考研英语-试卷87

考研英语-试卷87
(总分：142.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、 Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)
1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：
Starting with his review of Skinner"s Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate(天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1)_____ instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2)_____. This linguistic approach (3)_____ the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words per se(本身), but (4)_____ rules that enable a speaker to (5)_____ an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6)_____ single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7)_____ with the particular thing signified, but (8)_____ all members of a general class. This view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9)_____ into existing psychological frameworks and (10)_____ a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles "intrinsic(原有的) to the mind" that provide invariant structures (11)_____ perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12)_____ all of these processes; thus its study (13)_____ our theories of knowledge in general. Basic to this model of language is the notion that a child"s learning of language is a kind of theory (14)_____. It"s thought to be accomplished (15)_____ explicit instruction, (16)_____ of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17)_____ or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18)_____, the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19)_____ power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20)_____ it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.（分数：40.00）
A.special
B.specific √
C.definite
D.explicit
解析：解析：形容词辨析题。

此处要表达的意思为：学习和经历为语言共性的具体范例提供信息，specific"具体的"与universal"普遍的"相对应，其他选项不合文意。

special"特殊的、专门的"；definite"明确的、限定的、惟一的"；explicit"详述的、明确的"。

A.region
B.district
C.vicinity
munity √
解析：解析：名词辨析题。

a particular language community指共讲某一语言的社区，community"社区"，包括人们和他们生活的社区，其他选项只限指地区，不合文意。

region"地区、区域"，较大的地区；district"地区、行政区"，比region小，通常是某国家或城市具体的地区；vicinity"邻近、附近"。

A.attacks √
B.assaults
C.charges
D.accuses
解析：解析：动词辨析与上下文理解题。

句意为：乔姆斯基的语言学观点抨击另一观点。

attack"攻击、抨击"，可指任何攻击行为，符合文意。

assaults"攻击、袭击"，指身体很近的接触和极端暴力；charges"
控告、指控"，通常用法为：charge that或charge sb. with sth.；accuses"控告、指责"，用法为：accuse sb. of sth.。

A.transformational √
B.institutional
C.systematic
D.constitutional
解析：解析：形容词辨析题。

根据后面的定语从句，这些规则能够使人们生成新句子，所以这样的规则具有转换性，因此选transformational"能变换的、能变形的"，其他选项不合文意。

institutional"制度的、公共机构的"；systematic"系统的"；constitutional"宪法的、拥护宪法的"。

A.originate
B.initiate
unch
D.generate √
解析：解析：动词辨析题。

人们用这些规则可以生成新句子，所以选generate"产生、发生"，其他选项不合文意。

originate"首创、发起"，如：originate the procedure"启用程序"；initiate"开始、发动"重要的事件；launch"发射、发动"。

A.Yet
B.Even √
C.Still
D.Likewise
解析：解析：上下文理解题。

Even"甚至"，在句中加强语气，起到强调作用，其他选项不符合逻辑。

Yet"然而"；Still"仍然、更"；Likewise"同样地、也"。

A.consistence
B.conformity
C.correspondence √
D.agreement
解析：解析：固定搭配题。

in correspondence with"和…一致、与…相符"，其他选项不合文意。

in consistence with"前后一致、始终如一"；in conformity with"按照、遵守"；in agreement with"同意"。

A.symbolize
B.embody
C.depict
D.represent √
解析：解析：上下文理解题。

句意为：单词代表某总体要领导的全部成员。

与stand和signify并列的表达为represent"代表"，其他选项不合文意。

symbolize"象征"；embody"体现、使具体化"；depict"描绘、描写"。

bined
B.integrated √
C.blended
D.mixed
解析：解析：动词辨析及用法题。

句意为：这种语言学习内在性的观点起初并未融入当时的心理学框架。

be integrated into/with"使成为一体、使结合在一起"，其他不合文意或用法。

combined"使结合/联合"，通常用做combine A with B；blended"混合"，通常用法为：blend with/together；mixed"使混合"，用法为：mix A with B或mix sth．together/in。

A.meets
B.presents √
C.offers
D.makes
解析：解析：动词辨析及搭配题。

句意为：新的语言学观点提出了一种挑战。

present a challenge"提出挑战"，其他选项不合搭配或文意。

meets a challenge"接受挑战"；offers"主动给予"；makes不与challenge 搭配。

A.underlining
B.highlighting
C.marking
D.underlying √
解析：解析：动词辨析及上下文理解题。

句意为：那些恒定的结构是理解、学习和思考的基础，underlie 意为"成为…的基础、位于…之下"，其他选项不合文意。

underlining"在…下画线、强调"；highlighting"强调、使突出"；marking"标明、作记号"。

A.deals
B.covers
C.involves √
D.engages
解析：解析：动词辨析题。

语言涉及所有这些过程，即理解、学习和思考，involve"包含、含有、涉及"
一些主要因素，其他选项不合文意或用法。

deals"处理"，常用做deal with"处理、安排"；covers"覆盖、处理"；engages"雇佣、使从事于"。

A.tunes into
B.sheds light on √
C.leaves behind
D.sets forth
解析：解析：固定搭配题。

句意为：该研究提示了知识理论，所以选B，shed/throw/cast light on/upon 意为"阐明、使更清楚"，其他选项不合文意。

tunes in to"收听、调谐"；leaves behind"留下、忘记带"；sets forth"陈述、阐明"。

A.fabrication
B.erection
C.creation
D.construction √
解析：解析：名词辨析及上下文理解题。

句意为：孩子学习语言的过程类似建构理论。

又根据后文the child constructs a theory...一句，判断选construction，意为"思想或理论的建设、构造"。

其他选项不合文意或用法。

fabrication"编造(谎言/借口)、制造"；erection"树立、建立"；creation"创造、发明"。

A.with
B.under
C.by
D.without √
解析：解析：介词辨析题。

句意为：孩子学语言不需要详细的教导。

显然应选without，其他选项不合文意。

A.irrespective
B.independent √
C.regardless
D.implausible
解析：解析：名词用法与搭配题。

Independent of意为"不依赖"，其他选项不合文意。

irrespective of 意为"不顾、不考虑"；regardless of意为"不顾、不管"；implausible"难以置信的、不象真实的"，没有implausible of的搭配。

A.intellectual √
B.intelligent
C.intelligible
D.intellect
解析：解析：形容词辨析题。

intellectual作名词意为"知识分子"，作形容词意为"智力的、脑力的"，如：intellectual development智力发展，其他选项不合文意。

intelligent"聪明的、明智的"；intelligible"可理解的、易懂的"；intellect作名词为"智力、智能"。

A.Nevertheless √
B.Furthermore
C.Though
D.Accordingly
解析：解析：语法知识题。

两句之间很明显有转折关系，因此选Nevertheless"然而，但是"，其他选项不合逻辑。

Furthermore"并且"；Though"尽管"；Accordingly"因此"。

A.instinctive
B.addictive
C.tentative
D.predictive √
解析：解析：形容词辨析及上下文理解题。

句意为：孩子构建的理论具有预见能力；所以选predictive，意为"成为先兆的、有预言性的"，其他选项不合文意。

instinctive"本能的、天生的、直觉的"；addictive"上瘾的"；tentative"试验性的、暂时的"。

A.had
B.should
C.were √
D.be
解析：解析：语法知识题。

虚拟语气if it hadn"t been for或if it weren"t for可倒装为：had it not been for和were it not for，意为"要不是因为…"，其他选项不合语法要求。

二、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：10，分数：58.00)
2.Section II Reading Comprehension
__________________________________________________________________________________________
解析：
3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
解析：
The news from America"s housing market is getting no better. As sales declines and defaults and foreclosures climb, pessimists fear that over a million Americans could be driven out of their homes as adjustable-rate mortgages are reset. What should policymakers do? Congress is eager to do more: hence the calls to expand the role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the giant government-sponsored enterprises (GSES) that tower over America"s mortgage market. Fannie"s and Freddie"s political allies want two things. The first is the raising of the $417,000 limit on the size of loans that the pair may handle. The second demand is the lifting of caps on the amount of mortgages they may buy and hold for themselves. Fannie and Freddie could then ride to the rescue of struggling borrowers, injecting liquidity into parts of the market that have seized up. Their arguments are winning support, and opposition from the Bush administration and the GSES" regulator is softening. Unfortunately, the ideas are likely to do more for Fannie and Freddie than for the mortgage market. Start with the $417,000 limit. Lifting this could help if Fannie and Freddie scoured the upper bracket for borrowers who were struggling but viable. But their history suggests that they would cherry-pick those who could get refinanced elsewhere. And the huge-mortgage market may be correcting itself anyway: spreads over GSE-backed loans, though still unusually high, are falling. It is also riskier. When they hold a mortgage, they take on not only credit risk but also interest-rate and prepayment risk. The loans they guarantee, in contrast, carry only credit risk. So as well as being just as effective, the guarantee business is also safer—and thus better for the taxpayer who unwittingly stands behind the GSES. Moreover, even if they grow no more,
the mortgage giants pose a clear systemic threat. Their portfolios of retained mortgages and mortgage-backed securities add up to no less than $1.4 trillion. It is bad enough that this is concentrated in two institutions. No matter how much risk they take or how they manage it, they can borrow at rock-bottom interest rates. If they got into trouble, banks as well as taxpayers would be on the hook. Banks may hold as much GSE debt as they want. Many have amounts that exceed their regulatory capital. The giants were set up decades ago to help banks pool concentrated regional mortgage risk and to make housing more affordable. But as the market has grown deeper and more sophisticated, history has left them behind—hence their desire to get into any bit of the business that will turn a profit. The eventual aim should be to turn them into normal private-sector companies, by stripping them of the charters that give rise to the implicit government guarantees, and break them into smaller pieces.（分数：10.00）
(1).According to the text, policy makers solve the problems in the housing market in the US by ______（分数：2.00）
A.Driving millions of people out of their houses.
B.Calling on the expansion of GSES roles. √
C.Planning to stop resetting adjustable-interest mortgage.
D.Doing nothing.
解析：解析：细节理解题。

选项A是悲观主义者对于房地产市场不景气所做出的前景预测，选项C在文章中并没有提到。

根据"Congress is eager to do more: hence the calls to expand the role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the giant government-sponsored enterprises (GSES) that tower over America"s mortgage market．可以判断B正确。

(2).What can be inferred about the Fannie and Freddie from Paragraph 2 and 3?（分数：2.00）
A.They are companies of normal size for mortgage and loan.
B.They are companies supported by the government. √
C.They are companies functioning as banks.
D.They are companies that have no help to the housing market.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

根据文中对于这两家公司的描述可以得知这两家公司是政府赞助企业，其规模巨大，作用主要是为住房购买者提供按揭贷款，并且在一定情况下能够帮助购房者渡过难关，同时为停滞的房地产市场注入新的活力。

由此可以判定选项B正确。

(3).If the giant GSES collapse, the most possible result would be ______（分数：2.00）
A.Borrowers can get their mortgage back.
B.Banks may face a debt which they cannot afford. √
C.Taxpayers would have to borrow money at rock-bottom interest rates.
D.The housing market will become deeper and more sophisticated.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

很明显，选项A在文中并未提及。

文中提到"If they got into trouble, banks as well as taxpayers would be on the hook. Banks may hold as much GSE debt as they want. Many have amounts that exceed their regulatory capital"，由此可见这两家公司同银行之间的利益联系相当密切，而且数额相当巨大，超出一般银行能够支付的范围。

选项C中所提到的最低利率是指这两家公司所能够享有的利率，而非纳税人的。

选项D是目前房地产市场的发展趋势而非可能的后果。

因此选B。

(4).According to the author, the proposal of the Congress most probably ______（分数：2.00）
A.break the giants into small pieces in case of safety.
B.endow more power to the two giants for their development. √
C.rescue those who cannot pay back their loan in the housing market.
D.promote the development of the part of market that has been seized up.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

文中指出"Unfortunately, the ideas are likely to do more for Fannie and Freddie than for the mortgage market"，因此这项提案如果得以通过的话，最大的受益者应当是房利美和房地美公司，而非房地产市场。

选项A是作者提出的规避风险的方法。

选项C和D都是对于房地产市插的帮助。

因此选项B最符合题意。

(5).Which of the following is unlikely to be the risk that the two giants are facing?（分数：
2.00）
A.They were established for historical purposes which no longer fit the situation.
B.The sizes of them are too big to handle.
C.The development of housing market is fast and profound:
D.They are sponsored by the government and money from taxpayers. √
解析：解析：细节理解。

根据最后一段的叙述，这两家公司所建立的历史时期并不符合当前状况，而过大的规模也使其变得格外危险，当前房地产市场的发展已经令这两家公司不再适应目前的市场了。

而选项D 中提到的政府赞助虽然存在，但这并不是公司面临危险的原因所在，因此选D。

Those of us hurrying to finish our taxes by tomorrow"s deadline will probably be subjected to thoughts of the I.R.S. (Internal Revenue Service) as an all-powerful bully. But the truth is, the government is not always a match for the tax advisors of wealthy people, so a lot of taxes will go unpaid at the top of the income scale. Lawyers who represent high-income taxpayers earn more than 10 times what senior government lawyers do—an obvious disadvantage for the government agencies in attracting and retaining top talent. The lawyers who write our tax rules are overworked and sometimes inexperienced, so that they leave loopholes that are exploited by more experienced private lawyers. And the government always loses cases which it should win, and provides private lawyers with precedents. As this vicious cycle shows, skimping(节约) on tax administration is a false economy. Instead, if we substantially increase government salaries and staffing levels, we can raise more revenue, with lower tax rates and less waste. Four reforms should be adopted immediately. First, the government should focus on hiring talented young lawyers, since the pay disparity with the private sector is narrower for them. These efforts will be more effective if Congress helps new graduates repay student loans, which often are more than $100,000. A loan repayment program would be a powerful recruiting device. Second, the government should tap another promising talent pool—recent retirees from private practice—to mentor young lawyers. The salary gap is less of an issue for retirees, and the opportunity to give back to the tax system can be quite appealing. Third, the government should retain a small team of a dozen top tax lawyers at salaries closer to the market rate. They can serve as a rapid reaction force, deciding whether to shut down a new aggressive strategy immediately or to let it be evaluated through usual government channels. Fourth, the government should retain private lawyers to help with
high-priority projects. An important constraint is that lawyers who represent private clients may view it as a conflict to help the government. But this is not always true. Through bar associations, private lawyers already volunteer to review proposed changes in the tax law and offer ways to improve them. Tax academics can also be a valuable and conflict-free source of expertise, since they ordinarily do not represent clients. And some tax litigators(诉讼律师) may view it as a prestigious opportunity and a patriotic service to represent the government in a tax case that could set an important precedent. The tax system can be only as strong as the people who run it, so the government has to recruit and retain the most promising talent. A tax system can be fair and efficient only when it is administered soundly.（分数：10.00）
(1).The text suggests that the wealthy people in the U.S. ______（分数：2.00）
A.Seldom pay their taxes.
B.Always hurry to finish their taxes by the deadline.
C.Employ advisors m avoid tax payments. √
D.Enjoy the same tax rate as people with ordinary income.
解析：解析：本题为推理判断题。

文中提到美国政府并非私人律师的对手，并且很大一部分高收入阶层都可以避免缴纳大量税务。

避税并非不纳税，因此选项A不恰当。

D所涉及的范畴不符。

D在文中没有提及，故选C。

(2).The word "disparity" (Line 1, Paragraph 4) most probably means ______（分数：2.00）
A.equity.
B.gap. √
C.quantity.
D.accord.
解析：解析：语意理解题。

从上下文语境可以推断此处的意义应当是"差距、不均衡"的意思，因此应选择B项。

(3).Private lawyers can easily exploit advantages in current tax system mainly because ______（分数：2.00）
A.they earn more than the lawyers working for the government.
B.they are more experienced and talented. √
C.the tax system only suits the poor.
D.they want successful precedents to improve their career.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

4个选项在文中均有所提及，但是主要原因还是因为政府制定税收体系的人员缺乏经验，低薪难以吸引高级人才，故选B。

(4).Which of the following is true of the text?（分数：2.00）
A.The U.S. government revenue agencies always bully taxpayers.
B.The salary gap between senior government lawyers and private lawyers is smaller.
C.Private lawyers are unwilling to help the government make countermeasures against themselves.
D.Reforms in tax administration can help reduce waste and tax rate, and collect more revenue. √解析：解析：推理判断题。

文中提到if we substantially increase government salaries and staffing levels, we can raise more revenue, with lower tax rates and less waste。

文中虽然出现bully一词，但只是表达一种普通纳税人的心情，而非陈述事实，所以A不正确。

文中提到应当雇佣更多年轻人材，因为年轻律师的薪酬差距较小，也就是说高级律师的薪酬差距较大，所以B不正确。

C在文中可以找到反面例证。

故选D。

(5).According to the text, the most important factor to perfect tax system is to ______（分数：
2.00）
A.improve tax administration. √
B.lower the income of private lawyers.
C.ask people to pay tax through moral methods.
D.change the current tax rate.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

选项B项与文意相反。

C和D两项是过分猜测，文中并不能得出这种结论。

从文章最后一句话"A tax system can be fair and efficient only when it is administered soundly"
可知，只有A项正确。

Even before canaries(特高频噪声) were brought into coal mines to alert workers to the presence of poisonous gas, birds were giving us early warning calls signaling the Earth"s deteriorating environmental health. Global bird populations have shrunk by up to 25% since preagricultural(农业社会前的) times. Over the past 300 years, farmland has expanded from six percent of the Earth"s surface to nearly 33%. Today, three quarters of threatened bird species depend on forests as their principal habitat; each year, however, some 13,000,000 hectares of forests are destroyed, an area the size of Greece. Nearly half the woodlands lost are relatively undisturbed primary forests that are home to a number of sensitive birds and other creatures. Direct exploitation, including hunting for food and capture for the pet trade, is the second greatest danger after habitat loss, while next is the intentional or accidental introduction of non-native species. As people travel to all parts of the globe, so too do the pests and pets that prey on, out-compete, or alter the habitat of native wildlife. Pollution poses an additional risk, affecting 12% of the threatened bird species. In addition to direct poisoning from fertilizer and pesticide applications, runoff of chemicals contaminates the wetlands that migrating waterfowl rely on. Persistent organic pollutants accumulate in the food chain and can lead to deformities, reproductive failure, and disease in birds. Worldwide, one-third of plant and animal species could become extinct by 2050 as a result of climate change, a relatively new threat. Global temperature spikes have brought
severe alterations to the migration, breeding, and habitat ranges of some birds. In addition to these looming dangers, seven percent of threatened bird species are at risk from incidental mortality. A rapid decline in seabird populations over the last 15 years corresponds with the growth in commercial longline fisheries. In Europe, Central Asia, and Africa, electrocution on power lines has caused the mass mortality of raptors. Moreover, countless birds die each year from collisions with windows, the number-one cause of U.S. avian mortality. If birds disappear, so do the economically valuable services they provide. Preventing the extinction of additional bird populations depends largely on protecting the world"s remaining wild spaces and preserving the health of our natural and altered ecosystems. Reports that the ivory-billed woodpecker, long thought to be extinct, is still with us thrilled bird watchers and others, but this sort of second chance seldom occurs in nature. Even with continued habitat protection, once wildlife populations drop dramatically, a rebound is far from guaranteed. Without stabilizing climate and human numbers, putting fences around all the parks in the world will not lie enough to protect threatened species.（分数：10.00）
(1).Which of the following statement has nothing to do with the drastically declining number of birds?（分数：2.00）
A.Loss of forests that are home of birds.
B.Toxic chemicals that may cause diseases to birds.
C.Their habitat area in Greece that has been destroyed. √
D.Animals from other continents by the process of globalization.
解析：解析：细节理解题。

根据"Today, three quarters of threatened bird species depend on forests as their principal habitat"可以看出鸟类主要依靠森林进行生存，因此选项A正确。

根据"Pollution poses an additional risk, affecting 12% of the threatened bird species".可以了解到有毒污染也是影响鸟类生存的重要原因之一，因此选项B也正确。

根据"next is the intentional or accidental introduction of non-native species"可以了解外来物种对于鸟类具有相当大的杀伤作用，因此D也正确。

选项C中出现的Greece一词在文中是用来形象地说明损失的森林面积，而非指希腊的栖息地，因此选C。

(2).Which of the following is not true of the text?（分数：2.00）
A.A cat can kill all the birds on an island where there used to be no cat at all.
B.People are accustomed to catch birds for food and pets.
C.Electricity wires can be extremely dangerous for birds.
D.Birds that are not killed by direct poison will not be harmed by it any more. √
解析：解析：推理判断题。

根据文章中关于外来物种的描述可以推断选项A中的情况有可能发生。

根据文中所列出的第二个原因，也就是直接的抓捕可以推断人们有着抓捕鸟类的传统，因此选项B所说的也有可能发生。

根据"electrocution on power lines has caused the mass mortality of raptors"，C中的情况也有可能发生。

而D中的情况同文章描述相反，文中指出除了直接影响之外，有毒物质的富集也会导致鸟类的各种疾病，因此选D。

(3).It can be inferred from the text that by year 2050 ______（分数：2.00）
A.the species of plants and animals will shrink to one third of the original amount.
B.the climate will become unsuitable for residence.
C.migrate birds may be in danger because of changes in climate. √
D.most animals will change their habitats to a large extent.
解析：解析：细节理解题。

文中指出到2050年，由于气候变化，三分之一的动植物将灭亡。

选项A为减少到原来的三分之一，不符合题意。

选项B和D在文中并未提及。

由于气候变化对于候鸟的迁徙造成了一些影响，因此C正确。

(4).By introducing the example of the ivory-billed woodpecker, the author intends to ______（分数：2.00）
A.display the miracle of nature.
B.warn that such cases may never occur again. √
C.call for protection of national parks.
D.show that the specie is precious.
解析：解析：篇章结构题。

本题比较容易，文章在最后一段举出象牙喙啄木鸟的例子是为了更好地说明这种情况的来之不易和难以重复，从而提醒人们注意保护物种。

故选B。

(5).According to the author, which is the most feasible way to protect birds?（分数：2.00）
e fences to protect all the parks in the world.
B.Try to protect wild space and nature. √
C.Abandon the economic values that birds can bring.
D.Rely less on agriculture and return farmlands to forests.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

根据"Without stabilizing climate and human numbers, putting fences around all the parks in the world will not be enough to protect threatened species".可以断定选项A不正确。

文中提到"If birds disappear, so do the economically valuable services they provide"，但并没有提出要求人们放弃鸟类带来的经济效应。

因此C也不正确。

虽然文中提到了农业发展同森林减少之间存在一定关系，但选项D中的做法并未提及，而且也不具有可行性，故选B。

The past few years have been busy ones for human-rights organisations. In prosecuting the so-called war on terror, many governments in Western countries where freedoms seemed secure have been tempted to nibble away at them, while doughty campaigners such as Amnesty International(国际特殊组织) also exist for defence. Yet Amnesty no longer makes the splash it used to in the rich world. The organisation is as vocal as it ever was. But some years ago it decided to dilute a traditional focus on political rights by mixing in a new category called social and economic rights. You might suppose that the more of rights you campaign for the better. Why not add pressing social and economic concerns to stuffy old political rights such as free speech and free elections? What use is a vote if you are starving? Are not access to jobs, housing, health care and food basic rights too? No: few rights are truly universal, and letting them multiply weakens them. Food, jobs and housing are certainly necessities, but there"s no use to call them "rights". When a government looks someone up without a fair trial, the victim, perpetrator and remedy are pretty clear. This clarity seldom applies to social and economic "rights". Who should be educated in which subjects for how long at what cost in taxpayers" money is a political question best settled at the ballot box(投票箱). And no economic system known to man guarantees a proper job for everyone all the time. It is hardly an accident that the countries keenest to use the language of social and economic rights tend to be those that show least respect for rights of the traditional sort. And it could not be further from the truth. For people in the poor world, as for people everywhere, the most reliable method yet invented to ensure that governments provide people with social and economic necessities are called politics. That is why the rights that make open polities possible—free speech, due process, protection from arbitrary punishment—are so precious. Insisting on their enforcement is worth more than any number of grandiloquent but unenforceable declarations demanding jobs, education and housing for all. Many do-gooding outfits suffer from having too broad a focus and too narrow a base. Amnesty used to appeal to people of all political persuasions and none, and concentrate on a hard core of well-defined basic liberties. However, by trying in recent years to borrow moral authority from the campaigns and leaders of the past and lend it to the cause of social reform, Amnesty has succeeded only in muffling what was once its central message, at the very moment when governments in the West need to hear it again.（分数：10.00）
(1).The human-rights organizations are no longer so influential in that ______（分数：2.00）
A.freedom has been realized in most countries.
B.they have changed their traditional goals. √
C.social and economic rights are more important than political ones.
D.western governments prevent them from speaking out.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

原文为"it decided to dilute a traditional focus on political rights by mixing in a new category called social and economic rights"，说明人权组织的影响力下降是因为将传统的对于政治权利的强调同社会经济权利混合，选项A是过分猜测，选项C、D与作者观点相反。

(2).According to Paragraph land 2, which of the following items is social and economic right?（分数：2.00）
A.Whether a group can express its opinion freely.
B.Whether the president of a country is elected by the people.
C.Whether every citizen of a country can get a job. √
D.Whether the law process is fair and transparent.
解析：解析：细节理解题，选项A、B、D分别属于free speech，free election，fair law process，均为传统政治权利的内容，而C项属于full employment，属于社会经济权利的范畴。

根据作者观点可知应当选C。

(3).The word "grandiloquent" (Line 6, Paragraph 4) most probably means ______（分数：2.00）
A.glorious.
B.eloquent.
C.exaggerated. √
D.excellent.
解析：解析：语义理解题。

本题不难，从上下文语境中可以判断grandiloquent一词带有贬义，而选项A，B，D均为褒义词，再根据上下文语义判断此处应当为"夸张"的意思，故选C。

(4).Social and economic rights are mainly emphasized in poor countries because ______（分数：
2.00）
A.these issues are very important for people in those countries.
B.they are living necessities.
C.developed countries cannot solve these probrems.
D.they want to use them to cover up their poor politic rights. √
解析：解析：推理判断题。

从第4段中可以看出社会经济权利往往被政治权利无法得到保证的国家强调，选项A、B虽然有一定道理，但并不是主要原因，而C虽然也是客观存在，但欠发达国家的问题比发达国家更为严重，故选D。

(5).To which of the following statements would the author most likely disagree?（分数：2.00）
A.Many Western countries have relative secure freedoms. √
B.Open politics are precious in some Western countries.
C.Political rights should be the minor focus of organizations such as Amnesty.
D.Political rights should never be emphasized without social and economic guarantees.
解析：解析：推理判断题。

在作者看来，Open politics are precious in arbitrary countries，故选项B不恰当。

人权组织应当强调政治权利的实现而非社会经济权利，因为社会经济权利很难通过某个组织的推动和监督得到解决，而政治权利在不能完全保障社会经济权利的情况下也可以得以实现，故D不恰当。

Political rights应该是Amnesty主要关注的方面，故C为本题答案。

4.Part B
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. If you think you can make the planet better by clever shopping, think again. You might make it worse. You probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about the environment, you might buy organic food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalization by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time. Sadly, it"s not that easy. (41) 1. People who want to make。