微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照
微观经济学名词解释
微观经济学名词解释一、名词解释1.Consumer Surplus （消费者剩余）Consumer surplus measures the extra utility that consumers receive over what they pay for commodity.消费者在购买商品的过程中获得的超过它所支付的那部分额外的效用（比它所支付的多出来的那部分效用）2.The Indifference Curve & Budget Line （无差异曲线&预算线）The Indifference Curve①The point (A,B,…) on the indifference curve(U1) represent consumption bundles among which the consumer preference is indifferent.②As we increase both goods and thus more in a northeasterly direction across the map, we are crossing successive indifference curves; hence, we are reaching higher and higher level of utility.③Indifference curve are convex to the origin property(凸向原点) is called the law of substitution.(替代规律)在这条曲线上，两种不同商品的各种组合为消费者提供的效用是相同的。
在无差异曲线上，任何一点所代表的消费者偏好都是无差异。
PP 1SEDQ Q 1 O 0Clothing 3 2 1 2 3 A B C U3U2 U1Budget LineAssume the consumer ’s income is I, the price of food is Pf and the clothing is Pc. MN is the consumer ’s budget line. It sums up all the possible combinations of the two goods that would exhaust the consumer ’s income. It ’s absolute slope equals the Pf/Pc ratio.又称消费可能线或支出线，表示在收入和价格一定的条件下，消费者购买的两种商品的各种可能性组合。
微观经济学 名词解释和中英文对照
【经济人】从事经济活动得人所采取得经济行为都就是力图以自己得最小经济代价去获得自己得最大经济利益。
【需求】消费者在一定时期内在各种可能得价格水平愿意而且能够购买得该商品得数量。
【供给】生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售得该种商品得数量。
【均衡价格】。
一种商品得均衡价格就是指该种商品得市场需求量与市场供给量相等时得价格。
【供求定理】。
其她条件不变得情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格与均衡数量得同方向得变动，供给变动引起均衡价格得反方向变动,引起均衡数量得同方向变动。
【经济模型】。
经济模型就是指用来描述所研究得经济事物得有关经济变量之间相关关系得理论结构。
【弹性】当一个经济变量发生1%得变动时,由它引起得另一个经济变量变动得百分比。
【弧弹性】表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间得需求量得变动对于价格得变动得反应程度。
【点弹性】表示需求曲线上某一点上得需求量变动对于价格变动得反应程度。
【需求得价格弹性】表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量变动对于该商品得价格变动得反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得该商品得需求量变化得百分比。
【需求得交叉价格弹性】。
表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量得变动相对于它得相关商品得价格变动得反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得另一种商品得需求量变化百分比。
【替代品】如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者得某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系,这两种商品互为替代品。
【需求得收入弹性】需求得收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品得需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动得反应程度。
或者说,表示在一定时期内当消费者得收入变化百分之一时所引起得商品需求量变化得百分比。
【恩格尔定律】。
在一个家庭或在一个国家中,食物支出在收入中所占得比例随着收入得增加而减少。
用弹性得概念来表述它则可以就是:对于一个家庭或一个国家来说,富裕程度越高,则食物支出得收入弹性就越小;反之,则越大。
微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性(scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。
经济学（economics）：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率（efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。
平等（equality）：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本（opportunity cost）：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人（rational people）：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change):对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
市场经济（market economy）：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
产权（property rights)：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。
市场失灵（market failure）:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
外部性(externality）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
市场势力（market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
生产率（productivity）：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量.通货膨胀（inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。
经济周期（business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。
)循环流向图(circular-flow diagram）：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易.宏观经济学(macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
微观经济学名词解释
1、微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者､厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)2、需求：消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
3、供给：生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够出售的该种商品的数量。
4、均衡价格：均衡的最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。
均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
5、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额。
6、生产者剩余：生产者剩余指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。
7、需求的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
8、需求的收入弹性：表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入两变动的反应程度。
9、需求的交叉弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
是该商品的需求量的变动率和它的相关商品的价格的变动率的比值。
10、供给的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
11、效用：指商品满足人的欲望的能力，或者说，效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。
12、基数效用论：基数效用论者认为，效用如同长度、重量等概念一样，可以具体衡量并加总求和，具体的效用量之间的比较是有意义的。
13、序数效用论：认为效用的大小是无法具体衡量的，效用之间的比较只能通过顺序或登记来表示。
14、边际效用递减规律：在一定的时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1businesscycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment andproductioneconomi cs 经济学;经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见的resourcesefficienc y n.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresourcesequality n .同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlyamong the members of societyexternality[,ekst ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ]外部性the uncompensated impact of on e person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 incentive s omething that induces a person to actInflation [ɪn'fle ɪʃ(ə)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginalchangessmall incremental 增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economyan economy that allocates resources through thedecentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləke ɪt] resources efficiently market powerthe ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity costwhatever must be given up to obtain some itemproducti vity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputChapter 2circular-flow diagrama visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flowthrough markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics [,mækr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma ɪkr əʊi ːk ə'n ɒm ɪks the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in marketsnormative['n ɔːm ət ɪv]标准的 statementsclaims that attempt to prescribe 定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr ɪˈskra ɪb] how the world should be positivestatementsclaims that attempt to describe the world as it isproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr ʌnt ɪə）a graph that shows the combinations of output that theeconomy can possibly produce given the available factorsof production and the available production technologyChapter 3absoluteadvantagethe ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than anotherproducercomparati ve advantag ethe ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer exports goods produced domestically 美[d ə'mest ɪkl ɪ】合乎国内的 andsold abroad imports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competiti ve market a market with many buyers and sellers['sel ə] trading identical 同一的，完全相同的美[a ɪˈd ɛnt ɪk əl] products so that each完全竞争市场buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherdemand curve 需求曲线a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandeddemand schedule 需求表a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedEquilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]均衡a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demandedequilibriu m price 均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedequilibriu m quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceinferiorgood劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə] a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandlaw of demand 需求原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good riseslaw of supply 供给原理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good riseslaw of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balancemarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicenormal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand普通商品quantity demande d 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantitysuppliedthe amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell shortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitute s two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['sɜ:pləs] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-pri ceelasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodelasticity [,ilæ'stɪsəti]n .弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded orquantity supplied to one of its determinantsincome elasticity a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as theof demand 需求的收入弹性 percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income price elasticity ofdemand 需求价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricepriceelasticityof supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a goodresponds to a change in the price of that good, computed asthe percentage change in quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in pricetotal revenue (in a market)总收入; 总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Chapter 6price ceiling ['si ːl ɪŋ] a legal maximum['mæks ɪm əm] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floora legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidenc e['ɪns ɪd(ə)ns]the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer [k ən'sju ːmə] surplus['s ɜːpl əs]消费者剩余 the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma ɪn əs] theamount the buyer actually pays for itcostthe value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarceresources equality the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly amongthe members of society producer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost of providing itwelfareeconomicsthe study of how the allocation 美[ˌæləˈke ɪʃn]分配，配给 ofresources affects economic well-beingwillingnes s to pay受益者负担 the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodChapter 8Deadweightloss 无谓损失又为社会净损失the fall in total surplus 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜ:rpl əs] that results from a market distortion 变形; 失真[d ɪˈst ɔr ʃən], such as a taxChapter 9tariff n . 关税;关税表; 价格表a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyworld price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodChapter 10Coasetheorem['θɪər əm]科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without costover the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem ofexternalities 外在性 on their owncorrectiv e tax 矫 a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take account of the social costs that arise from a negative正税externality externality [,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]n .外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on thewell-being of a bystanderinternalizing the externalit y 内化altering incentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv] so that people take account of the external effects of their actionstransaction[træn'z ækʃən]交易costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing to and following through on a bargainChapter11clubgoodsgoods that are excludable but not rival in consumptioncommon resource s goods that are rival in consumption but not excludable可排他的; 包括在外的;cost–benefi t analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodexcludability [ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itfree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; for it private goods goods that are both excludable and rival in consumption public goodsgoods that are neither excludable nor rival in consumptionrivalry inconsump tion 消费竞争the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Tragedyof theCommon s 公共地悲剧a parable 寓言; 格言; that illustrates why common resources are used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeChapter 12ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according tohow well that person can shoulder the burdenaveragetax ratetotal taxes paid divided by total incomebenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesbudgetdeficit n.预算赤字;a shortfall 亏空; 缺空 of tax revenue from governmentspendingbudgetsurplus 预算结余an excess of tax revenue over government spending horizontal equity 纳税横向均等;the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountlump-sum tax 总量税a tax that is the same amount for every person marginaltax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction 分数; 一小部分 of their income than do low-income taxpayersproportional tax 比例税率a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay thesame fraction of incomeregressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction oftheir income than do low-income taxpayersverticalequity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxesshould pay larger amountsChapter 13accounting profittotal revenue minus total explicit 清楚的，明确的 costaveragefixed costfixed cost divided by the quantity of outputaveragetotal cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputaverage variable costvariable cost divided by the quantity of outputconstantreturns toscalethe property whereby long-run average total cost stays thesame as the quantity of output changesdiminishin gmarginal product 边际产量递减规律the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases disecono the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as themies ofscale 规模不经济quantity of output increaseseconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costseconomie s of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesefficientscale最小有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costexplicitcostsinput costs that require an outlay of money by the firmfixedcosts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedimplicitcosts隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmmarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionmarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputproductio n function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodprofit total revenue minus total costtotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production totalrevenue(for firm)the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputvariablecosts[释义]变动成本;costs that vary with the quantity of output producedChapter14average total revenue divided by the quantity soldrevenuecompetiti ve marketa market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker marginal revenuethe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold sunkcost 沉没成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredChapter15monopoly[mə'n ɒp(ə)l ɪ]a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes naturalmonopoly n.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品;a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms price discrimina tionthe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersChapter16 monopolistic competiti on 垄断竞争市场a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical oligopoly求过于供的市场情况;a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsChapter17经>卡特尔，企业联合a group of firms acting in unison ['juːnɪs(ə)n]collusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge<经>卡特尔，企业联合a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersgametheorythe study of how people behave in strategic situations GDPdeflator[d i'fleitə]GDP缩减指数a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Nash equilibriu m 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenoligopoly[ ,ɑlə'gɑpəli] 寡头a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsprisoners’ dilemma [dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialChapter18capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesdiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases递减规律factors ofproductionthe inputs used to produce goods and servicesmarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborproducti on function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodvalue ofthemarginal边际价值productthe marginal product of an input times the price of the outputChapter19compensating differential 补偿微分a difference in wages that arises to offset the non-monetary characteristics of different jobsdiscrimination[dɪ,skr ɪmɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] ;歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsefficiency wages 效率工资above- equilibrium平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[ikwəˈlɪbriəm] wages paid by firms to increase worker productivityhuman capital*人力资本the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experiencestriken .攻击; 罢工[课，市];发现the organized withdrawal移开; 撤回of labor from a firm by aunionunion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions。
微观经济学中英文术语及其解释
Scarcity the limited nature of society‟s resourcesEconomics the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEfficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesEquity the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemMarginal changes small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarket economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesMarket failure a s/tuition in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently Externality the impact of one person‟s actions on the well-being of a bystanderMarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesProductivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker‟s time Inflation an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyPhilips curve a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment Business cycle fluctuations in economic activity，such as employment and produaionCircular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsProduction possibilities frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyPositive statements claims that attempt to do describe the world as it isNormative statements claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should beAbsolute advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemComparative advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costImports goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyExports goods produced domestically and sold abroadMarket a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceCompetitive market a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market priceQuantity demanded the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to-purchaseLaw of demand the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesDemand schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and-the quantity demandedDemand curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded Normal good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandInferior good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads …to a decrease in demandSubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherComplements two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherQuantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellLaw of supply the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good risesSupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied Equilibrium a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedEquilibrium quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price Surplus a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedShortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedLaws of supply and demand the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceElasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsPrice elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the e percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in priceIncome elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers‟ income, computed as the percentage change tn quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeCross-price elasticity of demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good respond to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change m quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good Price elasticity of supply a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice ceiling a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldTax incidence the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Welfare economics the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being Willingness to pay the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodConsumer surplus a buyer‟s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodProducer surplus the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller‟s costEfficiency the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of societyEquity the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of societyDeadweight loss the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax World price the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that goodTariff a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyImport quota a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically Externality the uncompensated impact of one person‟s actions on the well-being of a bystander Internalizing an externality altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsCoase theorem the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownTransaction costs the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargainPigovian tax a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityExcludability the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itRivalry the property of a good whereby one person‟s use diminishes other people‟s usePrivate goods goods that are both excludable and rivalPublic goods goods that are neither excludable nor rivalCommon resources goods that are rival but not excludableFree rider a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for itCost-benefit analysis a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodTragedy of the Commons a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeBudget surplus an excess of government receipts over government spendingBudget deficit an excess of government spending over government receiptsA verage tax rate total taxes paid divided by total incomeMarginal tax rate the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeLump-sum tax a tax that is the same amount for every personBenefits principle the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesAbility-to-pay principle the idea that taxes‟ should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenV ertical equity the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts Horizontal equity the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountProportional tax a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomeRegressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProgressive tax a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersTotal revenue the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal cost the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionProfit total revenue minus total costExplicit costs input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmImplicit costs input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmEconomic profit total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implic it costs Accounting profit total revenue minus total explicit costProduction function the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of the goodMarginal product the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputDiminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesFixed costs costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedV ariable costs costs that do vary with the quantity of output producedA verage total cost total cost divided by the quantity of outputA verage fixed cost fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputA verage variable cost variable costs divided by the quantity of outputMarginal cost the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionEfficient scale the quantity of output that minimizes average total costEconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesDiseconomies of scale the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesConstant returns to scale the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesCompetitive market a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and setter is a price takerA verage revenue total revenue divided by the quantity soldMarginal revenue the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldSunk cost a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredMonopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesNatural monopoly a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsPrice discrimination the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersOligopoly a market structure in which only a few settlers offer similar or identical products Monopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalCollusion an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Cartel a group of firms acting in unisonNash equilibrium a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that a/l the other actors have chosenGame theory the study of how people behave in strategic situationsPrisoners‟ dilemma a particular “game‟ between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialDominant strategy a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersMonopolistic competition a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalFactors of production the inputs used‟ to produce goods and servicesProduction function the relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and thequantity of output of that goodMarginal product of labor the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor Diminishing marginal product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increasesV alue of the marginal product the marginal product of an input times the price of the output Capital the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCompensating differential a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsHuman capital the accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job trainingUnion a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions Strike the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by unionEfficiency wages above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity Discrimination the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsPoverty rate the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty linePoverty line an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyIn-kind transfers transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services-rather than cash Life cycle the regular pattern of income variation over a person‟s lifePermanent income a person‟s normal incomeUtilitarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility a measure of happiness or satisfactionLiberalism the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance‟‟Maximin criterion the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyLibertarianism the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeWelfare government programs that supplement the incomes of the needyNegative income tax a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to tow-income householdsBudget constraint the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Indifference curve a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionMarginal rate of substitution the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another Perfect substitutes two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPerfect complements two goods with right-angle indifference curvesNormal good a good for which an increase in income raises the quantity demandedInferior good a good for which an increase in income reduces the quantity demandedIncome effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveSubstitution effect the change in consumption that results when a price change moves indifference curve to a point with new marginal rate of substitutionGiffen good a good tor which an increase in the price raises the quantity demandedMoral hazard the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorAgent a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalPrincipal a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some actAdverse selection the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partySignaling an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed partyScreening an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationCondorcet paradox the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society Arrow‟s impossibility theorem a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAbility-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit costAdverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalArrow ‟s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理 a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesA verage fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputA verage revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity soldA verage tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total incomeA verage total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of outputA verage variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of outputBenefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBudget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unisonCircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsCoase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost overthe allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共源goods that are rival but not excludableComparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changesConsumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyer‟s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost成本the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodDeadweight loss无谓损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines．As the quantity of the input increasesDiscrimination歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implic it costsEconomics经济学the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEconomies of scale规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity平等the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it Explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmExports出口goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality外部性the uncompensated impact of one person‟s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and servicesFixed casts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGiffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital人力资本the accumulation of investments in people, such as education andon-the-job trainingImplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmImport quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports进口goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect收入效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers‟ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation通货膨胀an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyIn-kind transfers实物转移支付transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality外部性的内在化altering incentives so that people take account ofthe external effects of their actionsLaw of demand需求定理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand需求与供给定理the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism自由至上主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person‟s lifeLump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every personMacroeconomics宏观经济学the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes边际变动small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Marginal product边际产品the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution边际替代率the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeMarket市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceMarket economy市场经济an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion极大极小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMicroeconomics微观经济学the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsMonopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard道德风险the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorNash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenNatural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsNegative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNormal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statements规范性表述claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Oligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpportunity cost机会成本whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complements完全互补品two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPermanent income持久性收入 a person‟s normal incomePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityPositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isPoverty line贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the …poverty linePrice ceiling价格天花板（上限） a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price discrimination价格歧视the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor价格地板I下限） a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act Prisoners‟ dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller‟s cost Production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity生产率the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker‟s timeProfit利润total revenue minus total cost。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释1经济周期,经济学;经济，国家的经济状况缺乏的，罕见的.功效; 效率，效能;实力，能力; [物]性能;.同等，平等; [数]相等，等式;[ɜː'nælɪtɪ]外部性’s a 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人a[ɪn'ɪʃ(ə)n]增加的 a权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散a a 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[ˈæləɪt]a ( ) a’s2a 家庭; 家庭，户[æəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ; ], , ,[ɪəʊiːkə'nɒmɪ['nɔːmətɪv]标定，规定; 指定，规定;美[ɪˈɪb]准的['ʌɪə） a3aa a美[də'ɪɪ】合乎国内的Array4完全竞a ['ə] 同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛɪkəl] a 争市场互补品a['kɑəmə]需求曲a a线需求表 a a[ɪ'lɪɪəm]a均衡均衡价格a , , a劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə], , a需求原理, , a供给原理a aa , ,普通商品需求量 a a aa a a a ['s ɜəs] a5需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a a , [æ'ɪs ə] n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活性; 伸缩性;a 需求的收入弹性a a a ’ , 需求价格弹性a a a ,供给的价格弹性 a a a , ( a )总收入; 总收益 a ,6['ːl ɪŋ] a ['mæɪm əm] a a a ['ɪɪd(ə)]a a7[k ən'ːm ə]['s ɜːəs]消费者剩余 a a ['ɪn əs] a a a a ’s美[ˌæləˈɪʃn]分配，配给受益者负担 a a8无谓损失又为社会净损失 过剩的; 多余的[ˈsɜəs] a 变形; 失真[d ɪˈɔr ʃən], a9n . 关税;关税表; 价格表aa10['θɪər əm] 科斯定理, 外在性矫正税 a a [ɜː'næl ɪt ɪ] n . 外形; 外在性; 外部事物;（经济学名词） 外部效应’s a内化 [ɪn's ɛɪv][æn'zæk ʃən]交易 a11可排他的; 包括在外的;–成本效益分析a a [ɪːd ə'b ɪl ətɪ]排他性a a[释义]坐享其成，无本获利; a a 消费竞争 a ’s ’s公共地悲剧 a 寓言; 格言; a12[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则; an.预算赤字; a 亏空; 缺空 预算结余 纳税横向均等;总量税 a 边际税率累进税 a a 分数; 一小部分 比例税率 a累退税 a a纵向公平 a13清楚的，明确的边际产量递减规律规模不经济,规模经济最小有效规模固定成本 隐性成本 边际成本a a ( )a[释义]变动成本;14a a沉没成本 a15[m ə'nɒp(ə)lɪ]a an.垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品; a a a a16垄断竞争市场 a求过于供的市场情况; a a17<经>卡特尔，企业联合 a ['ːnɪs(ə)n]a<经>卡特尔，企业联合 a a a['ə]缩减指数 a 100纳什均衡a[,ɑl ə'g ɑp ə] a a寡头’ [d ɪˈə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型 a “” 18边际产量递减规律a边际价值19补偿微分 a [d ɪɪm ɪ'ɪʃ(ə)n] ; 歧视, , , , 效率工资 平衡，均势; 平静ˌ[əˈl ɪəm] *人力资本 , ,n . 攻击; 罢工[课，市]; 发现移开; 撤回 a aa , ,。
微观经济学名词解释
微观经济学名词解释1、微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者､厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)2、需求：消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
3、供给：生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够出售的该种商品的数量。
4、均衡价格：均衡的最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。
均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
5、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额。
6、生产者剩余：生产者剩余指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。
7、需求的价格弹性：表示在一定期间内一种商品需求质更改对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
8、需求的收入弹性：表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消耗者收入两更改的反应水平。
9、需求的交叉弹性：表示在一定期间内一种商品的需求量的更改对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
是该商品的需求量的变动率和它的相关商品的价格的更改率的比值。
10、供给的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
11、效用：指商品满足人的欲望的能力，或者说，效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。
12、基数效用论：基数效用论者认为，效用如同长度、重量等概念一样，可以具体权衡并加总求和，具体的效用量之间的比较是有意义的。
13、序数效用论：认为效用的大小是无法具体权衡的，效用之间的比较只能通过顺序或登记来表示。
14、边际效用递减规律：在一定的时间内，在其他商品的消耗数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)
曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
微观经济学常用词汇(中英文对照)
微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage，绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时，其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少，那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。
Accelerator Effect，加速效应由产出的增加（减少）引起的投资的增加（减少）反过来刺激了产出的增加（减少）。
Actual Investment，实际投资实际发生的投资额。
其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。
Adjustment Costs，调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。
Adverse Selection，逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中，交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时，就会发生逆向选择。
Aggregate Behavior，总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。
Aggregate Demand，总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。
Aggregate Demand（AD） Curve，总需求（AD）曲线反应总产出（收入）与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。
AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。
Aggregate Income，总收入在某一给定时期内，参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。
Aggregate Output，总产出在某一给定时期内，整个经济中生产（供给）的产品与服务的总量。
Aggregate Production Function，总生产函数投入与国民产出（或者国内生产总值）之间的数学表达。
Aggregate Supply，总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。
Aggregate Supply（AS） Curve，总供给（AS）曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。
Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs，企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。
Antitrust Division（of the Department of Justice），反托拉斯部门（司法部的）被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。
微观经济学名词解释
1、微观经济学(Microeconomics)微观经济学是经济学的一部分,它分析像消费者､厂商和资源所有者这些个体的经济行为(宏观经济学与之相反,它分析像国内总产品这样的经济总体行为)2、需求：消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
3、供给：生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够出售的该种商品的数量。
4、均衡价格：均衡的最一般意义是指经济事物中有关的变量在一定条件下的相互作用下所达到的一种相对静止的状态。
均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
5、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的总数量和实际支付的总数量之间的差额。
6、生产者剩余：生产者剩余指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。
7、需求的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
8、需求的收入弹性：表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量的变动对于消费者收入两变动的反应程度。
9、需求的交叉弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动对于它的相关商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
是该商品的需求量的变动率和它的相关商品的价格的变动率的比值。
10、供给的价格弹性：表示在一定时期内一种商品的供给量的变动对于该商品的价格的变动的反应程度。
11、效用：指商品满足人的欲望的能力，或者说，效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。
12、基数效用论：基数效用论者认为，效用如同长度、重量等概念一样，可以具体衡量并加总求和，具体的效用量之间的比较是有意义的。
13、序数效用论：认为效用的大小是无法具体衡量的，效用之间的比较只能通过顺序或登记来表示。
14、边际效用递减规律：在一定的时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
微观经济学名词解释
经济学(Economics)：研究人和社会对具有不同用途的稀缺资源配置并加以选择的科学；其目标是有效利用稀缺资源来生产商品和劳务，并在现在或将来把它们合理地分配给社会成员或集团以供消费之用。
微观经济学(Microeconomics)：研究微观(Micro)、或“小型”经济单位的经济行为，如单个消费者、生产者和单一市场的经济行为。
宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)：研究社会总体的经济行为及其后果，即对整个社会的消费、投资、生产、收入等进行分析研究。
经济人(Economic man)：作出决策的出发点是个人利益，寻求个人利益最大化。
需求（Demand）：一种商品的需求是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够购买的该种商品的数量。
需求函数（Demand function）：用来表示一种商品的需求数量和影响该需求数量的各种因素之间相关关系的数学表达式。
供给（Supply）：一种商品的供给是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
供给函数（Supply function）：用来表示一种商品的供给数量和影响该供给数量的各种因素之间相关关系的数学表达式。
均衡（Equilibrium）：指各个经济决策者（消费者、厂商）所作出的决策正好相容，在外界条件不变的情况下，每个人都不愿意再调整自己的决策，是一种相对静止的状态。
均衡价格（Equilibrium price）：指商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时候的价格。
均衡数量（Equilibrium quantity）：在均衡价格水平下相等的供求数量。
均衡点（Equilibrium point）：一种商品的市场需求曲线和市场供给曲线的交点。
需求量的变动（Variation of demand quantity）：仅仅因价格因素的变动而引起的需求数量的变动,是一种线上运动。
需求的变动（Variation od demand）：由于价格以外的因素的变动而引起的需求数量的变动,是一种线的移动。
微观经济学常用词汇(中英文对照)
微观经济学词汇AAbsolute Advantage，绝对优势如果某个国家在生产某种商品时，其消耗的资源比其他国家所需的少，那么这个国家就在生产这种产品上具有绝对优势。
Accelerator Effect，加速效应由产出的增加（减少）引起的投资的增加（减少）反过来刺激了产出的增加（减少）。
Actual Investment，实际投资实际发生的投资额。
其中包括诸如计划外的库存变化。
Adjustment Costs，调整费用企业在改变其产量水平时所发生的费用——比如因解雇员工或者对新雇员进行培训时所发生的管理费用。
Adverse Selection，逆向选择当一个购买者或者销售者参与到一项交易中，交易的另一方拥有更多的信息时，就会发生逆向选择。
Aggregate Behavior，总效应所有的家庭与厂商的行为的加总。
Aggregate Demand，总需求整个经济中对于产品和服务的总需求。
Aggregate Demand（AD） Curve，总需求（AD）曲线反应总产出（收入）与价格水平之间的负向关系的曲线。
AD曲线上的每一点都是商品市场与货币市场的均衡点。
Aggregate Income，总收入在某一给定时期内，参与生产的所有要素获得的总报酬。
Aggregate Output，总产出在某一给定时期内，整个经济中生产（供给）的产品与服务的总量。
Aggregate Production Function，总生产函数投入与国民产出（或者国内生产总值）之间的数学表达。
Aggregate Supply，总供给整个经济中的产品与服务的供给总量。
Aggregate Supply（AS） Curve，总供给（AS）曲线表现经济中的所有企业在全部价格水平下的总的产出的供给量的图。
Animal Spirits of Entrepreneurs，企业家的动物精神凯恩斯创造的用于描述投资者的感受的词。
Antitrust Division（of the Department of Justice），反托拉斯部门（司法部的）被授权对违反反托拉斯法的行为采取制裁的两个联邦机构之一。
完整版微观经济学名词解释
完整版微观经济学名词解释1. 微观经济学：微观经济学是研究个体经济行为和市场机制的分支学科。
它关注个体和企业在资源配置和决策中的行为，并研究价格形成、供求关系以及市场竞争等市场机制。
2. 需求：需求是指消费者愿意购买某种商品或服务的数量。
需求取决于价格、收入、个人偏好、市场趋势等因素。
3. 供给：供给是指生产者愿意提供某种商品或服务的数量。
供给取决于生产成本、技术水平、市场条件等因素。
4. 市场均衡：市场均衡是指供给与需求达到平衡的状态。
在市场均衡下，市场价格确定并且市场上的商品数量达到最优水平。
5. 弹性：弹性是描述市场变化对需求或供给的敏感程度。
需求弹性和供给弹性可以影响市场价格和数量的变化。
6. 成本：成本是生产商品或提供服务所需的资源和费用。
成本包括固定成本和可变成本，可以影响企业的决策和市场价格。
7. 市场结构：市场结构是指市场中的竞争程度和市场参与者的数量。
常见的市场结构包括垄断、寡头垄断、垄断竞争和完全竞争等。
8. 外部性：外部性是指市场交易对于第三方的影响，该影响无法通过市场机制进行补偿。
外部性可以是正的（如教育对社会的积极影响）或负的（如污染对环境的负面影响）。
9. 机会成本：机会成本是指由于进行某种活动而放弃的最佳替代选择的成本。
机会成本反映了资源稀缺性和选择的机会成本。
10. 市场失灵：市场失灵是指市场机制无法有效分配资源和实现经济效益的情况。
市场失灵可能由外部性、信息不对称、公共物品等原因引起。
政府干预可以修正市场失灵。
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1business cycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and productioneconomics经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的，罕见的 resourcesefficiencyn.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesequalityn.同等，平等; [数] 相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of societyexternality[,ekst??'n?l?t?]外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人incentive something that induces a person to actInflation[?n'fle??(?)n] an increase in the overall level of prices in the economymarginal changes small incremental增加的 adjustments to a plan of actionmarket economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesmarket failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[??l?ke?t] resources efficientlymarket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesopportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemproductivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor inputproperty rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resourcesrational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectivesscarcity the limited nature of society’s resourcesChapter 2circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firmsmacroeconomics[,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks; -ek-] the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthmicroeconomics[,ma?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsnormative['n??m?t?v]标准的 statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr??skra?b] how the world should bepositive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it isproduction possibilities frontier ['fr?nt??）a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyChapter 3absolute advantage the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producercomparative advantage the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producerexports goods produced domestically美[d?'mest?kl?】合乎国内的and sold abroadimports goods produced abroad and sold domestically opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some itemChapter 4competitive market 完全竞争市场a market with many buyers and sellers['sel?] trading identical同一的，完全相同的美[a??d?nt?k?l] products so that each buyer and seller is a price takergood or servicenormal good 普通商品a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandquantity demanded 需求量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchasequantity supplied the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellshortage a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedsubstitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the othersupply curve a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsupply schedule a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedsurplus ['s?:pl?s] a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedChapter 5cross-price elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantityreceived bysellers of agood, computedas the priceof the goodtimes thequantity sold Chapter 6price ceiling ['si?l??] a legal maximum['m?ks?m?m] on the price at which a good can be soldprice floor a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldtaxincidence['?ns?d(?)ns] the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketChapter 7consumer[k?n'sju?m?] surplus['s??pl?s]消费者剩余the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus ['ma?n?s] the amount the buyer actually pays for itcost the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodefficiency the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources继续阅读。
微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照
微观经济学名词解释和中英文对照【经济人】从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。
【需求】消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
【供给】生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
【均衡价格】。
一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
【供求定理】。
其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。
【经济模型】。
经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。
【弹性】当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。
【弧弹性】表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。
【点弹性】表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。
【需求的价格弹性】表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。
【需求的交叉价格弹性】。
表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。
【替代品】如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。
【需求的收入弹性】需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。
【恩格尔定律】。
在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。
用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。
(完整版)微观经济学名词解释双语版
微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1 BriefingScarcity : the limited nature of society's resources。
Economics ： the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency ： the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity ： the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item。
Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives。
Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action。
Incentive ： something that induces a person to act。
Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。
Property rights ： the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思
P：价格（一）PriceQ：数量Number D：需求DemandS供给Supply E：均衡（或期望）Equilibrium效用UtilityTU：Total utility总效用MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionL：劳动力LaborTP:总产量AP：平均产量MP:边际产量MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地( Land）成本（Capital）边际效用（ Marginal utility）利润（Profit）长期（Long run）TFC：总不变成本Total fixed costTVC：总可变成本Total variable costTC：总成本Total costAFC：平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost）AC：平均总成本Average total cost平均成本（Average cost）MC：边际成本Marginal costLTC：长期总成本Long run total costLAC：长期平均成本Long run average costSAC：短期平均成本Short run average cost LMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR：总收益Total revenueAR：平均收益Average revenueMR：边际收益Marginal revenueMP：边际产品（Marginal product）VMP：边际产品价值Value of the marginal productMRP：边际收益产品Marginal revenue productMFC：边际要素成本Marginal cost of factorPEP：价格扩展线Price line extension1/1。
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【经济人】从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。
【需求】消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。
【供给】生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。
【均衡价格】。
一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。
【供求定理】。
其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。
【经济模型】。
经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。
【弹性】当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。
【弧弹性】表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。
【点弹性】表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。
【需求的价格弹性】表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。
【需求的交叉价格弹性】。
表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。
【替代品】如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。
【需求的收入弹性】需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。
或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。
【恩格尔定律】。
在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。
用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。
【总效用和边际效用】总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。
边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。
【边际效用递减规律】在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。
【消费者均衡】消费者均衡是研究单个消费者如何把有限的货币收入分配在各种商品的购买中以获得最大效用。
【消费者剩余】。
消费者剩余是消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的最高总价格和实际支付的总价格之间的差额。
【无差异曲线】无差异曲线是用来表示消费者偏好相同的两种商品的所有组合的。
或者说，他时表示能够给消费者带来相同效用水平或满足程度的两种商品的所有组合的。
【无差异曲线的三个基本特征】。
1.在同一坐标平面内的任何两条无差异曲线之间，可以有无数条无差异曲线。
2.在同一坐标平面内的任意两条无差异曲线不会相交。
3.无差异曲线是凸向原点的。
【边际替代率】在维持效用水平不变的前提下，消费者增加一单位某种商品的消费数量时所需要的放弃的另一种商品的消费数量，被称为商品的边际替代率。
【边际报酬递减规律】。
在生产中普遍存在这样一种现象：在技术水平不变的条件下，在连续等量地把某种可变生产要素加到其他一种或几种数量不变的生产要素上去的过程中，当这种可变要素的投入量小于某一特定值时，增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递增的；当这种可变要素的投入量连续增加并超过这个特定值时，增加该要素投入所带来的边际产量是递减的。
这就是边际报酬递减规律。
【等产量曲线】等产量曲线就是在技术水平不变的条件下生产同一产量的两种生产要素投入量的所有不同组合的轨迹。
【边际技术替代率】在维持产量水平不变的前提下，增加一单位某种生产要素投入量时，所减少的另一种生产要素的投入量。
【边际技术替代率递减规律】在两种生产要素相互替代的过程中，普遍的存在这样一种现象：在维持产量不变的前提下，当一种生产要素的投入量不断增加时，每一单位的这种生产要素所能替代的另一种生产要素的数量是递减的。
这一现象被称为边际技术替代率递减规律。
【机会成本】。
一般地，生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其它生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。
【隐成本】企业生产的隐成本是指厂商本身自己所拥有的且被用于该企业生产过程的那些生产要素的总价格。
【经济利润和正常利润】企业的所有的显成本和隐成本之和构成总成本。
企业的经济利润是指企业的总收益和总成本之间的差额。
正常利润是指厂商对自己所提供的企业家才能的报酬支付。
【MC为什么呈U型】。
在短期生产中，边际产量的递增阶段对应的是边际成本递减阶段，边际产量递减的阶段对应的是边际成本的递增阶段，与边际产量的最大值相对应的是边际成本的最小值。
正因为如此，在边际报酬递减规律作用下的边际成本MC曲线表现出先降后升的U型特征。
【长期总成本含义】。
指厂商在长期中在每一个产量水平上通过选择最优的生产规模所能达到的最低的总成本。
【完全竞争市场的4个条件】。
1.市场上有大量的买者和卖者。
2.市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的。
3.所有的资源都具备完全的流动性。
4.信息是完全的。
【完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线】。
厂商的短期供给曲线应该用SMC曲线上大于和等于AVC最低点的部分来表示，即用SMC 曲线大于和等于停止营业点的部分来表示。
【停止营业点】厂商的平均收益等于平均可变成本，厂商可以继续生产，也可以不生产，也就是说，厂商生产或不生产的结果都是一样的。
由于在这一均衡点上，厂商出于关闭企业的临界点，所以，该均衡点也被称作停止营业点或关闭点。
【短期生产者剩余】。
短期内由于所有产量的边际成本之和就等于总可变成本。
因此，厂商的短期生产者剩余也可以用厂商的总收益和总可变成本之间的差额来表示。
【垄断市场】垄断市场是指整个行业中只有唯一一个厂商的市场组织。
【垄断市场的条件】。
1.市场上只有唯一的一个厂商生产和销售商品；2.该厂商生产和销售的商品没有任何相近的替代品；3.其他任何厂商进入该行业都极为困难或不可能。
【价格歧视】。
含义：以不同的价格销售同一种产品，被称为价格歧视。
基本条件：1.市场的消费者具有不同的偏好，而且这些不同的偏好可以被区分开。
2.不同的消费群体或不同的销售市场是相互隔离的。
一级价格歧视：厂商对每一单位产品都按消费者所愿意支付的最高价格出售。
（完全价格~ 二级价格歧视：要求对不同消费数量段规定不同的价格。
三级价格歧视：垄断厂商对同一种产品在不同市场上（或对不同的消费群）收取不同的价格。
【经济租金】。
要素收入的减少不会减少该要素的供给量。
租金可以看成一种要素收入：其数量的减少不会引起要素供给量的减少。
有许多要素的收入尽管从整体上看不同于租金，但其收入的一部分却可能类似于租金，亦即如果从该要素的全部收入中减去这一部分并不会影响要素的供给，这一部分要素收入称为经济租金。
【基尼系数】。
在洛伦兹曲线图中，衡量不平等面积与完全不平等面积之比，称为基尼系数。
是衡量一个国家贫富差距的标准。
【帕累托最优条件】。
达到帕累托最优状态所必须满足的条件被称为帕累托最优条件。
1.交换的最优条件2.生产的最优条件3.交换和生产的最优条件。
【市场失灵】现实的市场机制在很多场合不能导致资源的有效配置。
【市场失灵的几种情况（5种因素）】。
1.不完全竞争2.外部影响3.公共物品4.不完全信息5.微观经济政策【外部影响】。
某一经济主体的经济行为对社会上其他人的福利造成了影响，但并没有为此而承担后果。
【外部不经济】某个人（生产者或消费者）的一项经济活动会给社会上其他成员带来危害，但他自己却并不为此而支付足够抵偿这种危害的成本，此时，这个人为其活动所付出的私人成本小于该活动所造成的社会成本，这种性质的外部影响称为“外部不经济”。
【科斯定理】。
只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易的成本为零或很小，则无论在开始时将财产权赋予谁，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。
【公共物品】。
既不具有排他性也不具有竞用性的物品叫做公共物品。
只不具有排他性但却具有竞用性的物品叫做公共资源。
【正常品和劣等品】。
正常品的需求量随着消费者的收入水平呈正方向的变动劣等品的需求量随着消费者的收入水平呈反方向的变动【规模经济和规模不经济】。
规模经济：在企业生产扩张的开始阶段，厂商由于扩大生产规模而使经济效益得到提高。
规模不经济：当生产扩张到一定的规模以后，厂商继续扩张生产规模，就会使经济效益下降。
【LC为什么呈U型】。
在产业生产扩张的阶段，会先后出现规模经济和规模不经济。
规模经济导致长期平均成本降低，规模不经济导致LAC上升。
正是由于长期生产的规模经济和规模不经济的作用，决定了LAC曲线表现出先降后升的U型特征。
【英文简写和中文全称对照】TU：Total utility总效用MU：Marginal utility边际效用CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitutionTP:总产量AP：平均产量MP:边际产量MRTS:边际技术替代率STC：短期总成本FC：总不变成本Total fixed costTVC：总可变成本Total variable costTC：总成本Total costAFC：平均不变成本Average fixed costAVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost）AC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本（Average cost）MC：边际成本Marginal costLTC：长期总成本Long run total costLAC：长期平均成本Long run average costSAC：短期平均成本Short run average costLMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal costSMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal costTR：总收益Total revenueAR：平均收益Average revenueMR：边际收益Marginal revenueMP：边际产品（Marginal product）VMP：边际产品价值Value of the marginal productMRP：边际收益产品Marginal revenue productMFC：边际要素成本Marginal cost of factorPEP：价格扩展线Price line extension。