余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）
第7章英国政治
7.1 复习笔记
【知识框架】
Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework
Ⅱ. Parliament
1. The Crown or Sovereign
2. The House of Lords
3. The House of Commons
4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
Ⅲ. Regional Government
Ⅳ. Local Government
Ⅴ. Justice
Ⅵ. Political Process
1. Elections
2. Two-part System
3. Female Representation in Britain Politics
Ⅶ. Security
【重难点归纳】
The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In the
UK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.
英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。

在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。

Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework
1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.
2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.
Ⅰ. 宪法框架
1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。

2. 政府的主要组成部分是⽴法、⾏政和司法。

Ⅱ. Parliament
The UK Parliament was formed in 1707. The separate British and Irish parliaments are integrated into a single Parliament of the UK from January 1, 1801.
Ⅱ. 议会
英国议会成⽴于1707年。

从1801年1⽉1⽇起，独⽴的英国和爱尔兰议会合并为英国的单⼀议会。

1. The Crown or Sovereign
The country is governed in the name of the Crown, by His or Her Majesty’s Government—a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament.
1. 王权还是主权
国家以国王的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下的政府治理—由内阁⼤⾂组成，他们是选民投票选出的任何政党的主要成员，并对议会负责。

2. The House of Lords
(1) The House of Lords originated in the 11th century.
(2) The members of the House of Lords are not elected. The Lords is made up of
peers of the realm, the highest clergy in the Church of England, and the highest judges.
2. 上议院
(1) 上议院起源于⼗⼀世纪。

(2) 上议院的成员不是选举产⽣的。

上议院由王国的贵族、英格兰教会的最⾼神职⼈员和最⾼法官组成。

3. The House of Commons
(1) The House of Commons is the real legislative branch. The national chief executive is the prime minister.
(2) All legislation is introduced by the majority party. Under the law all legislation
must be passed by the Commons and Lords in identical form and be assented (agreed) to by the monarch.
3.下议院
(1) 下议院是真正的⽴法部门。

国家⾏政长官是⾸相。

(2) 所有的⽴法都是由多数党提出的。

根据法律，所有的⽴法必须由上议院和下议院以相同
形式通过，必须由君主同意。

4. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
(1) All political power rests with the prime minister and the cabinet, and the monarch must act on their advice.
(2) The cabinet is subject to Parliament.
4. ⾸相和内阁
(1) 所有的政治权利都掌握在⾸相和内阁⼿中，君主必须按照他们的建议⾏事。

(2) 内阁受制于议会。

Ⅲ. Regional Government
(1) Northern Ireland took power in 1999 and assumed some powers previously held
exclusively by the central Parliament at Westminster, to which they remain subordinate.
(2) Since 1999 Wales has also had its own assembly, but because it has neither
legislative nor tax-gathering powers, the Welsh assembly is significantly less powerful than the Scottish Parliament.
Ⅲ. 地⽅政府
(1) 北爱尔兰于1999年掌权，并获得了⼀些以前只由威斯敏斯特中央议会拥有的权⼒，但
他们仍然从属于威斯敏斯特中央议会。

(2) ⾃1999年起，威尔⼠也有了⾃⼰的议会，但由于既没有⽴法权也没有收税权，威尔⼠
议会的权⼒明显不如苏格兰议会。

Ⅳ. Local Government
(1) Local governments have very few legislative powers and must act within the
framework of laws passed by the central Parliament (and by the Scottish Parliament in Scotland).
(2) Local governments have the power to enact regulations and to levy rates
(property taxes) within limits set by the central government.
(3) Throughout England, parish and town councils form the lowest tier of local
government. The next tier of local government is usually known in England and Northern Ireland as a district, borough, or city.
Ⅳ. 当地政府
(1) 当地政府⼏乎没有⽴法权，必须在中央议会(以及苏格兰议会)通过的法律框架内⾏事。

(2) 地⽅政府有权制定规章，并在中央政府规定的范围内征收税率(财产税)。

(3) 在整个英格兰，教区和镇议会构成了地⽅政府的最低层级。

下⼀级地⽅政府通常在英格
兰和北爱尔兰被称为区、⾃治的市镇或城市。

Ⅴ. Justice
The courts alone declare the law, but the courts accept any act of Parliament as part of the law.
Ⅴ. 司法
只有法院才能宣布法律，但是法院接受议会的⼀切⾏为是法律的⼀部分。

Ⅵ.Political Process
1. Elections
(1) All citizens aged 18 or older are eligible to vote in parliamentary and local
elections as well as in elections to the European Parliament.
(2) Registration of voters is compulsory and carried out annually. Candidates for
election to Parliament or a local council are normally chosen by the local parties. Ⅵ. 政治进程
1. 选举
(1) 所有年满⼗⼋岁的公民都有资格在议会和地⽅选举以及欧洲议会选举中投票。

(2) 选民登记是强制性的，每年进⾏⼀次。

议会或地⽅议会的候选⼈通常由地⽅政党选出。

2. Two-part System
A two-party system has existed in the UK since the late 17th century. The two-party system, together with uncertainty about the timing of a general election, has produced the British phenomenon of the official opposition.
2. 两党制
英国⾃17世纪后期就存在两党制。

两党制，加上⼤选时间的不确定性，已经产⽣了官⽅反。