考博英语模拟试卷14(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语模拟试卷14(题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. Writing
Reading Comprehension
We are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry(采石场) and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe-fleetingly-individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient tin itself. Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to—or feel we should try to—make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their tree and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The distinction to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. The organs of Establishment(代表官方) ,however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest(即得利益)in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hint. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliché-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.
1．According to the passage, the mass media present us with ______.
A．insufficient diversity for information
B．too restricted a view of life
C．a wide range of facts and opinions
D．a critical assessment of our society
正确答案：C
解析：根据短文，大众传播媒介为我们提供了一系列的事实和观点。

答案可以从第一段开头两句找到。

2．What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?
A．They are likely to frustrate this development.
B．They can form a basis for it.
C．They can distort our judgment.
D．They can stimulate too much mental activity.
正确答案：B
解析：答案可以从第一段第三句找到。

3．The author uses the comparison with building a cathedral to show that ______.
A．worthwhile results do not depend on raw material only
B．the mediaeval media had different beliefs
C．great works of art require good foundations
D．close attention to detail is important
正确答案：A
解析：作者用建大教堂这个比喻说明有价值的结果不仅仅依靠原材料。

答案可以从第一段倒数第二句找到。

4．How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?
A．They disturb us by their prejudices.
B．They make us doubt our own judgments.
C．They make no contribution in this area.
D．They make decisions which appear too complicated.
正确答案：C
解析：根据第二段整体考虑。

5．The main weakness of the mass media is identified by the author as ______.
A．fear of losing the customer
B．the diverse views of the contributors
C．service to the profit motive
D．trying to cater for a vast range of audience
正确答案：C
解析：作者认为大众传播媒介的主要弱点是为了获得利益，可以根据第二段倒数第二句，第三句。

In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers, would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fucks’ support this assumption. Fucks’ results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry com- posed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal. In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis. Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’ s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers ad consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women, In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuchs’ argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact the women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
6．The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT ______.
A．discrimination form consumers and suppliers
B．discrimination from financial institutions
C．problems in obtaining good employees
D．problems in obtaining government assistance
正确答案：D
解析：在获得政府援助方面存在问题，这一项文中没有提及。

A、B和C的内容可以从第三段中找到。

7．Which of the following conclusions would the author be most likely to agree wit about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?
A．Both private employers and government employers discriminate with equal effects on women’s earnings.
B．Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
C．Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
D．Private employers discriminate: it is possible that government employers discriminate.
正确答案：B
解析：私人雇主和政府雇主都歧视，但是私人雇主的歧视对妇女工薪的影响大于政府雇主的歧视对妇女工薪的影响。

答案B的意思与第一段最后一句话的意思相同。

8． A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict A．some tentative results of Fuchs’ study
B．some explicit results of Brown’s study
C．a suggestion made by the author
D．Fuchs’ hypothesis
正确答案：B
解析：布朗研究的某些明确的结果。

文中第三段说，人们可从布朗结论中推断出消费者歧视自立雇用妇女。

此外，自立雇用妇女可能会受到供应商和金融机构的歧视。

假如金融机构不歧视自立雇用妇女，那就与布朗的某些明确的研究成果相抵触。

9．According to Brown’s study, women’s earning categories occur in ______.
A．government employment, self-employment, private employment
B．government employment, private employment, self-employment
C．private employment, self-employment, government employment
D．private employment, government employment, self-employment
正确答案：B
解析：根据布朗的研究，女人薪金的类别自高到低依次是：政府雇用，私人雇田，自立雇用。

第二段最后三句话可以回答这一问题。

10．Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
A．Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers?
B．How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment?
C．The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings.
D．The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings.
正确答案：D
解析：文章一开始就指出：在完全自由开放的市场经济中，政府雇主或私人雇主对男女间的薪金差别没有多大影响。

然而，若存在性别歧视，那政府和私人雇主的歧视程度不可能相同。

歧视程度的差异导致工薪的差异，政府组建企业中妇女工薪比私人企业中的高14.6%，这就是“相对的效应”。

It is possible for students to obtain advanced degrees in English while knowing little or nothing about traditional scholarly methods. The consequences of this neglect of traditional scholarship are particularly unfortunate for the study of women writers, ff the canon(教规)—the list of authors whose works are most widely taught—is ever to include more women, scholars must be well trained in historical scholarship and textual editing. Scholars who do not know how to read early manuscripts, locate rare books, establish a sequence of editions, and so on are lacking in crucial tools for revising the canon. To address such concerns, an experimental version of the traditional scholarly methods course was designed to raise students’consciousness about the usefulness of traditional learning for any modem critic or theorist. To minimize the artificial aspects of the conventional course, the usual procedure of assigning a large number of small problems drawn from the entire range of historical periods was abandoned, though this procedure has the obvious advantages of at least superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources. Instead students were engaged in a collective effort to do original work on a neglected eighteenth-century writer, Elizabeth Griffith, to give them an authentic experience of literary scholarship and to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work. Griffith’s work presented a number of advantages for this particular pedagogical purpose. First, the body of extent
scholarship on Griffith was so tiny that it could all be read in a day, thus students spent little time and effort mastering the literature and had a clear field for their own discoveries. Griffith’s Play—The Platonic Wife exists in three versions, enough to provide illustrations of editorial issues but not too many for beginning students to manage. In addition, because Griffith was successful in the eighteenth century, as her continued productivity and favorable reviews demonstrate, her exclusion from the canon and virtual disappearance from literary history also helped raise issues concerning the current canon. The range of Griffith’s work meant that each student could become the world’ s leading authority on a particular Griffith text. For example, a student studying Griffith’s Wife in the Right obtained a first edition of the play and studied it for some weeks. This student was suitably shocked and outraged to find its title transformed into A Wife in the Night in Watt’s Bibliotheca Britannica. Such experiences, inevitable and common in working on a writer to whom so little attention has been paid serve to vaccinate the student—I hope for a lifetime—against credulous use of reference sources.
11．The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ______.
A．revealing a commonly ignored deficiency
B．proposing a return to traditional terminology
C．describing an attempt to correct a shortcoming
D．assessing the success of a new pedagogical approach
正确答案：C
解析：这篇短文主要描述纠正一个缺点的一种尝试。

作者在第二段指出了传统的教学方法的一个缺点，那就是学生不注意参考资料的准确度，在最后一段指出纠正这个缺点的尝试。

12．It can be inferred that the author of the passage expects that the experience of the student mentioned as having studied Wife in the Right would have one of the following effects. That is ______.
A．It would lead the student to disregard information found in the Bibliotheca Britannica.
B．It would teach the student to question the accuracy of certain kinds of information sources when studying neglected authors.
C．It would teach the student to avoid the use of reference sources in studying neglected authors.
D．It would enhance the student’s appreciation of the works of authors not included in the canon.
正确答案：B
解析：作者在最后一个自然段指出：Griffith的一系列作品意味着每个学生可能成为研究Griffith某一版本的权威。

13．Which of the following is a disadvantage of the strategy employed in the experimental scholarly methods course?
A．Students were not given an opportunity to study women writers outside the canon.
B．Students’ original work would not be appreciated by recognized scholars.
C．Most of the students in the course had had little opportunity to study eighteenth-century literature.
D．Students were not given an opportunity to encounter certain sources of information that could prove useful in their future studies.
正确答案：D
解析：这主要是根据第二段中superficially familiarizing students with a wide range of reference sources。

意思是学生只是表面上了解一些资料。

言外之意是，学生没有机会接触某些资料。

14．Which of the following best states the “particular pedagogical purpose”mentioned in paragraph 3?
A．To minimize the trivial aspects of the traditional scholarly methods course.
B．To provide students with information about Griffith’s work.
C．To encourage scholarly rigor in students’ own research.
D．To reestablish Griffith’s reputation as an author.
正确答案：C
解析：C句的意思是：鼓励学生治学严谨。

选C主要是根据第二段最后一句话。

需要强调的是：to inspire them to take responsibility for the quality of their own work与选项C的意思完全吻合。

15．Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to passage as a whole?
A．It summarizes the benefits students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
B．It provides additional reasons why Griffith’s works raises issues having to do with the canon of authors.
C．It provides an illustration of the immediate mature of the experiences students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
D．It contrasts the experience of a student in the experimental scholarly methods course with the experience of a student in the traditional course.
正确答案：C
解析：最后一个自然段在整篇短文中所起的作用是：说明学生从试验性的学习方法课中能获得立竿见影的效果。

(最后一自然段的译文见注释12)
Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own Brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation,
but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how unusual. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the common language of his family. When on seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more obligatory upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
16．We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that ______.
A．custom can never be a subject of great moment
B．only the inner workings of our brain is worthy of investigation
C．custom plays a prominent role in our experience and in belief
D．traditional customs axe very astonishing
正确答案：C
解析：答案C的意思与第一段最后一句话意思相同。

17．According to the article, ______.
A．our concepts of the true and the false are influenced by our traditional customs
B．we always look at the world with pristine eyes
C．philosophers try to explain stereotypes
D．traditional customs are more important than philosophies
正确答案：A
解析：答案A与第二段中第二句的his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs意思吻合。

reference有“关联”、“联系”的意思。

18．From John Dewey we can infer that ______.
A．custom plays an important role in shaping the behavior of an individual
B．the behavior of an individual is not influenced by customs
C．the words of one’s baby talk take a great proportion in the vocabulary of one’s mother tongue
D．all the vocabulary of one’s mother tongue originates from one’s baby talk
正确答案：A
解析：根据John Dewey的观点，我们可以推断出习俗对一个人行为的形成发挥着重要作用。

第二段中的第三句话能回答这一问题。

19．The word “pristine” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
A．basic
B．general
C．pure
D．objective
正确答案：C
解析：根据第二段中的第二句话，我们可以判断，pristine有”单纯的”意思。

第一句话说：任何人都不会用单纯的目光看世界，第二句话的意思是：他看到一系列的风俗习惯和思维方式改变着世界。

20．From the article we eau infer that we are influenced by customs ______.
A．from the moment of our birth
B．when we can talk
C．when we grow up
D．. when we go to school
正确答案：A
解析：我们一出生就受风俗的影响。

第二段中的From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior可以回答这一问题。

Structure and V ocabulary
21．According to the passage, the mass media present us with ______.
A．insufficient diversity for information
B．too restricted a view of life
C．a wide range of facts and opinions
D．a critical assessment of our society
正确答案：C
解析：calamity灾难。

句意：2月24日新疆南部发生地震，这场灾难使266人丧生。

casualty伤亡；collapse倒塌，崩溃；crater火山口，弹坑。

22．What effect is it claimed the mass media can have on our intellectual and imaginative development?
A．They are likely to frustrate this development.
B．They can form a basis for it.
C．They can distort our judgment.
D．They can stimulate too much mental activity.
正确答案：B
解析：miscellaneous各种各样的。

句意：由于收藏了各种各样的珍贵书籍、绘画和工艺品等，世界著名的大英博物馆每年吸引了数百万游客。

immersible可浸入水中的；overwhelming势不可挡的；unified统一的。

23．The author uses the comparison with building a cathedral to show that ______.
A．worthwhile results do not depend on raw material only
B．the mediaeval media had different beliefs
C．great works of art require good foundations
D．close attention to detail is important
正确答案：A
解析：scope范围。

句意：由于通过秘密途径获得新的线索，那名私人侦探缩小了调查此案的范围。

aspect方面，外表；sphere领域；dimension方面，重要性。

24．How are the mass media said to influence our ability to make decisions?
A．They disturb us by their prejudices.
B．They make us doubt our own judgments.
C．They make no contribution in this area.
D．They make decisions which appear too complicated.
正确答案：C
解析：account说明，解释，其后接for。

句意：史密斯未能说明该公司亏损的原因。

A．check控制，检查；
C．quest追求，探索；
D．prepare；准备。

25．The main weakness of the mass media is identified by the author as ______.
A．fear of losing the customer
B．the diverse views of the contributors
C．service to the profit motive
D．trying to cater for a vast range of audience
正确答案：C
解析：coherently连贯地，表达清楚地。

句意：他意识到自己失去了听众，因为他未能把一个问题讲清楚。

B．initiatively初步地；
C．flexibly灵活地；
D．尖锐地，中肯地。

26．The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT ______.
A．discrimination form consumers and suppliers
B．discrimination from financial institutions
C．problems in obtaining good employees
D．problems in obtaining government assistance
正确答案：D
解析：shortage短缺。

句意：战争导致劳动力匮乏，没有人能就政府的这一困境提出一个简单易行的方案。

A．decline衰退；
B．vacancy空白，空虚，空缺；
C．rarity稀有，杰出，珍贵。

27．Which of the following conclusions would the author be most likely to agree wit about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?
A．Both private employers and government employers discriminate with equal effects on women’s earnings.
B．Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
C．Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.
D．Private employers discriminate: it is possible that government employers discriminate.
正确答案：B
解析：track行踪，keep track of系固定搭配，意为“听清，看清，掌握……的线索”句意：20世纪50年代他住在西藏时，收音机是他了解时事动态的惟一工具。

A. response回答，反应；C record记录；
D．trace足迹，踪迹。

28． A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict
A．some tentative results of Fuchs’ study
B．some explicit results of Brown’s study
C．a suggestion made by the author
D．Fuchs’ hypothesis
正确答案：B
解析：sap渐渐削弱。

句意：由于布莱尔的妻子行为不端，人们逐渐失去了对他的信任。

B．cherish珍惜，抱有(希望)；C. sabotage妨碍，破坏；
D．confirm证实。

29．According to Brown’s study, women’s earning categories occur in ______.
A．government employment, self-employment, private employment
B．government employment, private employment, self-employment
C．private employment, self-employment, government employment
D．private employment, government employment, self-employment
正确答案：B
解析：preside主持。

句意：市长主持会议，讨论武汉市的过桥费问题。

A. propel 推进，推动；
B．presume假设；
D．prick刺穿，刺伤。

30．Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?
A．Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers?
B．How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment?
C．The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings.
D．The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings.
正确答案：D
解析：perceive觉得，意识到。

句意：他逐渐意识到他妻子说得对，他必须改变自己的生活方式。

A．explore探索，钻研；
B．repel击退，抵制；
C．simplify简化。

31．The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ______.
A．revealing a commonly ignored deficiency
B．proposing a return to traditional terminology
C．describing an attempt to correct a shortcoming
D．assessing the success of a new pedagogical approach
正确答案：C
解析：alleviate减轻。

句意：尽管这种医疗器械很贵，但病人同意手术后使用它因为它能减轻痛苦。

A．assess对……进行估价，评价；
C．avenge替……报仇；
D．affirm肆言，证实，批准。

32．It can be inferred that the author of the passage expects that the experience of the student mentioned as having studied Wife in the Right would have one of the following effects. That is ______.
A．It would lead the student to disregard information found in the Bibliotheca Britannica.
B．It would teach the student to question the accuracy of certain kinds of information sources when studying neglected authors.
C．It would teach the student to avoid the use of reference sources in studying neglected authors.
D．It would enhance the student’s appreciation of the works of authors not included in the canon.
正确答案：B
解析：explicit明确的。

句意：教授对全班进行了明确的指导，好让每位学生知道如何在实验室做这个试验。

B．afflictive折磨人的；C. authoritative有权威的，官方的；
D．oblivious忘却的，健忘的。

33．Which of the following is a disadvantage of the strategy employed in the experimental scholarly methods course?
A．Students were not given an opportunity to study women writers outside the canon.
B．Students’ original work would not be appreciated by recognized scholars.
C．Most of the students in the course had had little opportunity to study eighteenth-century literature.
D．Students were not given an opportunity to encounter certain sources of information that could prove useful in their future studies.
正确答案：D
解析：hazard危险，公害。

句意：抽烟极大地危害健康，有可能导致致命的疾病。

久为opposition反对；B. protagonist领导者，提倡者；
C．fault过错。

34．Which of the following best states the “particular pedagogical purpose”mentioned in paragraph 3?
A．To minimize the trivial aspects of the traditional scholarly methods course.
B．To provide students with information about Griffith’s work.
C．To encourage scholarly rigor in students’ own research.
D．To reestablish Griffith’s reputation as an author.
正确答案：C
解析：fall off下降，跌落，句意：过了一些时候，航天飞机的第二级由于用光了燃料，就像助推器，脱开然后落下。

A．run away潜逃，私奔，失去控制；
D．charge for收费，要价；
D．merge into合并成。

35．Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to passage as a whole?
A．It summarizes the benefits students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
B．It provides additional reasons why Griffith’s works raises issues having to do with the canon of authors.
C．It provides an illustration of the immediate mature of the experiences students can derive from the experimental scholarly methods course.
D．It contrasts the experience of a student in the experimental scholarly methods course with the experience of a student in the traditional course.
正确答案：C
解析：in turn依次，轮流。

句意：紧张的环境导致不利于健康的行为，如不良的饮食习惯，不良的饮食习惯又使患高血压和心脏病的风险增大。

B．by chance偶然地；
C．by fortune幸而；
D．in case以防万一。

36．We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that ______.
A．custom can never be a subject of great moment
B．only the inner workings of our brain is worthy of investigation
C．custom plays a prominent role in our experience and in belief
D．traditional customs axe very astonishing
正确答案：C
解析：go back on违背，毁约。

句意：如今我们的政府提倡做任何事、与任何人联系都要讲诚信。

一个人一旦违约，就会失去社会地位和信誉。

A．keep up with跟上，赶上；
B．give不能和away from搭配；
D．lose sight of不再看见，忘记，忽略。

37．According to the article, ______.
A．our concepts of the true and the false are influenced by our traditional customs。