非谓语动词句法功能

非谓语动词句法功能
一.不定式的句法功能：
1.作主语
To see is to believe.
To remember this is very important.
为了避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在句后,e.g. It’s very important to remember this.
2.作表语
Her wish is to be a doctor
He seems to be ill.
3.作宾语
I can’t afford to buy a car.
Remember to post my letter.
不定式不仅可以作动词的宾语，而且可作个别介词的宾语
如but，except，e.g.I had no choice but to wait.
It had no effect except to make him angry.当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式宾语补足语之后:
I find it difficult to learn Japanese well.
4.用作宾补：
He warned me not to touch it.
What caused him to changed his mind?
5.用作定语:
I have a question to ask you.
It is a pleasant thing to remember.
6.用作状语:
I went to France to learn French.（表目的）
He went home to find his wife waiting for him. （表结果）
We are proud to be members of this team. （表原因）
You would make a great mistake to accept his offer.你要是接受他的建议,你就犯了大错误. （表条件）
He opened his mouth as if to say something. （表方式）
二.不定式的否定式:
1.not to do/never to do
2.so as to /in order to的否定式:so as not to/in order not to
三.不定式的时态与语态:
1.不定式的时态与语态的基本形式（以do为例）
Who heard him say that?
I’m sorry to hear that.
3.不定式进行式的用法:
⑴表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作:
He seems to be saying something.
He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
⑵正如可用进行式表将来一样,不定式进行式有时也可表将来:
The old man seems to be dying.
He was happy to be coming home.
4.不定式完成式的用法:
⑴表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作:
He seems to have caught a cold.
⑵表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作:
I hope to have finished it by now.
⑶表示过去未曾实现的愿望或想法:
I should like to have come earlier.
We were to have been married last year.
5.不定式完成进行式的用法:表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作:
You seem to have been writing very long.
The battle was said to have been going on for two days.
6.不定式被动式的用法:
It remains to be seen whether you are right.
I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity.
7.“wh-词＋不定式”结构:
⑴“wh-词＋不定式”主要用作宾语:
We must think what to do.
I can’t decide whom to blame.
He had no idea of how to do it.
还可用作表语.主语等:
When to leave hasn’t been decided.
The question is how to find him.
⑵why用于该结构的注意点:原则上why后不接不定式,但若不定式不带to,则可用why,用于以下省略句型用来谈论现在或将来,不谈论过去: Why not go there at once?
Why argue with them?
⑶how用于该结构的注意点:有些动词后接.“how＋不定式”作宾语, how可省略:
Did you learn（ how） to drive a car?
但有些动词如know/show/find out/discover/explain等后接“how＋不定式”作宾语时,how不可省略:
He knows how to play the piano.
He showed her how to swim.
Soon you’ll find out how to drive a car.
四.动名词的句法功能：
1.作主语:
Finding work is difficult these days.
Being lost can be a terrifying experience.
动名词作主语有时可用it作形式主语:
It’s hard work climbing mountains.
It’s fun being taken to the zoo.
用it作形式主语的一个常用句型-----it’s no use/good doing sth.,同时注意它的变体如is it any good…?
It’s no use saying any more about it.
Is it any good trying to explain?
2.作表语:
Seeing is believing.
His job is looking after sheep.
｛不定式与动名词都可作主语或表语,其区别是:①动名词的逻辑主语可能是泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语常是句子主语,e.g.
I hate telling lies.我讨厌撒谎。

（别人撒谎）
I hate to tell lies.我不爱撒谎。

（自己撒谎）
②动名词多表示抽象的,一般的,多次的行为,而不定式多表示具体的,或某一次动作,特别是将来的动作多用不定式,
e.g.
Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）
To play with fire is dangerous.（具体动作）
Smoking is forbidden here.
It’s not good for you to smoke so much.
③不定式表示尚未发生的动作,而动名词暗示已有的经验,e.g.
You want to see him, don’t you? but I think to see him is to surrender.
My grandpa is rich, but having money doesn’t solve all the problems.
④不定式与动名词具有对称性,e.g.
Seeing is believing./To see is to believe.｝
3.作宾语:
Excuse me for coming late.
Most students enjoy asking questions in English.
4.用作宾补：
Can you call this serving the people?
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我管这叫拆东墙补西墙.
5.用作定语:
We need a new working method.
The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills.
五.动名词的时态与语态:
动名词根据语义有主动语态与被动语态,同时根据所表示动作与谓语动作的关系有一般式和完成式。

如表所示:
I remember mailing the letter.
⑷没有明确的先后关系:
Teaching is learning.
Learning a foreign language is not easy.
2.动名词完成式的用法:动名词完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作或状态:
He forgot having promised to write her.
I have no idea of his having done such a thing.
动名词一般式和完成式都可以表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作,有时可互换,不过用一般式较简捷:
I remember seeing/having seen her before.有时不强调动作先后关系则用一般式:
Thank you for telling me the truth.
3.动名词被动式的用法:当动名词的逻辑主语与动名词是被动关系时,动名词则用被动式:
He didn’t mind being left at home.
It felt funny being called Grandmother.
4.动名词的否定式:（not＋v--ing）
Don’t be angry with me for not having written.
动名词带有逻辑主语,则not要放在逻辑主语之后:
I’m surprised at your not having noticed it.
动名词的逻辑主语可以是宾格代词,主格代词或名词普通格及其所有格,e.g.
Would you mind my/me/I /Jim/Jim’s opening the door?
但位于句首时,则通常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词做动名词的逻辑主语:
Mary’s going there is of no help.
It’s a waste of time your talking to him.＝ Your talking to him is a waste of time.
当然动名词的逻辑主语是非生命的东西时,则不能用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词做动名词的逻辑主语:
I look forward to it getting warmer in spring.
注意:
1.下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语而不接不定式作宾语:
admit /advise/ allow /appreciate /avoid/ consider /delay /deny/ discuss/ enjoy /escape / excuse /fancy/ finish /forbid/ forgive /give up/ imagine /keep /mention/ mind /miss /pardon/permit /practise /prevent /prohibit/ put off /report /risk/ suggest /understand 另请注意下列短语中的to为介词,所以其后的动词用动名词:be used to（习惯于）,pay attention to （注意）, see to （照料）, object to （反对）, look forward to （盼望）,turn to （求助于）, adapt to （适应）,be similar to （与…相似） ,be accustomed to （习惯于）,admit to （承认）,stick to （坚持）, take to （喜欢）,apply oneself to （专心致志于）, devote oneself to （全身心投入）,limit … to （把…限制在） ,reduce oneself to （使某人沦为）, set one’s mind to （决心做）, give one’s life to （献身于）, give one’s mind to （专心于）, be equal to （等于/能胜任做）, get down to （开始做）
2.下列动词后只能接不定式作宾语而不接动名词作宾语:
afford/agree/arrange/choose/decide/demand/fear/
hope/learn/manage/offer/pretend/refuse/want/
prepare/wish/plan/long/happen/fail
3.下列动词后既能接不定式作宾语也能接动名词作宾语,但意思不同,应认真掌握:
remember/forget/regret/try/mean/can’t help/go on /stop
六.分词的句法功能：
1. 作表语:
The news is encouraging.
Please be seated.
The window was broken.
现在分词与动名词在句中都可以作表语,其区别为:现在分词作表语,说明主语的特征,特点,如果对表语提问,用how,e.g.
The news is encouraging. →How is the news?
现在分词作表语,主谓不能调换位置,如不能说:
Encouraging is the news.
动名词在句中作表语,说明主语是什么,是对主语的解释,说明,如果对表语进行提问,用what, e.g.
My job is teaching maths. →What is your job?
动名词在句中作表语,主谓能调换位置,e.g.
Teaching maths is my job.
2.作定语:e.g.
What disappointing news.
All these are required subjects.
现在分词与动名词在句中都可以作定语,其区别为:现在分词作定语,表示被修饰的词正在进行的动作,名词与现在分词逻辑上存在主谓关系,e.g. a sleeping boy（＝a boy who is sleeping）/a falling leave（＝a leave which is falling）;而动名词作定语,是说明被修饰的词的作用,功能等,它与它所修饰的词之间无逻辑主谓关系.
e.g. a sleeping car/a waiting room
注意:⑴单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰的词语之前但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后:
There is a gentleman asking to see you.
She bought a computer produced in China.
⑵由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语,除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词:
Anyone being ill can take the medicine.（×）
Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. （√）
He isn’t interested in the question being discussed.
⑶现在分词用作后置定语时, 它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前,这也是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因:
The man stealing/having stealing the car
was caught. （×）
The man who stole the car was caught. （√）
3.作状语: （有专题）
4.作宾补:
He soon had them all laughing.
I saw her being taken to the operating room.
We found him greatly changed.
七.分词的时态与语态:
如何使用它们的时态和语态（有专题）.
八.分词的否定式:not＋分词
附:“have ＋宾语＋分词”结构
1.“have ＋宾语＋现在分词”,该结构表示:
1〕让/使某人/某事物一直做某事:
He had the light burning all night.
2〕容忍或允许某人做某事,多用于否定句,尤与can’t won’t连用:
I won’t have you smoking at your age.
3〕说服或命令某人做某事:
He had me doing all jobs for her.
2. “have ＋宾语＋过去分词”,该结构表示:
1〕请/让别人做某事:
We had the machine repaired.〈有时指无意志的行为:He had his salary raised.〉
2〕经历或遭遇某情况:
He had his finger cut.
I had my watch stolen yesterday.
3〕完成或解决某事情:
He had 1000 yuan saved last year.
I’ve had all my mistakes corrected.
4〕容忍或允许做某事,多用于否定句,尤与can’t won’t连用:
We won’t have anything said against the Party.。