Lesson 6 Apology to the Future
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• 1986年4月26日当地时间1点24分，前苏联的乌克兰共 和国切尔诺贝利（Чорнобиль，Chernobyl）核能发电 厂（原本以列宁的名字来命名）发生严重泄漏及爆炸 事故。事故导致31人当场死亡，上万人由于放射性物 质远期影响而致命或重病，至今仍有被放射线影响而 导致畸形胎儿的出生。这是有史以来最严重的核事故。 外泄的辐射尘随着大气飘散到前苏联的西部地区、东 欧地区、北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。乌克兰、白俄罗 斯、俄罗斯受污染最为严重，由于风向(fēngxiàng)的关 系，据估计约有60%的放射性物质落在白俄罗斯的土 地。此事故引起大众对于前苏联的核电厂安全性的关 注，事故也间接导致了苏联的瓦解。苏联瓦解后独立 的国家包括俄罗斯、白俄罗斯及乌克兰等每年仍然投 入经费与人力致力于灾难的善后以及居民健康保健。 因事故而直接或间接死亡的人数难以估算，且事故后 的长期影响到目前为止仍是个未知数。
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The abandoned city of Pripyat with Chernobyl plant in the distance
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• The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and it is the only one classified as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
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• In particular, a hidden indicator light led to an operator manually overriding the automatic emergency cooling system of the reactor because the operator mistakenly believed that there was too much coolant water present in the reactor and causing the steam pressure release. The scope and complexity of the accident became clear over the course of five days, as employees of Met Ed, Pennsylvania state officials, and members of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) tried to understand the problem, communicate the situation to the press and local community, decide whether the accident required an emergency evacuation, and ultimately end the crisis. The NRC's authorization of the release of 40,000 gallons of radioactive waste water directly in the Susquehanna River led to a loss of credibility with the press and community.
plume drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Northern Europe. From
1986 to 2000, 350,400 people were evacuated and resettled from
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• The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry, as well as nuclear power in general, slowing its expansion for a number of years and forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive about its procedures.
Apology To The Future
By Scott Thomas Eastham
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• 1. Topic of the Text • 2. Structural Analysis of the Text • 3. Detailed Study of the Text • 4. Word Study • 5. Key to the Exercises on the textbook • 6. Relevant websites • 7. Homework
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• The accident began at 4 a.m. on Wednesday, March 28, 1979, with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed by a stuck-open pilotoperated relief valve (PORV) in the primary system, which allowed large amounts of nuclear reactor coolant to escape. The mechanical failures were
Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania near Harrisburg, United States in 1979. • The power plant was owned and operated by General Public Utilities and Metropolitan Edison (Met Ed). It
•
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• 到2006年，官方的统计结果是，从事发到目前 共有4000多人死亡。但是绿色和平组织，基于 白俄罗斯国家科学院的数据研究发现，在过去 20年间，切尔诺贝利核事故受害者总计(zǒngjì) 达900多万人，随时可能死亡。因此，绿色和平 组织认为，官方统计的结果比切尔诺贝利核泄 漏造成的死亡人数少了至少9万人，这个数字是 官方统计数字的20倍！对于绿色和平组织的 “估计”缺乏理论支持。
compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to
recognize the situation as a loss-of-coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors, such as human-computer interaction design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant's user interface.
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Chernobyl disaster
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• The nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4 (center). Turbine building (lower left).
• Reactor 3 (center right). • Date26 April 1986Time01:23:45 (Moscow Time UTC+3) • LocationPripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, now Ukraine
an emergency shutdown was attempted, a more extreme spike in power output occurred, which led to a reactor vessel rupture and
a series of explosions. This event exposed the graphite moderator
•
死亡人数：9.3万人
•
致癌人数：27万人
•
经济损失：180亿卢布
精品PPT
• Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis
精品PPT
• The Three Mile Island accident was a partial core nuclear meltdown in Unit 2 (a pressurized water reactor manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox) of the
was the most significant accident in the history of the
USA commercial nuclear power generating industry, resulting in the release of up to 481 PBq (13 million curies) of radioactive gases, and less than 740 GBq (20 curies) of iodine-131.
all among the reactor staff and emergency workers. Estimates of the number of deaths potentially resulting
from the accident vary enormously; the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest it could reach 4,000 while a Greenpeace report puts this figure at 200,000 or more. The 2011 UNSCEAR report
精品PPT
• The disaster began during a systems test on 26 April 1986 at reactor number four of the Chernobyl plant, which is near the town
of Pripyat. There was a sudden power output surge, and when
the most severely contaminated areas of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. According to official post-Soviet data,[3][4] about 60% of the fallout landed in Belarus.
精品PPT
• Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with
the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl accident. Thirty one deaths are directly attributed to the accident,
places the total deaths from radiation to date at 64.
精品PPT
• Aerial view of the damaged core. Roof of the turbine hall is damaged (image center). Roof of the adjacent reactor 3 (image lower left) shows minor fire damage
of the reactor to air, causing it to ignite. The resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive smoke fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area, including Pripyat. The
• 1986年4月26日当地时间1点24分，前苏联的乌克兰共 和国切尔诺贝利（Чорнобиль，Chernobyl）核能发电 厂（原本以列宁的名字来命名）发生严重泄漏及爆炸 事故。事故导致31人当场死亡，上万人由于放射性物 质远期影响而致命或重病，至今仍有被放射线影响而 导致畸形胎儿的出生。这是有史以来最严重的核事故。 外泄的辐射尘随着大气飘散到前苏联的西部地区、东 欧地区、北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。乌克兰、白俄罗 斯、俄罗斯受污染最为严重，由于风向(fēngxiàng)的关 系，据估计约有60%的放射性物质落在白俄罗斯的土 地。此事故引起大众对于前苏联的核电厂安全性的关 注，事故也间接导致了苏联的瓦解。苏联瓦解后独立 的国家包括俄罗斯、白俄罗斯及乌克兰等每年仍然投 入经费与人力致力于灾难的善后以及居民健康保健。 因事故而直接或间接死亡的人数难以估算，且事故后 的长期影响到目前为止仍是个未知数。
精品PPT
The abandoned city of Pripyat with Chernobyl plant in the distance
精品PPT
• The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and it is the only one classified as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.
精品PPT
• In particular, a hidden indicator light led to an operator manually overriding the automatic emergency cooling system of the reactor because the operator mistakenly believed that there was too much coolant water present in the reactor and causing the steam pressure release. The scope and complexity of the accident became clear over the course of five days, as employees of Met Ed, Pennsylvania state officials, and members of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) tried to understand the problem, communicate the situation to the press and local community, decide whether the accident required an emergency evacuation, and ultimately end the crisis. The NRC's authorization of the release of 40,000 gallons of radioactive waste water directly in the Susquehanna River led to a loss of credibility with the press and community.
plume drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Northern Europe. From
1986 to 2000, 350,400 people were evacuated and resettled from
精品PPT
• The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry, as well as nuclear power in general, slowing its expansion for a number of years and forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive about its procedures.
Apology To The Future
By Scott Thomas Eastham
精品PPT
• 1. Topic of the Text • 2. Structural Analysis of the Text • 3. Detailed Study of the Text • 4. Word Study • 5. Key to the Exercises on the textbook • 6. Relevant websites • 7. Homework
精品PPT
• The accident began at 4 a.m. on Wednesday, March 28, 1979, with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed by a stuck-open pilotoperated relief valve (PORV) in the primary system, which allowed large amounts of nuclear reactor coolant to escape. The mechanical failures were
Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania near Harrisburg, United States in 1979. • The power plant was owned and operated by General Public Utilities and Metropolitan Edison (Met Ed). It
•
精品PPT
• 到2006年，官方的统计结果是，从事发到目前 共有4000多人死亡。但是绿色和平组织，基于 白俄罗斯国家科学院的数据研究发现，在过去 20年间，切尔诺贝利核事故受害者总计(zǒngjì) 达900多万人，随时可能死亡。因此，绿色和平 组织认为，官方统计的结果比切尔诺贝利核泄 漏造成的死亡人数少了至少9万人，这个数字是 官方统计数字的20倍！对于绿色和平组织的 “估计”缺乏理论支持。
compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to
recognize the situation as a loss-of-coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors, such as human-computer interaction design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant's user interface.
精品PPT
精品PPT
Chernobyl disaster
精品PPT
• The nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4 (center). Turbine building (lower left).
• Reactor 3 (center right). • Date26 April 1986Time01:23:45 (Moscow Time UTC+3) • LocationPripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, now Ukraine
an emergency shutdown was attempted, a more extreme spike in power output occurred, which led to a reactor vessel rupture and
a series of explosions. This event exposed the graphite moderator
•
死亡人数：9.3万人
•
致癌人数：27万人
•
经济损失：180亿卢布
精品PPT
• Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis
精品PPT
• The Three Mile Island accident was a partial core nuclear meltdown in Unit 2 (a pressurized water reactor manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox) of the
was the most significant accident in the history of the
USA commercial nuclear power generating industry, resulting in the release of up to 481 PBq (13 million curies) of radioactive gases, and less than 740 GBq (20 curies) of iodine-131.
all among the reactor staff and emergency workers. Estimates of the number of deaths potentially resulting
from the accident vary enormously; the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest it could reach 4,000 while a Greenpeace report puts this figure at 200,000 or more. The 2011 UNSCEAR report
精品PPT
• The disaster began during a systems test on 26 April 1986 at reactor number four of the Chernobyl plant, which is near the town
of Pripyat. There was a sudden power output surge, and when
the most severely contaminated areas of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. According to official post-Soviet data,[3][4] about 60% of the fallout landed in Belarus.
精品PPT
• Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with
the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl accident. Thirty one deaths are directly attributed to the accident,
places the total deaths from radiation to date at 64.
精品PPT
• Aerial view of the damaged core. Roof of the turbine hall is damaged (image center). Roof of the adjacent reactor 3 (image lower left) shows minor fire damage
of the reactor to air, causing it to ignite. The resulting fire sent a plume of highly radioactive smoke fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area, including Pripyat. The