完整word版,Unit 2 Text1 A Definition of Management

Unit 2 Text1 A Definition of Management
Management is a complex process. Through management. managers coordinate the work of people with other resources. More formally, management is defined as the process of effectively and efficiently using an organization’s resources to achieve objectives through the functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Successful management requires an understanding of how a firm operates. Managers must comprehend the individual components if a firm’s a ctivities in order to complete their tasks properly. For example, a manager must understand how the company’s products--goods or services –are produced, financed, and distributed.
管理工作是项复杂的过程，通过管理，管理者可以使人的工作与其他资源协调一致。

说的正式点，管理工作就定义成一项有效性和高效性地利用公司资源，通过制定计划，组织管理，领导监督和控制运作等功能，更好地实现公司目标。

成功的管理工作要求管理者必须对公司运作有深刻的理解，为了更好地完成任务，管理者必须综合平衡个人的胜任能力和公司的产销活动。

打个比方说，管理者必须了解这个公司的产品（货物或服务）是怎样生产，注入资金，怎样分配和销售的。

Effectiveness and efficiency are particularly crucial aspects of management. Effectiveness means that the right things are done to provide a product of value. Efficiency indicates that resources are used wisely and are not wasted. A successful company is one that is both effective and efficient.
高效性和有效性是管理工作尤为重要的两个方面，高效性意味着正确利用某物使之产值最大化，有效性是指明智地利用某物，不能浪费，成功的公司同时具备有效的和高效的这两个属性。

An effective manager makes certain that employees work on tasks for which they are well trained and competent. An efficient manager constantly
monitors how resources are used in order to minimize waste. The resources available to a manager are human, financial, physical, and informational. Managerial success is determined principally by the degree to which mangers coordinate these resources and then use them wisely to offer customers products they want. Achieving this type of success in today’s complex and global business environment is challenging. In part ,mangers must show employees how to welcome and adapt to constant change while helping them make extraordinary contribution.
高效的管理者要确保雇员努力工作，接受良好培训，能够胜任工作任务，高效管理者经常监督：怎样利用资源，使浪费最小化。

对管理者来说，有效资源是指人力资源；财政资源，物质财产资源和信息资源，管理是否成功，主要取决于管理者如何协调这些资源，明智运用资源，为顾客们提供他们所想要的产品。

在现今日益复杂化和全球化的商业环境中，要做到成功管理是非常有挑战性的，有时，管理者有必要向雇员讲明，如何接受和适应经常变换的环境，使他们做出突出贡献。

Human resources. The one critical resource in all organizations is human resources. Human resources are the people through whom and with whom managers work to achieve objectives The challenge to managers is to motivate each person to work as effectively and efficiently as possible. Mangers must also make sure that human resources have the resources they need to be productive.
人力资源，它是所有公司中最为关键的一个资源，人力资源是指人们通过自身努力和管理者的管理工作达到相关目标。

对管理者最大的挑战是激励每个人尽可能有效和高效地工作，管理者也必须确保每个人都具备他们进行生产所必备的其他资源。

（也就是劳动者和劳动资料紧密结合）
Financial resources. Financial resources are the monetary resources required to support a firm’s current and future activities .These
resources are used to acquire and maintain the company’s human, physical, and informational resources.
资金资源：资金资源是支撑一个公司的当前和未来生产活动的财力资源，它常常被用来满足和维持公司的人力、物产和信息资源。

For profit companies acquire financial resources through investments made by stockholders, funds borrowed from banks and other financial institutions, and retained earnings. For governmental agencies, financial resources are provided by a local, state, and /or federal government’s taxing authority. Donations serve as the source of financial resources for charitable organizations. churches, and other nonprofit firms.
为了利润，公司要求财力资源来支持，这些财力资金由股东投资、银行贷款、其他金融机构或自己的所挣所得构成。

对于政府主办的机构公司来说，资金来源主要由地方、州或者是联邦政府的税收机关提供。

捐献是慈善机构、教堂和其它非营利机构的主要资金来源。

Physical resources. A third type of resources which mangers use to accomplish objectives is known as physical resources. These include raw materials, land, buildings, furniture and office equipment, computers, machinery(including robots), and physical inventories. Clearly, physical resources are important to a firm’s success. However, because a firm with adequate financial resources can buy the best physical equipment, educated human resources may be more important than physical resources. 物产资源：管理者用于完成各种目标的第3个资源是物产资源，它包含原材料、土地、建筑物、家具和办公设施、计算机、机器（包括机器人）和各种货物库存。

很明显，物产资源对一个公司的成功动作非常重要。

当然，如果一个公司有足够的财力，可以购买最上乘的物品装备，雇用受过良好培训的人力资源，那要比物产资源更重要。

Informational resources. Informational resources are data that have been analyzed and converted into forms that help managers make effective decisions. To be useful, informational resources must be correct, timely, concise, and comprehensive. Examples of these resources include budgets, sales forecasts, economic forecasts, analyses of in-house training programs, and a host of other documents that help managers make decisions. 信息资源：信息资源是经过分析和转换的数据，它能帮助管理者进行有效决策。

为了更实用，信息资源必须正确、及时、简要、广泛全面。

信息资源的实例包括财政预算、市场预测，经济前景预测、公司内部培训计划分析，和其他的帮助管理者决策的文献材料。

In today’s complex global markets, the skillful use of informational resources is necessary for a company’s success. Organizational resources are often closely related. For example, the effective and efficient use of financial markets. Sophisticated computer systems may be needed to convert data into useful information. Human resources can achieve maximum productivity only when they have access to appropriate types of physical resources. The challenge to managers is to reorganize the overlap among resources while valuing the importance of each.
在现今复杂化全球化的市场上，信息资源的有效利用对一个公司的成功是必须的，各种资源常常是密切相关的。

例如，财力资源的有效和高效利用受人力资源对国际财经市场的理解的影响。

复杂的计算机系统可以用作把数据转换成为有用的信息，只有当人力资源与物质资源的正确类型相匹配时，才能实现产出最大化，对管理者的挑战就是评估各种资源的重要性时重新组合，去提重叠部分。