to grow less according to paragraph 1?
A. Warmer temperature.
B. More carbon dioxide.
C. Less daylight
D. Worse air condition.
10. How did Clark and her husband conduct the study?
A. By gathering wood.
B. By giving example.
C. By collecting data.
D. By tracking former study.
11. What do we know about the study?
A. The trees took in more CO, in the drought season.
B. The wood production decreased in the warmer days.
C. Droughts help increase the carbon storage.
D. Tropical forests grow faster at warmer nights.
12. What does Hartley think of climate effects on tropical forests?
A. Helpful.
B. Negative.
C. Unclear.
D. Necessary.
【答案】9. A 10. C 11. B 12. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

文章主要介绍了一些关于气候变化对热带森林的影响的研究。

9. 细节理解题。

根据文章第一段“Trees in tropical (热带的) forests grow more slowly in years when the nights are warmer than average or dry-season days are unusually hot, according to a 21-year study.(一项为期21年的研究表明，在夜晚比平均温度高或旱季白天异常炎热的年份，热带森林中的树木生长得更慢。

)”可知，温度升高导致森林树木生长减慢。

故选A项。

10. 推理判断题。

根据文章第四段“From1997 to 2018, they took detailed measurements of the surrounding tropical forest, tracking the wood production as well as the amount of litter that fell from the trees.(从1997年到2018年，他们对周围的热带森林进行了详细的测量，跟踪木材产量以及从树上掉落的垃圾数量。

)”可知，克拉克和她的丈夫通过收集数据来进行这项研究。

故选C项。

11. 细节理解题。

根据文章第五段“The pair, with Steven Oberbauer at Florida International University, discovered that wood production fell in years with warmer nights -something studies had already suggested before. The team also found that the trees produced less wood in years when temperatures in the dry season rose more than 28°C.(这这对夫妇和佛罗里达国际大学的史蒂文·奥伯鲍尔发现，在夜晚温暖的年份，木材产量下降——这是之前的研究已经提出的。

研究小组还发现，当旱季气温上升超过28摄氏度时，这些树木
产生的木材就会减少。

)”可知，在温暖的日子里，木材产量减少了。

故选B项。

12. 推理判断题。

根据文章最后一段“It looks like, as you warm the climate, you put pressure on the plants, leading to reduced productivity. Coupled with droughts, tropical forests may have less ability to help us in the fight against climate change in the future.(看起来，当气候变暖时，就会给植物施加压力，导致生产力下降。

再加上干旱，热带森林在未来帮助我们应对气候变化的能力可能会减弱。

)”可知，哈特利认为气候对热带森林的影响是消极的。

故选B项。

4
Johannes Fritz, an Austrian biologist, needed to come up with a plan again if he was going to prevent his rare and beloved birds from going extinct.
To survive the European winter, the northern bald ibis needs to migrate south for the winter over the Alps. But shifting climate patterns have delayed when the birds begin to migrate and they are now reaching the mountains too late to make it over the peaks, locking them in an icy death trap. Determined to save them, he decided to teach the birds a new, safer migration route by guiding them himself in a tiny aircraft. He was confident that he could succeed in this daring, unconventional plan.
Some 400 years ago, the Europeans hunted these birds without stopping and devoured the last in the wild, causing the birds to disappear entirely from the wild. When Mr. Fritz was born 56 years ago, the northern bald ibis could be found in Europe only in captivity (圈养).
Mr.Fritz has spent his career reintroducing the birds into the wild. Through years of trial and error, he learned to fly like a bird. He modified (改装) a lightweight aircraft so it would fly at speeds slow enough for the birds to keep up. In 2004, he led the first flock from Austria to Italy, and has since led more migrations. But the route he originally taught the ibises does not work successfully. With climate change warming the area where the birds summer, they now start their migration at the end of October instead of the end of September. The trip is expected to take about six weeks, “Still, we’re optimistic that it’ll work,” said Mr. Fritz.
His family and colleagues witnessed the risks he was taking. “But the unavoidable risks are necessary,” Mr. Fritz said. “It’s not so much a job, but my life’s purpose.”
13. What was Johannes Fritz’s plan?
A. To shorten bald ibises’ migration route.
B. To lead bald ibises to migrate on a new route.
C. To better the climate patterns for bald ibises.
D. To find out a safer destination for bald ibises.
14. What does the underlined word “devoured” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Destroyed.
B. Abused.
C. Released.
D. Raised.
15. Why was Mr. Fritz’s initial route for the birds ineffective?
A. Owing to the long time it consumes.
B. For the slow speed of his modified aircraft.
C. Because of the toughness along the first route.
D. Due to higher temperatures in the summer habitat.
16. Which of the following can best describe Mr. Fritz?
A. Honest.
B. Innovative.
C. Straightforward.
D. Demanding.
【答案】13. B 14. A 15. D 16. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

文章主要介绍了奥地利生物学家约翰内斯·弗里茨为了防止他心爱的稀有鸟类灭绝，决定教它们一条新的迁徙路线。

13. 细节理解题。

根据文章第二段“Determined to save them, he decided to teach the birds a new, safer migration route by guiding them himself in a tiny aircraft. He was confident that he could succeed in this daring, unconventional plan.(为了拯救它们，他决定用一架小型飞机亲自引导它们，教它们一条新的、更安全的迁徙路线。

他有信心在这个大胆的、非传统的计划中取得成功)”可知，约翰内斯·弗里茨的计划是带领秃鹰沿着一条新的路线迁徙。

故选B项。

14. 词义猜测题。

根据划线词下文“causing the birds to disappear entirely from the wild(导致鸟类完全从野外消失)”可知，欧洲人不停地猎杀这些鸟，并在野外毁灭了最后一只，故划线词与Destroyed“毁灭，破坏”意义相近。

故选A项。

15. 推理判断题。

根据文章第四段“But the route he originally taught the ibises does not work successfully. With climate change warming the area where the birds summer, they now start their migration at the end of October instead of the end of September.(但他最初教给秃鹰的路线并不成功。

随着气候变化使鸟类避暑的地区变暖，它们现在在10月底而不是9月底开始迁徙)”可推知，弗里茨先生最初寻找的路线是无效的，因为夏季栖息地的温度更高。

故选D项。

16. 推理判断题。

根据文章第二段“Determined to save them, he decided to teach the birds a new, safer migration route by guiding them himself in a tiny aircraft. He was confident that he could succeed in this daring, unconventional plan.(为了拯救它们，他决定用一架小型飞机
亲自引导它们，教它们一条新的、更安全的迁徙路线。

他有信心在这个大胆的、非传统的计划中取得成功)”可知，约翰内斯·弗里茨教授秃鹰新的迁徙路线。

由此推知，他是有创新想法的。

故选B项。

5
When 62-year-old fisherman Kpana Charlie finished the day’s catch, he liked to settle into a wooden chair, thinking about his childhood. Back then, his life on Sierra Leone’s Nyangai Island seemed excellent. He spent endless hours playing with his friends on the island’s white beaches. Whenever he wanted to avoid having to do his housework, he could simply disappear into the forest that covered much of the island. He remembers as recently as ten years ago, it still measured some 2, 300 feet from end to end.
Today, Nyangai is disappearing before his very eyes, covered by the endless sea. The forests are gone. And the land on which Charlie’s family home once stood, has long since disappeared beneath the waves.
In fact, the local government has responded to the sharp increase of sea level by building a concrete (混凝土制的) seawall along the length of the town. But in the many smaller coastal towns and villages in the area, there simply aren’t the resources. Then, the government made a project to protect some of the settlements by planting trees, but this has had limited success. With the population relying on woods for building and smoking-fish, few trees lived longer than the project, which ended in 2021.
Sierra Leone has been identified as one of the world’s most weak countries to the effects of climate change, despite having little influence on global CO2emissions (排放). “Weak countries should be getting some support from wealthy nations to strengthen their climate defenses (防御),” says Gabriel Kpaka, the head of the country’s Meteorological Agency. “But we’re not really seeing that.”
With global sea level expected to rise by anywhere between 1 and 3 feet by the end of the century, along with an increase in extreme weather events, the experience of this West African island offers an understanding of the possible future of countless other low-lying areas around the world.
17. Why does the author tell Charlie’s story in paragraph 1?
A. To describe his wonderful life at present.
B. To offer-readers-background information
C. To call on local people to protect the seen
D. To attract more visitors to Nyangai
Island.
18. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A. The reasons for the changes on the island.
B. The rich natural species in coastal areas.
C. The measures taken to deal with rising sea level.
D. The way to build a concrete
seawall on the island.
19. What can be done to help Nyangai Island according to Kpaka?
A. Local government should build a stronger seawall.
B. Local people on the island limit their CO2 emissions.
C. Countries in low-lying areas work together for their rights.
D. Rich countries should offer support about climate defenses.
20. What is the author’s attitude towards the future of other low-lying areas?
A. Concerned.
B. Doubtful.
C. Uncertain.
D. Positive.
【答案】17. B 18. C 19. D 20. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。

文章主要说明了海平面的急剧上升导致一些低洼地区被淹没，虽然采取了一些措施，但也收效甚微。

17. 推理判断题。

根据第一段“When 62-year-old fisherman Kpana Charlie finished the day’s catch, he liked to settle into a wooden chair, thinking about his childhood. Back then, his life on Sierra Leone’s Nyangai Island seemed excellent. He spent endless hours playing with his friends on the island’s white beaches. Whenever he wanted to avoid having to do. his housework, he could simply disappear into the forest that covered much of the island. He remembers as recently as ten years ago, it still measured some 2, 300 feet from end to end. (当62岁的渔夫Kpana Charlie钓完了一天的鱼，他喜欢坐在木椅上，回忆他的童年。

当时，他在塞拉利昂尼扬盖岛的生活似乎很美好。

他和朋友们在岛上白色的沙滩上玩了无数个小时。

每当他想要避免的时候。

他的家务，他可以简单地消失在覆盖了大部分岛屿的森林里。

他记得，就在十年前，它的首尾距离还在2300英尺左右。

)”可推知，作者在第一段讲述查理的故事是为读者提供背景信息。

故选B。

18. 主旨大意题。

根据第三段“In fact, the local government has responded to the sharp increase of sea level by building a concrete (混凝土制的) seawall along the length of the town. But in the many smaller coastal towns and villages in the area, there simply aren’t the resources. Then, the government made a project to protect some of the settlements by planting trees, but this has had limited success. With the population relying on woods for building and smoking-fish, few trees lived longer than the project, which ended in 2021. (事
实上，为了应对海平面的急剧上升，当地政府沿着整个城镇修建了一座混凝土海堤。

但在该地区的许多较小的沿海城镇和村庄，根本没有资源。

然后，政府制定了一个项目，通过植树来保护一些定居点，但收效甚微。

由于人们依赖木材建筑和熏鱼，很少有树木的寿命比该项目更长，该项目于2021年结束。

)”可知，第三段的主要内容是应对海平面上升所采取的措施。

故选C。

19. 细节理解题。

根据倒数第二段““Weak countries should be getting some support from wealthy nations to strengthen their climate defenses (防御),” says Gabriel Kpaka, the head of the country’s Meteorological Agency. (“弱国应该从富裕国家那里得到一些支持，以加强他们的气候防御，”该国气象局局长加布里埃尔·卡帕卡说。

)”可知，Kpaka认为富裕国家应该提供气候防御方面的支持来帮助Nyangai岛。

故选D。

20. 推理判断题。

根据最后一段“With global sea level expected to rise by anywhere between 1 and 3 feet by the end of the century, along with an increase in extreme weather events, the experience of this West African island offers an understanding of the possible future of countless other low-lying areas around the world. (到本世纪末，全球海平面预计将上升1到3英尺，同时极端天气事件也会增加，这个西非岛屿的经历让我们了解了世界上无数其他低洼地区可能的未来。

)”可推知，作者对其他低洼地区的未来持担忧态度。

故选A。

6
Adverse impacts on health due to extreme weather and vector-borne disease risks could increase in the United Kingdom (UK) under a warming climate, according to a report published on Monday by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA).
The report, written by 90 experts, is based on climate projections using a high-end warming scenario (可能发生的情况) or a “worst-case scenario” of approximately 4.3 degrees Celsius of warming by 2100. “Our changing climate poses one of the greatest health security and societal challenges, impacting everything from the air we breathe to the quality and availability of our food and water,” Isabel Oliver, chief scientific officer at UKHSA, said in a statement. The report estimates that there will be up to 10,000 deaths in the country by the 2050s as a result of extreme heat.
Based on a high-end warming scenario, the report anticipates a substantial surge in heat related deaths, with an increase of over 1.5 times by the 2030s and an over 12-fold rise by the 2070s. It also states that vector-borne diseases, such as chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses, could become transmissible in London and other parts of the UK due to more Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquitoes) and Culex mosquitoes.
The report also warns that more people will be at high risk of flooding in the future due to changing rainfall patterns.
“Action is needed now to adapt our policies, environments and our behaviors to secure health, well-being and livelihoods,” Oliver said, adding that much can be done to “avert (避免) and prevent” the impacts of climate change on health.
UKHSA, an executive agency sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care, is responsible for planning, preventing and responding to external health threats.
This year is set to be the hottest year on record in human history, according to a report published by the United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO) at the 28th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
21. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A. To introduce the warming climate.
B. To remind people about the harmful impacts on health under climate change.
C. To help people get rid of external health threats.
D. To display UK’s dependence on food.
22. Which of the following is the possible risk according to the passage?
A. Availability of our food and water caused by high-end warming scenario.
B. 10,000 deaths caused by vector-borne diseases.
C. Flooding in the future caused by varied rainfall patterns.
D. Transmissible vector-borne diseases caused by flooding in the future.
23. What do the underlined words “a substantial surge” mean in paragraph 3?
A. A smooth drop.
B. A sharp decline.
C. A small growth.
D. A massive rise.
24. What does Oliver suggest on securing people’s health, well-being and livelihoods?
A. Increasing food supplies.
B. Averting and preventing the climate change.
C. Adjusting the policies, environments and people’s behaviors.
D. Planning, preventing and responding to health threats.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. D 24. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。

文章主要介绍了英国卫生安全局发表了一份报告，报告称在气候变暖的情况下，极端天气和病媒传播疾病风险对健康造成的不利影响在国内可能
会增加，负责该报告的专家建议采取行动调整政策、环境和行为，以避免和预防气候变化对健康的影响。

21. 推理判断题。

通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Adverse impacts on health due to extreme weather and vector-borne disease risks could increase in the United Kingdom (UK) under a warming climate , according to a report published on Monday by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). (英国卫生安全局(UKHSA)周一发布的一份报告显示在气候变暖的情
况下，极端天气和病媒传播疾病风险对健康造成的不利影响在英国可能会增加。

)”可知，文章围绕英国卫生安全局发表的一份报告展开，主要介绍了该报告的核心内容：在气候变暖的情况下，极端天气和病媒传播疾病风险对健康造成的不利影响在国内可能会增加，同时建议应采取行动以避免和预防这种影响。

由此可知，作者的写作意图是提醒人们气候变化对健康的有害影响。

故选B项。

22. 细节理解题。

根据第四段“The report also warns that more people will be at high risk of flooding in the future due to changing rainfall patterns. (该报告还警告说，由于降雨模式的变化，未来将有更多的人面临洪水的高风险)”可知，降雨模式的变化导致未来可能会发生洪水，这属于潜在的风险。

故选C项。

23. 词句猜测题。

根据划线短语的下文“with an increase of over 1.5 times by the 2030s and an over 12-fold rise by the 2070s (到本世纪30年代将增加1.5倍以上，到本世纪70年代将增加12倍以上)”可知，此处通过数字具体描述了与高温有关的死亡人数的大幅增长
情况。

由此推知，划线短语的意思应该是“大幅增长，大幅上升”，即a massive rise。

故选D项。

24. 细节理解题。

根据第五段中Oliver所说的话“Action is needed now to adapt our policies, environments and our behaviors to secure health, well-being and livelihoods (现在需要采取
行动，调整我们的政策、环境和行为，以确保健康、福祉和生计)”可知，Oliver建议调整政策、环境和人们的行为。

故选C项。

7
For years, scientists have debated whether humans or the climate have caused the population of large mammals to decline dramatically over the past several thousand years. A new study from Aarhus University confirms that climate cannot be the explanation.
About 100,000 years ago, the first modern humans migrated out of Africa in large numbers. They were very good at adapting to new habitats, and they settled in almost every kind of landscape — from deserts to jungles to the icy taiga in the far north.
Part of the success was human’s ability to hunt large animals. With clever hunting。