江苏省泰州市姜堰区2015-2016学年八年级上期末英语试题含答案

2015～2016学年度第一学期期末考试
八年级英语试卷
（考试时间：120分钟满分：150分）
命题人：八年级英语命题组审校：曹军
注意:请将所有题目的答案填到答题纸上,答在试卷上无效。

第一部分选择题(85分)
一、听力（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
第一部分
听对话，回答问题。

本部分共有10道小题, 每小题你将听到一段对话, 每段对话听两遍。

在听每段对话前, 你将有5秒钟的时间阅读题目；听完后, 你还有5秒钟的时间选出你认为最合适的备选答案。

1. What sign is there?
A. B. C.
2. What’s the girl’s favourite bird?
A. B. C.
3. What was the weather like in Beijing last Friday?
A. B. C.
4. What animal are they talking about now?
A. B. C.
5. What will the weather be like in most of South China tomorrow?
A. Warm and wet.
B. Cold and rainy.
C. Fine and cold.
6. Who is Suzy’s friend?
A. Jack.
B. Simon.
C. Amy.
7. What did the man do last night?
A. He watched TV.
B. He had a party.
C. He went to the cinema.
8. Where is the girl?
A. At home.
B. At the bus stop.
C. In the hospital.
9. What will the weather be 1ike tomorrow?
A. Hotter.
B. Warmer.
C. Colder.
10. Who is the tallest in Millie’s class?
A. Sandy.
B. Amy.
C. Millie.
第二部分听对话或短文，回答问题。

这一部分你将听到一段对话和两篇短文，各听两遍。

听对话或短文前，你将有时间阅读相关小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题你还有5秒钟的时间选出你认为最合适的备选答案。

听下面一段对话，回答第11-12题。

11. Why didn’t Lucy go to school today?
A. She hurt her 1eg.
B. She got up 1ate.
C. She hurt her arm.
12. Where did the accident happen?
A. On her way to school.
B. On her way home.
C. Near the hospital.
听第一篇短文, 回答第13-15题。

请根据短文内容，选择正确答案，完成信息记录表。

14. A. 9:15 B. 8:45 C. 8:55
15. A. ¥ 25 B. ¥ 50 C. ¥ 30
听第二篇短文, 回答第16-20题。

16. How many people died in the earthquake?
A. 25.
B. 250.
C. 25,000.
en did the earthquake happen?
A. In the morning.
B. In the afternoon.
C. In the evening.
18. What is true?
A. The earthquake hit China on 26th, January.
B. Everything has come down.
C. The speaker felt the earthquake.
19. What was the speaker doing when the earthquake happened?
A. He was sleeping.
B. He was reading in a library.
C. He was studying at school.
20.Why did the father look out of the window?
A. Because he had nothing to do.
B. Because he saw the computer shaking.
C. Because he was tired.
二、单项选择从下列每题所给的四个选项中, 选择一个最佳答案。

(共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分)
21. —I had _______ high fever. Do you have _______ address of People’s Hospital?
—I’m sorry to hear that. Here is ________ address.
A. a; an; the
B. the; an; an
C. a; /; the
D. a; the; the
22. —Did you hear the shouts _________ the boy?
—Yes. When I arrived there, I found the boy looking at a snake _________ fear.
A. from; in
B. at; with
C. from; with
D. in; in
23. —There was little milk in the fridge, _______?
—_______, please go and buy some.
A. was there; No
B. was there; Yes
C. wasn’t there; No
D. wasn’t there; Yes
24. — _______ does a panda _______ when it is born?
—A mouse.
A. What; likes
B. How; like
C. What; look like
D. How; look like
25. —Have you heard the highest temperature of the earth will rise to 59℃ in 2016?
—Don’t worry! The news _______ be true.
A. must not
B. may not
C. needn’t
D. should
26. —What were you and your cousin doing at this time yesterday?
—He was reading a magazine ________ I was writing an e-mail.
A. as
B. while
C. when
D. after
27. —I called you last night, but no one answered.
—I’m sorry. I ____ dinner at that time.
A. have
B. had
C. have had
D. was having
28. —What should I do when the earthquake happens, Dad?
—First of all, it's important to_______ and hide yourself in the corners(角落) of the room.
A. calm down
B. put down
C. get down
D. fall down
29. — She doesn’t speak ______ her friends.
— I agree with you. But her written work is wonderful.
A. as badly as
B. as well as
C. as good as
D. as many as
30. —Sixty percent of the animals ill because of the dirty water and air.
—That’s true. So we must take action to people making the earth dirty.
A. gets; protect
B. get; protect
C. get; prevent
D. gets; prevent
31. They asked me to go swimming. I don’t like it, so I went to the park ______.
A. instead
B. either
C. too
D. together
32. — New traffic rules have come out since Jan 1st, 2016. It is considered(被认为) to be the strictest in history.
—______ good information you gave me! The roads will be much safer then.
A. How
B. What a
C. What an
D. What
33. —My mother says that we won’t go on a trip to Malaysia because it is too dangerous.
—______. You were looking forward to it.
A. Never mind
B. Don’t worry about it
C. Enjoy yourselves
D. What a pity
34. —What do you know about Steve Jobs?
—He was ____ an amazing leader _____ the father of the computer. He died on October 5th.
A. not; but
B. neither; nor
C. not only; but also
D. either; or
35. It will be ________ next week and there will also be a lot of ______.
A. windy; rain
B. wind; rainy
C. windy; rainy
D. wind; rain
36. The sentence structure of “Driving brings the young man happiness.” is________．
A. S+V+ IO +DO
B. S+V+DO+OC
C. S+V+P
D. S+V+DO
37. —Do you know why he left so early?
—_______for the English test, I guess.
A. Study
B. Studied
C. To study
D. Studying
38. There’s water all over the kitchen. You’d better _______ right away.
A. to mop up it
B. to mop it up
C. mop it up
D. mop up it
39. — I find it difficult ______ there on time on foot.
— ______ take a taxi?
A. to get, Why don’t
B. getting, Why don’t
C. to get, Why not
D. got, Why not
40. —Jiangyan, our hometown, ________ an area of 987 square kilometers. Do you know ______ from Taizhou
to Jiangyan?
—It’s nearly half an hour’s driving.
A. covers; how far it is
B. takes; how often is it
C. includes; how long it is
D. gets; how soon is it
三、完形填空阅读短文, 从每题所给选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
I started to love running at a young age. I loved to race my father and my sister around the backyard. I wished I could run in the Olympics and win lots of medals.
One day my mother saw 41 for a race(比赛) in a newspaper. “Would you be interested in taking part in this race?” she asked me,42 to the advertisement.
“Yes, of course.” I answered.
I spent the next few days 43 for my big race. My sister set up a table in the backyard so she could
44 me water and time me.
On the day of the race, just before the race, my 45 said to me , “ Don’t use up all your energy(能量) at the beginning of the race. You need to have 46 energy so that you can run much faster at the end. ”
The race 47 . Following Dad’s words, I didn’t run as fast as I could. Then the other runners started passing me, which made me feel 48 . I began to feel tired, and I started slowing down and breathing(呼吸) 49 .
Just at that moment I heard, “50 , Kelly! You can do it! Don’t give up. K eep running!” Out of the corner of my eyes I saw Dad running beside me around the outside of the track(轨道).
I took a 51 breath and tried my best to go on running. I didn’t win the race. I came fifth, but I felt like
a 52 . I did my best, and I didn’t give up.
Later, as I thought about the race, I felt thankful because my dad 53 left my side. He always encourages(鼓励) me when I 54 to give up. He runs alongside(在旁边) me through my life. I’ll 55 my dad’s words forever, “Never give up. You can be a winner, even if you lose.”
41. A. a story B. a report C. a piece of news D. an advertisement
42. A. walking B. talking C. pointing D. leading
43. A. practicing B. jumping C. swimming D. playing
44. A. buy B. carry C. fill D. offer
45. A. teacher B. mum C. dad D. sister
46. A. little B. enough C. small D. low
47. A. began B. finished C. reached D. stopped
48. A. proud B. happy C. nervous D. hopeful
49. A. higher B. harder C. louder D. farther
50. A. Come down B. Come on C. Come out D. Come back
51. A. deep B. easy C. free D. lazy
52. A. player B. winner C. soldier D. runner
53. A. sometimes B. always C. often D. never
54. A. get B. stop C. want D. like
55. A. forget B. remember C. keep D. write
四、阅读理解阅读下列短文, 根据短文内容选择最佳答案。

(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
A
In Britain you may often hear “Drop in any time” or “Come to see me soon”, but you can’t really do that. People just say those things to make you feel welcome. It is better to telephone before visiting someone at home. If you receive a written invitation to an event that says “RSVP”, you should reply to let the person who sent the invitation know whether or not you plan to go.
Y ou should never accept an invitation unless you really plan to go. You may refuse by saying, “Thank you for inviting me, but I will not be ab le to come.” If, after accepting, you are unable to go, be sure to tell those who are expecting you as soon as possible that you will not be there. Although it is not necessarily expected(期望) that you
give a gift to your host, it is considered(被认为) polite to do so, especially if you have been invited for a meal. Flowers, chocolate, or a small gift are all appropriate(合适的). A thank-you note or telephone call after the visit is also considered polite and is an appropriate way to express your appreciation(感谢) for the invitation.
56. What can you do when a British friend says “Drop in any time”?
A. Visit him or her at any time.
B. Say “no time” to him or her seriously.
C. Telephone him or her before visiting.
D. Visit him or her soon.
57. What does the underlined word “RSVP” probably mean in Chinese?
A. 请自便。

B. 请回复。

C. 请审阅。

D. 请来访。

58. What should you do if your British friend sends you an invitation but you do not want to go?
A. Do not give him or her an answer.
B. Tell another friend to go instead of you.
C. Tell him or her that you can’t be there for some reason.
D. Tell him or her that you don’t want to go there.
59. Which of the following is considered impolite in Britain?
A. Buy small presents when invited.
B. Refuse the invitation without telling anyone.
C. Write a thank-you note after a visit.
D. Give a telephone call after a visit.
60. Where would you probably see this passage?
A. In an invitation.
B. In a guidebook.
C. At a party.
D. In a story book.
B
On February 3rd, 1949, New York Harbor(港)was an exciting place. Many people were there to greet a ship from France.On the ship were 49 French railroad boxcars(火车车厢) filled with gifts from the people of France to the people of America. These boxcars were from the famous Merci Train (Merci:a French word meaning “thank you”).
After World War II, a lot of factories, roads and farms in France had been destroyed(破坏).Many French people had no jobs or money and had little to wear and little to eat. In the winter of 1947, a train was sent across the United States, stopping in cities and towns along the way. At every stop, people gave whatever they could. Factories gave clothing and medicine.Farmers gave food. Families gave money. Even school children gave away their pocket money.All the things were then taken to France by ship.
By 1949, the French had begun to recover(恢复) from the war. The Merci Train was their way of saying “thank you” to America. French people had filled the boxcars with gifts. Most of them were personal, like hand-made toys, children’s drawings, or postcards. But the boxcars themselves were perhaps the most meaningful of the gifts. On each car, the French people had painted the pictures of all their 40 provinces with an American eagle on the front. The boxcars were taken to each state of America, where they were warmly greeted.
Now many of the states still keep their boxcars. Gifts sent by the French people can still be seen in some museums. The Merci Train came out of the war, but it now reminds the world that countries can also work together in peace.
61.Many people crowded at New York Harbor on February 3rd, 1949 to .
A.welcome the Merci Train
B.meet their families
C.have a big party
D.start a trip by ship
62.In 1947，a train stopped in cities across America in order to .
A.give away clothing and food
B.get more soldiers for the war
C.collect things to help French people
D.show exhibitions from the museums
63.The underlined word “them” in Parag raph 3 refers to(指).
A.the American people
B.the French people
C.the boxcars
D.the gifts
64.The French people painted their 40 provinces and an American eagle on each boxcar because .
A.they thought France was stronger than America
B.it could show the friendship between the two countries
C. the boxcars would be more beautiful
D.they were very good at painting pictures
65.The passage is mainly about .
A.the story of the Merci Train
B.American museums where the boxcars are kept
C.gifts that American people liked
D.World War II
C
The weather is getting hotter. You are thirsty playing basketball or riding home from school. A cold drink may be just the thing. But be careful what you are drinking. Something that looks cool may not be good for your health.
There are plenty of "energy drinks" on the market. Most of them have beautiful colors and cool names. The lists on them tell you they are helpful to your health. Sounds great!
But after a careful check you may find that most energy drinks have lots of caffeine (咖啡因) in them. These drinks are especially aimed at young people, students, busy people and sports players. Makers sometimes say their drinks make you better at sports and can keep you awake. But be careful not to drink too much.
Caffeine makes your heart beat fast. Because of this, the International Olympic Committee has limited( 限制) its use. Caffeine in most energy drinks is at least as strong as that in a cup of coffee or tea. Possible health dangers have something to do with energy drinks. Just one box of energy drink can make you nervous(紧张的), have difficulty sleeping and can even cause heart problems. Scientists say that teenagers should be discouraged from taking drinks with a lot of caffeine in them.
66. Many people like drinking energy drinks because of the following EXCEPT that ________.
A. they have beautiful colors and cool names
B. they have lots of caffeine
C. they can keep them awake and better at sports
D. they are said to be helpful to health
67. The main reason for people not to drink too much energy drinks is that they may cause ____.
A. heart problems
B. nervousness
C. sleeping difficulty
D. possible health dangers
68. The underlined word “discouraged” can be replaced(替换) with “________”.
A. encouraged
B. stopped
C. helped
D. disliked
69. From the passage we can know that _________.
A. advertisements are important in getting people to buy energy drinks
B. energy drinks are helpful to teenagers’ study
C. sports players need to drink a lot of energy drinks
D. energy drinks are especially aimed at teenagers
70. Which of the following can be the best title(标题) of the passage?
A. What's the Use of Energy Drinks?
B. Who Can Drink Energy Drinks?
C. What's That in Energy Drinks?
D. Why Can't We Buy Energy Drinks?
第二部分非选择题(65分)
五、词汇运用(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
(A) 根据句意和汉语注释，写出单词的正确形式。

71. To prevent overfishing(过度捕捞), ___________(渔民) stop fishing for a month every year.
72. There is much __________ (雾) these days, so please drive carefully.
73. It is necessary for everyone to know the ______________(重要性) of wetlands.
74.We always have a great time (聊天)with each other during lunchtime.
75. Our _________(政府) has taken actions to prevent the air pollution.
(B) 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。

76. A lot of __________ (tour) go to the wetlands to watch the birds every year.
77. He was quite lucky to stay ________ (live) after the accident.
78. If we do nothing, soon there won’t be any pandas ___________ (leave) in the world.
79. How many ____________(wolf) can you see in the picture?
80. This year’s Spring Festival is on the _________ (eight) of February.
81. We ask people ____________ (not catch) birds for any reason.
82. Too much hard work led to his (ill).
83. Tom lost his way in the forest. _____(lucky), he took a mobile phone with him.
84. Most people take a camera _________ (take) photos of the birds.
85. Suddenly the birds flew away in all _________(direct).
六、阅读表达阅读短文后回答问题。

(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
When there is a fire, it can be very dangerous to people. Every year, there are thousands of people losing their lives in fires. In many cases, these fires happened because people were careless. How to prevent fires at home? It is important to monitor(监督) some family.
Use of electrical appliances(电器)
Always pay attention to the electrical appliances that you are using. Choose proper electrical appliances and use them correctly. For example, allow enough space behind your TV sets to make sure that there is room for the heat to get away. Do not put heaters near newspapers or other materials that can burn easily. When the electrical appliances are not in use, pull them out. When you notice problems with your electrical appliances, make sure to repair or replace them quickly.
Fire dangers in the kitchen
The kitchen is a place where we can find fuel(燃料), cooking stoves(火炉) and many different kinds of electrical appliances. Because of this, you have to be more careful when working in the kitchen. Before cooking, open the windows to allow fresh air to go into the kitchen. Do not leave the kitchen when a stove is in use. Keep waste paper away from a stove as well. If you smell strong gas in the kitchen, turn off the stove at once.
Matches and lighters(打火机)
Put matches and lighters in safe places. It is dangerous to let children play with them.
Emergency exits(紧急出口)
Do not block(阻塞)the emergency exits or lock them. When there is a fire, the emergency exits are your main escape(逃离) paths.
回答下面5个问题，每题答案不超过4个词。

86. Why did fires happen in many cases?
_________________________________________________________________________.
87. What shall we do when the electrical appliances are not in use?
_________________________________________________________________________.
88. Where can we find fuel and cooking stoves?
_________________________________________________________________________.
89 What should you do at once if you smell strong gas in the kitchen?
_________________________________________________________________________.
90. Where shall we put matches and lighters?
_________________________________________________________________________.
七、任务型阅读（共10空；每空1分，满分10分）
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容，在文章后的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。

Eric and Chen first met in their Maths class at an American college. Chen was an International student from China. He wanted to learn about American culture and hoped he and Eric would become good friends. At first, Eric seemed friendly. He always greeted Chen warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Chen. He even invited Chen to eat lunch with him. But after the term was over and they were in different classes, Eric seemed more distant. They didn’t see each other very much at college. One day Chen called Eric, b ut Eric didn’t seem very interested in talking to him. Chen was hurt by Eric’s change of attitude（态度）.“Eric said we were friends.” Chen said.
“I thought friends were friends forever”. As a foreigner, he doesn’t understand the way Americans view friendship.
Americans use the word “friend” in a very general way. Their friendship is based on common interests. When the shared activity ends, the friendship may die. Now as Eric and Chen are no longer classmates, their “friendship” has changed.
In some cultures friendship means a strong life-long tie between two people —friendship develops slowly, since it is built to last. But American society changes quickly. One fifth of American families move every year. American friendship develops quickly, and it may change just as quickly.
Learning how Americans view friendship can help non-Americans remove misunderstandings （误解）. It can help them make
八、短文填空 根据短文内容及首字母提示，补全空格内单词，使短文完整、通顺。

(请在答题纸上写出完整单词)(每空一词；共10空，每空1分，满分10分)
When women got married in some western countries, they change part of their names. That is, they take their h 101 last names as theirs.
Miss Surrey r 102 to teaching in September after she got married. She told the first-grade students that they were to c 103 her Mrs. White. Most of the s 104 were the ones she had taught before and quite a f 105 of them looked confused (困惑的).
When school was over in the a 106 , a girl went home and told her mother, “ We have a new t 107 , Mum. Her name is Mrs. White, but she l 108 like Miss Surrey so m 109 that it will be very difficult to t 110 one from the other.”
九、书面表达(20分)
所有生物都是地球的主人，人与动物共享同一家园。

假如你是北京阳光中学八（1）班学生Kimi ，请你以Protect Earth and Love Animals 为题写一篇演讲稿，在学校举办的“第六届年度英语节”活动中作专题演讲。

要求：1. 演讲内容包含所有要点，省略号部分要作适当发挥．．．．．．．．．．．。

Protect Earth and Love Animals
Good morning, everyone! Today I am very happy to be here to give a report about protecting Earth and loving animals.
__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________That’s all. Thank you very much!
2015～2016学年度第一学期期末考试
八年级英语听力材料
第一部分听对话回答问题
本部分共有10道小题, 每小题你将听到一段对话, 每段对话听两遍。

在听每段对话前, 你将有5秒钟的时间阅读题目；听完后, 你还有5秒钟的时间选出你认为最合适的备选答案。

1. M: Julie, you can’t stop or put your car here.
W: Sorry. I didn’t see the sign there.
2. M: What’s your favourite bird, Sandy?
W: Guess. It has white feathers and long thin neck.
3. W: There was a rainstorm in Beijing last Friday.
M: How terrible!
4. M: Sandy, do you like animals?
W: Animals? Of course, and my favourite animal is giant panda.
5. M: Did you listen to the radio weather report?
W: Yes. It says most of South China will have a cold and wet day tomorrow.
6. M: Simon has a round face and looks tall. What about Jack, Suzy?
W: He is shorter but stronger. He is my friend.
7. W: Why are you looking so tired?
M: The TV play was so interesting. I didn’t go to bed till midnight.
8. M: Hi, Kate. Where are you going?
W: I’m going to the hospital to see my grandmother. I have to wait for a bus here.
9. M: Look at the sun. The weather today is 9℃.
W: But the radio says the temperature will drop to 6℃tomorrow.
10. M: Millie, is Amy taller than Sandy?
W: No. Sandy is taller than any other girl in our class.
第二部分听对话和短文回答问题
这一部分你将听到一段对话和两篇短文，各听两遍。

听对话或短文前，你将有时间阅读相关小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题你还有5秒钟的时间选出你认为最合适的备选答案。

听下面一段对话，回答第11-12题。

M: Hi, this is Mike. You didn’t go to school today. What’s wrong with you, Lucy?
W: It’s my left leg. I had an accident on my way home yesterday afternoon.
M: I am sorry to hear that! Did you see the doctor?
W: Yes. My father took me to the hospital at once.
M: I hope you’ll get better soon.
W: Thank you so much.
听第一篇短文, 回答第13-15题。

请根据短文内容，选择正确答案，完成信息记录表。

Boys and girls, good news for you! It’s Saturday tomorrow. We will have our school trip to Sunshine Park. I hope you can all come. We will have fun there. We’ll meet at the school gate before half past eight. Then we’ll leave for Sunshine Park by bus at eight forty-five. Don’t be late.
We’ll have lunch in the restaurant near the park, so you needn’t bring any food with you. What next? Oh yes, the cost. It is 25 Yuan each. Well, I think that’s everything.
See you tomorrow!
听第二篇短文, 回答第16-20题。

On 26th January, the biggest earthquake hit India. About 25,000 people lost their lives. In the morning, when everybody was enjoying a nice day, the earthquake began. “There is nothing left between the sky and the earth any more. Everything has come down,” said one of the villagers. “There is no water, no food and no one has come to help.” I was studying at school at that moment. We were on the first floor, but most of us didn’t feel anything. My mother didn’t feel anything, either. She didn’t even know that it was an earthquake. My dad saw the computer shaking and then he looked out of the window and saw many people going out.
2015～2016学年度第一学期期末考试
八年级英语参考答案
一、听力（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
1-5 CABCB 6-10 AABCA 11-15 AB CBA 16-20 CABCB
二、单项选择(共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分)
21-25 DAACB 26-30 BDABC 31-35 ADDCA 36-40 ACCCA
三、完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
41-45 DCADC 46-50 BACBB 51-55 ABDCB
四、阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
56-60 CBCBB 61-65 ACDBA 66-70 BDBAC
五、词汇运用(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
71. fishermen 72. fog 73.importance 74. chatting 75. government
76. tourists 77. alive 78. left 79. wolves 80. eighth
81. not to catch 82. illness 83. Luckily 84. to take 85. directions
六、阅读表达(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
86. (Because) people were careless.
87. Pull them out.
88. In the kitchen.
89. Turn off the stove.
90. In safe places.
七、任务型阅读（共10空，每空1分，满分10分）
91. How 92. Chinese 93. friendly/kind 94. inviting 95. term
96. talk/speak 97. slowly 98. Twenty/20 99. change/die/disappear/end
100. interest(s)
八、短文填空(每空一词；共10空，每空1分，满分10分)
101. husbands’102. returned 103. call 104. students 105. few
106. afternoon 107. teacher 108. looks 109. much 110. tell
九、书面表达(20分)
Protect Earth and Love Animals
Good morning, everyone! Today I am very happy to be here to give a report about protecting Earth and loving animals.
I think that we should share the same home with other living things. But in fact, there are many unsatisfying problems in our society. People often cut down trees and forests and hunt animals for money. So they make more space for farms and buildings instead of animals. As a result, many natural disasters happen every year.
So I advise that we should take some actions to protect our earth and animals. At first, our government should make laws to protect the environment and animals. And then, we students are supposed to educate more people to realize the importance of protecting earth and loving the animals.
If we do this, our earth will become comfortable for us to live in and the animals can live peacefully as they wish. But if we don’t, terrible things will happen. So let’s act together to make a more beautiful home for us human and animals as well.。