AWL词汇表【学术词汇表】——雅思
AWL词汇最全(雅思必备)中英文对照
Sublist 1•••••••analyze[ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命establish[isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实indicate[ˈindikeit] vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性occur[əˈkə:] vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]role[rəul] n.作用,职责角色approach[əˈprəutʃ] n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt. & vi.接近,走近,靠近•••••••context[ˈkɔntekst] n.背景,环境上下文,语境estimate[ˈestimeit] n.估计,估价报价判断vt. & vi.估计;评价,评估individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人percent[pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数section[ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区area[ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域,地区领域,方面contract[kənˈtrækt] n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt. & vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩••••••••••evident[ˈevidənt] adj.明显的,明白的interpret[inˈtə:prit] vt.解释;说明vt. & vi.口译;翻译period[ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点sector[ˈsektə] n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面assess[əˈses] vt.估价,估计评定,核定create[kriˈeit] vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生export[eksˈpɔ:t] n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi.出口,输出involve[inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉policy[ˈpɔləsi] n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单significant[siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的••••assume[əˈsju:m] vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取data[ˈdeitə] n.资料,材料factor[ˈfæktə] n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数issue[ˈisju:] n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给•••••principle[ˈprinsəpl] n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理similar[ˈsimilə] adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家define[diˈfain] vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance[faiˈnæns] n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动•labour[ˈleibə] n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进••proceed[prəˈsi:d] vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去source[sɔ:s] n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源••••••available[əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的derive[diˈraiv] vt. & vi.得到源于formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方legal[ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的process[ˈprəuses] n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理specific[spiˈsifik] adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节•••benefit[ˈbenifit] n.益处,好处救济金,保险金vt. & vi.有益于,得益distribute[disˈtribju:t] vt.分配,分给散发;散播;分布function[ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作,运行,起作用•••legislate[ˈledʒisleit] vt. & vi.立法;制定法律require[riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要structure[ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造;制定••••concept[ˈkɔnsept] n.概念;观念;想法economy[iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况identify[aiˈdentifai] vt.认出,识别支持,同情vt. & vi.等同于;有关联major[ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi.〈美〉主修,专攻•research[riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究;探讨vi.做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究•••••••theory[ˈθiəri] n.学说理论,原理意见,看法consist[kənˈsist] vi.组成,构成在于,存在于environment[inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境,周围状况,自然环境income[ˈinkəm] n.收入,所得,收益method[ˈmeθəd] n.方法,办法秩序,条理respond[riˈspɔnd] vi.有反应;有效果;有影响vt. & vi.回答;回报;响应vary[ˈvɛəri] vi.呈现不同vt. & vi.(使)变化,改变Sublist 2•••achieve[əˈtʃi:v] vt.取得,获得实现,达到,完成community[kəˈmju:niti] n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享design[diˈzain] n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt.计划,筹划vt. & vi.设计,绘制•••••institute[ˈinstitju:t] n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手potential[pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的,有可能的n.潜力,潜势,可能性restrict[risˈtrikt] vt.限制;约束acquire[əˈkwaiə] vt.获得,得到,养成complex[ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n.综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应••••distinct[disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的invest[inˈvest] vt.授予vt. & vi.投资;花费previous[ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的,以前的过早的,过急的secure[siˈkjuə] adj.牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt.握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手••••••••••••••administer[ədˈministə] vt.管理,支配给予执行,实施compute[kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算,估算element[ˈelimənt] n.(化学)元素成分,要素,原件一伙人基础,纲要,原理item[ˈaitəm] n.一项,一件,一条;项目primary[ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最初的;初级的seek[si:k] vi.企图;试图vt.请求,征求;求教vt. & vi.寻找;探寻affect[əˈfekt] vt.影响感动假装conclude[kənˈklu:d] vt.得出结论;断定决定vt. & vi.结束equate[iˈkweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[ˈdʒə:nl] n.杂志,期刊日志,日记purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买,购置买到的东西vt.购买select[siˈlekt] adj.精选的,挑选出来的限制性的,选择严格的vt.选择;挑选appropriate[əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项) conduct[kənˈdʌkt] n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式) vt. & vi.引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导••••••••••••evaluate[iˈvæljueit] vt.评价,估计,估价maintain[meinˈtein] vt.保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养range[reindʒ] n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait] n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置aspect[ˈæspekt] n.方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的,随之发生的feature[ˈfi:tʃə] n.特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片normal[ˈnɔ:məl] adj.正常的,平常的正规的;标准的region[ˈri:dʒən] n.地区;地带;区域;范围strategy[ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋assist[əˈsist] vt. & vi.帮助,促进construct[kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建,建立构成,组成•••••••final[ˈfainəl] adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[əbˈtein] vi.通行;流行vt.获得,得到;买到regulate[ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制,管理调整;调节survey[səˈvei] n.调查vt.眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾category[ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类,类别consume[kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭focus[ˈfəukəs] n.焦点,焦距;中心vt. & vi.(使)集中, (使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清•••••participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit] vt. & vi.参加,参与relevant[ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的,切题的text[tekst] n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本chapter[ˈtʃæptə] n.章,回,篇credit[ˈkredit] n.赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)••••••••impact[ˈimpækt] n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt. & vi.对某事物有影响perceive[pəˈsi:v] vt.感觉,察觉,理解reside[riˈzaid] vi.居住;定居tradition[trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例commission[kəˈmiʃən] n.授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt.委任,委托culture[ˈkʌltʃə] n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养injure[ˈindʒə] vt.伤害,损害positive[ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的,明确的积极的;肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的;纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实;正量,正数正片•resource[riˈsɔ:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神•transfer[trænsˈfə:] n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt. & vi. 转移;迁移Sublist 3•alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会••••••••••convene[kənˈvi:n] vt. & vi.召开,召集emphasis[ˈemfəsis] n.强调,重点interact[ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响],互相配合philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学,人生观达观sex[seks] n.性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调;使调和ensure[inˈʃuə] vt.确保,担保担保获得[避免]justify[ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理;为…辩护physical[ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查,体格检查shift[ʃift] n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi.快速行进vt. & vi. 改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡••••••comment[ˈkɔment] n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt. & vi.评论;谈论core[kɔ:] n.果核核心,精髓,要点exclude[iksˈklu:d] vt.排除;不包括在内layer[ˈleiə] n.层,层次proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿••••••••••••••••••specify[ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit] vt. & vi.补偿,报酬corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的,法人的framework[ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架;结构link[liŋk] n.环,联系,纽带vt. & vi.连接,联系publish[ˈpʌbliʃ] vt. & vi.出版公布sufficient[səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的;充足的component[kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分,组成部分,部件,元件correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信fund[fʌnd] n.基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt.为…提供资金,给…拨款locate[ləuˈkeit] vt.找出,指出(地点或位置) vt. & vi.(在…)设置,坐落于react[riˈækt] vi.起反应;有影响反对;对抗task[tɑ:sk] n.工作;任务;差事consent[kənˈsent] n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准illustrate[ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明,阐明;表明maximise[ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物) register[ˈredʒistə] n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt. & vi.记录;登记;注册显出注意到,记住• technical[ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的;应用科学的艺术的,工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的•••••••considerable[kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[diˈdju:s] vt.推论,演绎immigrate[ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入minor[ˈmainə] adj.较小的,较少的,低级的,次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[riˈlai] vi.信任;信赖;依赖,依靠technique[tekˈni:k] n.技巧,手法,技术技能constant[ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的,恒久不变的不断的,连续发生的忠实的,忠诚的•demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明,演示论证,证明显示,表露••••••••••••imply[imˈplai] vt.暗示,暗指必然包含negate[niˈɡeit] vt.取消,使无效否定;否认remove[riˈmu:v] vi.迁移;移居vt.移走;排除开除technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术constrain[kənˈstrein] vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束document[ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载initial[iˈniʃəl] adj.最初的,开头的outcome[ˈautkʌm] n.结果scheme[ski:m] n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt. & vi.策划;图谋valid[ˈvælid] adj.正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[kənˈtribjut] vi.起促成作用vt. & vi.捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿dominate[ˈdɔmineit] vt.耸立于,俯临vt. & vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位••instance[ˈinstəns] n.例子,实例partner[ˈpɑ:tnə] n.伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt.做…的搭档••sequence[ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续volume[ˈvɔlju:m] n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist 4••access[ˈækses] n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit] vi.通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt. & vi.传达;表达•••error[ˈerə] n.错误过失,失误internal[inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的,内政的体内的parallel[ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt.与…平行;与…相当resolve[riˈzɔlv] vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物) vt. & vi.决定;决心••••••••鉴•••••••adequate[ˈædikwit] adj.充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit] vt.浓缩vt. & vi.专心于;注意集中,聚集ethnic[ˈeθnik] adj.种族的,部落的某文化群体的investigate[inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查;审查parameter[pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数retain[riˈtein] vt.保持;保留止住;容纳annual[ˈænjuəl] adj.每年的,年度的,一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊,年报,年confer[kənˈfə:] vi.〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予goal[ɡəul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标job[dʒɔb] n.职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任phase[feiz] n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[ˈsiəri:z] n.连续的同类事物,系列串联apparent[əˈpærənt] adj.显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的contrast[ˈkɔntræst] n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt. & vi.对比,对照•••••••••grant[ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认label[ˈleibəl] n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[priˈdikt] vt. & vi.预言;预测;预示statistic[stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[əˈprɔksimit] adj.近似的,大约的vt. & vi.近似,接近cycle[ˈsaikl] n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens] adv.从此时起,从此处因此,所以mechanism[ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径principal[ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人••••••status[ˈsteitəs] n.身份,地位情形,状况attitude[ˈætitju:d] n.态度,看法姿态,姿势debate[diˈbeit] n.讨论,辩论vt. & vi.辩论,争论hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说,假设,前提obvious[ˈɔbviəs] adj.明显的;显而易见的prior[ˈpraiə] adj.优先的;在前的;较早的• •stress [stres ] n .压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音 vt .重读强调attribute [əˈtribju:t ] n .属性,特性 vt .认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人 之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]• • • • despite [dis ˈpait ] prep .不管,尽管implement [ˈimplim ənt ] n .工具,器具,用具 vt .使生效,贯彻,执行occupy [ˈɔkjupai ] vt .占领;占有使从事;使忙于 professional [pr əˈfe ʃən əl ] adj .职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的 n .具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手• • subsequent [ˈs ʌbsikw ənt ] adj .随后的,继…之后的civil [ˈsivl ] adj .公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的, 民法的文明的,有教养的• • • • dimension [di ˈmen ʃən ] n .尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度implicate [ˈimplikeit ] vt .牵连,涉及option [ˈɔp ʃən ] n .选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权 project [pr əˈd ʒekt ] n .项目,计划,方案,课题 vt .规划抛;投;射 vt . & vi .伸出, 突出;表达特点• sum [s ʌm ] n .总数,总和金额算术 vt . & vi .合计总结,归纳code [k əud ] n .法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码 vt .将…译成电码 domestic [d əˈmestik ] adj .本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的impose [im ˈp əuz ] vi .利用,占便宜;欺骗 vt .强迫,强加课税,惩罚output [ˈautput ] n .产量输出,输出功率• • • • • promote [pr əˈm əut ] vt .提升,提拔筹划,发起,创立推销〈正〉促进 ;推动;增 进• summary [ˈs ʌm əri ] adj .即刻的,立即的匆忙的,草率的概括的;简要的 n .摘要, 概要•••• commit [k əˈmit ] vt .犯罪;犯错承诺;使自己受约束托付;交付 emerge [i ˈm ə:d ʒ] vi .出现;显出;暴露 integrate [ˈinti ɡreit ] vt .使结合成为整体 vt . & vi .(使)融入 overall [ˈəuv ər ɔ:l ] adj .总体的;全面的;综合的全面考虑的 adv .大体上,总的来 说一切包括在内,全部的 n .长罩衣工装裤;工作裤• • regime [rei ˈʒi:m ] n .政治制度,政权,政体undertake [ˌʌnd əˈteik ] vt .担任,承揽;保证着手,开始Sublist 5•• academy [əˈk æd əmi ] n .专科学校研究院,学会 consult [k ən ˈs ʌlt ] vt .请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑 vt . & vi . 商议,商量• • • • evolve [i ˈv ɔlv ] vt . & vi .演变;进化licence [ˈlais əns ] n .许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆orient [ˈɔ:ri ənt ] n .东方,亚洲 vt .使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置 style [stail ] n .风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度; 格调;气派• • adjust [əˈd ʒʌst ] vt . & vi .(改变…以)适应;调整;校正contact [ˈk ɔnt ækt ] n .接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头 vt . & vi .联系• expand [iks ˈp ænd ] vt . & vi .使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开 • logic [ˈl ɔd ʒik ] n .逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective [p əˈspektiv ] n .远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法 substitute [ˈs ʌbstitju:t ] vt . & vi .代替,替换,代用• • • alter [ˈɔ:lt ə] vt . & vi .改变,更改• decline [di ˈklain ] n .下降,减少,衰退 vi .(太阳)落下 vt . & vi .辞谢;谢绝(邀请 等)• expose [iks ˈp əuz ] vt .曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露• margin [ˈm ɑ:d ʒin ] n .页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地precise [pri ˈsais ] adj .精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的 sustain [s əˈstein ] vt .承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受amend [əˈmend ] vt . & vi .改良;修改,修订• • • • discrete [dis ˈkri:t ] adj .分离的,不相关联的• external [eks ˈt ə:nl ] adj .外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的medical [ˈmedik əl ] adj .医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的prime [praim ] adj .首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的 n .全盛时期 vt .使 • • 准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况• • • symbol [ˈsimb əl ] n .象征,标志符号,记号aware [əˈw ɛə] adj .意识到的,知道的draft [dr ɑ:ft ] n .草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者 ;特遣队 vt .起草,画草图,草 拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍• • • • facilitate [f əˈsiliteit ] vt .使便利,减轻…的困难mental [ˈmentl ] adj .精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的psychology [sai ˈk ɔl əd ʒi ] n .心理学心理;心理特点target [ˈt ɑ:ɡit ] n .(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象 vt .瞄准某物• • • capacity [k əˈp æsiti ] n .容量,容积才能,能力身份,职位enable [i ˈneibl ] vt .使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental [ˌf ʌnd əˈment əl ] adj .基本的;重要的,必要的 n .基本原则,基本 法则•••••••modify[ˈmɔdifai] vt.修饰vt. & vi.修改,更改pursue[pəˈsju:] vt.追捕,追击追求继续;从事,经营transit[ˈtrænsit] n.搬运;载运;运输challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[ˈenədʒi] n.活力,干劲,能力精力〈物〉能,能量,能源generate[ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成,产生引起,导致monitor[ˈmɔnitə] n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测•••••••••ratio[ˈreiʃiəu] n.比,比率trend[trend] n.趋势,倾向流行clause[klɔ:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[inˈfɔ:s] vt.实施,执行强迫,迫使generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人,一代人,一代产生,发生network[ˈnetwə:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络,网状系统广播网,电视网reject[riˈdʒekt] n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉version[ˈvə:ʃən] n.(个人对事件的)描述,说法,看法版本,形式译本,剧本compound[ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化••entity[ˈentiti] n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物image[ˈimidʒ] n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样••••••notion[ˈnəuʃən] n.概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算revenue[ˈrevənju:] n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收welfare[ˈwelfɛə] n.健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi.抵触,冲突equivalent[iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的,相当的liberal[ˈlibərəl] adj.心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者•••objective[əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的;不带偏见的n.目标;目的stable[ˈsteibl] adj.稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hwɛərˈæz] conj.但是,而Sublist 6•abstract[ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt.提取,抽取做…的摘要•••••capable[ˈkeipəbl] adj.有能力的,有技能的exceed[ikˈsi:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt.超过;超越incidence[ˈinsidəns] n.发生率,影响范围migrate[maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移;移往recover[riˈkʌvə] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)••••••••••accurate[ˈækjurit] adj.精确的,准确的正确无误的cite[sait] vt.引用,举例表彰,嘉奖传唤,传讯expert[ˈekspə:t] adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司minimum[ˈminiməm] adj.最低的,最小的n.最低限度,最小量reveal[riˈvi:l] vt.显示;露出泄露;透露acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认,供认告知已收到鸣谢,感谢cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作;配合,协助explicit[iksˈplisit] adj.详述的,明确的,明晰的直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的index[ˈindeks] n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂vt.给…编索引,指示出•••••••••••••ministry[ˈministri] n.(政府的)部scope[skəup] n.余地,机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit] n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达… vt. & vi.(使)聚集discriminate[disˈkrimineit] vi.歧视,有差别地对待vt. & vi.分别,辨别,区分federal[ˈfedərəl] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[inˈhibit] vt.阻止;抑制motive[ˈməutiv] n.动机,目的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi] n.补贴,津贴,补助金allocate[ˈæləkeit] vt.分配,分派把…拨给display[disˈplei] n.陈列,展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列,展览显示,显露fee[fi:] n.费,酬金initiate[iˈniʃieit] vt.开始,着手传授;使初步了解接纳新成员,让…加入neutral[ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士;中立国•••••••tape[teip] n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. & vi.录音assign[əˈsain] vt.分配;交给指派,选派指定,订出diverse[daiˈvəs] adj.不同的,多种多样的flexible[ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的灵活的,可变通的input[ˈinput] n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然,然而,不过conj.尽管如此,然而trace[treis] n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt. & vi.缓慢而困难地书写•••••attach[əˈtætʃ] vt. & vi.贴上;系;附上domain[dəuˈmein] n.范围,领域版图,领土地产,产业furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且,此外instruct[inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令,指示教,指导通知overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外••••••••transform[trænsˈfɔ:m] vt. & vi.改变author[ˈɔ:θə] n.著作家,作者创造者,创始人;发起人edit[ˈedit] vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt. & vi.编辑gender[ˈdʒendə] n.〈语〉性intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的;理解力强的precede[ˌpriˈsi:d] vt. & vi.在…之前,先于transport[trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送;流放使万分激动bond[bɔnd] n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt.使粘结,使结合••••••enhance[inˈhɑ:ns] vt.提高,增加,加强ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的,愚昧的interval[ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);引起brief[bri:f] adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作…的摘要•••estate[isˈteit] n.土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产incentive[inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机lecture[ˈlektʃə] n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责] vt.责备,教训,训斥vt. &vi.(向…)演讲; (给…)讲课••rational[ˈræʃənl] adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的utilize[ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用,使用Sublist 7•••••••••••••••出••••••adapt[əˈdæpt] vt.改编,改写vt. & vi.(使)适应, (使)适合contrary[ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的,相违的n.相反,反面,对立面empirical[emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[səbˈmit] vi.屈服,认输vt.提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩adult[ˈædʌlt] adj.成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[kənˈvə:t] vt. & vi.(使)转变, (使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)equip[iˈkwip] vt.装备,配备使有能力,使胜任ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系),思想意识priority[praiˈɔriti] n.优先权,重点优先考虑的事successor[səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人advocate[ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt.提倡,主张couple[ˈkʌpl] n.一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系extract[iksˈtrækt] n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨infer[inˈfə:] vt.推断,推知prohibit[prəˈhibit] vt.禁止;阻止survive[səˈvaiv] vi.幸存,活下来vt.比…活得长,经历…之后还存在aid[eid] n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助decade[ˈdekeid] n.十年,十年间file[fail] n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉••••••••••••innovate[ˈinəuveit] vi.改革,创新publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊thesis[ˈθi:sis] n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文channel[ˈtʃænl] n.海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道definite[ˈdefinit] adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的finite[ˈfainait] adj.有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[inˈsə:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入,嵌入quote[kwəut] vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价) vt. & vi.引用,援引topic[ˈtɔpik] n.题目,论题,话题chemical[ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[diˈnai] vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立,设立,创办基础,基本原理,根据地基基金(会)••intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉,干预;调解干扰,阻碍release[riˈli:s] n.释放,排放,解除释放令公映的新影片,发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放;放开发布;发行;发售••transmit[trænzˈmit] vt.传播,传染传导vt. & vi.发射,播送,广播classic[ˈklæsik] adj.(著作,赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的,标准的(衣服,设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品,杰作优秀的典范••••differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit] vi.区别对待vt. & vi.区分,区别,辨别globe[ɡləub] n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪isolate[ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离,使孤立,使脱离reverse[riˈvə:s] adj.相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt. & vi.(使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转推翻,取消使倒退,逆转••••ultimate[ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的,综合的dispose[disˈpəuz] vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt. & vi.处理;处置grade[ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生••••••media[ˈmi:djə] n.媒体simulate[ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿,模拟unique[ju:ˈni:k] adj.独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的comprise[kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成dynamic[daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生•••••••••mode[məud] n.方式,样式样式,风格sole[səul] adj.单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的visible[ˈvizəbl] adj.看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的confirm[kənˈfə:m] vt.证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可eliminate[iˈlimineit] vt.消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团,领导层paradigm[ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微,有点,达到某种程度voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist 8•••••abandon[əˈbændən] n.放任;纵情vt.离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃clarify[ˈklærifai] vt. & vi.使清楚;澄清deviate[ˈdi:vieit] vi.偏离;越轨induce[inˈdju:s] vt.引诱,劝导〈正〉引起,导致plus[plʌs] adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的,称心的,有利的n.加号,正号prep.(表示包容)外加;另有(表示运算)加,加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上,正tense[tens] adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张•••••accompany[əˈkʌmpəni] vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[kəˈmɔditi] n.商品,货物有用的东西displace[disˈpleis] vt.替换,取代移走inevitable[inˈevitəbl] adj.不可避免的,必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的••••practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə] n.习艺者,实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[ˈtə:mineit] vt. & vi.结束;使终结accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit] vt. & vi.堆积;积累complement[ˈkɔmplimənt] n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足,补充•••••••••drama[ˈdrɑ:mə] n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面] infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施;基础结构predominant[priˈdɔminənt] adj.占主导地位的,显著的theme[θi:m] n.主题,主旨,题目ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs] adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的conform[kənˈfɔ:m] vi.遵守,符合顺应,一致eventual[iˈventjuəl] adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的inspect[inˈspekt] vt.检查,检验视察prospect[ˈprɔspekt] n.景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察•••thereby[ˈðɛəbai] adv.由此;因而append[əˈpend] vt.附加contemporary[kənˈtempərəri] adj.当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n.同代人,同龄人•exhibit[iɡˈzibit] n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示,显出vt. & vi.陈列;展览••••intense[inˈtens] adj.强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的radical[ˈrædikəl] adj.根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m] adj.全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n.制服appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit] vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt. &vi.(使)增值,涨价•contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt] vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt. & vi.反驳,否认…的真实性。
【全部原创】雅思词汇-AWL词汇表
练习
【evident VS evidence】
The problems have beeevnid_e_n_t_____for some time. You need to find someveid__e_n_c_e_____. The broken window isetvhidee_n_c_e______there was a
现
【用】想到
occur
这个主意是他在梦中想到的。
The idea occurred to him in a dream.
occur在雅思写作中
【用】存在
水果自然含有糖分。 Fruit naturally has sugar. Sugar occurs naturally in fruit.
我似乎卷入了一件我并不知情的事情当中。
significant
【音】 [siɡˈnifikənt] 【义】 adj.重要的, 有重大意义的, 可观的
【形】significance
【用】
significant
有重大意义的发现 Байду номын сангаас a highly significant discovery
individual
【音】 [ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] 【义】 adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的 n.个人
【形】individualism
【用】
individual
They wait for the group to decide instead of making individual decisions.
IELTS AWL词汇
单词的音 / 义 / 形 / 用
雅思57个学术词汇
有英文解释的学术类词汇表AWLTHE ACADEMIC WORD LIST (E - O)abandon v.go away from (a person or thing or place) not intending toreturn; forsake; desertabstract adj.existing in thought or as an idea but not having aphysical or practical existenceacademy n.school for special trainingaccess n.~ means of approaching or entering (a place); way inaccommodate v.provide lodging or room for accompany v.walk or travel with (sb) as a companion or helper; escortaccumulate v.gradually get or gather together an increasing number orquantity of get (sth) in this wayaccurate adj.free from errorachieve v.gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etcacknowledge v.accept the truth of admit (sth) acquire v.gain (sth) by one's own ability, efforts or behaviouradapt v.~ sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use,situation, etc; modify sthadequate adj. ~ satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficientadjacent having a common endpoint orborder also immediately precedingor followingadjust v.put (sth) into the correct order or position; arrangeadministrate v. to administeradult adj.grown to full size or strength advocate v. speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; supportaffect v.have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect onaggregate v.~ sb (fml ) be formed or bring sb into an assembled groupor amountaid n.helpalbeit conj althoughallocate v. ~ sth allot or assign sth (to sb/sth) for a special purposealter v.become different; change in character, position, size,shape, etcalternative adj.available in place of sth else; other ambiguous adj.having more than one possible meaningamend v.correct an error in (sth); make minor improvements in;change slightlyanalogy n.~ partial similarity between two things that are comparedanalyse v.separate into its parts in order to study its nature orstructureannual adj.happening every yearanticipate v.expectapparent adj.clearly seen or understood; obviousappend v. ~ sth (fml ) attach or add sth (esp in writing)appreciate v.understand and enjoy (sth); value highlyapproach e near or nearer to in space or timeappropriate adj. ~ suitable; right and proper approximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely soarbitrary adj.based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reasonarea n.extent or measurement of a surface aspect n.particular part or feature of sth being consideredassemble e together; collectassess v.~ sth decide or fix the amount of sth assign v.~ sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be doneor of things to be usedassist v.~ in/with sth; ~ (sb) in doing sth (fml ) helpassume v.accept as true before there is proof assure v.tell (sb) positively or confidently attach v.~ sth fasten or join sth (to sth)attain v.succeed in getting (sth); achieve attitude n.~ way of thinking or behaving attribute v. ~ sth to sb/sth regard sth as belongingto, caused by orproduced by sb/sthauthor n.writer of a book, play, etcauthority n.power to give orders and make others obeyautomate v. cause to operate by automation available adj.that can be used or obtainedaware adj.~ of sb/sth; ~ that... having knowledge or realizationof sb/sthbehalf n. on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb'sbehalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb; in the interest of sbbenefit n.profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and prepsshown)bias n.opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in anargument or one item in a group orseries; predisposition; prejudicebond n.written agreement or promise that has legal force;covenantbrief sting only a short time; shortbulk n.size, quantity or volume, esp when greatcapable adj.having ability; able; competent capacity n.ability to hold or contain sth category n. class or group of things in a complete system of groupingcease e or bring (sth) to an end; stop challenge n.~ (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in agame, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etcchannel n.sunken bed of a river, stream or canalchapter n.(usu numbered) division of a book chart n.detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showingcoasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etcchemical adj.of or relating to chemistry circumstance n.condition or fact connected with an event or actioncite quote; commend civil adj.of or relating to the citizens of a countryclarify v.(cause sth to) become clear or easier to understandclassic adj.having a high quality that is recognized andunquestioned; of lasting value and importanceclause n.group of words that includes a subject1(4a) and a verb,forming a sentence or part of a sentencecode n.(system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that representothers, used for secret messages or for presenting or recording informationbrieflycoherent adj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand;clearcoincide v. ~(of events) occur at the same time or occupy the sameperiod of time as sth elsecollapse v.fall down or in suddenlycolleague n. person with whom one works, esp in a profession or businesscommence v. begin (sth); startcomment n.~ written or spoken remark giving an opinion on,explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc)commission n.~ action, task or piece of work given to sb to docommit v.do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish) commodity n.thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the homecommunicate v.~ sth make sth known; convey sthcommunity n.the community the people living in one place, district orcountry, considered as a wholecompatible adj. ~ (of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc) suited;that can exist togethercompensate v. ~ for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the badeffect of damage, loss, injury,etc;compile v.~ sth (for/from sth) collect(information) and arrange itin a book, list, report, etccomplement n.~ thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makesit completecomplex adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected partscomponent n. any of the parts of which sth is madecompound n. thing made up of two or more separate things combinedtogethercomprehensive adj. that includes everything comprise v. have as parts or members; be made up ofcompute v. ~ sth calculate sth with a computer conceive v.become pregnantconcentrate v.~ (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one's attention, effort,etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, not thinking about other less importantthingsconcept n. ~ idea underlying sth; general notion conclude v.~ (with sth) (usu fml ) come orbring (sth) to an endconcurrent adj. ~ existing, happening or done at the same timeconduct n.person's behaviourconfer v.~ (with sb) (on/about sth) have discussions (esp in orderto exchange opinions or get advice)confine v.~ sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restrictedspaceconfirm v.provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (areport, an opinion, etc); establish the truth ofconflict n.struggle; fightconform v.~ keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules,standards, etc)consent v. ~ give agreement or permission consequent adj. ~ (fml ) following sth as a resultor an effectconsiderable adj. great in amount or sizeconsist v. (phr v) consist of sth be composed or made up of sthconstant adj.going on all the time; happening again and againconstitute v.(fml ) make up or form (a whole); be the components ofconstrain v. make (sb) do sth by strong (moral) persuasion or by forceconstruct v.build (sth); put or fit together; form consult v.~ sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information,advice, etcconsume e (sth) upcontact n.~ state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)contemporary adj.~ of the time or period being referred to; belonging tothe same timecontext writings preceding and following passage quotedcontract n. ~ (for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu inwritingcontradict v.say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that theperson is mistaken or not telling the truthcontrary adj. opposite in nature, tendency or directioncontrast v. ~ A and/with B compare so that differences are made clearcontribute v.~ (to/towards sth) give one's share of (money, help,advice, etc) to help a joint causecontroversy n. ~ public discussion or argument, often rather angry, aboutsth which many people disagreewithconvene v.summon to come together; arrange (a meeting, etc)converse v. ~ (about sth); ~ (together) (fml ) talk convert v.~ (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) change (sth) from oneform or use to anotherconvince v.~ sb make sb feel certain; cause sb to realizecooperate to work or act togethercoordinate vt. to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in aharmonious operationcore n.centre of such fruits as the apple and pear, containingthe seedscorporate adj.of or shared by all the members of a group; collectivecorrespond v.~ be in agreement; not contradict sth or each othercouple n.two people or things that are seen together or associated,esp a man and woman togethercreate v.cause to exist; make (sth new or original)credit n.permission to delay payment for goods and services untilafter they have been received; system of paying in this waycriteria n. (pl of criterion) standard by which sth is judgedcrucial adj. ~ very important; decisiveculture n.refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature,etccurrency n.money system in use in a country cycle n.series of events that are regularly repeated in the sameorderdata n. facts or information used in deciding or discussing sthdebate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a publicmeeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often endingin a votedecade n. period of ten yearsdecline v.say `no' to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politelydeduce v. ~ sth arrive at (facts, a theory, etc) by reasoning; infersthdefine v.~ sth state precisely the meaning of (eg words)definite adj. clear; not doubtfuldemonstrate v.~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidencedenote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer todeny v.say that (sth) is not truedepress v.make sad and without enthusiasm derive v.~ sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sthdesign n.~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be madedespite prep without being affected bydetect v. discover or recognize that (sth) is presentdeviate v. ~ from sth stop followingdevice n.thing made or adapted for a special purposedevote v. ~ oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate;differentiate v.~ between A and B; ~ A (from B) see or show (two things)to be different; show sth to be different (from sth else) dimension n.measurement of any sortdiminish v.become smaller or less; decrease discrete adj. separate; distinctdiscriminate v.~ ~ A from B see or make a difference (between two things)displace v.move from the usual or correct place display v. ~ sth put sth on showdispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrangedistinct adj.easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definitedistort v.pull or twist out of its usual shape distribute v.~ sth separate sth into parts and give a share to eachperson or thingdiverse adj. of different kinds; varieddocument n. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth,evidence or proof of sthdomain nds owned or ruled by a nobleman, government, etcdomestic adj.of the home, household or family dominate v.have control of or a very strong influence on (people,events, etc)draft n.rough preliminary written version of sthdrama n.play for the theatre, radio or TVduration n.time during which sth lasts or continuesdynamic adj.of power or forces that produce movementeconomy n.avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources,etc)edit v.prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, ormagazineelement n.~ necessary or characteristic part of stheliminate v.~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)emerge v. ~come out or up (from water, etc) emphasis n. force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, tomake the meaning clear or to show importance empirical adj. based on observation or experiment, not on theoryenable v.make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authorityor meansencounter v.meet or find oneself faced by(sth/sb unpleasant,dangerous, difficult, etc)energy n.ability to act or work with strength and eagernessenforce v.~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make stheffectiveenhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look better enormous adj. very large; immenseensure v.make sure; guaranteeentity n.thing with distinct and real existence environment n.conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people's livesequate v. ~ sth consider sth as equal or equivalent (to sth else)equip v. ~ sb/sth (with sth) supply sb/sth (with what is needed, fora particular purpose)equivalent adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etcerode v. destroy or wear (sth) away gradually error n.thing done wrongly; mistake establish v.set up on a firm or permanent basis estate n.area of land, esp in the country, with one ownerestimate n.judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost,value, etc of sthethic n.system of moral principles; rules of conductethnic adj.of a national, racial or tribal group that has a commoncultural traditionevaluate v. find out or form an idea of the amount or value of(sb/sth); assesseventual adj. happening at last as a result; ultimateevident adj. ~ (that...) obvious (to the eye or mind); clearevolve v.(cause to) develop naturally and (usu) graduallyexceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity)exclude v.~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking partin sth, etc; keep sb outexhibit n.object or collection of objects displayed for the public,eg in a museumexpand v.~ (into sth) (cause sth to) become greater in size, numberor importanceexpert n. ~ person with special knowledge, skill or training in aparticular fieldexplicit adj.(of a statement, etc) clearly andfully expressedexploit n. brave or adventurous deed or action export n.exportingexpose v.uncover or make (sth) visible; display external adj.outside; situated on the outside of sth (esp the body)extract v. ~ sth take or get sth out, usu with effort or by forcefacilitate v. (of an object, a process, etc but not ofa person) make(sth) easy or less difficultfactor n.fact, circumstance, etc that helps to produce a resultfeature n.one of the named parts of the face (eg nose, mouth, eyes)which together form its appearancefederal of or relating to a form of government or a country in whichpower is divided between one central and several regional governmentfee n.(usu pl ) amount paid for professional advice or service,eg to private teachers, doctors, etcfile n. metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing orshaping hard substancesfinal adj.of the end; coming lastfinance n.management of moneyfinite adj.having bounds; limited; not infinite flexible adj.that can bend easily without breakingfluctuate v. ~(of a price, number, rate, etc) rise and fall; changeirregularlyfocus n. =>Usage at data data.point at which rays (of light,sound, etc) meet or from which theyappear to come format n.shape, size, binding, etc of a book formula n. (chemistry ) set of symbols showing the elements that asubstance is made offorthcoming adj.about to happen or appear in the near futurefoundation n.act of foundingfounded[ find: ] to meet with or discover by chanceframework n.structure giving shape and support function n.special activity or purpose of a person or thingfund n.sum of money saved or made available for a particularpurposefundamental adj.of or forming the basis or foundation of sth; essentialfurthermore adv. in addition; moreover ;gender n.(in certain languages) classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or femininegenerate v. cause to exist or occur; produce generation n.productionglobe n.small spherical model of the earth showing the continentsand usu also countries, rivers, cities, etcgoal n.(in football, hockey, etc) pair of posts with a crossbar,between which the ball has to be kicked, hit, etc in order to scoregrade n.step, stage or degree of rank, quality, etc; level ofclassificationgrant v.agree to give or allow (what is asked for)guarantee n.~ (against sth) promise (usu in writing) that certainconditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilled guideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a courseof actiohence adv.from this timehierarchy n. system with grades of authority or status from the lowestto the highesthighlight n.best, most interesting or most exciting part of somethinghypothesis n. idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is usedas a basis for reasoning or further investigationidentical adj.the ~ the sameidentify v.~ sb/sth as sb/sth show, prove, etc who or what sb/sth is;recognize sb/sth (as being the specified person or thing) ideology n. ideas that form the basis of an economic or politicaltheory or that are held by a particular group or person ignorant adj.~ (of sth)knowing little or nothing; lacking educationor information; unawareillustrate v.supply with pictures, diagrams, etc image n.copy of the shape of a person or thing, esp one made instone or wood; statueimmigrate v. ~ enter a foreign country in order to live therepermanentlyimpact n.hitting of one object against another implement n. tool or instrumentimplicate v. ~ sb show that sb is involved in sth, esp a crimeimplicit adj.~ implied, but not expressed directly; not explicitimply v.suggest (sth) indirectly rather than state it directly;hintimpose v.~ sth place (a penalty, tax, etc) officially on sb/sthincentive n. ~ thing that encourages sb to do sth; stimulusincidence n.~ of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effectincline v.~ towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sthincome n. money received over a certain period, esp as payment forwork or as interest on investmentsincorporate v.~ sth (in/into sth) make sth part of a whole; includeindex n. list of names or topics referred to in a book, etc, usuarranged at the end in alphabetical orderindicate v.~ sth (to sb) show sth, esp by pointingindividual adj.single; separateinduce v.persuade or influence (sb) to do sth inevitable adj.that cannot be avoided; that is sure to happeninfer v. ~ sth (from sth) reach (an opinion)from facts orreasoning; conclude sthinfrastructure n. subordinate parts, installations, etc that form the basisof a system, an organization oran enterprise (eg of an army),inherent adj. ~ existing as a natural or permanent feature or qualityof sb/sthinhibit v.~ sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural oreasy to doinitial adj. of or at the beginning; first initiate v.put (a scheme, etc) into operation; cause (sth) to begininjure v. hurt (sb); harminnovate v. make changes; introduce new things input n. ~action of putting sth ininsert v. ~ sth put, fit, place sth into sth or between two thingsinsight n. ~(approv ) ability to see into the true nature (of sth);deep understandinginspect v.examine (sth) closelyinstance n.~ particular occurrence of sth that happens generally orseveral times; example; caseinstitute n. society or organization for a special (usu social,professional or educational) purposeinstruct to direct to do something; orderintegral adj.~ necessary for completeness integrate v. ~ sth (into sth); ~ A and B/~ A with B combine sth in sucha way that it becomes fully a part of sth elseintegrity n.quality of being honest and morally uprightintelligence n.power of learning, understanding and reasoning; mentalabilityintense adj.(of sensations) very great or severe; extremeinteract v.~ act or have an effect on each other intermediate adj. ~ situated or coming between two people, things, etc intime, space, degree, etcinternal adj.of or on the insideinterpret v.explain (sth which is not easily understandable)interval n.~ time between two events intervene v.(of time) come or be between intrinsic adj. belonging naturally; existing within, not coming fromoutsideinvest v.~ (in sth/with sb) use (money) to buy shares, property,etc, in order to earn interest or bring profitinvestigate v.find out and examine in order to obtain the truthinvoke e (sth) as a reason for one's action involve v.make necessary as a condition or result; entailisolate v.~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from otherpeople or things; separate sb/sth ;issue n.outgoing; outflowitem n.single article or unit in a list, etcjob n. the patience of jobjournal n.newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and dealswith a specialized subjectjustify v.show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or justlabel n.piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an objectand describing its nature, name, owner, destination, etc labour n.physicalor mental worklayer n.thickness of material laid over a surface or forming ahorizontal divisionlecture n.~ (on sth) talk giving information about a subject to anaudience or a class, often as part of a teaching programmelegal adj.of or based on the lawlegislate v. ~ make lawslevy v.~ sth (on sb) collect (a payment, etc) by authority orforce; impose sthliberal adj.tolerant and open-minded; free from prejudicelicence n.official document showing that permission has been givento own, use or do sthlikewise adv.similarlylink n.one ring or loop of a chainlocate v.discover the exact position or place of logic n.science of reasoningmaintain v.~ sth cause sth to continue; keep sth in existence at thesame level, standard, etcmajor adj.important; great(er)manipulate v.control or handle with skill manual adj. of, done with or controlled by the hands margin n.blank space round the written or printed matter on a pagemature adj.fully grown or developed mentally or physically; havingachieved one's full potentialmaximise[ maximize: ] vt. to make as high or great as possible;increase to a maximummechanism n.working parts of a machine, etc media n. the media means of mass communication, eg TV, radio,newspapersmediate v.~ act as a peacemaker orgo-between for two or morepeople, groups, etc who disagreemedical adj.of the art of medicine; of curing diseasemedium n. (pl usu media) means by which sth is expressed orcommunicatedmental adj.of, in or to the mindmethod n.waymigrate v. ~ (to...)move from one place to go to live or work inanothermilitary adj. of or for soldiers or an army; of or for armed forcesminimal adj. smallest in amount or degree minimise[ minimize: ] to reduce to or estimate at the least possibledegree or amountminimum n.least or smallest amount, degree, etc possibleministry n.(buildings containing a) government departmentminor adj.smaller, less serious, less important, etcmode n.~ (fml ) way or manner in which sth is donemodify v.change (sth) slightly, esp to make it less extreme or toimprove itmonitor n.device used to observe, record or test sthmotive n. ~ that which causes sb to act in a particular way; reasonmutual adj.felt or done by each towards the othernegate v.deny or disprove the existence of (sb/sth)network plex system of roads, etc crossingeach otherneutral adj.not supporting or helping either side in a dispute,contest,war, etc; impartialnevertheless adv, conj in spite of this; however; still nonetheless adv. nevertheless; howevernorm n.standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc)normal adj.in accordance with what is typical, usual or regularnotion n.~ idea or belief; concept notwithstanding prep (can also follow the n to which it refers ) without beingaffected by (sth); in spite ofnuclear adj.of a nucleus, esp of an atom objective adj.not influenced by personal feelings or opinions;unbiased; fairobtain v.~ sth et sth; come to own or possess sth (by buying,borrowing, taking, etc)obvious adj. easily seen, recognized or understood; clearoccupy v.live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)occur e into being as an event or a process; happenodd adj.strange; unusual; peculiaroffset v. ~ sth (by sth/doing sth) compensate for sth; balance sthongoing adj. continuing to exist or progress option n.power or freedom of choosing; choiceorient n. the Orient countries of the (Far) East (eg Japan, China)outcome n. effect or result (of an event, circumstances, etc)output n.quantity of goods, etc produced overall adj. including everything; totaloverlap v.partly cover (sth) by extending over its edge overseas adj. across the sea; foreignpanel n.separate, usu rectangular, part of the surface of a door,wall, ceiling, etc, usu raisedaboveor sunk below the surrounding areaparadigm n.set of all the different forms of a wordparagraph n.distinct section of a written or printed text, usuconsisting of several sentences dealingwith a single theme and starting on a newlineparallel adj.(of two or more lines) having the same distance betweeneach other at every pointparameter n.quantity that does not vary in a particular case but doesvary in other casesparticipate v. ~ take part or become involved (in an activity)partner n.person who takes part in an activity with another orothers, esp one of several owners of a business passive adj.not active; submissiveperceive v. become aware of (sb/sth); notice; observepercentperiod n.length or portion of timepersist v.~ continue to do sth, esp in an obstinate and determinedway and in spite of opposition, argument or failure perspective n.art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as togive the right impression of their height, width, depth and position in relationto each otherphase n.stage in a process of change or developmentphenomenon n.fact or occurrence, esp in nature or society, that can beperceived by the sensesphilosophy n.search for knowledge and understanding of the nature andmeaning of the universe and of human lifephysical adj.of or concerning material things plus prep with the addition ofpolicy n. ~ plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed oradopted by a government, politicalparty, business, etc portion n.part or share into which sth isdividedpose v.~ (for sb) sit or stand in a particular position in orderto be painted, drawn or photographedpositive adj.with no possibility of doubt; clear and definitepotential adj. that can or may come into existence; possiblepractitioner n.person who practises a skill or anartprecede e or go before in time, order, rank, etcprecise adj.stated clearly andaccuratelypredict v. say in advance that will happen; forecastpredominant adj.having more power or influence than otherspreliminary adj. ~ coming before a more important action or event;preparatorypresume v.suppose to be true; take (sth) for grantedprevious ing before in time or order primary adj.earliest in time or order of developmentprime adj.most important; chief; fundamental principal adj. first in rank or importance; chief; mainprinciple n.basic general truth that underlies sth prior adj. coming before in time, order or importancepriority n.~ (state of) being more important (in rank)proceed v.~ (to sth) go to a further or the next stage; go onprocess n.series of actions or operations performed in order to do,make or achieve sthprofessional adj.of or belonging to a profession prohibit v.~ sth/sb (from doing sth) forbid sthor sb from doing sthesp by laws, rules or regulations project n.scheme or undertakingpromote to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHERproportion parative part or share of a whole; fractionprospect n.(dated ) wide view of a landscape, etcprotocol n.system of rules governing formal occasions, eg meetingsbetween governments, diplomats, etc; official etiquette psychology n.science or study of the mind and how it functionspublication n.action of making a book or periodical, available to thepublicpublish v.prepare, have printed and distribute to the public (abook, periodical, etc)purchase n.(action of) buying sthpursue v.follow (sb/sth), esp in order to catch or kill; chase ,qualitative adj. of or concerned with qualityquote v.~ (from sb/sth) repeat in speech or writing (wordspreviously said or written by anotherperson)radical adj.of or from the root or base; fundamentalrandom adj. done, chosen, etc without method or conscious choice;haphazardrange n.connected line or row of mountains, hills, etcratio n. relation between two amounts determined by the number oftimes one contains the otherrational adj.able to reasonreact v.~ behave differently or change as a result of sth; respondrecover v.~ sth find again (sth stolen, lost, etc); regainpossession of sthrefine v.remove impurities from (sth); purify regime n.method or system of government region n.part of a surface or bodyor space with or without definiteboundaries or characteristicfeatures。
AWL词汇表【学术词汇表】——雅思
AWLSublist 1analyze [ ? ? n? laiz] vt . 〈美〉分析 ,分解 , 解释constitut e [ ? k?nstitju:t] vt . 构成 , 组成建立 , 制定选定 , 任命 establish [is ? t ? bli? ] vt . 建立 , 成立安置确定 , 证实 indicate [ ? indikeit] vt . 标示 ,指示 , 指出象征 ; 表明或暗示⋯的可能性occur [ ? ? k? :] vi . 发生 ; 举行 ; 存在被发现 ; 想到[ 起]role [r ? n 作用 , 职责角色ul] . n. 靠近 ,方法 vt . 接洽 ,approach[ ? ? pr ? ut ? ] 接近 , 临近通路 , 入口 , 途径方式 , 交涉 ; 着手处理 vt . & v i . 接近, 走近 , 靠近 语境context [ ? k? n 背景 , 环境上下文 ,ntekst]. 估计 vt vi 估计 评价 评估estimate [ ? n , 估价报价判断 . & . ;, estimeit]. adj 个别的 n 个人人 individua l [ ? ? ndi ? vidju ? l ] . , 单独的 , 个人的独特的 .percent [p ? ? sent] n. 百分比 , 百分数 科截面 剖面地区 区section [ ? sek? ? n 章节部分部门 , , ,n] .area [ ? ? ? ri ? n 面积区域 , 地区领域 ,方面 ]. n 缔结 订契约 vt v i 染上 恶习 疾病contract [k ? n? tr ? 契约 , 合同 vt . ; . & . ,kt]. ( 等)缩小; 紧缩 adj . 明显的 ,evident [ ? evid ? nt] 明白的interpre t [in ? t ? :prit] vt . 解释 ; 说明 vt . & vi . 口译 ; 翻译 句点period [ ? pi ? ri ? d] n.( 一段 ) 时间时期 , 时代学时 , 课时句号 ,sector [ ? sekt ? ] n. 部门 ;领域防御地区 , 防卫区域扇形 , 扇形面assess[ ? ? ses] vt . 估价 , 估计评定 , 核定create [kri? eit] vt . 创造 , 创作 , 创建引起 , 产生 vi 出口 输出export [eks ? p? :t] n 输出 , 出口输出 [ 出口 ] 物 vt. & . ,.involve [in ? v? lv] vt . 使某事物成为必要条件或结果 ; 需要使参与 , 牵涉 policy p? l ? si n 政策 , 方针策略 ,精明的行为 , 上策保险单[ ? ] .significan t [si ɡ? nifik ? nt] adj . 重要的 , 重大的 , 可观的有意义的 , 有用意的意味深长的assume[ ? ? sju:m] vt . 假设 , 臆断 , 猜想假装承担 , 担任 , 就职呈现 , 采取data [ ? deit ? n 资料 , 材料 ]. 要素〈数〉因子 因数 factor [ ? f ? kt ? ] n 因素 , , . 流出 发出 发行〈正〉结果结issue [ ? n 问题 , 议题 ; 争论点发行物放出 , ; , , isju:]. 局 vi . 冒出 ,流出 ; 传出 vt .出版, 发行发表 , 发布分配 , 发给 principl e [ ? prins ? n原则 , 原理准则 , 规范操守 , 道义工作原理 pl] .similar [ ? simil ? ] adj . 类似的 ; 同类的 ; 相似的 ; 同样的 专家authority [ ? : ? θ? n 权力 , 职权官方 , 当局权威 ,riti].define [di ? fain] vt . 精确地解释 ; 界定规定 , 确定 vt 为⋯供给资金 从事finance [fai ? n? ns] n 财政 , 金融财源 , 资金 , 财务情况 ., .金融活动n 劳动 努力 工作劳工 工人分娩 分娩时的 阵痛 vi 劳动 labour [ ? leib ? ] , ; , , ( ) . ;.努力艰难行进1proceed [pr ? ? si:d] vi . 前进 ; 行进进行 ; 继续下去 资料来源source [s ? n 河流的源头 , 发源地来源 ,出处原因提供资料者, :s] .available [ ? ? veil ? bl] adj . 可用的或可得到的可会见的 ,可与之交谈的derive [di ? raiv] vt . & vi . 得到源于 方程式配方formula [ ? f ? :mjul ? ] n 准则 , 原则公式 ,. legal [ ? li :ɡ? l] adj . 法律上的 ;合法的 ; 法定的 列队行进 vt 加工 处理process [ ? pr ? uses] n 过程 , 进程工序 , 制作法 vi . . ;.specific [spi ? sifik] adj . 明确的 , 确切的 , 详尽的具体的 , 特有的 , 特定的仅限于⋯的 ; n 特效药具体方面 , 细节只发现于⋯的 . 好处救济金 保险金 vt vi 有益于 得益benefit [ ? benifit ] n 益处 , , . & . ,.distribut e[dis ? tribju:t]n vt . 分配 , 分给散发 ; 散播 ; 分布function [ ? f ? ? k? ? 功能 ; 作用 ; 职责函数 ; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物 n].社交集会 vi . 工作 ,运行 , 起作用legislate [ ? l ed ? isleit] vt . &vi . 立法 ; 制定法律require [ri ? k wai ? ] vt . 有赖于⋯ ; 需要命令 , 指示要求 , 规定想要 建筑物 vt 组structure [ ? str ? kt ? ? n 结构 , 构造有结构的事物 ; 复杂的整体 ; .]. 织; 安排; 构造 ; 制定 n 概念 观念 想法concept [ ? k? nsept] ; ;. 经济状况economy[i ? k? n? mi] n 节约 , 节省经济体制 ,.identify [ai ? dentifai] vt . 认出 , 识别支持 , 同情 vt . & vi . 等同于 ; 有关联major [ ? meid? ? ] adj . 较大的 ; 主要的 ; 严重的 n 少校专业 ; 主修科目 vi . 〈美〉. 主修, 专攻research [ri ? s? :t ? ] n. 研究 ;探讨 vi . 做研究 , 探究 , 研究 , 探讨 vt . 从事⋯的研究 , 为⋯而做研究 n 学说理论 原理意见看法theory [ ? θi ? , , ri]. vi . 组成 ,consist [k ? n? sist] 构成在于 , 存在于environment [in ? vai ? r ? nm? nt] n. 环境 , 周围状况 , 自然环境 n 收入 , 所得 , 收益income[ ? ink ? m] .条理n 方法 ,办法秩序 ,method[ ? me θ ? d] .respond [ri ? s p? nd] vi . 有反应 ;有效果 ; 有影响 vt . & vi . 回答 ; 回报 ;响应vary [ ? v? ? ri ] vi . 呈现不同 vt . & vi .( 使)变化, 改变Sublist 2achieve [ ? ? t ? i:v] vt . 取得 , 获得实现 , 达到 , 完成 共享n 社区 , 社会 , 团体大众 , 公众共有 , community[k ? ? mju:niti].vt 筹划 v t vi n 图样 , 设计图设计 , 布局目的 , 打算 . 计划, . & . design [di ? zain] . 设计, 绘制institute[ ?institju:t]n. 协会 ,学会 ; 学院 , 研究院 vt . 建立 ,制定 ; 开始 ,着 手 adj 潜在的 有可能的 n 潜力 潜势 可能性potentia l [p ? ? ten ? ? l] . , , , .restrict [ris ? trikt] vt . 限制 ; 约束acquire [ ? ? kwai ? ] vt . 获得 ,得到 , 养成复合的复杂的难懂的n 综合体complex[ ? k? mpleks] adj . 由许多部分组成的 , , ,.集合体〈心〉情结 , 夸大的情绪反应2distinc t [dis ? ti ? kt ] adj . 截然不同的 , 完全分开的清晰的 , 明白的 ,明显的invest [in ? vest] vt . 授予 vt . & vi . 投资 ;花费previous [ ? pri:vi ? s] adj . 先前的 ,以前的过早的 , 过急的secure [si? kju ? ] adj . 牢固的 ;可靠的有把握的 ; 确切的 vt . 握紧 ; 关牢使安全 ( 使)获得 ; 把⋯弄到手 ? ] vt . 管理 ,administer [ ? d? minist 支配给予执行 , 实施compute[k ? m? pju:t] vt . 计算 , 估算 要素原件一伙人基础 纲要原理element [ ? elim ? nt] n 化学 ) 元素成分 , , , , .( 一件 一条 item [ ? ait n 一项 , , ; 项目 ? m] . primary [ ? praim ? ri] adj . 首要的 ; 主要的 ; 基本的最初的 ; 初级的seek[si:k] vi . 企图 ;试图 vt . 请求 ,征求 ; 求教 vt .&vi . 寻找 ; 探寻 affect [ ? ? fekt] vt . 影响感动假装conclude [k ? n? klu:d] vt . 得出结论 ;断定决定 vt . & vi . 结束equate [i ? kweit] vt . 认为某事物 ( 与另一事物 ) 相等或相仿journal [ ? d? ? :nl] n 杂志 , 期刊日志 , 日记. vt 购买purchase [ ? p? :t ? ? n 购买 , 购置买到的东西 .s] .select [si ? lekt] adj .精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的 , 选择严格的 vt . 选择 ; 挑选appropriate [ ? ? pr ? upriit] adj . 适当的 ,恰当的 vt . 挪用 ; 占用 ; 盗用拨出 ( 款项 )conduct [k ? n? d? kt] n 举止 , 行为管理 ( 方式 ), 实施 ( 方式 ) v t . & vi . 引导 , 带领 ,. 担任指挥控制 , 管理传导 vt . 评价 ,evaluate [i ? v? ljueit]估计 ,估价maintain [mein ? tein] vt . 保持 ; 继续保养 , 维护坚持 ; 主张供给 ; 赡养range[reind ? ] n. 一系列变化幅度 , 范围射程 , 距离 ( 山) 脉 vi . 变化 vt . 排列 n 位置 , 场所 , 地点 vt . 使坐落在 ; 设置site [sait].aspect [ ? ? spekt] n .方面方位 , 朝向面貌 ,模样 , 神态consequent [ ? k? nsikw ?nt] adj . 作为结果的 , 随之发生的feature [ ? fi:t? ? ] n 特征 , 特色面貌 , 相貌特写 , 专题节目 ( 电影的 ) 正片 , 故事 .片normal [ ? n? :m? l] adj . 正常平常的正规的 ;标准的的 ,region [ ? ri:d ? ? n ] n. 地区 ; 地带 ; 区域 ; 范围 计谋strategy [ ? str ? tid ? i] n . 战略学 , 兵法战略 , 策略策略 ,assist[ ? ? sist] vt . & vi .帮助, 促进construct [k? n? str ? kt] vt . 修建 , 建立构成 , 组成final [ ? fain ? l ] adj . 最后的 , 最终的决定性的 , 确定性的 n. 决赛 ( 大学的 ) 期终考试vi . 通行 ;流行 vt . 获得 ,obtain [ ? b? tein]得到 ; 买到regulate [ ? reɡjuleit]vt . 控制 , 管理调整 ; 调节survey [s ? ? vei] n. 调查 vt . 眺望 ; 纵览测量 ; 勘察检查 , 鉴定通盘考虑 , 回顾category [ ? k? ti ɡ? n 种类 , 类别ri]. consume[k ? n? sju:m] vt . 消耗 , 消费 , 耗尽大吃 , 大喝烧毁 , 毁灭 镜头 眼focus [ ? f ? uk? n 焦点 , 焦距 ; 中心 vt . & v i .( 使 集中 , ( 使 ) 聚集调整 ( , s]. ) 睛) 焦点 [ 焦距 ] 以便看清 vt .& vi . 参加 ,participat e [p ɑ:? tisipei t] 参与relevant [ ? rel? v? nt] adj . 有关的 ,切题的3n 正文 ,本文原文, 全文教科书 , 课本 text [tekst]. n 章 篇 chapter [ ? t ? ? pt ? , 回 ,] . 存款数额借款贷款赞扬荣誉 功劳信credit [ ? kredit] n . 赊购 ; 赊购制度存款 ; ; , ,任, 相信学分 vt . 相信 ,信任把⋯记入贷方 , 存入 ( 账户) vi 对某事物有影响impact [ ? imp? kt] n 影响 , 作用冲击 ( 力 ), 碰撞 vt . & ..perceive [p ? ? si:v]vt . 感觉 ,察觉 , 理解reside [ri ? zaid] vi . 居住 ; 定居 tradition [tr ? ? di ? ? n 传统惯例n]. 授权 委托委员会佣金 回扣 vt 委任 委托commission[k ? ? mi? ? n] n , , . ,. 教养 vt 培植培culture [ ? k? lt ? ? n 文化休养 , , 精神文明养殖 , 培养 , 栽培 . , ] .养 injure[ ?ind ? ? ] vt . 伤害 , 损害positive [ ? p? zitiv] adj . 确实的 ,明确的积极的 ; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的 ,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的 , 阳性的完全的 ; 纯粹的 n. 〈语〉原级形容词确实 ; 正量 , 正数正片n 资源 必要时可给予 帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智 机敏 创 resource [ri ? s? ( ) ; ; :s].造精神n 转移 转让 转录中转 换乘 改变路线 vt 转让 vt transfer [tr ? ns? f ?; ; , , . . & :] . vi . 转移; 迁移 Sublist 3alternative [ ? :l ? t ? :n ? tiv] adj . 两者择一的 , 供替代的不寻常的 , 非传统性的n 取舍 ,抉择 , 可供选择的事物选择的余地 , 可供选择的机会非正统的 . convene[k ? n? vi:n] vt . & vi . 召开 , 召集emphasis[ ? emf? n 强调 , 重点 sis].interact [ ? ? nt ? r ? ? kt] vi . 相互作用 [ 影响 ], 互相配合philosophy [f i ? l ? s? fi ] n 哲学人生哲学 , 人生观达观. 性行为sex[seks] n 性别 ; 性男性 ; 女性性关系性活动 ,.circumstance [ ? s? :k ? mst? ns] n. 环境 , 条件 , 情况境遇 , 经济状况coordinate [k ? u? ? :dineit] adj . 同等的 , 并列的 n. 〈数〉坐标 vt . 使协调 ; 使调 和ensure [in ? ? u? ] vt . 确保 , 担保担保获得 [ 避免 ] justify [ ? d? ? stifai] vt . 证明⋯有理 ; 为⋯辩护physical [ ? fizik ? l] adj . 身体的 , 肉体的物质的自然规律的 , 按自然法则的自然n 身体检查 , 体格检查( 界) 的物理学的 .换 班轮班工人计谋 手段切换键 vi 快速行进 vt shift [ ? ift] n 转换 , 转变轮 [ , . . & . ]vi . 改变 , 变换 , 转移 , 移动去掉 ; 摆脱掉换挡comment[ ? k? ment] n. 评论 , 意见 , 解释 , 批评 vt . & vi . 评论 ; 谈论 core [k ? :] n. 果核核心 , 精髓 , 要点exclude [iks ? klu:d] vt . 排除 ; 不包括在内n 层 ,层次layer [ ? lei ? ] .proportion [pr ? ? p? : ? ? n] n. 均衡 ; 相称 , 协调一物与他物在数量、 大小等方面的关系 ; 比例部分 ; 份儿 vt . 详述指定specify [ ? spesifai]4compensate[ ? k?mpenseit]vt . &vi . 补偿 , 报酬corporate [ ? k? :p ? rit] adj . 社团的 , 法人的framework [ ? freimw ? :k] n 构架 ; 结构. vi 连接 联系n 环 , 联系 , 纽带 vt. & . , link [li ? k] .publish [ ? p? bli ? ] vt . & vi . 出版公布sufficient [s ? ? fi ? ? nt] adj . 足够的 ; 充足的component[k ? m? p? un? nt] n 成分 , 组成部分 , 部件 ,元件.correspond [ ? k? ris ? p? nd] vi . 相符合 , 相一致相当 , 相类似通信 给⋯拨款fund [f ? n 基金 , 专款现款 ; 资金储备 , 蕴藏 vt . 为⋯提供资金 ,nd] .locate [l ? u? keit] vt . 找出 ,指出 ( 地点或位置 ) vt . & vi .( 在⋯)设置,坐落于react [ri ? ? kt] vi . 起反应 ; 有影响反对 ; 对抗task [t n 工作 ; 任务 ; 差事 ɑ:sk].n 同意 赞成 vi 同意 赞成 consent [k ? n? 准许 , , . ;sent] . criteri a [kra ? ? t ? ? r ? ? ] n. 标准 illustrat e [ ? il ? streit] vt . 给⋯加插图说明 , 阐明 ; 表明maximise[ ? m? ksimaiz] vt . 使( 某事物 ) 增至最大限度最大限度地利用 ( 某事物 ) 记录register [ ? red ? is t ? ] n 登记 ( 表 ), 注册 ( 簿 ) 记录器暖气 , 调风器 vt . & vi . ;. 登记 ; 注册显出注意到 , 记住 technical [ ? teknik ? l] adj . 技术的 ; 应用科学的艺术的 , 工艺的 ( 指书等 ) 要求有专门知识的 , 使用术语的 , 专业的 adj . 相当大 ( 或多 ) 的considerable [k ? n? sid ? r ? bl]deduce[di? dju:s] vt . 推论 ,演绎immigrate [ ? imi ɡreit] vi . 移入minor [ ? main? ] adj . 较小的 , 较少的 , 低级的 , 次要的 n. 未成年人副修科目rely[ri? lai] vi .信任; 信赖 ; 依赖 , 依靠technique [tek ? ni:k] n . 技巧 , 手法 , 技术技能constant [ ? k? nst ? nt] adj . 始终如一的 , 恒久不变的不断的 , 连续发生的忠实的 ,忠诚的demonstrate [ ? dem? nstreit ] vi . 举行示威游行 ( 或集会 ) vt . 说明 , 演示论证 , 证明 显示 , 表露imply [im ? plai]vt . 暗示 ,暗指必然包含negate [ni ? ɡeit] vt . 取消 , 使无效否定 ; 否认remove[ri ? mu:v] vi . 迁移 ; 移居 vt . 移走 ; 排除开除应用科学工业技术technology [tek ? n? l ? d? i ] n 科技 (总称 ); 工艺 ; .constrain [k ? n? strein] vt . 强迫 , 强使 ; 限制 , 约束记载document[ ? d? kjum? nt] n . 公文 , 文件 , 文献 vt . 证明记录,initial [i ? ni ? ?l] adj . 最初的 , 开头的outcome[ ? autk ? n 结果m] .scheme[ski:m] n. 阴谋 , 诡计计划 , 方案 vt .&vi . 策划 ;图谋valid [ ? v? lid]adj . 正当的 , 有充分根据的 , 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute [k ? n?tribjut] vi . 起促成作用 vt . & vi . 捐献 , 捐助 , 贡献出撰稿 , 投稿dominate [ ? d? mineit] vt . 耸立于 , 俯临 vt .& vi . 控制 , 支配 , 统治在⋯中占首要 地位 n 例子 实例instance [ ? ins t ? ns] . ,5ɑ n 伙伴 , 同伙 , 合伙人 , 股东同伴, 搭档配偶 , 情人 vt . 做⋯的 partner [ ? p :tn ? ].搭档n 有关联的一组事物 一连串先后次序 顺序 连续 sequence[ ? si:kw ? , , , ns]. 册 书卷体积 容量音量volume[ ? v? lju:m] n 卷 , , ; 容积 , , 响度. Sublist 4access[ ?? kses] n 通道 , 入口接近 [ 取得 ]⋯的方法 [ 权利等 ] vt . 存取 计算机文件 ). (communicate[k ? ? mju:nikeit] vi . 通讯 ; 交际 , 交流相连 ; 相通 vt .& vi . 传达 ; 表 达 n 错误过失 失误error [ ? , er ? ].internal [in ? t ? :n ?l] adj . 内部的国内的 , 内政的体内的 相对应的 n 平行线 面 paralle l [ ? p? r ? lel] adj .( 指至少两条线 ) 平行的类似的 ; ] . [ 极相似的人 [ 事物 ] 类似( 点), 相似(之处)比较纬线 , 纬圈 vt . 与⋯平行 ; 与⋯相当 resolve [ri ? z? lv] vt .( 指委员会或集会 ) 表决解决 ( 问题、疑问等 ) 分解 ,解析( 某物 )vt . & vi . 决定 ;决心adj . 充分的 ,adequate[ ? ? dikwit]足够的适当的 , 胜任的concentrate [ ? k? ns? ntrei t] vt . 浓缩 vt . &vi . 专心于 ;注意集中 , 聚集ethnic [ ? e θnik] adj . 种族的 ,部落的某文化群体的 investigate [in ? vesti ɡeit] n vt . 调查 ; 审查 特性 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量参数parameter [p ? ? r ? mit ? ] 限定性的 ) 因素 , , , .( retain [ri ? tein] vt . 保持 ; 保留止住 ; 容纳 一年一次的 n 一年生植物年刊 年报annual [ ? ? nju ? l] adj . 每年的 , 年度的 , , ,.年鉴confer [k ? n? f ? :] vi . 〈拉〉商谈 , 商议 vt . 授予 , 赋予goal [ ɡ? n 球门进球得的分努力的对象 , 目标ul] .job[d ? ? b] n. 职业 , 职位 ( 一件) 工作职责 , 责任 分阶段计划 安排n 阶段 , 时期 月亮、行星的 ) 位相 vt . [ ]phase[feiz].n ( series [ ? si ? 连续的同类事物 , 系列串联ri:z].apparent [ ? ? p? r ? nt] adj . 显然明白的 , 清晰可见的表面上的 ,貌似(真实)的的 ,contrast [ ? k? ntr ? st]n. 对比 , 对照差异 , 差别对照物 , 明显的对比物 vt . &vi . 对比 , 对照 n 补助金 津贴 vt 准许 答应给予承认,助学金 , . ;grant [ ɡr ɑ:nt]. n 符号 vt 贴标签于把⋯列为label [ ? leib ? l] 标签 , 标记称号 ; ; 标示 . .predict [pri ? dikt ] vt . & vi . 预言 ; 预测 ; 预示 统计量statistic [st ? ? tistik ] adj . 统计的 , 统计学的 n .approximate [ ? ? pr ? ksimit] adj . 近似的 , 大约的 vt . & vi . 近似 , 接近cycle [ ? saikl] n . 循环 , 周期自行车 , 摩托车 vi . 骑自行 摩托 车[ ] hence[hens]adv. 从此时起 , 从此处因此 , 所以mechanism[ ? mek? niz ? m] n. 机械装置构造 , 机制办法 , 技巧 , 途径 本金被代principal [ ? prins ? p? l] adj . 最重要的 ; 主要的 n 负责人 , 校长资本, . 理人 , 委托人status [ ? steit ? s] n. 身份 , 地位情形 , 状况attitude [ ? ? n 态度 , 看法姿态 , 姿势titju:d]. v t v i 辩论争论debate [di ? beit] n 讨论 , 辩论 . & . ,.6hypothesis [hai ? p? θ n 假说 , 假设 ,前提isis].obvious [ ? ? bvi ? s] adj . 明显的 ; 显而易见的prior [ ? prai? ] adj . 优先的 ;在前的 ; 较早的重读强调stress [stres] n 压力 , 紧张强调 , 重要性重力重音 vt . .n 属性 特性 v t 认为⋯是 归因于⋯认为某作品出自某 attribute [ ? ?tribju:t] , . ; .人之手认为某事 [ 物] 属于某人 [ 物]despite [dis ? pait] prep . 不管 , 尽管 vt 使生效 贯彻执行implement [ ? implim ? n 工具 , 器具 , 用具. , , nt] .occupy[ ? ? kjupai] vt . 占领 ;占有使从事 ; 使忙于professional [pr ? ? fe ? ? n? l ] adj . 职业的 , 专业的内行的 , 有经验的有意的 ,故意的 n. 具有某专业资格的人 ,专业人士内行 , 专家专门职业者 , 职业选手 subsequent [ ? s? bsikw ? nt] adj . 随后的 ,继⋯之后的civil [ ? sivl] adj . 公民的 , 平民的 ; 非军职的 , 非宗教的 ; 国民间的 , 民用的民事 的, 民法的文明的 , 有教养的 尺寸 度量方面 部分规模 程度dimension [di ? men? ? n , , , n].implicate [ ? implikeit] vt . 牵连 , 涉及 配件买卖选择权期权option [ ? ? p? ? n] n 选择 ( 的自由 ) 可选择的办法附件 , , . n 方案 课题 规划抛 投 viproject [pr ? ? d? 项目 , 计划 , , vt . ; ; 射 vt. & . ekt] . 伸出 , 突出 ; 表达特点 vtvi 合计总结 归纳 n 总数 ,总和金额算术 . & ., sum[s ? m] . n 法规 vt 将⋯译成电码 code[k ? ud] 法典 , , 章程密码 , 电码代号 , 编码 ..domestic [d ? ? mestik] adj . 本国的 ,国内的家庭的 , 家用的驯养的impose[im ? p? uz] vi . 利用 ,占便宜 ; 欺骗 vt . 强迫 ,强加课税 , 惩罚output [ ? autput] n. 产量输出 , 输出功率promote[pr ? ? m? ut ] vt . 提升 , 提拔筹划 , 发起 , 创立推销〈正〉促进 ; 推动 ; 增进summary[ ? s? m? ri] adj . 即刻的 , 立即的匆忙的 , 草率的概括的 ; 简要的 n 摘要 ,. 概要commit[k ?? mit] vt . 犯罪 ;犯错承诺 ; 使自己受约束托付 ; 交付emerge[i ? m? :d ? ] vi . 出现 ;显出 ; 暴露integrate [ ? inti ɡreit]vt . 使结合成为整体 vt .& vi .( 使) 融入overall [ ? ? uv? r ? :l] adj . 总体的 ;全面的 ;综合的全面考虑的adv. 大体上 ,总 的来说一切包括在内 , 全部的 n 长罩衣工装裤 ; 工作裤. 政权 regime [rei ? ? n 政治制度 , , 政体 i:m] .undertake [ ? ? nd? ? teik] vt . 担任 , 承揽 ; 保证着手 , 开始Sublist 5 academy[ ? ? k? d? mi] n. 专科学校研究院 , 学会 consult [k ? n? s? lt] vt . 请教 , 咨询 ; 找 ( 医生 ) 诊治翻阅 , 查阅顾及 ,考虑 vt . &vi . 商议, 商量evolve [i ? v? lv] vt . & vi . 演变 ; 进化 特许放纵 放肆licence [ ? lais ? ns] n 许可证 , 执照许可 , , .orient [ ? ? :ri ? nt] n. 东方 ,亚洲 vt . 使熟悉 , 使适应使朝向 ;使确定位置style [stail] n 风格 , 格调 ; 文体行为方式, 作风种类 , 类型 ; 流行式样 ; 款式风度 ;.格调 ;气派7adjust [ ? ? d? ? st ] vt . & vi .( 改变⋯以 ) 适应 ; 调整 ; 校正 门路触点 接头contact [ ? k? nt ? n 接触联系 , 联络 , 交往社会关系 , 熟人 , ,kt]. vt . & vi . 联系expand[iks ? p? nd] vt .& vi . 使⋯变大 , 扩大 , 扩张伸展 , 伸开 ,张开 , 展开logic [ ? l ? d? ik] n 逻辑 (学 ), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法.想法 perspective [p ? ? n 远景 , 景前途 ;希望透视透视图观点 , spektiv].substitut e[ ? s? bstitju:t] vt . & vi . 代替 , 替换 , 代用alter [ ?? :lt ? ] vt . & vi .改变, 更改 v i 太阳 落下 vt v i 辞谢 谢绝 邀请decline [di ? klain] n 下降 , 减少 , 衰退 .( ) . & . ;. ( 等)expose[iks ? p? uz] vt . 曝光暴露 ; 显露揭露 , 袒露 余地margin [ ? m ɑ:d ? in]n 页边空白边 , 边缘差数 , 差额 ; .precise [pri ?sais]adj . 精确的 ,准确的恰好的 ; 正是的周密的 , 细密的 , 精细的sustain [s ? ? stein] vt . 承受 ,支撑维持长期保持 ; 使继续经受 , 遭受amend[ ? ? mend] vt . & vi . 改良 ;修改 , 修订discrete [dis ?kri:t] adj . 分离的 , 不相关联的external [eks ?t ? :nl] adj . 外面的 , 外部的外观的 , 表面的外国的medical [ ? medik? l ] adj . 医学的 , 医疗的 , 医术的内科的 n 全盛时期vt 使准prime [praim] adj . 首要的 ; 主要的 ; 基本的最好的, 第一流的 . .备好 , 使完成准备工作事先指导 , 事先向⋯提供情况symbol[ ? simb? l] n 象征 , 标志符号 , 记号.aware[ ? ? w? ? ] adj . 意识到的 , 知道的draft [drɑ:ft ]n. 草稿 ,草案 , 草图汇票应召入伍者 ;特遣队 vt . 起草 ,画草图 , 草 拟选派 , 抽调征募 , 征召⋯入伍facilitat e [f ? ? siliteit] vt . 使便利 ,减轻⋯的困难mental [ ? mentl] adj . 精神的 ,头脑的 , 心理的 , 智力的精神病的psychology [sai ? k? l ? d? i] n. 心理学心理 ; 心理特点 服务的 对象 攻击的 对象target [ ? t n .( 射击的 ) 靶子 ( 欲达到的 ) 目 指 标 ); ( )ɑ:ɡit][ ] (vt . 瞄准某物n 容量 容积才能 能力身份 职位capacity [k ? ? p? , , ,siti].enable [i ? neibl] vt . 使能够 ;提供做⋯的权利 [ 措施 ] 使可能n 基本原则 基本fundamental [ ? f ? nd? ? ment? l] adj . 基本的 ; 重要的 , 必要的. , 法则 vt . 修饰 vt . & vi . 修改 ,modify [ ? m?difai] 更改pursue [p ? ? sju:] vt . 追捕 , 追击追求继续 ; 从事 , 经营transit [ ? tr ? nsit] n 搬运 ; 载运 ; 运输 .challenge [ ? t ? ? lind ? ] n. 挑战 , 邀请比赛怀疑 , 质问艰巨的任务 vt . 挑战质疑考验energy [ ? en? d? i ] n. 活力 ,干劲 , 能力精力〈物〉能 , 能量 , 能源generate [ ? d? en? reit] vt . 生成 , 产生引起 , 导致 班长 纠察员 vt 监听 监monitor [ ? m? nit ? n 监视器 , 监听器 ; 检测器 ( 学校 ); . , ]. 视监测 , 检测ratio [ ? rei ? i ? u] n. 比, 比率n 趋势 , 倾向流行trend [trend].法律文件等的条款 clause [kl n 从句 ( )? :z] .8enforce [in ? f ? :s] vt . 实施 ,执行强迫 , 迫使 一代人 一代产生 发生 generation [ ? d? en? ? rei ? ? n 同时代的人 , , , n]. 电视网 n 网状物 (电视与计算机 ) 网络 , 网状系统广播网, network [ ? netw? :k] . 不合格产品 vt 谢绝 排斥 退 reject [ri ? d? n 被拒货品, . 拒绝 , ; 驳回舍弃 , , ekt] .掉n 个人对事件的 描述 说法 看法版本 形式译本 剧本 version [ ? v? : ? ? n] .( ) , , , ,复合物 院子 围起来的 vtcompound[ ? k? mpaund] n , 化合物 ( 筑有围墙的 ),( ) 场地 . . 使混合 , 使合成使严重 ; 使恶化 实际存在物 entity [ ? n 实体 , 独立存在体 , entiti].物 翻版比喻 引 image[ ? imid ? n 形象 , 概念镜像 , 影像 , 图像印象酷似的人 [ ], , ] .喻, 明喻外形 , 外表 , 模样 奇想 意图 打算notion [ ? n? u? n 概念 ,观念 , 看法突然的念头 , ; , ? n] .revenue [ ? rev ? nju:] n . 收入 , 收益 ; 财政收入 , 税收welfare [ ? welf ? ? ] n. 健康 , 幸福 , 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利 ( 制度 )conflict [ ? k? nflikt ] n 战斗 , 斗争冲突 , 抵触 , 争论 vi . 抵触 , 冲突.equivalent [i ? kwiv ? l ? nt]adj . 相等的 , 相当的liberal [ ? lib ? r ? l] adj . 心胸宽阔的 , 无偏见的慷慨的 , 大方的开放的 ; 主张变革的自由的 , n 宽容大度的人自由主义者不拘一格的 . adj 客观的 不带偏见的 n 目标 目的objective [ ? b? d? ektiv] . ; ;.stable [ ? steibl] adj . 稳定的 ; 安定的沉稳 [ 持重 ] 的whereas[hw? ? r ? ? z] conj . 但是 ,而Sublist 6abstract [ ? ? bstr ? kt] adj . 抽象的抽象派的 n 抽象 , 抽象概念 , 抽象性抽象派艺 .术作品摘要 , 梗概 vt .提取, 抽取做⋯的摘要capable [ ? keip ? bl] adj . 有能力的 , 有技能的exceed[ik? si:d] vi .( 在数量、质量上 ) 突出 , 领先 vt . 超过 ;超越incidence [ ? insid ? n 发生率 , 影响范围ns] .migrate [mai ? ɡreit] vi . 迁移 ;移往recover [ri ? k? v? ] vi . 恢复健康 ( 体力、能力等 ) vt . 恢复 ; 重新获得 , 找回〈正〉恢复 ( 适当的状态或位置 )accurate [ ? ? kjurit] adj . 精确的 , 准确的正确无误的cite [sait] vt . 引用 , 举例表彰 , 嘉奖传唤 ,传讯能手expert [ ? eksp? :t] adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的 n 专家,.incorporate [in ? k? :p?reit]vt . 包含 ,加上 , 吸收把⋯合并 , 使并入组成公司minimum[ ? minim? m] adj.最低的,最小的n 最低限度,最小量.reveal[ri ? vi:l] vt . 显示 ; 露出泄露 ;透露acknowledge[ ? k? n? lid ? ] vt . 承认 ,供认告知已收到鸣谢 , 感谢cooperate [k ? u? ? p? reit] vi . 合作 ;配合 , 协助explicit [iks ?plisit]adj . 详述的 , 明确的 , 明晰的直言的 , 毫不隐瞒的 , 露骨的index [ ? n 索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂 vt.indeks] .给⋯编索引 , 指示出n政府的部ministry [ ?ministri] .( )n 余地, 机会 (处理、研究事务的 ) 范围scope[sk ? up] .9aggregate [ ? ? ɡri ɡit] n 〈正〉数 , 总计 vt . 总计达⋯ vt . & vi .( 使 聚集. ) discriminate [di s ? krimineit ] vi . 歧视 , 有差别地对待 vt . & vi . 分别 ,辨别 , 区分federal [ ? fed ? r ? l ] adj . 联邦 ( 制) 的联邦政府的 inhibit [in ?hibit] n vt . 阻止 ; 抑制动机 , 目的motive [ ? m? utiv].n subsidy [ ? s? bsidi] . 补贴 , 津贴 , 补助金allocate [ ? ? l ? keit] vt . 分配 , 分派把⋯拨给 vt 陈列 展览显示显露display [di s ? n 陈列 , 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等 . , , plei].n 费 ,酬金fee [fi:]. vt . 开始 , initiat e [i ? ni ? ieit] 着手传授 ; 使初步了解接纳新成员 , 让⋯加入neutral [ ? nju:t r ? l ] adj . 中立的 , 不偏不倚的中立 ( 国家 ) 的暗淡的 ; 非彩色的 ( 化学中 ) 中性的不带电的 n .( 汽车或其他机器的 ) 空挡位置中立人士 ; 中立国n 带子录音磁带 ; 录像带 vt . 用带子捆起来 vt . & vi . 录音tape [teip].vt . 分配 ; assign [ ? ? sain] 交给指派 , 选派指定 , 订出diverse [dai ? v? s] adj . 不同的 ,多种多样的flexibl e [ ? flek s ? bl ] adj . 易弯曲的 , 柔韧的灵活的 , 可变通的input [ ? n 输入 , 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据 vt . 把⋯输入电脑input]. adv 仍然 然而 尽管如此 然而nevertheless [ ? nev? e ? ? les] , , 不过 conj . ,. v t 标出 trace [treis] n 踪迹 ; 痕迹 ; 形迹极微的量 . 追踪 ; 追溯发现 ; 找到描绘 ; . vt . & vi . 缓慢而困难地书写 attach [ ? ? t ? t ? ] vt . & vi . 贴上 ; 系 ; 附上 产业domain[d ? u? n 范围 , 领域版图 , 领土地产 ,mein] .furthermore [ ? f ? : e ?? m? :] adv. 而且 ,此外instruc t [i n ? str ? kt] vt . 命令 , 指示教 , 指导通知 向或来自 外国的 adv 在overseas [ ? ? uv? ? si:z] adj .( 在 海外的 , ( 在 )国外的 ( )) . [ 向] 海外; 在[ 向] 国外 vt .& vi . 改变transform [tr ? ns? f ? :m] 创始人 发起人author [ ? ? : θ? n 著作家 , 作者创造者 , ; ].edit [ ? edit] vt . 剪辑 ( 电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt . &vi . 编辑n 〈语〉性gender[ ? d? end? ] .intelligent [in ? telid ? ?nt] adj . 聪明的 ; 理解力强的precede [ ? pri ? si:d] vt . & vi . 在⋯之前 , 先于transport [tr ? ns? p? :t]vt . 运送 ; 流放使万分激动契约票据vt 使粘结bond[b ? nd] n 联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同, , . ,. 使结合enhance[in ? hɑ:ns] vt . 提高 , 增加 , 加强ignorant [ ?i ɡn? r ? nt] adj . 无知的 , 愚昧的interval[ ?int ? v?n 间隔时间幕间休息l] .presume[pri ? zju:m] vi . 冒昧地做某事 ; 错用自作主张 , 放肆 vt . 以为 ; 假定underlie [ ?? nd? ?lai] vt . 位于或存在于 ( 某物 ) 之下构成⋯的基础 ( 或起因 ); 引起brief [bri:f] adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的 n.概要,摘要vt.向⋯介绍基本情况 , 作⋯的摘要estate [is ?teit]n. 土地 , 地区庄园 , 种植园地产 ,财产 ;遗产动机incentive [in ? sentiv] n 激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因,n .讲课冗长的训斥教训训斥vtlecture [ ? lekt ? ? ]演讲; [谴责 ]vt.责备, , . & .10vi .( 向⋯) 演讲 ; ( 给⋯) 讲课rational [ ? r ? ? ? nl] adj . 神智清楚的理性的 ; 理智的 ; 合理的 ; 出于理性的 utilize [ ? ju:tilaiz] vt . 利用 , 使用Sublist 7adapt [ ? ? d? pt] vt . 改编 , 改写 vt . & vi .( 使)适应, ( 使) 适合contrary [ ? k? ntr ? ri ] adj . 相反的 , 相违的 n 相反 , 反面 , 对立面.empirical [em? pirik ? l] adj . 以观察或实验为依据的identical [ai ? dentik ? l ] adj . 同一的 事物phenomenon[fi n 现象特殊的人 [ ]? n? min? n] .submit [s ? b? mit] vi . 屈服 , 认输 vt . 提交 , 呈递〈正〉建议 , 主张 , 申辩adult [ ? ? d? lt ] adj . 成熟的成年人的 , 适宜于成年人的n . 成年的人或动物convert [k ? n? v? :t ] vt . & vi .( 使 ) 转变 , ( 使) 转化皈依 , 改变( 信仰)equip[i? k wip] vt . 装备 , 配备使有能力 , 使胜任ideology [ ? aid i ? ? l ? d? n 思想 ( 体系 ), 思想意识 i]. priorit y [prai? ? riti] n. 优先权 , 重点优先考虑的事 继承人successor [s ? k? ses? ] n 接替的人或事物 , 继任者 ,.advocate [ ? ? dv? keit ] n. 提倡者 , 拥护者辩护律师 , 辩护人 vt . 提倡 , 主张couple [ ? k? n 一对 , 一双一些 , 几个夫妻 , 情侣 vt . 连接 , 联结 , 联系pl] . 摘录 v t抽出提取 extract [iks ? tr ? kt ] n ,引用提炼物 , 浓缩物 .( 费力地 ) 拔出 , , . 榨出infer [in? f ?:] vt . 推断 ,推知prohibit [pr ? ? hibit] vt . 禁止 ;阻止survive [s ? ? vaiv] vi . 幸存 , 活下来 vt . 比⋯活得长 , 经历⋯之后还存在 n 帮助 , 援助 , 救助助手 , 辅助物 , 辅助手段 vt . 帮助 , 援助aid [eid].decade[ ? dekeid] n. 十年 , 十年间 文件 计算机文件纵列v i 排成纵队前进 vtfile [fail] n 文件夹 , 公文箱卷宗 , ; . . .把⋯归档提交 ( 申请等 ), 呈递用锉锉innovate [ ? in ? uveit] vi . 改 创新革 ,publication[ ? p? bli ? kei ? ? n] n. 发表 , 公布出版 , 刊行 , 发行出版物 , 书刊thesis [ ?n 论题 , 命题 , 论点论文 , 毕业 或学位 ) 论文θi:sis].( channel [ ? t ?? n 海峡通道 ; 水沟 , 水渠渠道 , 途径频道 nl] .definit e [ ? definit] adj . 明确的 ,确切的一定的 , 肯定的finite [ ? fainait ] adj . 有限的 , 有限度的〈语〉限定的 vt 插入 嵌入insert [in ? s? n 添入物 ( 尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图 ) . ,:t] .quote [kw? ut] vt . 提到⋯以支持某论点报 ( 价); 开( 价) vt . & vi . 引用 , 援引topic [ ? t ? n 题目 ,论题 , 话题pik] . chemical [ ? kemik? l] adj . 化学的 n. 化学药品deny[di ? nai] vt . 否认知情拒绝 建立 设立创办基础基本原理 根据地基基金 foundation [faun ? dei ? n , , , , ? n] .( 会)intervene [ ? ? nt ? ? vi:n] vi . 干涉 , 干预 ; 调解干扰 , 阻碍 发布的新闻消息 vtrelease [ri ? n 释放 ,排放 , 解除释放令公映的新影片 , [ ] . li:s]. 释放 ; 放开发布 ; 发行 ; 发售11transmit [tr ? nz? mit]vt . 传播, 传染传导 vt . & vi .发射, 播送 , 广播 classic [ ? kl ? sik] adj .( 著作 , 赛事等 ) 最优秀的 , ( 可作)典范的 (病例等 )典型的 ,标准的 ( 衣服, 设计等 ) 传统式样的 , 典雅的 ( 因为时已久 ) 著名的 ; n 文豪 , 大传统的 .艺术家 ;文学名著 , 经典作品 , 杰作优秀的典范 differentiat e [ ? dif ? ? ren ?ieit] vi . 区别对待 vt . & vi . 区分 ,区别 , 辨别 globe [ ɡl? n 地球 , 世界球体 ; 球状物地球仪 ub].isolate [ ? ais ? leit] vt . 使隔离 ,使孤立 , 使脱离n 相反钱币的反面背面 失败 reverse [ri ? v? :s] adj . 相反的 , 颠倒的 , 反向的 [] , .挫败 vt . & vi .( 使)反转; ( 使)颠倒; ( 使) 翻转推翻 , 取消使倒退 , 逆转ultimate [ ? ? ltimit] adj . 最后的,最终的基本的 , 根本的最大的 , 极限程度的 comprehensive [ ? k? mpri ? hensiv] adj . 广泛的 ,综合的dispose [dis ? p? uz] vt . 布置使愿意或准备做 vt . & vi . 处理 ; 处置 分数grade[ ɡreid] n 官阶、质量 等级 , 品级 , 阶段 , 程度〈尤美〉 ( 考试或作业的 ) , .( ) 评分等级〈尤美〉 ( 学生受测试的 ) 技巧水平 ( 尤指音乐方面 ) 〈美〉 年级 ; ( 按年级划 分的 ) 小学生 n 媒体media[ ? mi:dj ? ]. vt . 假装模仿 ,simulate [ ?simjuleit] 模拟unique [ju: ? ni:k] adj . 独一无二的 , 仅有的 , 惟一的异常的 ,特有的 , 少见的comprise [k ? m? praiz] vt . 包含 ,包括 , 由⋯组成组成 ,构成dynamic[dai ? n? mik] adj . 有活力的 , 强有力的不断变化的动力的 , 动态的guarantee [ ? ɡ? r ? n? n 保证 , 保障 ; 保证书 ; 保用期担保 , 担保人担保品 ,ti:]. 抵押品 vt . 保证 ; 担保使 ( 事情 ) 可能发生mode[m? ud]n. 方式 ,样式样式 ,风格 sole [s ? ul ] adj . 单独的 ,惟一的专有的 , 独占的visible [ ? viz ? bl] adj . 看得见的 ,可见的 ,有形的明显的 , 可察觉到的confirm [k ? n? f ? :m] vt . 证实 , 证明 ; 肯定 , 确认使巩固 , 加强批准 ; 认可 eliminate [i ? limineit] vt . 消除 ,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉。
AWL词汇表【学术词汇表】——雅思
AWLSublist 1analyze[??n?laiz] vt.〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释constitute[?k?nstitju:t] vt.构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命establish[is?t?bli?] vt.建立, 成立安置确定, 证实indicate[?indikeit] vt.标示, 指示, 指出象征; 表明或暗示…的可能性occur[??k?:] vi.发生; 举行; 存在被发现; 想到[起]role[r?ul] n.作用, 职责角色approach[??pr?ut?] n.靠近, 接近, 临近通路, 入口, 途径方式, 方法vt.接洽, 交涉; 着手处理vt. & vi.接近, 走近, 靠近context[?k?ntekst] n.背景, 环境上下文, 语境estimate[?estimeit] n.估计, 估价报价判断vt. & vi.估计; 评价, 评估individual[??ndi?vidju?l] adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的独特的n.个人人percent[p??sent] n.百分比,百分数section[?sek??n] n.章节部分部门, 科截面, 剖面地区, 区area[???ri?] n.面积区域, 地区领域, 方面contract[k?n?tr?kt] n.契约, 合同vt.缔结; 订契约vt. & vi.染上(恶习, 疾病等)缩小; 紧缩evident[?evid?nt] adj.明显的, 明白的interpret[in?t?:prit] vt.解释; 说明vt. & vi.口译; 翻译period[?pi?ri?d] n.(一段)时间时期, 时代学时, 课时句号, 句点sector[?sekt?] n.部门; 领域防御地区, 防卫区域扇形, 扇形面assess[??ses] vt.估价, 估计评定, 核定create[kri?eit] vt.创造, 创作, 创建引起, 产生export[eks?p?:t] n.输出, 出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi.出口, 输出involve[in?v?lv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要使参与, 牵涉policy[?p?l?si] n.政策, 方针策略, 精明的行为, 上策保险单significant[siɡ?nifik?nt] adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的有意义的, 有用意的意味深长的assume[??sju:m] vt.假设, 臆断, 猜想假装承担, 担任, 就职呈现, 采取data[?deit?] n.资料, 材料factor[?f?kt?] n.因素, 要素〈数〉因子, 因数issue[?isju:] n.问题, 议题; 争论点发行物放出, 流出; 发出, 发行〈正〉结果, 结局vi.冒出, 流出; 传出vt.出版, 发行发表, 发布分配, 发给principle[?prins?pl] n.原则, 原理准则, 规范操守, 道义工作原理similar[?simil?] adj.类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的authority[?:?θ?riti] n.权力, 职权官方, 当局权威, 专家define[di?fain] vt.精确地解释; 界定规定, 确定finance[fai?n?ns] n.财政, 金融财源, 资金, 财务情况vt.为…供给资金, 从事金融活动labour[?leib?] n.劳动, 努力; 工作劳工, 工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动; 努力艰难行进proceed[pr??si:d] vi.前进; 行进进行; 继续下去source[s?:s] n.河流的源头, 发源地来源, 出处原因提供资料者, 资料来源available[??veil?bl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的, 可与之交谈的derive[di?raiv] vt. & vi.得到源于formula[?f?:mjul?] n.准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方legal[?li:ɡ?l] adj.法律上的; 合法的; 法定的process[?pr?uses] n.过程, 进程工序, 制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工; 处理specific[spi?sifik] adj.明确的, 确切的, 详尽的具体的, 特有的, 特定的仅限于…的; 只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面, 细节benefit[?benifit] n.益处, 好处救济金, 保险金vt. & vi.有益于, 得益distribute[dis?tribju:t] vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布function[?f??k??n] n.功能; 作用; 职责函数; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作, 运行, 起作用legislate[?led?isleit] vt. & vi.立法; 制定法律require[ri?kwai?] vt.有赖于…; 需要命令, 指示要求, 规定想要structure[?str?kt??] n.结构, 构造有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt.组织; 安排; 构造; 制定concept[?k?nsept] n.概念; 观念; 想法economy[i?k?n?mi] n.节约, 节省经济体制, 经济状况identify[ai?dentifai] vt.认出, 识别支持, 同情vt. & vi.等同于; 有关联major[?meid??] adj.较大的; 主要的; 严重的n.少校专业; 主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻research[ri?s?:t?] n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究theory[?θi?ri] n.学说理论, 原理意见, 看法consist[k?n?sist] vi.组成, 构成在于, 存在于environment[in?vai?r?nm?nt] n.环境, 周围状况, 自然环境income[?ink?m] n.收入, 所得, 收益method[?meθ?d] n.方法, 办法秩序, 条理respond[ri?sp?nd] vi.有反应; 有效果; 有影响vt. & vi.回答; 回报; 响应vary[?v??ri] vi.呈现不同vt. & vi.(使)变化, 改变Sublist 2achieve[??t?i:v] vt.取得, 获得实现, 达到, 完成community[k??mju:niti] n.社区, 社会, 团体大众, 公众共有, 共享design[di?zain] n.图样, 设计图设计, 布局目的, 打算vt.计划, 筹划vt. & vi.设计, 绘制institute[?institju:t] n.协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院vt.建立, 制定; 开始, 着手potential[p??ten??l] adj.潜在的, 有可能的n.潜力, 潜势, 可能性restrict[ris?trikt] vt.限制; 约束acquire[??kwai?] vt.获得, 得到, 养成complex[?k?mpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的, 复合的复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体〈心〉情结, 夸大的情绪反应distinct[dis?ti?kt] adj.截然不同的, 完全分开的清晰的, 明白的, 明显的invest[in?vest] vt.授予vt. & vi.投资; 花费previous[?pri:vi?s] adj.先前的, 以前的过早的, 过急的secure[si?kju?] adj.牢固的; 可靠的有把握的; 确切的vt.握紧; 关牢使安全(使)获得; 把…弄到手administer[?d?minist?] vt.管理, 支配给予执行, 实施compute[k?m?pju:t] vt.计算, 估算element[?elim?nt] n.(化学)元素成分, 要素, 原件一伙人基础, 纲要, 原理item[?ait?m] n.一项, 一件, 一条; 项目primary[?praim?ri] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最初的; 初级的seek[si:k] vi.企图; 试图vt.请求, 征求; 求教vt. & vi.寻找; 探寻affect[??fekt] vt.影响感动假装conclude[k?n?klu:d] vt.得出结论; 断定决定vt. & vi.结束equate[i?kweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[?d??:nl] n.杂志, 期刊日志, 日记purchase[?p?:t??s] n.购买, 购置买到的东西vt.购买select[si?lekt] adj.精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的, 选择严格的vt.选择; 挑选appropriate[??pr?upriit] adj.适当的, 恰当的vt.挪用; 占用; 盗用拨出(款项) conduct[k?n?d?kt] n.举止, 行为管理(方式), 实施(方式) vt. & vi.引导, 带领, 担任指挥控制, 管理传导evaluate[i?v?ljueit] vt.评价, 估计, 估价maintain[mein?tein] vt.保持; 继续保养, 维护坚持; 主张供给; 赡养range[reind?] n.一系列变化幅度, 范围射程, 距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait] n.位置, 场所, 地点vt.使坐落在; 设置aspect[??spekt] n.方面方位, 朝向面貌, 模样, 神态consequent[?k?nsikw?nt] adj.作为结果的, 随之发生的feature[?fi:t??] n.特征, 特色面貌, 相貌特写, 专题节目(电影的)正片, 故事片normal[?n?:m?l] adj.正常的, 平常的正规的; 标准的region[?ri:d??n] n.地区; 地带; 区域; 范围strategy[?str?tid?i] n.战略学, 兵法战略, 策略策略, 计谋assist[??sist] vt. & vi.帮助, 促进construct[k?n?str?kt] vt.修建, 建立构成, 组成final[?fain?l] adj.最后的, 最终的决定性的, 确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[?b?tein] vi.通行; 流行vt.获得, 得到; 买到regulate[?reɡjuleit] vt.控制, 管理调整; 调节survey[s??vei] n.调查vt.眺望; 纵览测量; 勘察检查, 鉴定通盘考虑, 回顾category[?k?tiɡ?ri] n.种类, 类别consume[k?n?sju:m] vt.消耗, 消费, 耗尽大吃, 大喝烧毁, 毁灭focus[?f?uk?s] n.焦点, 焦距; 中心vt. & vi.(使)集中, (使)聚集调整(镜头, 眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清participate[pɑ:?tisipeit] vt. & vi.参加, 参与relevant[?rel?v?nt] adj.有关的, 切题的text[tekst] n.正文, 本文原文, 全文教科书, 课本chapter[?t??pt?] n.章, 回, 篇credit[?kredit] n.赊购; 赊购制度存款; 存款数额借款; 贷款赞扬, 荣誉, 功劳信任, 相信学分vt.相信, 信任把…记入贷方, 存入(账户)impact[?imp?kt] n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞vt. & vi.对某事物有影响perceive[p??si:v] vt.感觉, 察觉, 理解reside[ri?zaid] vi.居住; 定居tradition[tr??di??n] n.传统惯例commission[k??mi??n] n.授权, 委托委员会佣金, 回扣vt.委任, 委托culture[?k?lt??] n.文化休养, 教养, 精神文明养殖, 培养, 栽培vt.培植, 培养injure[?ind??] vt.伤害, 损害positive[?p?zitiv] adj.确实的, 明确的积极的; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的, 确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的, 阳性的完全的; 纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实; 正量, 正数正片resource[ri?s?:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智; 机敏; 创造精神transfer[tr?ns?f?:] n.转移; 转让; 转录中转, 换乘, 改变路线vt.转让vt. & vi.转移; 迁移Sublist 3alternative[?:l?t?:n?tiv] adj.两者择一的, 供替代的不寻常的, 非传统性的非正统的n.取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物选择的余地, 可供选择的机会convene[k?n?vi:n] vt. & vi.召开, 召集emphasis[?emf?sis] n.强调, 重点interact[??nt?r??kt] vi.相互作用[影响], 互相配合philosophy[fi?l?s?fi] n.哲学人生哲学, 人生观达观sex[seks] n.性别; 性男性; 女性性关系性活动, 性行为circumstance[?s?:k?mst?ns] n.环境, 条件, 情况境遇, 经济状况coordinate[k?u??:dineit] adj.同等的, 并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调; 使调和ensure[in??u?] vt.确保, 担保担保获得[避免]justify[?d??stifai] vt.证明…有理; 为…辩护physical[?fizik?l] adj.身体的, 肉体的物质的自然规律的, 按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查, 体格检查shift[?ift] n.转换, 转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋, 手段切换键vi.快速行进vt. & vi.改变, 变换, 转移, 移动去掉; 摆脱掉换挡comment[?k?ment] n.评论, 意见, 解释, 批评vt. & vi.评论; 谈论core[k?:] n.果核核心, 精髓, 要点exclude[iks?klu:d] vt.排除; 不包括在内layer[?lei?] n.层, 层次proportion[pr??p?:??n] n.均衡; 相称, 协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系; 比例部分; 份儿specify[?spesifai] vt.详述指定compensate[?k?mpenseit] vt. & vi.补偿, 报酬corporate[?k?:p?rit] adj.社团的, 法人的framework[?freimw?:k] n.构架; 结构link[li?k] n.环, 联系, 纽带vt. & vi.连接, 联系publish[?p?bli?] vt. & vi.出版公布sufficient[s??fi??nt] adj.足够的; 充足的component[k?m?p?un?nt] n.成分, 组成部分, 部件, 元件correspond[?k?ris?p?nd] vi.相符合, 相一致相当, 相类似通信fund[f?nd] n.基金, 专款现款; 资金储备, 蕴藏vt.为…提供资金, 给…拨款locate[l?u?keit] vt.找出, 指出(地点或位置) vt. & vi.(在…)设置, 坐落于react[ri??kt] vi.起反应; 有影响反对; 对抗task[tɑ:sk] n.工作; 任务; 差事consent[k?n?sent] n.准许, 同意, 赞成vi.同意; 赞成criteria[kra??t??r??] n.标准illustrate[?il?streit] vt.给…加插图说明, 阐明; 表明maximise[?m?ksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物) register[?red?ist?] n.登记(表), 注册(簿)记录器暖气, 调风器vt. & vi.记录; 登记; 注册显出注意到, 记住technical[?teknik?l] adj.技术的; 应用科学的艺术的, 工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的, 使用术语的, 专业的considerable[k?n?sid?r?bl] adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[di?dju:s] vt.推论, 演绎immigrate[?imiɡreit] vi.移入minor[?main?] adj.较小的, 较少的, 低级的, 次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[ri?lai] vi.信任; 信赖; 依赖, 依靠technique[tek?ni:k] n.技巧, 手法, 技术技能constant[?k?nst?nt] adj.始终如一的, 恒久不变的不断的, 连续发生的忠实的, 忠诚的demonstrate[?dem?nstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明, 演示论证, 证明显示, 表露imply[im?plai] vt.暗示, 暗指必然包含negate[ni?ɡeit] vt.取消, 使无效否定; 否认remove[ri?mu:v] vi.迁移; 移居vt.移走; 排除开除technology[tek?n?l?d?i] n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学工业技术constrain[k?n?strein] vt.强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束document[?d?kjum?nt] n.公文, 文件, 文献vt.证明记录, 记载initial[i?ni??l] adj.最初的, 开头的outcome[?autk?m] n.结果scheme[ski:m] n.阴谋, 诡计计划, 方案vt. & vi.策划; 图谋valid[?v?lid] adj.正当的, 有充分根据的, 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[k?n?tribjut] vi.起促成作用vt. & vi.捐献, 捐助, 贡献出撰稿, 投稿dominate[?d?mineit] vt.耸立于, 俯临vt. & vi.控制, 支配, 统治在…中占首要地位instance[?inst?ns] n.例子, 实例partner[?pɑ:tn?] n.伙伴, 同伙, 合伙人, 股东同伴, 搭档配偶, 情人vt.做…的搭档sequence[?si:kw?ns] n.有关联的一组事物, 一连串先后次序, 顺序, 连续volume[?v?lju:m] n.卷, 册, 书卷体积; 容积, 容量音量, 响度Sublist 4access[??kses] n.通道, 入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[k??mju:nikeit] vi.通讯; 交际, 交流相连; 相通vt. & vi.传达; 表达error[?er?] n.错误过失, 失误internal[in?t?:n?l] adj.内部的国内的, 内政的体内的parallel[?p?r?lel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的; 相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点), 相似(之处)比较纬线, 纬圈vt.与…平行; 与…相当resolve[ri?z?lv] vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解, 解析(某物) vt. & vi.决定; 决心adequate[??dikwit] adj.充分的, 足够的适当的, 胜任的concentrate[?k?ns?ntreit] vt.浓缩vt. & vi.专心于; 注意集中, 聚集ethnic[?eθnik] adj.种族的, 部落的某文化群体的investigate[in?vestiɡeit] vt.调查; 审查parameter[p??r?mit?] n.(限定性的)因素, 特性, 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量, 参数retain[ri?tein] vt.保持; 保留止住; 容纳annual[??nju?l] adj.每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊, 年报, 年鉴confer[k?n?f?:] vi.〈拉〉商谈, 商议vt.授予, 赋予goal[ɡ?ul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象, 目标job[d??b] n.职业, 职位(一件)工作职责, 责任phase[feiz] n.阶段, 时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[?si?ri:z] n.连续的同类事物, 系列串联apparent[??p?r?nt] adj.显然的, 明白的, 清晰可见的表面上的, 貌似(真实)的contrast[?k?ntr?st] n.对比, 对照差异, 差别对照物, 明显的对比物vt. & vi.对比, 对照grant[ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金, 助学金, 津贴vt.准许; 答应给予承认label[?leib?l] n.标签, 标记称号; 符号; 标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[pri?dikt] vt. & vi.预言; 预测; 预示statistic[st??tistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[??pr?ksimit] adj.近似的, 大约的vt. & vi.近似, 接近cycle[?saikl] n.循环, 周期自行车, 摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens] adv.从此时起, 从此处因此, 所以mechanism[?mek?niz?m] n.机械装置构造, 机制办法, 技巧, 途径principal[?prins?p?l] adj.最重要的; 主要的n.负责人, 校长资本, 本金被代理人, 委托人status[?steit?s] n.身份, 地位情形, 状况attitude[??titju:d] n.态度, 看法姿态, 姿势debate[di?beit] n.讨论, 辩论vt. & vi.辩论, 争论hypothesis[hai?p?θisis] n.假说, 假设, 前提obvious[??bvi?s] adj.明显的; 显而易见的prior[?prai?] adj.优先的; 在前的; 较早的stress[stres] n.压力, 紧张强调, 重要性重力重音vt.重读强调attribute[??tribju:t] n.属性, 特性vt.认为…是; 归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]despite[dis?pait] prep.不管, 尽管implement[?implim?nt] n.工具, 器具, 用具vt.使生效, 贯彻, 执行occupy[??kjupai] vt.占领; 占有使从事; 使忙于professional[pr??fe??n?l] adj.职业的, 专业的内行的, 有经验的有意的, 故意的n.具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士内行, 专家专门职业者, 职业选手subsequent[?s?bsikw?nt] adj.随后的, 继…之后的civil[?sivl] adj.公民的, 平民的; 非军职的, 非宗教的; 国民间的, 民用的民事的, 民法的文明的, 有教养的dimension[di?men??n] n.尺寸, 度量方面, 部分规模, 程度implicate[?implikeit] vt.牵连, 涉及option[??p??n] n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件, 配件买卖选择权, 期权project[pr??d?ekt] n.项目, 计划, 方案, 课题vt.规划抛; 投; 射vt. & vi.伸出, 突出; 表达特点sum[s?m] n.总数, 总和金额算术vt. & vi.合计总结, 归纳code[k?ud] n.法典, 法规, 章程密码, 电码代号, 编码vt.将…译成电码domestic[d??mestik] adj.本国的, 国内的家庭的, 家用的驯养的impose[im?p?uz] vi.利用, 占便宜; 欺骗vt.强迫, 强加课税, 惩罚output[?autput] n.产量输出, 输出功率promote[pr??m?ut] vt.提升, 提拔筹划, 发起, 创立推销〈正〉促进; 推动; 增进summary[?s?m?ri] adj.即刻的, 立即的匆忙的, 草率的概括的; 简要的n.摘要, 概要commit[k??mit] vt.犯罪; 犯错承诺; 使自己受约束托付; 交付emerge[i?m?:d?] vi.出现; 显出; 暴露integrate[?intiɡreit] vt.使结合成为整体vt. & vi.(使)融入overall[??uv?r?:l] adj.总体的; 全面的; 综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上, 总的来说一切包括在内, 全部的n.长罩衣工装裤; 工作裤regime[rei??i:m] n.政治制度, 政权, 政体undertake[??nd??teik] vt.担任, 承揽; 保证着手, 开始Sublist 5academy[??k?d?mi] n.专科学校研究院, 学会consult[k?n?s?lt] vt.请教, 咨询; 找(医生)诊治翻阅, 查阅顾及, 考虑vt. & vi.商议, 商量evolve[i?v?lv] vt. & vi.演变; 进化licence[?lais?ns] n.许可证, 执照许可, 特许放纵, 放肆orient[??:ri?nt] n.东方, 亚洲vt.使熟悉, 使适应使朝向; 使确定位置style[stail] n.风格, 格调; 文体行为方式, 作风种类, 类型; 流行式样; 款式风度; 格调; 气派adjust[??d??st] vt. & vi.(改变…以)适应; 调整; 校正contact[?k?nt?kt] n.接触联系, 联络, 交往社会关系, 熟人, 门路触点, 接头vt. & vi.联系expand[iks?p?nd] vt. & vi.使…变大, 扩大, 扩张伸展, 伸开, 张开, 展开logic[?l?d?ik] n.逻辑(学), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective[p??spektiv] n.远景, 景前途; 希望透视透视图观点, 想法substitute[?s?bstitju:t] vt. & vi.代替, 替换, 代用alter[??:lt?] vt. & vi.改变, 更改decline[di?klain] n.下降, 减少, 衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt. & vi.辞谢; 谢绝(邀请等)expose[iks?p?uz] vt.曝光暴露; 显露揭露, 袒露margin[?mɑ:d?in] n.页边空白边, 边缘差数, 差额; 余地precise[pri?sais] adj.精确的, 准确的恰好的; 正是的周密的, 细密的, 精细的sustain[s??stein] vt.承受, 支撑维持长期保持; 使继续经受, 遭受amend[??mend] vt. & vi.改良; 修改, 修订discrete[dis?kri:t] adj.分离的, 不相关联的external[eks?t?:nl] adj.外面的, 外部的外观的, 表面的外国的medical[?medik?l] adj.医学的, 医疗的, 医术的内科的prime[praim] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最好的, 第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好, 使完成准备工作事先指导, 事先向…提供情况symbol[?simb?l] n.象征, 标志符号, 记号aware[??w??] adj.意识到的, 知道的draft[drɑ:ft] n.草稿, 草案, 草图汇票应召入伍者; 特遣队vt.起草, 画草图, 草拟选派, 抽调征募, 征召…入伍facilitate[f??siliteit] vt.使便利, 减轻…的困难mental[?mentl] adj.精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的精神病的psychology[sai?k?l?d?i] n.心理学心理; 心理特点target[?tɑ:ɡit] n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物capacity[k??p?siti] n.容量, 容积才能, 能力身份, 职位enable[i?neibl] vt.使能够; 提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental[?f?nd??ment?l] adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则modify[?m?difai] vt.修饰vt. & vi.修改, 更改pursue[p??sju:] vt.追捕, 追击追求继续; 从事, 经营transit[?tr?nsit] n.搬运; 载运; 运输challenge[?t??lind?] n.挑战, 邀请比赛怀疑, 质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[?en?d?i] n.活力, 干劲, 能力精力〈物〉能, 能量, 能源generate[?d?en?reit] vt.生成, 产生引起, 导致monitor[?m?nit?] n.监视器, 监听器; 检测器(学校)班长; 纠察员vt.监听, 监视监测, 检测ratio[?rei?i?u] n.比, 比率trend[trend] n.趋势, 倾向流行clause[kl?:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[in?f?:s] vt.实施, 执行强迫, 迫使generation[?d?en??rei??n] n.同时代的人, 一代人, 一代产生, 发生network[?netw?:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络, 网状系统广播网, 电视网reject[ri?d?ekt] n.被拒货品, 不合格产品vt.拒绝, 谢绝; 驳回舍弃, 排斥, 退掉version[?v?:??n] n.(个人对事件的)描述, 说法, 看法版本, 形式译本, 剧本compound[?k?mpaund] n.复合物, 化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合, 使合成使严重; 使恶化entity[?entiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物image[?imid?] n.形象, 概念镜像, 影像, 图像印象酷似的人[物], 翻版比喻, 引喻, 明喻外形, 外表, 模样notion[?n?u??n] n.概念, 观念, 看法突然的念头, 奇想; 意图, 打算revenue[?rev?nju:] n.收入, 收益; 财政收入, 税收welfare[?welf??] n.健康, 幸福, 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[?k?nflikt] n.战斗, 斗争冲突, 抵触, 争论vi.抵触, 冲突equivalent[i?kwiv?l?nt] adj.相等的, 相当的liberal[?lib?r?l] adj.心胸宽阔的, 无偏见的慷慨的, 大方的开放的; 主张变革的自由的, 不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者objective[?b?d?ektiv] adj.客观的; 不带偏见的n.目标; 目的stable[?steibl] adj.稳定的; 安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hw??r??z] conj.但是, 而Sublist 6abstract[??bstr?kt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象, 抽象概念, 抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要, 梗概vt.提取, 抽取做…的摘要capable[?keip?bl] adj.有能力的, 有技能的exceed[ik?si:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出, 领先vt.超过; 超越incidence[?insid?ns] n.发生率, 影响范围migrate[mai?ɡreit] vi.迁移; 移往recover[ri?k?v?] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复; 重新获得, 找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)accurate[??kjurit] adj.精确的, 准确的正确无误的cite[sait] vt.引用, 举例表彰, 嘉奖传唤, 传讯expert[?eksp?:t] adj.专家的, 内行的, 熟练的n.专家, 能手incorporate[in?k?:p?reit] vt.包含, 加上, 吸收把…合并, 使并入组成公司minimum[?minim?m] adj.最低的, 最小的n.最低限度, 最小量reveal[ri?vi:l] vt.显示; 露出泄露; 透露acknowledge[?k?n?lid?] vt.承认, 供认告知已收到鸣谢, 感谢cooperate[k?u??p?reit] vi.合作; 配合, 协助explicit[iks?plisit] adj.详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的index[?indeks] n.索引标志, 象征; 量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数, 幂vt.给…编索引, 指示出ministry[?ministri] n.(政府的)部scope[sk?up] n.余地, 机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[??ɡriɡit] n.〈正〉数, 总计vt.总计达…vt. & vi.(使)聚集discriminate[dis?krimineit] vi.歧视, 有差别地对待vt. & vi.分别, 辨别, 区分federal[?fed?r?l] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[in?hibit] vt.阻止; 抑制motive[?m?utiv] n.动机, 目的subsidy[?s?bsidi] n.补贴, 津贴, 补助金allocate[??l?keit] vt.分配, 分派把…拨给display[dis?plei] n.陈列, 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列, 展览显示, 显露fee[fi:] n.费, 酬金initiate[i?ni?ieit] vt.开始, 着手传授; 使初步了解接纳新成员, 让…加入neutral[?nju:tr?l] adj.中立的, 不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的; 非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士; 中立国tape[teip] n.带子录音磁带; 录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. & vi.录音assign[??sain] vt.分配; 交给指派, 选派指定, 订出diverse[dai?v?s] adj.不同的, 多种多样的flexible[?fleks?bl] adj.易弯曲的, 柔韧的灵活的, 可变通的input[?input] n.输入, 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[?nev?e??les] adv.仍然, 然而, 不过conj.尽管如此, 然而trace[treis] n.踪迹; 痕迹; 形迹极微的量vt.追踪; 追溯发现; 找到描绘; 标出vt. & vi.缓慢而困难地书写attach[??t?t?] vt. & vi.贴上; 系; 附上domain[d?u?mein] n.范围, 领域版图, 领土地产, 产业furthermore[?f?:e??m?:] adv.而且, 此外instruct[in?str?kt] vt.命令, 指示教, 指导通知overseas[??uv??si:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外; 在[向]国外transform[tr?ns?f?:m] vt. & vi.改变author[??:θ?] n.着作家, 作者创造者, 创始人; 发起人edit[?edit] vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt. & vi.编辑gender[?d?end?] n.〈语〉性intelligent[in?telid??nt] adj.聪明的; 理解力强的precede[?pri?si:d] vt. & vi.在…之前, 先于transport[tr?ns?p?:t] vt.运送; 流放使万分激动bond[b?nd] n.联系, 关系连接, 接合, 结合有息债券合同, 契约, 票据vt.使粘结, 使结合enhance[in?hɑ:ns] vt.提高, 增加, 加强ignorant[?iɡn?r?nt] adj.无知的, 愚昧的interval[?int?v?l] n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[pri?zju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事; 错用自作主张, 放肆vt.以为; 假定underlie[??nd??lai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因); 引起brief[bri:f] adj.短暂的, 短时间的简洁的, 简短的n.概要, 摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况, 作…的摘要estate[is?teit] n.土地, 地区庄园, 种植园地产, 财产; 遗产incentive[in?sentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因, 动机lecture[?lekt??] n.演讲; 讲课冗长的训斥[谴责] vt.责备, 教训, 训斥vt. & vi.(向…)演讲; (给…)讲课rational[?r???nl] adj.神智清楚的理性的; 理智的; 合理的; 出于理性的utilize[?ju:tilaiz] vt.利用, 使用Sublist 7adapt[??d?pt] vt.改编, 改写vt. & vi.(使)适应, (使)适合contrary[?k?ntr?ri] adj.相反的, 相违的n.相反, 反面, 对立面empirical[em?pirik?l] adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[ai?dentik?l] adj.同一的phenomenon[fi?n?min?n] n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[s?b?mit] vi.屈服, 认输vt.提交, 呈递〈正〉建议, 主张, 申辩adult[??d?lt] adj.成熟的成年人的, 适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[k?n?v?:t] vt. & vi.(使)转变, (使)转化皈依, 改变(信仰)equip[i?kwip] vt.装备, 配备使有能力, 使胜任ideology[?aidi??l?d?i] n.思想(体系), 思想意识priority[prai??riti] n.优先权, 重点优先考虑的事successor[s?k?ses?] n.接替的人或事物, 继任者, 继承人advocate[??dv?keit] n.提倡者, 拥护者辩护律师, 辩护人vt.提倡, 主张couple[?k?pl] n.一对, 一双一些, 几个夫妻, 情侣vt.连接, 联结, 联系extract[iks?tr?kt] n.摘录, 引用提炼物, 浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出, 抽出提取, 榨出infer[in?f?:] vt.推断, 推知prohibit[pr??hibit] vt.禁止; 阻止survive[s??vaiv] vi.幸存, 活下来vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在aid[eid] n.帮助, 援助, 救助助手, 辅助物, 辅助手段vt.帮助, 援助decade[?dekeid] n.十年, 十年间file[fail] n.文件夹, 公文箱卷宗, 文件; 计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等), 呈递用锉锉innovate[?in?uveit] vi.改革, 创新publication[?p?bli?kei??n] n.发表, 公布出版, 刊行, 发行出版物, 书刊thesis[?θi:sis] n.论题, 命题, 论点论文, 毕业(或学位)论文channel[?t??nl] n.海峡通道; 水沟, 水渠渠道, 途径频道definite[?definit] adj.明确的, 确切的一定的, 肯定的finite[?fainait] adj.有限的, 有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[in?s?:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入, 嵌入quote[kw?ut] vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价); 开(价) vt. & vi.引用, 援引topic[?t?pik] n.题目, 论题, 话题chemical[?kemik?l] adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[di?nai] vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faun?dei??n] n.建立, 设立, 创办基础, 基本原理, 根据地基基金(会) intervene[??nt??vi:n] vi.干涉, 干预; 调解干扰, 阻碍release[ri?li:s] n.释放, 排放, 解除释放令公映的新影片, 发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放; 放开发布; 发行; 发售transmit[tr?nz?mit] vt.传播, 传染传导vt. & vi.发射, 播送, 广播classic[?kl?sik] adj.(着作, 赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的, 标准的(衣服, 设计等)传统式样的, 典雅的(因为时已久)着名的; 传统的n.文豪, 大艺术家; 文学名着, 经典作品, 杰作优秀的典范differentiate[?dif??ren?ieit] vi.区别对待vt. & vi.区分, 区别, 辨别globe[ɡl?ub] n.地球, 世界球体; 球状物地球仪isolate[?ais?leit] vt.使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱离reverse[ri?v?:s] adj.相反的, 颠倒的, 反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败, 挫败vt. & vi.(使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转推翻, 取消使倒退, 逆转ultimate[??ltimit] adj.最后的, 最终的基本的, 根本的最大的, 极限程度的comprehensive[?k?mpri?hensiv] adj.广泛的, 综合的dispose[dis?p?uz] vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt. & vi.处理; 处置grade[ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级, 品级, 阶段, 程度〈尤美〉 (考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉 (学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生media[?mi:dj?] n.媒体simulate[?simjuleit] vt.假装模仿, 模拟unique[ju:?ni:k] adj.独一无二的, 仅有的, 惟一的异常的, 特有的, 少见的comprise[k?m?praiz] vt.包含, 包括, 由…组成组成, 构成dynamic[dai?n?mik] adj.有活力的, 强有力的不断变化的动力的, 动态的guarantee[?ɡ?r?n?ti:] n.保证, 保障; 保证书; 保用期担保, 担保人担保品, 抵押品vt.保证; 担保使(事情)可能发生mode[m?ud] n.方式, 样式样式, 风格sole[s?ul] adj.单独的, 惟一的专有的, 独占的visible[?viz?bl] adj.看得见的, 可见的, 有形的明显的, 可察觉到的confirm[k?n?f?:m] vt.证实, 证明; 肯定, 确认使巩固, 加强批准; 认可eliminate[i?limineit] vt.消除, 排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[?hai?rɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团, 领导层paradigm[?p?r?daim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例; 样式; 模范somewhat[?s?mhw?t] adv.稍微, 有点, 达到某种程度voluntary[?v?l?nt?ri] adj.自愿的, 志愿的义务的, 无偿的Sublist 8abandon[??b?nd?n] n.放任; 纵情vt.离弃, 丢弃遗弃, 抛弃放弃clarify[?kl?rifai] vt. & vi.使清楚; 澄清deviate[?di:vieit] vi.偏离; 越轨induce[in?dju:s] vt.引诱, 劝导〈正〉引起, 导致plus[pl?s] adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的, 称心的, 有利的n.加号, 正号prep.(表示包容)外加; 另有(表示运算)加, 加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上, 正tense[tens] adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张accompany[??k?mp?ni] vt.陪伴, 陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[k??m?diti] n.商品, 货物有用的东西displace[dis?pleis] vt.替换, 取代移走inevitable[in?evit?bl] adj.不可避免的, 必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的, 照例必有的, 惯常的practitioner[pr?k?ti??n?] n.习艺者, 实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[?t?:mineit] vt. & vi.结束; 使终结accumulate[??kju:mjuleit] vt. & vi.堆积; 积累complement[?k?mplim?nt] n.补充, 互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足, 补充drama[?drɑ:m?] n.戏剧, 剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面]infrastructure[?infr??str?kt??] n.基础设施; 基础结构predominant[pri?d?min?nt] adj.占主导地位的, 显着的theme[θi:m] n.主题, 主旨, 题目ambiguous[?m?biɡju?s] adj.引起歧义的; 模棱两可的, 含糊不清的conform[k?n?f?:m] vi.遵守, 符合顺应, 一致。
AWL词汇表——雅思
AWLSublist 1 analyze [ ??n?laiz] vt . 〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释constitute [?k? nstitju:t] vt . 构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命establish [is ?t?bli ? ] vt . 建立, 成立安置确定, 证实indicate [?indikeit] vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性occur [??k?:] vi .发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]role [r ?ul] n. 作用,职责角色approach [ ??pr ?ut ? ] n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt .接洽,交涉;着手处理vt . & vi . 接近,走近,靠近context [ ?k? ntekst] n. 背景,环境上下文,语境estimate [?estimeit] n. 估计,估价报价判断vt. & vi . 估计;评价,评估individual [?? ndi ?vidju ?l] adj. 个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n. 个人人percent [p ??sent] n. 百分比,百分数section [?sek? ?n] n. 章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区area[ ?? ?ri ?] n. 面积区域,地区领域,方面con tract [k ? n?tr?kt ] n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt. & vi .染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩evident [ ?evid ?nt] adj . 明显的,明白的interpret [in ?t?:prit] vt.解释;说明vt. & vi . 口译;翻译period [?pi ?ri ?d] n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点sector [?sekt ?] n. 部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面assess [ ??ses] vt . 估价,估计评定,核定create [kri ?eit] vt . 创造,创作,创建引起,产生export [eks ?p? :t] n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi .出口,输出involve [in ?v? lv] vt . 使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉policy [?p? l ?si] n. 政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单significant [si g?nifik ?nt] adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的assume[ ??sju:m] vt. 假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取data [ ?deit ?] n. 资料,材料factor [?f?kt ?] n. 因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数issue [?isju:] n. 问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi . 冒出,流出;传出vt .出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给principle [ ?prins ?pl] n. 原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理similar [ ?simil ?] adj . 类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的authority [? : ?0 ? riti] n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家define [di ?fain] vt . 精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance [fai ?n?ns] n. 财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt . 为…供给资金,从事金融活动labour [?leib ?] n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩,(分娩时的)阵痛vi .劳动;努力艰难行进proceed [pr ??si:d] vi .前进;行进进行;继续下去source [s ? :s] n. 河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源available [ ??veil ?bl] adj. 可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的derive [di ?raiv] vt . & vi . 得到源于formula [ ?f ? :mjul ?] n. 准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方legal [?li: g?l] adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的process [ ?pr?uses] n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理specific [spi ?sifik] adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节benefit [ ?benifit] n. 益处,好处救济金,保险金vt. & vi .有益于,得益distribute[dis ?tribju:t] vt . 分配,分给散发;散播;分布function [?f??k??n] n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi .工作,运行,起作用legislate [ ?led ?isleit] vt. & vi .立法;制定法律require [ri ?kwai?] vt . 有赖于… ;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要structure [ ?str ?kt ? ?] n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造; 制定concept [ ?k? nsept] n.概念;观念;想法economy[i ?k? n?mi] n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况identify [ai ?dentifai] vt . 认出,识别支持,同情vt . & vi . 等同于;有关联major [ ?meid??] adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi .〈美〉主修,专攻research [ri ?s?:t ? ] n. 研究;探讨vi .做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt. 从事…的研究,为…而做研究theory [ ? 0 i ?ri] n.学说理论,原理意见,看法consist [k ?n?sist] vi . 组成,构成在于,存在于environment [in ?vai ?r?nn?nt] n.环境,周围状况,自然环境income[ ?ink ?m] n.收入,所得,收益method[ ?me0 ?d] n.方法,办法秩序,条理respond [ri ?sp? nd] vi .有反应;有效果;有影响vt. & vi .回答;回报;响应vary [ ?v? ?ri]vi . 呈现不同vt. & vi .(使)变化,改变Sublist 2 achieve [ ??t ? i:v] vt .取得,获得实现,达到,完成community[k??mju:niti] n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享design [di ?zain] n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt .计划,筹划vt . & vi .设计,绘制institute [ ?institju:t] n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手potential [p ??ten? ?l] adj. 潜在的,有可能的n. 潜力,潜势,可能性restrict [ris ?trikt] vt .限制;约束acquire [ ??kwai ?] vt.获得,得到,养成complex[ ?k? mpleks] adj. 由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n. 综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应distinct [dis ?ti ? kt] adj. 截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的invest [in ?vest] vt . 授予vt . & vi . 投资;花费previous [?pri:vi ?s] adj. 先前的,以前的过早的,过急的secure [si ?kju ?] adj .牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt .握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手administer [?d?minist ?] vt. 管理,支配给予执行,实施compute[k ?m?pju:t] vt . 计算,估算element [ ?elim ?nt] n.(化学)元素成分, 要素, 原件一伙人基础, 纲要, 原理item [ ?ait ?m] n. 一项, 一件, 一条; 项目primary [ ?praim ?ri] adj. 首要的; 主要的; 基本的最初的; 初级的seek[si:k] vi .企图;试图vt .请求,征求;求教vt. & vi .寻找;探寻affect [??fekt] vt . 影响感动假装con elude [k ?n ?klu:d] vt.得出结论;断定决定vt. & vi .结束equate [i ?kweit] vt . 认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal [ ?d??:nl] n. 杂志, 期刊日志, 日记purchase [?p?:t ? ?s] n. 购买, 购置买到的东西vt. 购买select [si ?lekt] adj. 精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的, 选择严格的vt. 选择;挑选即propriate [ ??pr ?upriit] adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项)con duct [k ? n?d?kt] n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式)vt. & vi .引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导evaluate [i ?v?ljueit ] vt. 评价,估计,估价maintain [mein ?tein] vt. 保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养range [reind ?] n. 一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi .变化vt.排列site [sait] n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置aspect [??spekt ] n. 方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态consequent [?k? nsikw ?nt] adj . 作为结果的,随之发生的feature [ ?fi:t ? ?] n. 特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片normal [?n? :m?l] adj . 正常的,平常的正规的;标准的region [?ri:d ??n] n. 地区;地带;区域;范围strategy [ ?str?tid ?i] n. 战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋assist [??sist] vt . & vi . 帮助,促进construct [k ?n?str ?kt] vt . 修建,建立构成,组成final [?fain ?l] adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain [?b?tein] vi . 通行;流行vt. 获得,得到;买到regulate [ ?re cjuleit] vt.控制,管理调整;调节survey [s ??vei] n. 调查vt . 眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾category [?k?ti c?ri] n. 种类,类别consume[k ?n?sju:m] vt . 消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭focus [ ?f ?uk?s] n.焦点,焦距;中心vt. & vi .(使)集中,(使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距] 以便看清participate [p a ?tisipeit] vt. & vi .参加,参与relevant [?rel ?v?nt] adj. 有关的,切题的text [tekst] n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本chapter [ ?t ? ?pt ?] n. 章,回,篇credit [?kredit] n. 赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)impact [?imp?kt ] n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt. & vi .对某事物有影响perceive [p ??si:v] vt .感觉,察觉,理解reside [ri ?zaid] vi . 居住;定居tradition [tr ??di ? ?n] n. 传统惯例commission [k??mi? ?n] n. 授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt .委任,委托culture [ ?k?lt ? ?] n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养injure [?i nd??] vt.伤害,损害positive [?p? zitiv] adj. 确实的, 明确的积极的; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的, 确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的; 纯粹的n. 〈语〉原级形容词确实; 正量,正数正片resource [ri ?s? :s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神transfer [tr?ns ?f ?:] n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt. & vi .转移;迁移Sublist 3alternative [ ? :l ?t?:n ?tiv] adj. 两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n. 取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会convene[k ?n?vi:n] vt . & vi .召开,召集emphasis [ ?emf?sis] n.强调,重点interact [?? nt?r??kt] vi .相互作用[影响],互相配合philosophy [fi ?l ? s?fi] n. 哲学人生哲学,人生观达观sex [seks] n. 性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为circumstance[ ?s?:k ?mst?ns] n. 环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况coordinate [k ?u?? :dineit] adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt .使协调;使调和ensure [in ?? u?] vt. 确保,担保担保获得[避免] justify [ ?d??stifai] vt.证明…有理;为…辩护physical [?fizik ?l] adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n. 身体检查,体格检查shift [? ift] n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi .快速行进vt. & vi .改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡commen( ?k? ment] n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt. & vi .评论;谈论core [k ? :] n. 果核核心,精髓,要点exclude [iks ?klu:d] vt . 排除;不包括在内layer [?lei ?] n. 层,层次proportion [pr ??p? :? ?n] n. 均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿specify [ ?spesifai] vt . 详述指定compensate[?k? mpenseit] vt . & vi . 补偿,报酬corporate [ ?k? :p ?rit] adj. 社团的,法人的framework [ ?freimw ?:k] n. 构架;结构link [li ? k] n.环,联系,纽带vt. & vi .连接,联系publish [ ?p?bli ? ] vt . & vi . 出版公布sufficient [s ??fi ? ?nt] adj . 足够的;充足的component[k ?m?p?un?nt] n. 成分,组成部分,部件,元件correspond [?k? ris ?p? nd] vi . 相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信fund[f ?nd] n. 基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt. 为…提供资金,给…拨款locate[I ?u?keit] vt.找出,指出(地点或位置)vt. & vi .(在…)设置,坐落于react [ri ??kt ] vi . 起反应;有影响反对;对抗task [t a sk] n.工作;任务;差事consent [k ?n?sent] n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成criteria [kra ? ?t? ?r ? ?] n. 标准illustrate [?il ?streit] vt . 给…加插图说明,阐明;表明maximise [ ?m?ksimaiz ] vt. 使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)register [?red?ist ?] n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt. & vi .记录;登记;注册显出注意到, 记住technical [?teknik ?l] adj .技术的;应用科学的艺术的, 工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的, 使用术语的, 专业的considerable [k?n?sid ?r?bl] adj. 相当大(或多)的deduce[di ?dju:s] vt . 推论, 演绎immigrate [ ?imi y eit] vi.移入minor [?main?] adj . 较小的, 较少的, 低级的, 次要的n. 未成年人副修科目rely [ri ?lai] vi . 信任;信赖;依赖, 依靠technique [tek ?ni:k] n. 技巧, 手法, 技术技能constant [?k? nst?nt] adj .始终如一的, 恒久不变的不断的, 连续发生的忠实的, 忠诚的demonstrate [ ?dem?nstreit] vi . 举行示威游行(或集会)vt . 说明, 演示论证, 证明显示, 表露imply [im ?plai] vt . 暗示, 暗指必然包含negate [ni ? gpit] vt.取消,使无效否定;否认remove[ri ?mu:v] vi . 迁移;移居vt . 移走;排除开除technology [tek ?n? l ?d?i] n. 科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术con strain [k ?n ?strei n] vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束document[?d? kjum?nt] n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载initial [i ?ni? ?l] adj .最初的,开头的outcome[ ?autk ?m] n. 结果scheme[ski:m] n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt. & vi.策划;图谋valid [?v?lid ] adj . 正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute [k ?n?tribjut] vi . 起促成作用vt . & vi . 捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿dominate [?d? mineit] vt.耸立于,俯临vt. & vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位instanee [ ?inst ?ns] n.例子,实例partner [ ?p a tn ?] n•伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt •做…的搭档sequence[?si:kw ?ns] n. 有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续volume [ ?v? Iju:m] n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist 4access [ ??kses ] n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等]vt.存取(计算机文件)communicate[k ??mju:nikeit] vi . 通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt . & vi . 传达;表达error [?er?] n. 错误过失,失误internal [in ?t ?:n ?l] adj. 内部的国内的,内政的体内的parallel [?p?r?lel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物] 类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt. 与…平行;与…相当resolve [ri ?z? lv] vt .(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物)vt. & vi. 决定;决心adequate [??dikwit ] adj. 充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的concentrate [ ?k? ns?ntreit] vt. 浓缩vt. & vi . 专心于;注意集中,聚集ethnic [ ?e 0 nik] adj .种族的,部落的某文化群体的investigate [in ?vesti gpit] vt.调查;审查parameter [p ??r?mit ?] n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数retain [ri ?tein] vt . 保持; 保留止住; 容纳annual [ ??nju ?l] adj . 每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的n. 一年生植物年刊, 年报, 年鉴confer [k ?n?f?:] vi .〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予goal [ g?ul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标job [d ?? b] n. 职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任phase [feiz] n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series [?si ?ri:z] n. 连续的同类事物,系列串联apparent [??p?r?nt] adj .显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的contrast [?k? ntr?st ] n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt. & vi .对比,对照grant [ g a nt] n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认label [?leib ?l] n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict [pri ?dikt] vt . & vi . 预言;预测;预示statistic [st ??tistik] adj. 统计的,统计学的n. 统计量approximate [??pr? ksimit] adj .近似的,大约的vt. & vi .近似,接近cycle [?saikl] n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi .骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens] adv. 从此时起,从此处因此,所以mechanism[ ?mek?niz ?m] n. 机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径principal [ ?prins ?p?l] adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人status [?steit ?s] n. 身份,地位情形,状况attitude [??titju:d ] n.态度,看法姿态,姿势debate [di ?beit] n. 讨论,辩论vt. & vi . 辩论,争论hypothesis [hai ?p? 0 isis] n.假说,假设,前提obvious [ ?? bvi ?s] adj . 明显的;显而易见的prior [ ?prai ?] adj .优先的;在前的;较早的stress [stres] n. 压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音vt. 重读强调attribute [ ??tribju:t] n.属性,特性vt.认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[ 物] 属于某人[ 物]despite [dis ?pait] prep. 不管,尽管implement [ ?implim ?nt] n.工具,器具,用具vt.使生效,贯彻,执行occupy[?? kjupai] vt .占领;占有使从事;使忙于professional [pr ??fe ? ?n?l] adj.职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的n.具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手subsequent [?s?bsikw ?nt] adj . 随后的,继…之后的civil [ ?sivl] adj. 公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的,民法的文明的,有教养的dimension [di ?men? ?n] n. 尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度implicate [ ?implikeit] vt.牵连, 涉及option [?? p? ?n] n. 选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权project [pr ??d?ekt] n.项目,计划,方案,课题vt.规划抛;投;射vt. & vi .伸出,突出;表达特点sum[s ?m] n.总数,总和金额算术vt. & vi.合计总结,归纳code[k ?ud] n. 法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码vt. 将…译成电码domestic [d ??mestik] adj. 本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的impose [im ?p?uz] vi .利用,占便宜;欺骗vt.强迫,强加课税,惩罚output [ ?autput] n.产量输出,输出功率promote [pr ??m?ut] vt .提升, 提拔筹划, 发起, 创立推销〈正〉促进; 推动; 增进summary[ ?s?m?ri] adj .即刻的, 立即的匆忙的, 草率的概括的; 简要的n. 摘要, 概要commit[k ??mit] vt .犯罪; 犯错承诺; 使自己受约束托付; 交付emerge[i ?m?:d ?] vi . 出现; 显出; 暴露integrate [ ?inti g eit] vt.使结合成为整体vt. & vi .(使)融入overall [ ??uv?r? :l] adj. 总体的; 全面的; 综合的全面考虑的adv. 大体上, 总的来说一切包括在内, 全部的n. 长罩衣工装裤; 工作裤regime [rei ??i:m] n. 政治制度, 政权, 政体undertake [ ??nd??teik] vt . 担任, 承揽; 保证着手, 开始Sublist 5 academy[ ??k?d?mi] n. 专科学校研究院, 学会con suit [k? n?s?lt] vt .请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑vt. & vi .商议,商量evolve [i ?v? lv] vt . & vi . 演变; 进化licence [ ?lais ?ns] n. 许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆orient [?? :ri ?nt] n. 东方,亚洲vt. 使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置style [stail] n. 风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度;格调;气派adjust [ ??d??st] vt. & vi .(改变…以)适应;调整;校正con tact [ ?k? nt?kt ] n.接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头vt . & vi.联系expand[iks ?p?nd] vt. & vi .使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开logic [?l ? d?ik] n. 逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective [p ??spektiv] n. 远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法substitute [?s?bstitju:t] vt . & vi . 代替,替换,代用alter [?? :lt ?] vt . & vi . 改变,更改decline [di ?klain] n.下降,减少,衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt . & vi .辞谢;谢绝(邀请等)expose[iks ?p?uz] vt . 曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露n. 页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地margin [ ?n a d ?in]precise [pri ?sais] adj . 精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的sustain [s ??stein] vt . 承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受amend[??mend] vt . & vi . 改良;修改,修订discrete [dis ?kri:t] adj. 分离的,不相关联的external [eks ?t?:nl] adj. 外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的medical [?medik?l] adj .医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的prime [praim] adj . 首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的n. 全盛时期vt. 使准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况symbol[?simb?l] n. 象征,标志符号,记号aware[??w? ?] adj . 意识到的,知道的draft [dr a ft] n.草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者;特遣队vt.起草,画草图,草拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍facilitate [f ??siliteit] vt . 使便利,减轻…的困难mental [?mentl] adj. 精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的psychology [sai ?k? l ?d?i] n. 心理学心理;心理特点target [?t a g t] n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象;(攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物capacity [k ??p?siti ] n. 容量, 容积才能, 能力身份, 职位enable [i ?neibl] vt.使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental [ ?f?nd??ment?l] adj. 基本的; 重要的, 必要的n. 基本原则, 基本法则modify [?m? difai] vt . 修饰vt . & vi . 修改, 更改pursue [p??sju:] vt. 追捕, 追击追求继续;从事, 经营transit [ ?tr?nsit ] n. 搬运;载运;运输challenge [ ?t ? ?lind ?] n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy [?en?d?i] n. 活力, 干劲, 能力精力〈物〉能, 能量, 能源generate [?d?en?reit] vt. 生成, 产生引起, 导致mo ni tor [ ?m? nit?] n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测ratio [?rei ? i ?u] n. 比, 比率trend [trend] n. 趋势, 倾向流行clause [kl ? :z] n. 从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce [in ?f ? :s] vt . 实施, 执行强迫, 迫使generation [?d?en??rei ? ?n] n. 同时代的人, 一代人, 一代产生, 发生network [ ?netw ?:k] n. 网状物(电视与计算机)网络, 网状系统广播网, 电视网reject [ri ?d?ekt] n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉version [ ?v?: ? ?n] n.(个人对事件的)描述, 说法, 看法版本, 形式译本, 剧本compounc(?k? mpaund] n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子,(围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化entity [?entiti] n. 实体,独立存在体,实际存在物image[ ?imid ?] n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样notion [?n?u? ?n] n. 概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算revenue [ ?rev ?nju:] n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收welfare [?welf ? ?] n. 健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict [?k? nflikt] n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi .抵触,冲突equivalent [i ?kwiv?l ?nt] adj . 相等的,相当的liberal [ ?lib ?r?l] adj. 心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n. 宽容大度的人自由主义者objective [ ?b?d?ektiv] adj. 客观的;不带偏见的n. 目标;目的stable [?steibl] adj. 稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hw? ?r??z] conj. 但是,而Sublist 6abstract [??bstr?kt ] adj. 抽象的抽象派的n. 抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt . 提取,抽取做…的摘要capable [ ?keip ?bl] adj . 有能力的,有技能的exceed [ik ?si:d] vi .(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt .超过;超越incidence [ ?insid ?ns] n. 发生率,影响范围migrate [mai ? y eit] vi .迁移;移往recover [ri ?k?v?] vi .恢复健康(体力、能力等)vt •恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)accurate [??kjurit ] adj. 精确的,准确的正确无误的cite [sait] vt .引用, 举例表彰, 嘉奖传唤, 传讯expert [?eksp?:t] adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手in corporate [in ?k? :p ?reit] vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司minimum[ ?minim?m] adj . 最低的, 最小的n. 最低限度, 最小量reveal [ri ?vi:l] vt . 显示; 露出泄露; 透露acknowledge [ ?k?n? lid ?] vt . 承认, 供认告知已收到鸣谢, 感谢cooperate [k ?u?? p?reit] vi . 合作; 配合, 协助explicit [iks ?plisit] adj. 详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的index [?indeks] n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幕vt.给…编索引,指示出ministry [ ?ministri] n.(政府的)部scope[sk ?up] n. 余地, 机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate [??g ri g t] n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达… vt. & vi.(使)聚集discriminate [dis ?krimineit] vi . 歧视, 有差别地对待vt . & vi . 分别, 辨别, 区分federal [ ?fed ?r?l] adj .联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit [in ?hibit] vt . 阻止; 抑制motive [?m?utiv] n. 动机, 目的subsidy [ ?s?bsidi] n. 补贴, 津贴, 补助金allocate [??l ?keit] vt . 分配, 分派把…拨给display [dis ?plei] n. 陈列, 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt . 陈列, 展览显示, 显露fee [fi:] n. 费, 酬金initiate [i ?ni ? ieit] vt. 开始, 着手传授; 使初步了解接纳新成员, 让…加入neutral [ ?nju:tr ?l] adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士; 中立国tape [teip] n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. & vi .录音assign [??sain] vt . 分配;交给指派, 选派指定, 订出diverse [dai ?v?s] adj . 不同的, 多种多样的flexible [?fleks ?bl] adj. 易弯曲的, 柔韧的灵活的, 可变通的in put [ ?i nput] n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless [ ?nev?e??les] adv. 仍然, 然而, 不过conj . 尽管如此, 然而trace [treis] n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt. & vi .缓慢而困难地书写attach [??t?t ? ] vt . & vi . 贴上;系;附上domain[d ?u?mein] n. 范围, 领域版图, 领土地产, 产业furthermore [ ?f?:e ??m? :] adv. 而且, 此外in struct [in ?str ?kt] vt.命令,指示教,指导通知overseas [??uv??si:z] adj .(在)海外的,(在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向] 国外transform [ tr?ns ?f ? :m] vt . & vi . 改变author [?? : 0 ?] n.著作家,作者创造者,仓收台人;发起人edit [ ?edit] vt. 剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等)vt. & vi . 编辑gender[?d?end?] n. 〈语〉性intelligent [in ?telid ??nt] adj. 聪明的;理解力强的precede [ ?pri ?si:d] vt . & vi . 在…之前,先于transport [ tr?ns ?p? :t] vt . 运送;流放使万分激动bond[b ? nd] n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt .使粘结,使结合enhance[in ?h a ns] vt .提高,增加,加强ignorant [?i gi?r?nt] adj.无知的,愚昧的interval[?int ?v?l] n. 间隔时间幕间休息presume[pri ?zju:m] vi .冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定underlie [??nd??lai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);弓I起brief [bri:f] adj .短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作… 的摘要estate [is ?teit] n. 土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产incentive [in ?sentiv] n. 激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机lecture [ ?lekt ? ?] n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责]vt.责备,教训,训斥vt. & vi .(向…)演讲; (给… )讲课rational [?r?? ?nl] adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的utilize [ ?ju:tilaiz] vt. 利用,使用Sublist 7adapt [??d?pt ] vt . 改编,改写vt. & vi .(使)适应,(使)适合contrary [?k? ntr ?ri] adj. 相反的,相违的n. 相反,反面,对立面empirical [em?pirik ?l] adj. 以观察或实验为依据的identical [ai ?dentik ?l] adj . 同一的phenomenon[fi ?n? min?n] n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit [s ?b?mit] vi . 屈服,认输vt . 提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩adult [??d?lt] adj . 成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n. 成年的人或动物convert [k?n?v?:t] vt. & vi.(使)转变,(使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)equip [i ?kwip] vt . 装备,配备使有能力,使胜任ideology [?aidi ?? l ?d?i] n. 思想(体系),思想意识priority [prai ?? riti] n. 优先权,重点优先考虑的事successor [s ?k?ses?] n. 接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人advocate [??dv?keit] n. 提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt. 提倡,主张couple [?k?pl] n. 一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系extract [iks ?tr?kt ] n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt .(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨出infer [in ?f?:] vt. 推断,推知prohibit [pr ??hibit] vt.禁止;阻止survive [s ??vaiv] vi . 幸存,活下来vt . 比…活得长,经历…之后还存在aid [eid] n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助decade[?dekeid] n. 十年,十年间file [fail] n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi .排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉innovate [?in ?uveit] vi . 改革,创新publication [ ?p?bli ?kei ? ?n] n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊thesis [ ? 0 i:sis] n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文channel [ ?t ? ?nl ] n. 海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道definite [ ?definit] adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的finite [?fainait] adj . 有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的insert [in ?s?:t] n. 添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图)vt. 插入, 嵌入quote [kw?ut] vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价)vt. & vi .引用,援引topic [?t ? pik] n. 题目, 论题, 话题chemical [?kemik?l] adj. 化学的n. 化学药品deny[di ?nai] vt. 否认知情拒绝foundation [faun ?dei ? ?n] n. 建立, 设立, 创办基础, 基本原理, 根据地基基金(会) intervene [ ?? nt ??vi:n] vi . 干涉, 干预;调解干扰, 阻碍release [ri ?li:s] n. 释放, 排放, 解除释放令公映的新影片, 发布的新闻[ 消息] vt . 释放;放开发布;发行;发售transmit [tr?nz ?mit] vt •传播,传染传导vt. & vi .发射,播送,广播classic [?kl?sik ] adj.(著作, 赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的, 标准的(衣服, 设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品, 杰作优秀的典范differentiate [?dif ??ren? ieit] vi . 区别对待vt. & vi . 区分, 区别, 辨别globe [ d ?ub] n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪isolate [ ?ais ?leit] vt . 使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱离reverse [ri ?v?:s] adj .相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt . & vi.(使)反转;(使)颠倒;(使)翻转推翻, 取消使倒退, 逆转ultimate [??ltimit] adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的comprehensive [?k? mpri ?hensiv] adj . 广泛的,综合的dispose [dis ?p?uz] vt . 布置使愿意或准备做vt . & vi . 处理;处置grade [d reid] n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级;(按年级划分的)小学生media[?mi:dj ?] n. 媒体simulate [?simjuleit] vt. 假装模仿,模拟unique [ju: ?ni:k] adj . 独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的comprise [k ?m?praiz] vt. 包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成dynamic[dai ?n?mik] adj. 有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的guarantee [?g ??n?ti:] n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt .保证; 担保使(事情)可能发生mode[m?ud] n. 方式,样式样式,风格sole [s ?ul] adj. 单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的visible [ ?viz ?bl] adj . 看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的confirm[k ?n?f ?:m] vt .证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可eliminate [i ?limineit] vt . 消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy [ ?hai ?r a ki] n.等级制度统治集团,领导层paradigm [?p?r?daim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范somewhat[?s?mhw? t] adv. 稍微,有点,达到某种程度voluntary [ ?v? l ?nt ?ri] adj . 自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist 8abandon[ ??b?nd?n] n. 放任;纵情vt. 离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃clarify [ ?kl?rifai ] vt . & vi . 使清楚;澄清deviate [ ?di:vieit] vi . 偏离;越轨induce [in ?dju:s] vt . 引诱, 劝导〈正〉引起, 导致plus [pl ?s] adj. 正的比所示数量多的附加的, 称心的, 有利的n. 加号, 正号prep .(表示包容)外加; 另有(表示运算)加, 加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上, 正tense [tens] adj .拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n. 〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张accompany[ ??k?mp?ni] vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[k ??m? diti] n. 商品, 货物有用的东西displace [dis ?pleis] vt. 替换, 取代移走inevitable [in ?evit ?bl] adj . 不可避免的, 必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的, 照例必有的, 惯常的practitioner [ pr?k?ti ? ?n?] n. 习艺者, 实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate [ ?t ?:mineit] vt . & vi . 结束; 使终结accumulate [??kju:mjuleit] vt . & vi . 堆积; 积累complement[?k? mplim ?nt] n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt .补足,补充drama[?dr a m?] n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面] infrastructure[ ?infr ??str ?kt ? ?] n. 基础设施; 基础结构predominant [pri ?d? min?nt] adj. 占主导地位的, 显著的theme[ 0 i:m] n.主题,主旨,题目ambiguous[ ?m?bi g u ?s] adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的conform [k ?n?f ? :m] vi .遵守,符合顺应,一致eventual [i ?ventju ?l] adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的inspect [in ?spekt] vt . 检查,检验视察prospect [?pr? spekt] n. 景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi .勘探;勘察thereby [ ?e? ?bai] adv. 由此;因而append[??pend] vt . 附加contemporary [k ?n?temp?r?ri] adj. 当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n. 同代人,同龄人exhibit [i g?zibit] n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt .显示,显出vt . & vi .陈列;展览intense [in ?tens] adj . 强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的radical [ ?r?dik ?l] adj . 根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的uniform[ ?ju:nif ? :m] adj. 全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n. 制服appreciate [ ??pri: ? ieit] vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt. & vi .(使)增值,涨价contradict [?k? ntr ??dikt] vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt. & vi .反驳,否认…的真实性exploit [iks ?pl ? it] n. 业绩,功绩,功勋,事迹vt. 开采;开发剥削manipulate [m??nipjuleit]vt .熟练控制[操作] random[?r?nd?m] adj . 任意的;无计划的(统计)随机的vehicle [ ?vi: ?。
雅思AWL词汇表,最全版
1An Introduction to the Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New ZealandThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic texts and selecting the words that occurred:1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science. 2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael West’s General Service List(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, house and do.These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context.The AWL is organized into Word Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’ and ‘family members’. Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization, the US spelling.If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them in your reading. These words are closely related and the meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word family members too. Finally, there are some academic words thatdo not have a word family. These words occur on their own and do not have any inflections. Examples include nonetheless,so-called and behalf.The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer, I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following extract from an academic text:EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Environmental issues are truly global. Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have global effects and require global action. Some problems link to the exploitation of global commons – the resources shared by the international community suchas ocean beds and the atmosphere. Sometimes small local problems, suchas poisonous gases leaking from landfills and water pollution, are multiplied so many times in any local contexts thatthey become major world hazards. The environment is a global concern requiring global policies.Academic Word ListAcademic Word List2The highlighted words are all on the AWL.This sample illustrates clearly that the AWLcan help with decisions about which words are important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country.Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for students studying at an English-speaking university, particularly for reading and writing.If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours of schooling in English overseveral years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. T ake for example consequent. This is marked as formal. You would probablynot choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary.Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If you go to the AWL highlighter websiteby Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham. /~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you can copy and paste your text into it and it will highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.When looking up words from the AWL in this dictionary you should also focus on the bold phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word. Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases are important because they help with fluencyin writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue.DECLINING BIODIVERSITYWhatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain-forest clearance has another undeniable impact. The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface, they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estimatesof the total number of species of animalsand plants range from 1.5 million to as high as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have identified more than 1,000 species of ants alone (Wilson, 1991).Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building:• Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation.• Even if you think you already ‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any additional information that you don’t know.• Research has shown that repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.Academic Word List3• Studying words ‘actively’ will help yourlearning. People do learn words through reading but the chances of remembering vocabulary is higher when you focus on the words and make a conscious effort to learn them.• Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of words when you are reading academic texts.• Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use words from the list that are relevant to your writing. The words on the AWL are marked with in this dictionary.The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English. In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with 12and 3and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with and .In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.Averil Coxhead is a lecturer in English for Academic Purposesat Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Shecompiled the AWL in 2000. For further information on the AWL go to Averil’s website at /staff/awl/index.shtml.Acknowledgement: Extracts on the subject of European environmental policy and declining biodiversity are reproduced with permission from Sociology:A Global Introduction, third edition, by John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer,©Pearson Education Limited 2005.abandon1v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract1adj abstract2n abstract3v abstraction n academic1adj academic2n academy n access1n access2v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v achievement n acknowledge v acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v adaptable adj adaptation n adequate adj adjacent adjadjust vadjustment nadministration nadministrative adjadult1nadult2adjadvocacy nadvocate1vadvocate2 naffect vaggregate1 naggregate2 adjaggregate3 vaid1 naid2 valbeit conjallocate vallocation nalter valteration nalternate1 adjalternate2 valternative1 adjalternative2 nambiguity nambiguous adjamend vamendment nanalogous adjanalogy nanalyse vanalysis nanalyst nanalytical adjanalyze vannual1 adjanticipate vanticipation napparent adjappend vappendix nappreciable adjappreciate vappreciation napproach1 vapproach2 nappropriate1 adjapproximate1 adjapproximate2 vapproximation narbitrary adjarea naspect nassemble vassembly nassess vassessment nassign vassignment nassist1 vassistance nassume vassuming conjassumption nassurance nassure vattach vattachment nattain vattainment nattitude nattributable adjattribute1 vattribute2 nauthor1 nauthor2 vauthoritative adjauthority nauthorship nautomate vautomated adjautomatic1 adjautomatically advautomation navailable adjaware adjawareness nAcademic Word ListThe following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.Academic Word List4behalf n beneficial adj beneficiary n benefit1 n benefit2 vbias1 nbias2 vbiased adjbond1 nbond2 v brevity nbrief1 adjbrief2 nbrief3 v briefing n briefly advbulk1 nbulky adjcapability n capable adj capacity n category n cease1 v challenge1 n challenge2 v challenging adj channel1 n channel2 v chapter nchart1 nchart2 v chemical1 n chemical2 adj circumstance n citation ncite vcivil adj clarification n clarify vclarity n classic1 adj classic2 n classical adj clause ncode1 ncode2 vcoded adj coding n coherence n coherent adj coincide v coincidence n coincident adj coincidental adj collapse1 v collapse2 n colleague n commence v commencement n comment1 ncomment2 vcommentary ncommentator ncommission1 ncommission2 vcommit vcommitment ncommitted adjcommodity ncommunicable adjcommunicate vcommunication ncommunicative adjcommunity ncompatibility ncompatible1 adjcompensate vcompensation ncompensatory adjcompilation ncompile vcomplement1 ncomplement2 vcomplementary adjcomplex1 adjcomplex2 ncomplexity ncomponent1 ncomponent2 adjcompound1 ncompound2 vcompound3 adjcomprehensive adjcomprise vcomputation ncompute vcomputer ncomputing nconceivable adjconceive vconcentrate1 vconcentration nconcept nconception nconceptual adjconclude vconcluding adjconclusion nconclusive adjconcurrent adjconduct1 vconduct2 nconfer vconference nconfine vconfined adjconfirm vconfirmation nconflict1 nconflict2 vconform vconformation nconformist adjconformity nconsensus nconsent1 nconsent2 vconsequence nconsequent adjconsequently advconsiderable adjconsiderably advconsist vconsistency nconsistent adjconstancy nconstant1 adjconstant2 nconstantly advconstituency nconstituent1 nconstituent2 adjconstitute vconstitution nconstitutional1 adjconstrain vconstrained adjconstraint nconstruct1 vconstruct2 nconstruction nconstructive adjconsult vconsultancy nconsultant nconsultation nconsultative adjconsume vconsumer nconsumption ncontact1 ncontact2 vcontact3 adjcontemporary1 adjcontemporary2 ncontext ncontextual adjcontextualize vcontract1 ncontract2 vcontractor ncontradict vcontradiction ncontradictory adjcontrary1 ncontrary2 adjcontrast1 ncontrast2 vcontrasting adjcontribute vcontribution ncontributor ncontroversial adjcontroversy nconvene vconvention nconventional adjconverse3 adjconversely advconversion nconvert1 vconvertible 1 adjconvince vconvinced adjconvincing adjcooperate vcooperation ncooperative1 adjcoordinate1 vcoordinate2 ncoordinate3 adjcoordination ncoordinator ncore1 ncore2 adjcore3 vcorporate adjcorporation ncorrespond vcorrespondence ncorresponding adjcouple1 ncouple2 vcreate vcreation ncreative1 adjcreativity ncreator ncredit1 ncredit2 vcreditor ncriterion ncrucial adjcultural adjculturally advculture1 ncurrency ncycle1 ncycle2 vcyclic adjdata ndebatable adjdebate1 ndebate2 vdecade ndecline1 ndecline2 vdeduce vAcademic Word List 5deduction n define vdefinite adj definitely adv definition n definitive adj demonstrable adj demonstrate v demonstration n demonstrative adj demonstrator n denial ndenote vdeny vdepress v depression n derivation n derivative1 n derivative2 adj derive vdesign1 ndesign2 v designer1 n despite prep detect v detection n detective n detector n deviate1 v deviation n device ndevote v devoted adj devotion n differentiate v dimension n diminish v diminution n discrete adj discretion n discretionary adj discriminate v discrimination n disestablish v displace v displacement n display1 n display2 v disposable adj disposal n dispose v disproportion n disproportionate adj dissimilar adj distinct adj distinction n distinctive adj distinctly adv distort v distribute v distribution ndistributive adjdiverse adjdiversify vdiversity ndocument1 ndocument2 vdocumentation ndomain ndomestic1 adjdomesticate vdomesticated adjdominance ndominant1 adjdominate vdraft1 ndraft2 vdraft3 adjdrama ndramatic adjdramatist ndramatize vduration ndynamic1 adjdynamic2 neconomic adjeconomical adjeconomically adveconomics neconomist neconomy1 nedit vedition neditor neditorial1 adjeditorial2 nelement neliminate velimination nemerge vemergence nemergent adjemerging adjemphasis nemphasize vemphatic adjempirical adjempiricism nenable venabling adjencounter1 vencounter2 nenergetic adjenergy nenforce venforced adjenforcement nenhance venhanced adjenormity nenormous adjenormously advensure ventity nenvironment nenvironmental adjenvironmentalist nequate vequation nequip vequipment nequivalent1 adjequivalent2 nerode verosion nerroneous adjerror nestablish vestablished adjestablishment nestate nestimate1 nestimate2 vestimation nethic nethical adjethnic1 adjethnic2 nevaluate vevaluation neventual adjeventuality neventually advevidence1 nevident adjevidential adjevidently advevolution nevolutionary adjevolve vexceed vexclude vexcluding prepexclusion nexclusive1 adjexclusively advexhibit1 vexhibit2 nexhibition nexpand vexpansion nexpansionism nexpansive adjexpert1 nexpert2 adjexpertise nexplicit adjexploit1 vexploitation nexport1 nexport2 vexporter nexpose vexposed adjexposure nexternal adjexternalize vextract1 vextract2 nextraction nfacilitate vfacilitator nfacility nfactor1 nfactor2 vfeature1 nfeature2 vfederal adjfederation nfee nfile1 nfile2 vfiling nfinal1 adjfinal2 nfinality nfinalize vfinally advfinance1 nfinance2 vfinancial adjfinancier nfinite adjflexibility nflexible adjfluctuate vfluctuation nfocus1 vfocus2 nfocussed adjformat1 nformat2 vformula nformulate vforthcoming adjfound2 vfoundation nfounder1 nfounding nframework nfunction1 nfunction2 vfunctional adjfund1 nfund2 vfundamental adjfundamentally advfunding nAcademic Word List6furthermore advgender n generate v generation n globalization n globe ngoal ngrade1 n grade2 v graded adj grant1 vgrant2 n guarantee1 v guarantee2 n guideline nhence adv hierarchical adj hierarchy n highlight1 v hypothesis n hypothesize v hypothetical adj identical adj identifiable adj identification n identify v identity n ideological adj ideology n ignorance n ignorant adj ignore v illegal1 adj illogical adj illustrate v illustration n illustrative adj image n imagery n immature adj immigrant n immigrate v immigration n impact1 n impact2 v implement1 v implement2 n implicate v implication n implicit adj imply v impose v imposition n imprecise adj inaccessible adj inaccuracy n inaccurate adj inadequacy ninadequate adjinappropriate adjincapable adjincapacitate vincentive nincidence nincident nincidentally advinclination nincline1 vincline2 nincoherent adjincome nincompatible adjinconceivable adjinconclusive adjinconsistency ninconsistent adjincorporate vincorporated adjindefinite adjindefinitely advindex1 nindex2 vindicate vindication nindicative1 nindicative2 adjindicator nindiscretion nindistinct adjindividual1 adjindividual2 nindividualism nindividualist nindividuality nindividually advinduce vinduction ninevitability ninevitable adjinevitably advinfer vinference ninfinite adjinfinitely advinflexible adjinfrastructure ninherent adjinhibit vinhibition ninitial1 adjinitially advinitiate1 vinitiation ninitiative ninitiator ninjure vinjured adjinjury ninnovate vinnovation ninnovative adjinnovator ninput1 ninput2 vinsecure adjinsert1 vinsertion ninsight ninsightful adjinsignificant adjinspect vinspection ninspector ninstability ninstance1 ninstance2 vinstitute1 ninstitute2 vinstitution ninstitutional adjinstitutionalized adjinstruct vinstruction ninstructive adjinstructor ninsufficient adjintegral adjintegrate vintegrated adjintegration nintegrity nintelligence nintelligent adjintense adjintensify vintensity nintensive adjinteract vinteraction ninteractive adjintermediate1 adjinternal adjinternalize vinterpret vinterpretation ninterpretative adjinterpretive adjinterval nintervene vintervening adjintervention nintrinsic adjinvalidate vinvalidity ninvariable adjinvariably advinvest vinvestigate vinvestigation ninvestigative adjinvestigator ninvestment ninvestor ninvisible adjinvoke vinvolve vinvolvement nirrational adjirrelevance nirrelevant adjirreversible adjisolate visolated adjisolation nisolationism nissue1 nissue2 vitem njob njournal njustifiable adjjustification njustified adjjustify vlabel1 nlabel2 vlabor nlabored adjlabour1 nlabour2 vlaboured adjlayer1 nlayer2 vlecture1 nlecture2 vlecturer nlegal adjlegality nlegally advlegislate vlegislation nlegislative adjlegislator nlegislature nlevy1 vlevy2 nliberal1 adjliberal2 nliberalism nliberalize vliberally advliberate vliberated adjlicence nlicense vAcademic Word List 7licensed adj likewise adv link1 vlink2 n linkage n locate v location n logic n logical adj logician n maintain v maintenance n major1 adj majority n manipulate v manipulative adj manual1 adj manual2 n margin n marginal adj marginally adv maturation n mature1 adj mature2 v maturity n maximize v maximum1 adj maximum2 n mechanism n media n mediate v medical1 adj medium1 adj medium2 n mental adj mentality n method n methodical adj methodology n migrant n migrate v migration n migratory adj military1 adj military2 n minimal adj minimize v minimum1 adj minimum2 n ministerial adj ministry n minor1 adj minority n misinterpret v mode n modification n modify v monitor1 v motivated adj motivation nmotive1 nmotive2 adjmutual adjmutually advnegate vnegative1 adjnegative2 nnetwork1 nnetwork2 vnetworking nneutral1 adjneutrality nneutralize vnevertheless advnonconformist nnonetheless advnorm nnormal1 adjnormal2 nnormality nnormalize vnormally advnotion nnotwithstanding prepnuclear adjobjective1 nobjective2 adjobjectively advobtain vobtainable adjobvious adjobviously advoccupancy noccupant noccupation noccupational adjoccupier noccupy voccur voccurrence nodd adjodds noffset1 vongoing adjoption noptional adjorient1 vorientate vorientated adjorientation noriented adjoutcome noutput1 noutput2 voverall1 adjoverall2 advoverestimate1 voverestimate2 noverlap1 voverlap2 noverseas1 advoverseas2 adjpanel nparadigm nparagraph nparallel1 nparallel2 adjparallel3 vparameter nparticipant nparticipate vparticipation nparticipatory adjpartner1 npartnership npassive1 adjpassive2 nperceive vpercent1 adjpercent2 npercentage nperception nperiod1 nperiodic adjperiodical npersist vpersistence npersistent adjperspective nphase1 nphase2 vphenomenal adjphenomenon nphilosopher nphilosophical adjphilosophize vphilosophy nphysical1 adjphysically advplus1 prepplus2 nplus3 adjpolicy nportion1 npose1 vpose2 npositive1 adjpositively advpotential1 adjpotential2 npotentially advpractitioner nprecede vprecedence nprecedent npreceding adjprecise adjprecisely advprecision1 nprecision2 adjpredict vpredictable adjprediction npredominance npredominant adjpredominantly advpredominate vpreliminary1 adjpreliminary2 npresumably advpresume vpresumption nprevious adjpreviously advprimacy nprimarily advprimary1 adjprime1 adjprincipal1 adjprincipally advprinciple nprincipled adjprior1 adjprioritize vpriority1 nprocedural adjprocedure nproceed vproceeding nproceeds nprocess1 nprocess2 vprocessed adjprofessional1 adjprofessional2 nprofessionalism nprofessionally advprohibit vprohibition nprohibitive adjproject1 nproject2 vprojection npromote vpromoter npromotion nproportion1 nproportional adjproportionate adjprospect1 nprospective adjprotocol npsychological adjpsychologist npsychology npublication nAcademic Word List8publish v publisher n publishing n purchase1 v purchase2 n pursue v pursuit n qualitative adj quotation n quote1 v quote2 n radical1 adj radical2 n random adj range1 n range2 vratio n rational adj rationalism n rationalize v react v reaction n reactionary1 adj reactionary2 n reactivate v reactive adj reactor n readjust v reassess v reconstruct v reconstruction n recover v recovery n recreate v redistribute v redistribution n refine v refined adj refinement n regime n region n regional adj register1 n register2 v registration n regulate v regulation 1 n regulator n regulatory adj reinforce v reinforcement n reinvest v reject1 v rejection n relax v relaxation n release1 v release2 n relevant adjreliable adjreliance nreliant adjrelocate vreluctance nreluctant adjrely vremovable adjremoval nremove1 vremove2 nrequire vrequirement nreschedule vresearch1 nresearch2 vreside vresidence nresident1 nresident2 adjresidential adjresolution nresolve1 vresolve2 nresource1 nresource2 vresourceful adjrespond vrespondent nresponse nresponsive adjrestoration nrestore vrestored adjrestrain vrestraint nrestrict vrestricted adjrestriction nrestrictive adjrestructure vretain vretainer nretention nretentive adjreveal vrevealing adjrevelation nrevenue nreversal nreverse1 vreverse2 nreverse3 adjreversible adjrevise vrevision nrevolution nrevolutionary1 adjrevolutionary2 nrevolutionize vrigid adjrole nroute1 nroute2 vscenario nschedule1 nschedule2 vschematic adjscheme1 nscheme2 vscope1 nsection1 nsection2 vsector nsecure1 adjsecure2 vsecurely advsecurity nseek vselect1 vselect2 adjselection nselective adjselector nsequence nsequencing nsequential adjseries nsex1 nsexism nsexual adjsexuality nshift1 vshift2 nsignificant adjsignificantly advsignify vsimilar adjsimilarity nsimilarly advsimulate vsimulated adjsimulation nsite1 nsole1 adjsolely advsomewhat advsource1 nsource2 vspecific1 adjspecific2 nspecifically advspecification nspecify vsphere nspherical adjstability nstabilize vstable1 adjstatistic nstatistician nstatus nstraightforward adjstrategic adjstrategist nstrategy nstress1 nstress2 vstressed adjstressful adjstructural adjstructure1 nstructure2 vstructured adjstyle1 nstyle2 vstyling nstylish adjstylized adjsubmission nsubmit vsubordinate1 adjsubordinate2 nsubordinate3 vsubsequent adjsubsequently advsubsidiary2 adjsubsidize vsubsidy nsubstitute1 nsubstitute2 vsubstitution nsuccession nsuccessive adjsuccessor nsufficiency nsufficient adjsum1 nsum2 vsummarize vsummary1 nsummary2 adjsummation nsupplement1 nsupplement2 vsupplementary adjsurvey1 nsurvey2 vsurvival nsurvive vsurvivor nsuspend vsuspension nsustain vsustainable adjsustained adjsustenance nsymbol n。
雅思高频词汇表(汇总)
The Academic Word List (AWL)英语学术词汇表1. What is the AWL?AWL (《英语学术词汇表》) 是一个由Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表,它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords),每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。
例如:词目“analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇:analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically, analyze, analyzed, analyzes, analyzing 。
其中斜体字,analysis,在学术英语中最为常见。
2. What are the 10 sublists of the AWL?AWL分十个sublists (小组)。
除了第十小组包含30个词目外,其他小组均含有90个词目。
Sublist 1(第一组)包含的词汇最常用,sublist 2(第二组)中的词汇使用频率稍低,其他的sublists 依次类推。
AWL 中的每一个词目后都有一个数字,它代表了该词目是属于AWL中的哪一组。
例如abandon 8就表示abandon是属于第八小组的词目。
3. Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL 词目。
登陆网页/staff/awl/headwords.shtml 能看到570个词目(headwords)。
如果你想得到每一个词目下面所包含的相关单词,请登陆/staff/awl/sublists.shtml, 该网页能下载所有的单词。
AWL 学术词汇表 (有TPO和OG对应例句)
ACADEMIC WORD LIST 1analysis definition indicate procedureapproach derive individual processarea distribution interpretation requireassessment economic involve researchassume environment issue responseauthority establish labor roleavailable estimate legal sectionbenefit evidence legislation sectorconcept export major significantconsistent factor method similarconstitution financial occur sourcecontext formula percent specificcontract function period structurecreate identify policy theorydata income principle variable ground into a fine powder.2Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.3His particular area of expertise is engineering.4Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant. 5For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.6The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.7Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.8Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.9Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.10Scientists see a consistent pattern in the global temperature variations that have occurred in the past.11The country's constitution embodies the ideals of freedom and equality.Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale.12From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts.13Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal.14It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.15Linguistic, archaeological, and biological data connected the islands to Egypt.16In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time.17Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere.18It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.19That is a lifestyle in which economic activity is based primarily on livestock.20For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment.21The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth’s rock layers.22One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate.23Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.24Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.A high inflation rate imports hard times for consumers.25Compare the influence of volcanoes and solar activity on climate variability with the influence of factors external to the global climate system.26The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade.27The time had come to formulate a hypothesis.They are working on the perfection of their new paint formula.28What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?29Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation.30The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.31The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss;the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations.32These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.33Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.34Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression.35More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation.36Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor.37It is perfectly legal to import these goods under European law.38They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education.39Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.40 In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.41Although it was believed that human settlement of American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.42Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface.43The site of the large meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous period was identified in 1990. 44One of the new government's policies is to cut taxes.45Select the two answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5.46Searching hand luggage at airports is now standard procedure.47It appears that unlike salt, dissolved organic substances are not excluded from the ice in the freezing process.48These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required.49The researchers estimate that the initial training of the same teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.50Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting.51Government's role in the economy was to promote competition by destroying monopolies and special privileges.52In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country.53All sectors of the economy suffer from the fall in the exchange rate.54We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention.55The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similar to the speed of past extinctions.56The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.57Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.58The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials.59In theory, Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom could use wind to meet all of their energy needs.60Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable.The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 2achieve consequences institute regionacquisition construction investment regulation administration consumer item relevantaffect credit journal residentappropriate cultural maintenance resourceaspect design normal restrictassistance distinction obtain securitycategories element participation sought/seekchapter equation perceive selectcommission evaluation positive sitecommunity feature potential strategycomplex final previous surveycomputer focus primary textconclusion impact purchase traditional love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.2He was showing off his latest acquisition, a new computer game.3The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering.4The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.5They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed for long-distance trips. 6One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.7With the assistance of Edison's former assistant, William Dickson, they perfected projection devices.8Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks.9We hope that they will join us in opening a new chapter of peace and cooperation.10The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness”—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action,performance, or construction of a toy.11With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.12They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.13Scientists have computed the probable course of the rocket.14Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not over- generalize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.15The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous.16The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.17Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures.18Moreover, getting petroleum out of the ground and from under the sea and to the consumer can create environmental problems anywhere along the line.19The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. // The relics are credited with miraculous powers. // Miraculous powers are credited to the relics.20These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate.21Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.22The role of government in the lives of the people was an important political distinction between the two parties.23To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.24In the equation 2x + 1 = 7, what is x?25To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920’s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in themotion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.26Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.27Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.28But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals. 29Petroleum extraction can have a negative impact on the environment.30In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm.31Massachusetts Institute of Technology: a respected US university in Cambridge, Massachusetts32Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment.33The most valuable item on show will be a Picasso drawing.34The Wall Street Journal35All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage.36Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development.37They obtained drinking water and water for crop irrigation from Coba dikes.38Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily bereproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.39What does the author suggest about the way an infant's brain perceives stimuli?40Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous.41In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.42Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought.43Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods, the king, and the dead.44He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him, instead of several.45The upper timberline ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics.46This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.47The government's responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability.48Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory.49The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers.50Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.51The role of government is to restrict the changes brought about by the market.without any restriction restrictions on hunting52The prison was ordered to tighten security after a prisoner escaped yesterday.53Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting.Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life.Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.54This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. 55Wind power is a virtually unlimited source of energy at favorable sites, and even excluding environmentally sensitive areas, the global potential of wind power is much higher than the current world electricity use.56They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years.57This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of beggingcalls that are hard to detect and pinpoint.58There are 200 pages of text and illustrations.59The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life.60The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 3alternative criteria interaction registercircumstance deduction justification reliancecomment demonstrate layer removecompensation document link schemecomponent dominant location sequenceconsent emphasis maximum sexconsiderable ensure minorities shiftconstant exclude negative specifyconstraint framework outcome sufficientcontribution funds partnership taskcoordination immigration physical techniqueconvention illustrated philosophy technicalcore implies proportion technologycorporate initial publish validity theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative.2The political system of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century was strongly influenced by the social and economic circumstances of the time.3Paragraph 4 describes and comments on steps taken to overcome problems identified earlier in the passage.4What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate.5Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.6My father will never give his consent to our marriage.7Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century’s, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.8When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.9There are no constraints on your choice of subject for the essay.10Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.11William Smith’s contributions to geology have inc reased our knowledge of the Eart h’s history.12Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis.13Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different solution to the problem.14Is there a corporate identity shared by all Asian countries?15Income from tourism is five percent higher than in the corresponding period last year. 16The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments.17It's an obvious deduction that she is guilty.18Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.19More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago.20The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.21Before 1815, the emphasis had been on quality rather than on speed of production.22By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. 23Why were buffalo excluded from the research study?24Einstein's research provided much of the theoretical framework for particle physics.The building had a metal framework.25The government has decided to tighten its immigration policy.26The United Nations Environment Program and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques.27Three of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate constructive processes and two are used to illustrate destructive processes.28However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.29It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands.30Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaborat ion between a director and a composer.31New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia.32Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling.I can see no justification for dividing the company into smaller units.33Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.34Scientists have linked the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous with a meteorite impact on Earth.35Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.36At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.37The amount of prehistoric art created by right-handed artists indicates that left-handed people were in the minority.38A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.39He refused to comment on the outcome of the election.40Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.41He went/entered into partnership with his brother.42Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.43The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity.44In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scot land”, a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.45The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies.46Where can I register for the Arabic course?47This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.48Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form.49In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers.50Will zoologists ever know the evolutionary sequences in the Cambrian explosion?51Since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.52This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. 53The regulations specify that you may use a dictionary in the examination.54Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.55And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.56When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.57According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?58Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.59We should question the validity of those figures.Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere.60The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.ACADEMIC WORD LIST 4access debate internal prioradequate despite investigation professionalannual dimension job projectapparent domestic label promote approximate emerge mechanism regimeattitude error obvious resolutionattribute ethnic occupation retaincivil goal option seriescode granted output statistics commitment hence overall status communication hypothesis parallel stress concentration implementation parameter subsequent conference implication phase sumcontrast impose predict summary2The difficulty of finding adequate sources of oil on land has resulted in a greater number of offshore drilling sites.3An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.4In people, however, whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.5The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.6Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce.7One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.8I intend to sue him in civil court.9Callers dialing the wrong area code will not get through. zip code= post code10We're looking for someone with a real sense of commitment to the job.11The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible,。
AWL词汇最全(雅思必备)中英文对照
Sublist 1•••••••analyze[ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命establish[isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实indicate[ˈindikeit] vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性occur[əˈkə:] vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]role[rəul] n.作用,职责角色approach[əˈprəutʃ] n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt. & vi.接近,走近,靠近•••••••context[ˈkɔntekst] n.背景,环境上下文,语境estimate[ˈestimeit] n.估计,估价报价判断vt. & vi.估计;评价,评估individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人percent[pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数section[ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区area[ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域,地区领域,方面contract[kənˈtrækt] n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt. & vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩••••••••••evident[ˈevidənt] adj.明显的,明白的interpret[inˈtə:prit] vt.解释;说明vt. & vi.口译;翻译period[ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点sector[ˈsektə] n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面assess[əˈses] vt.估价,估计评定,核定create[kriˈeit] vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生export[eksˈpɔ:t] n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi.出口,输出involve[inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉policy[ˈpɔləsi] n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单significant[siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的••••assume[əˈsju:m] vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取data[ˈdeitə] n.资料,材料factor[ˈfæktə] n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数issue[ˈisju:] n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给•••••principle[ˈprinsəpl] n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理similar[ˈsimilə] adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家define[diˈfain] vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance[faiˈnæns] n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动•labour[ˈleibə] n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进••proceed[prəˈsi:d] vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去source[sɔ:s] n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源••••••available[əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的derive[diˈraiv] vt. & vi.得到源于formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方legal[ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的process[ˈprəuses] n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理specific[spiˈsifik] adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节•••benefit[ˈbenifit] n.益处,好处救济金,保险金vt. & vi.有益于,得益distribute[disˈtribju:t] vt.分配,分给散发;散播;分布function[ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作,运行,起作用•••legislate[ˈledʒisleit] vt. & vi.立法;制定法律require[riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要structure[ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造;制定••••concept[ˈkɔnsept] n.概念;观念;想法economy[iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况identify[aiˈdentifai] vt.认出,识别支持,同情vt. & vi.等同于;有关联major[ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi.〈美〉主修,专攻•research[riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究;探讨vi.做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究•••••••theory[ˈθiəri] n.学说理论,原理意见,看法consist[kənˈsist] vi.组成,构成在于,存在于environment[inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境,周围状况,自然环境income[ˈinkəm] n.收入,所得,收益method[ˈmeθəd] n.方法,办法秩序,条理respond[riˈspɔnd] vi.有反应;有效果;有影响vt. & vi.回答;回报;响应vary[ˈvɛəri] vi.呈现不同vt. & vi.(使)变化,改变Sublist 2•••achieve[əˈtʃi:v] vt.取得,获得实现,达到,完成community[kəˈmju:niti] n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享design[diˈzain] n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt.计划,筹划vt. & vi.设计,绘制•••••institute[ˈinstitju:t] n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手potential[pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的,有可能的n.潜力,潜势,可能性restrict[risˈtrikt] vt.限制;约束acquire[əˈkwaiə] vt.获得,得到,养成complex[ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n.综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应••••distinct[disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的invest[inˈvest] vt.授予vt. & vi.投资;花费previous[ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的,以前的过早的,过急的secure[siˈkjuə] adj.牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt.握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手••••••••••••••administer[ədˈministə] vt.管理,支配给予执行,实施compute[kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算,估算element[ˈelimənt] n.(化学)元素成分,要素,原件一伙人基础,纲要,原理item[ˈaitəm] n.一项,一件,一条;项目primary[ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最初的;初级的seek[si:k] vi.企图;试图vt.请求,征求;求教vt. & vi.寻找;探寻affect[əˈfekt] vt.影响感动假装conclude[kənˈklu:d] vt.得出结论;断定决定vt. & vi.结束equate[iˈkweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[ˈdʒə:nl] n.杂志,期刊日志,日记purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买,购置买到的东西vt.购买select[siˈlekt] adj.精选的,挑选出来的限制性的,选择严格的vt.选择;挑选appropriate[əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项) conduct[kənˈdʌkt] n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式) vt. & vi.引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导••••••••••••evaluate[iˈvæljueit] vt.评价,估计,估价maintain[meinˈtein] vt.保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养range[reindʒ] n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait] n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置aspect[ˈæspekt] n.方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的,随之发生的feature[ˈfi:tʃə] n.特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片normal[ˈnɔ:məl] adj.正常的,平常的正规的;标准的region[ˈri:dʒən] n.地区;地带;区域;范围strategy[ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋assist[əˈsist] vt. & vi.帮助,促进construct[kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建,建立构成,组成•••••••final[ˈfainəl] adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[əbˈtein] vi.通行;流行vt.获得,得到;买到regulate[ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制,管理调整;调节survey[səˈvei] n.调查vt.眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾category[ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类,类别consume[kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭focus[ˈfəukəs] n.焦点,焦距;中心vt. & vi.(使)集中, (使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清•••••participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit] vt. & vi.参加,参与relevant[ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的,切题的text[tekst] n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本chapter[ˈtʃæptə] n.章,回,篇credit[ˈkredit] n.赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)••••••••impact[ˈimpækt] n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt. & vi.对某事物有影响perceive[pəˈsi:v] vt.感觉,察觉,理解reside[riˈzaid] vi.居住;定居tradition[trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例commission[kəˈmiʃən] n.授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt.委任,委托culture[ˈkʌltʃə] n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养injure[ˈindʒə] vt.伤害,损害positive[ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的,明确的积极的;肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的;纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实;正量,正数正片•resource[riˈsɔ:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神•transfer[trænsˈfə:] n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt. & vi. 转移;迁移Sublist 3•alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会••••••••••convene[kənˈvi:n] vt. & vi.召开,召集emphasis[ˈemfəsis] n.强调,重点interact[ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响],互相配合philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学,人生观达观sex[seks] n.性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调;使调和ensure[inˈʃuə] vt.确保,担保担保获得[避免]justify[ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理;为…辩护physical[ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查,体格检查shift[ʃift] n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi.快速行进vt. & vi. 改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡••••••comment[ˈkɔment] n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt. & vi.评论;谈论core[kɔ:] n.果核核心,精髓,要点exclude[iksˈklu:d] vt.排除;不包括在内layer[ˈleiə] n.层,层次proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿••••••••••••••••••specify[ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit] vt. & vi.补偿,报酬corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的,法人的framework[ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架;结构link[liŋk] n.环,联系,纽带vt. & vi.连接,联系publish[ˈpʌbliʃ] vt. & vi.出版公布sufficient[səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的;充足的component[kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分,组成部分,部件,元件correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信fund[fʌnd] n.基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt.为…提供资金,给…拨款locate[ləuˈkeit] vt.找出,指出(地点或位置) vt. & vi.(在…)设置,坐落于react[riˈækt] vi.起反应;有影响反对;对抗task[tɑ:sk] n.工作;任务;差事consent[kənˈsent] n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准illustrate[ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明,阐明;表明maximise[ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物) register[ˈredʒistə] n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt. & vi.记录;登记;注册显出注意到,记住• technical[ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的;应用科学的艺术的,工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的•••••••considerable[kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[diˈdju:s] vt.推论,演绎immigrate[ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入minor[ˈmainə] adj.较小的,较少的,低级的,次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[riˈlai] vi.信任;信赖;依赖,依靠technique[tekˈni:k] n.技巧,手法,技术技能constant[ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的,恒久不变的不断的,连续发生的忠实的,忠诚的•demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明,演示论证,证明显示,表露••••••••••••imply[imˈplai] vt.暗示,暗指必然包含negate[niˈɡeit] vt.取消,使无效否定;否认remove[riˈmu:v] vi.迁移;移居vt.移走;排除开除technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术constrain[kənˈstrein] vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束document[ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载initial[iˈniʃəl] adj.最初的,开头的outcome[ˈautkʌm] n.结果scheme[ski:m] n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt. & vi.策划;图谋valid[ˈvælid] adj.正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[kənˈtribjut] vi.起促成作用vt. & vi.捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿dominate[ˈdɔmineit] vt.耸立于,俯临vt. & vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位••instance[ˈinstəns] n.例子,实例partner[ˈpɑ:tnə] n.伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt.做…的搭档••sequence[ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续volume[ˈvɔlju:m] n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist 4••access[ˈækses] n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit] vi.通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt. & vi.传达;表达•••error[ˈerə] n.错误过失,失误internal[inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的,内政的体内的parallel[ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt.与…平行;与…相当resolve[riˈzɔlv] vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物) vt. & vi.决定;决心••••••••鉴•••••••adequate[ˈædikwit] adj.充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit] vt.浓缩vt. & vi.专心于;注意集中,聚集ethnic[ˈeθnik] adj.种族的,部落的某文化群体的investigate[inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查;审查parameter[pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数retain[riˈtein] vt.保持;保留止住;容纳annual[ˈænjuəl] adj.每年的,年度的,一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊,年报,年confer[kənˈfə:] vi.〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予goal[ɡəul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标job[dʒɔb] n.职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任phase[feiz] n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[ˈsiəri:z] n.连续的同类事物,系列串联apparent[əˈpærənt] adj.显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的contrast[ˈkɔntræst] n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt. & vi.对比,对照•••••••••grant[ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认label[ˈleibəl] n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[priˈdikt] vt. & vi.预言;预测;预示statistic[stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[əˈprɔksimit] adj.近似的,大约的vt. & vi.近似,接近cycle[ˈsaikl] n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens] adv.从此时起,从此处因此,所以mechanism[ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径principal[ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人••••••status[ˈsteitəs] n.身份,地位情形,状况attitude[ˈætitju:d] n.态度,看法姿态,姿势debate[diˈbeit] n.讨论,辩论vt. & vi.辩论,争论hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说,假设,前提obvious[ˈɔbviəs] adj.明显的;显而易见的prior[ˈpraiə] adj.优先的;在前的;较早的• •stress [stres ] n .压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音 vt .重读强调attribute [əˈtribju:t ] n .属性,特性 vt .认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人 之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]• • • • despite [dis ˈpait ] prep .不管,尽管implement [ˈimplim ənt ] n .工具,器具,用具 vt .使生效,贯彻,执行occupy [ˈɔkjupai ] vt .占领;占有使从事;使忙于 professional [pr əˈfe ʃən əl ] adj .职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的 n .具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手• • subsequent [ˈs ʌbsikw ənt ] adj .随后的,继…之后的civil [ˈsivl ] adj .公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的, 民法的文明的,有教养的• • • • dimension [di ˈmen ʃən ] n .尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度implicate [ˈimplikeit ] vt .牵连,涉及option [ˈɔp ʃən ] n .选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权 project [pr əˈd ʒekt ] n .项目,计划,方案,课题 vt .规划抛;投;射 vt . & vi .伸出, 突出;表达特点• sum [s ʌm ] n .总数,总和金额算术 vt . & vi .合计总结,归纳code [k əud ] n .法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码 vt .将…译成电码 domestic [d əˈmestik ] adj .本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的impose [im ˈp əuz ] vi .利用,占便宜;欺骗 vt .强迫,强加课税,惩罚output [ˈautput ] n .产量输出,输出功率• • • • • promote [pr əˈm əut ] vt .提升,提拔筹划,发起,创立推销〈正〉促进 ;推动;增 进• summary [ˈs ʌm əri ] adj .即刻的,立即的匆忙的,草率的概括的;简要的 n .摘要, 概要•••• commit [k əˈmit ] vt .犯罪;犯错承诺;使自己受约束托付;交付 emerge [i ˈm ə:d ʒ] vi .出现;显出;暴露 integrate [ˈinti ɡreit ] vt .使结合成为整体 vt . & vi .(使)融入 overall [ˈəuv ər ɔ:l ] adj .总体的;全面的;综合的全面考虑的 adv .大体上,总的来 说一切包括在内,全部的 n .长罩衣工装裤;工作裤• • regime [rei ˈʒi:m ] n .政治制度,政权,政体undertake [ˌʌnd əˈteik ] vt .担任,承揽;保证着手,开始Sublist 5•• academy [əˈk æd əmi ] n .专科学校研究院,学会 consult [k ən ˈs ʌlt ] vt .请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑 vt . & vi . 商议,商量• • • • evolve [i ˈv ɔlv ] vt . & vi .演变;进化licence [ˈlais əns ] n .许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆orient [ˈɔ:ri ənt ] n .东方,亚洲 vt .使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置 style [stail ] n .风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度; 格调;气派• • adjust [əˈd ʒʌst ] vt . & vi .(改变…以)适应;调整;校正contact [ˈk ɔnt ækt ] n .接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头 vt . & vi .联系• expand [iks ˈp ænd ] vt . & vi .使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开 • logic [ˈl ɔd ʒik ] n .逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective [p əˈspektiv ] n .远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法 substitute [ˈs ʌbstitju:t ] vt . & vi .代替,替换,代用• • • alter [ˈɔ:lt ə] vt . & vi .改变,更改• decline [di ˈklain ] n .下降,减少,衰退 vi .(太阳)落下 vt . & vi .辞谢;谢绝(邀请 等)• expose [iks ˈp əuz ] vt .曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露• margin [ˈm ɑ:d ʒin ] n .页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地precise [pri ˈsais ] adj .精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的 sustain [s əˈstein ] vt .承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受amend [əˈmend ] vt . & vi .改良;修改,修订• • • • discrete [dis ˈkri:t ] adj .分离的,不相关联的• external [eks ˈt ə:nl ] adj .外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的medical [ˈmedik əl ] adj .医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的prime [praim ] adj .首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的 n .全盛时期 vt .使 • • 准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况• • • symbol [ˈsimb əl ] n .象征,标志符号,记号aware [əˈw ɛə] adj .意识到的,知道的draft [dr ɑ:ft ] n .草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者 ;特遣队 vt .起草,画草图,草 拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍• • • • facilitate [f əˈsiliteit ] vt .使便利,减轻…的困难mental [ˈmentl ] adj .精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的psychology [sai ˈk ɔl əd ʒi ] n .心理学心理;心理特点target [ˈt ɑ:ɡit ] n .(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象 vt .瞄准某物• • • capacity [k əˈp æsiti ] n .容量,容积才能,能力身份,职位enable [i ˈneibl ] vt .使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental [ˌf ʌnd əˈment əl ] adj .基本的;重要的,必要的 n .基本原则,基本 法则•••••••modify[ˈmɔdifai] vt.修饰vt. & vi.修改,更改pursue[pəˈsju:] vt.追捕,追击追求继续;从事,经营transit[ˈtrænsit] n.搬运;载运;运输challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[ˈenədʒi] n.活力,干劲,能力精力〈物〉能,能量,能源generate[ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成,产生引起,导致monitor[ˈmɔnitə] n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测•••••••••ratio[ˈreiʃiəu] n.比,比率trend[trend] n.趋势,倾向流行clause[klɔ:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[inˈfɔ:s] vt.实施,执行强迫,迫使generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人,一代人,一代产生,发生network[ˈnetwə:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络,网状系统广播网,电视网reject[riˈdʒekt] n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉version[ˈvə:ʃən] n.(个人对事件的)描述,说法,看法版本,形式译本,剧本compound[ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化••entity[ˈentiti] n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物image[ˈimidʒ] n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样••••••notion[ˈnəuʃən] n.概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算revenue[ˈrevənju:] n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收welfare[ˈwelfɛə] n.健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi.抵触,冲突equivalent[iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的,相当的liberal[ˈlibərəl] adj.心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者•••objective[əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的;不带偏见的n.目标;目的stable[ˈsteibl] adj.稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hwɛərˈæz] conj.但是,而Sublist 6•abstract[ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt.提取,抽取做…的摘要•••••capable[ˈkeipəbl] adj.有能力的,有技能的exceed[ikˈsi:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt.超过;超越incidence[ˈinsidəns] n.发生率,影响范围migrate[maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移;移往recover[riˈkʌvə] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)••••••••••accurate[ˈækjurit] adj.精确的,准确的正确无误的cite[sait] vt.引用,举例表彰,嘉奖传唤,传讯expert[ˈekspə:t] adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司minimum[ˈminiməm] adj.最低的,最小的n.最低限度,最小量reveal[riˈvi:l] vt.显示;露出泄露;透露acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认,供认告知已收到鸣谢,感谢cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作;配合,协助explicit[iksˈplisit] adj.详述的,明确的,明晰的直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的index[ˈindeks] n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂vt.给…编索引,指示出•••••••••••••ministry[ˈministri] n.(政府的)部scope[skəup] n.余地,机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit] n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达… vt. & vi.(使)聚集discriminate[disˈkrimineit] vi.歧视,有差别地对待vt. & vi.分别,辨别,区分federal[ˈfedərəl] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[inˈhibit] vt.阻止;抑制motive[ˈməutiv] n.动机,目的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi] n.补贴,津贴,补助金allocate[ˈæləkeit] vt.分配,分派把…拨给display[disˈplei] n.陈列,展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列,展览显示,显露fee[fi:] n.费,酬金initiate[iˈniʃieit] vt.开始,着手传授;使初步了解接纳新成员,让…加入neutral[ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士;中立国•••••••tape[teip] n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. & vi.录音assign[əˈsain] vt.分配;交给指派,选派指定,订出diverse[daiˈvəs] adj.不同的,多种多样的flexible[ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的灵活的,可变通的input[ˈinput] n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然,然而,不过conj.尽管如此,然而trace[treis] n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt. & vi.缓慢而困难地书写•••••attach[əˈtætʃ] vt. & vi.贴上;系;附上domain[dəuˈmein] n.范围,领域版图,领土地产,产业furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且,此外instruct[inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令,指示教,指导通知overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外••••••••transform[trænsˈfɔ:m] vt. & vi.改变author[ˈɔ:θə] n.著作家,作者创造者,创始人;发起人edit[ˈedit] vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt. & vi.编辑gender[ˈdʒendə] n.〈语〉性intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的;理解力强的precede[ˌpriˈsi:d] vt. & vi.在…之前,先于transport[trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送;流放使万分激动bond[bɔnd] n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt.使粘结,使结合••••••enhance[inˈhɑ:ns] vt.提高,增加,加强ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的,愚昧的interval[ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);引起brief[bri:f] adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作…的摘要•••estate[isˈteit] n.土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产incentive[inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机lecture[ˈlektʃə] n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责] vt.责备,教训,训斥vt. &vi.(向…)演讲; (给…)讲课••rational[ˈræʃənl] adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的utilize[ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用,使用Sublist 7•••••••••••••••出••••••adapt[əˈdæpt] vt.改编,改写vt. & vi.(使)适应, (使)适合contrary[ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的,相违的n.相反,反面,对立面empirical[emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[səbˈmit] vi.屈服,认输vt.提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩adult[ˈædʌlt] adj.成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[kənˈvə:t] vt. & vi.(使)转变, (使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)equip[iˈkwip] vt.装备,配备使有能力,使胜任ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系),思想意识priority[praiˈɔriti] n.优先权,重点优先考虑的事successor[səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人advocate[ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt.提倡,主张couple[ˈkʌpl] n.一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系extract[iksˈtrækt] n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨infer[inˈfə:] vt.推断,推知prohibit[prəˈhibit] vt.禁止;阻止survive[səˈvaiv] vi.幸存,活下来vt.比…活得长,经历…之后还存在aid[eid] n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助decade[ˈdekeid] n.十年,十年间file[fail] n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉••••••••••••innovate[ˈinəuveit] vi.改革,创新publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊thesis[ˈθi:sis] n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文channel[ˈtʃænl] n.海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道definite[ˈdefinit] adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的finite[ˈfainait] adj.有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[inˈsə:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入,嵌入quote[kwəut] vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价) vt. & vi.引用,援引topic[ˈtɔpik] n.题目,论题,话题chemical[ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[diˈnai] vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立,设立,创办基础,基本原理,根据地基基金(会)••intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉,干预;调解干扰,阻碍release[riˈli:s] n.释放,排放,解除释放令公映的新影片,发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放;放开发布;发行;发售••transmit[trænzˈmit] vt.传播,传染传导vt. & vi.发射,播送,广播classic[ˈklæsik] adj.(著作,赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的,标准的(衣服,设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品,杰作优秀的典范••••differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit] vi.区别对待vt. & vi.区分,区别,辨别globe[ɡləub] n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪isolate[ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离,使孤立,使脱离reverse[riˈvə:s] adj.相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt. & vi.(使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转推翻,取消使倒退,逆转••••ultimate[ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的,综合的dispose[disˈpəuz] vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt. & vi.处理;处置grade[ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生••••••media[ˈmi:djə] n.媒体simulate[ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿,模拟unique[ju:ˈni:k] adj.独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的comprise[kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成dynamic[daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生•••••••••mode[məud] n.方式,样式样式,风格sole[səul] adj.单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的visible[ˈvizəbl] adj.看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的confirm[kənˈfə:m] vt.证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可eliminate[iˈlimineit] vt.消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团,领导层paradigm[ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微,有点,达到某种程度voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist 8•••••abandon[əˈbændən] n.放任;纵情vt.离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃clarify[ˈklærifai] vt. & vi.使清楚;澄清deviate[ˈdi:vieit] vi.偏离;越轨induce[inˈdju:s] vt.引诱,劝导〈正〉引起,导致plus[plʌs] adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的,称心的,有利的n.加号,正号prep.(表示包容)外加;另有(表示运算)加,加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上,正tense[tens] adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张•••••accompany[əˈkʌmpəni] vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[kəˈmɔditi] n.商品,货物有用的东西displace[disˈpleis] vt.替换,取代移走inevitable[inˈevitəbl] adj.不可避免的,必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的••••practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə] n.习艺者,实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[ˈtə:mineit] vt. & vi.结束;使终结accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit] vt. & vi.堆积;积累complement[ˈkɔmplimənt] n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足,补充•••••••••drama[ˈdrɑ:mə] n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面] infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施;基础结构predominant[priˈdɔminənt] adj.占主导地位的,显著的theme[θi:m] n.主题,主旨,题目ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs] adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的conform[kənˈfɔ:m] vi.遵守,符合顺应,一致eventual[iˈventjuəl] adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的inspect[inˈspekt] vt.检查,检验视察prospect[ˈprɔspekt] n.景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察•••thereby[ˈðɛəbai] adv.由此;因而append[əˈpend] vt.附加contemporary[kənˈtempərəri] adj.当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n.同代人,同龄人•exhibit[iɡˈzibit] n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示,显出vt. & vi.陈列;展览••••intense[inˈtens] adj.强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的radical[ˈrædikəl] adj.根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m] adj.全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n.制服appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit] vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt. &vi.(使)增值,涨价•contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt] vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt. & vi.反驳,否认…的真实性。
雅思核心词汇
Academic Word List学术词表介绍:Academic Word List(简称AWL,即英语学术词汇表)包含了学术英语中使用频率最高的570个词目,也是在各种学术类英语考试(四六级、考研、雅思等)中极为常见的词汇,需要重点掌握。
掌握这些学术词汇不仅有助于理解阅读文章,而且对于解题技巧的运用也非常重要。
Sub list 1sector • available • financial • process • individual • specific • principle •es timate • variables • method • data • research • contract • environment • export • source • assessment • policy • identified • create • derived • factors • procedure • definition • assume • theory • benefit • evidence • established • authority • major • iss ues • labour / labor • occur • economic • involved • percent • interpretation • consistent • income • structure • legal • concept • formula • section • required • constitutional • analysis • distribution • function • area • approach • role • legislation • indicate • response • period • context • significant • similar •Sub list 2community • resident • range • construction • strategies • elements • previous • conclusion • security • aspects • acquisition • features • text • commission • regulations • computer • items • consumer • achieve • final • positive • tuition • assistance • normal • relevant • distinction • region • traditional • impact • consequences • chapter • equation • appropriate • resources • participation • survey • potential • cultural • transfer • select • credit • affect • categories • perceived •sought • focus • purchase • injury • site • journal • primary • complex • institute • investment • administration • maintenance • design • obtained • restricted • conduct •Sub list 3comments • convention • published • framework • implies • negative • dominant • illustrated • outcomes • constant • shift • deduction • ensure • specified • justification • funds • reliance • physical • partnership • location • link • coordination • alternative • initial • validity • task • techniques • excluded • consent • proportion • demonstrate • reaction • criteria • minorities • technology • philosophy • removed • sex • compensation • sequence • corresponding • maximum • circumstances • instance • considerable• sufficient • corporate • interaction • contribution • immigration • component • constraints • technical • emphasis • scheme • layer • volume • document • registered • core •Sub list 4overall • emerged • regime • implementation • project • hence • occupational • internal • goals • retained • sum • integration • mechanism • parallel • imposed • despite • job • parameters • approximate • label • concentration • principal • series • predicted • summary • attitudes • undertaken • cycle • communication • ethnic • hypothesis • professional • status • conference • attributed • annual • obvious • error • implications • apparent • commitment • subsequent • debate • dimensions • promote • statistics • option • domestic • output • access • code • investigation • phase • prior • granted • stress • civil • contrast • resolution • adequate •Sub list 5alter • stability • energy • aware • licence / license• enforcement • draft • styles • precise • medical • pursue • symbolic • marginal • capacity • generation • exposure • decline • academic • modified • external • psychology • fundamental • adjustment • ratio • whereas • enable • version • perspective • contact • network • facilitate • welfare • transition • amendment • logic • rejected • expansion • clause • prime • target • objective • sustainable • equivalent • liberal • notion • substitution • generated • trend • revenue • compounds • evolution • conflict • image • discretion • entities • orientation • consultation • mental • monitoring • challenge •Sub list 6intelligence • transformation • presumption • acknowledged • utility • furthermore • accurate • diversity • attached • recovery • assigned • tapes • motivation • bond • edition • nevertheless • transport • cited • fees • scope • enhanced • incorporated • instructions • subsidiary • input • abstract • ministry • capable • expert • preceding • display • incentive • inhibition • trace • ignored • incidence • estate • cooperative • revealed • index • lecture • discrimination • overseas • explicit • aggregate •gender • underlying • brief • domain • rational • minimum • interval • neutral • migration • flexibility • federal • author • initiatives • allocation • exceed •Sub list 7intervention • confirmed • definite • classical • chemical • voluntary • release• visible • finite • publication • channel • file • thesis • equipment • disposal • solely • deny • identical • submitted • grade • phenomenon • paradigm • ultimately • extract •survive • converted • transmission • global • inferred • guarantee • advocate • dynamic • simulation • topic • insert • reverse • decades • comprise • hierarchical • unique • comprehensive • couple • mode • differentiation • eliminate • priority • empirical • ideology • somewhat • aid • foundation • adults • adaptation • quotation• contrary • media • successive • innovation • prohibited • isolated •Sub list 8highlighted • eventually • inspection • termination • displacement • arbitrary • reinforced • denote • offset • exploitation • detected • abandon • random • revision • vi rtually • uniform • predominantly • thereby • implicit • tension • ambiguous • vehicle • clarity • conformity • contemporary • automatically • accumulation • appendix • widespread • infrastructure • deviation • fluctuations • restore • guidelines • commodity • minimizes • practitioners • radical • plus • visual • chart • appreciation • prospect • dramatic • contradiction • currency • inevitably • complement • accompany • paragraph • induced • schedule • intensity • crucial • via • exhibit • bias • manipulation • theme • nuclear •Sub list 9bulk • behalf • unified • commenced • erosion • anticipated • minimal • ceases • vision • mutual • norms • intermediate • manual • supplementary • incompatible • concurrent • ethical • preliminary • integral • conversely • relaxed • confined • accommodation • temporary • distorted • passive • subordinate • analogous • military • scenario • revolution • diminished • coherence • suspended • mature • assurance • rigid • controversy • sphere • mediation • format • trigger • qualitative • portion • medium • coincide • violation • device • insights • refine • devoted • team • overlap • attained • restraints • inherent • route • protocol • founded • duration •Sub list 10Whereby • inclination • encountered • convinced • assembly • albeit • enormous • reluctant • posed • persistent • undergo • notwithstanding • straightforward • panel • odd • intrinsic • compiled • adjacent • integrity • forthcoming • conceived • ongoing • so-called • likewise • nonetheless • levy • invoked • colleagues • depression • collapse •。
雅思高频词汇表(汇总)
The Academic Word List (AWL)英语学术词汇表1. What is the AWL?AWL (《英语学术词汇表》) 是一个由Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 的一些应用语言学家统计出来词汇表,它包含了的学术英语(English for Academic Purpose)中最常用的570个词目(headwords),每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。
例如:词目“analyse”就包含以下相关联的词汇:analysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically, analyze, analyzed, analyzes, analyzing 。
其中斜体字,analysis,在学术英语中最为常见。
2. What are the 10 sublists of the AWL?AWL分十个sublists (小组)。
除了第十小组包含30个词目外,其他小组均含有90个词目。
Sublist 1(第一组)包含的词汇最常用,sublist 2(第二组)中的词汇使用频率稍低,其他的sublists 依次类推。
AWL 中的每一个词目后都有一个数字,它代表了该词目是属于AWL中的哪一组。
例如abandon 8就表示abandon是属于第八小组的词目。
3. Where to find the AWL?本文件的附录以字母先后排列出了所有的AWL 词目。
登陆网页/staff/awl/headwords.shtml 能看到570个词目(headwords)。
如果你想得到每一个词目下面所包含的相关单词,请登陆/staff/awl/sublists.shtml, 该网页能下载所有的单词。
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AWLSublist 1analyze[ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命establish[isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立, 成立安置确定, 证实indicate[ˈindikeit] vt.标示, 指示, 指出象征; 表明或暗示…的可能性occur[əˈkə:] vi.发生; 举行; 存在被发现; 想到[起]role[rəul] n.作用, 职责角色approach[əˈprəutʃ] n.靠近, 接近, 临近通路, 入口, 途径方式, 方法vt.接洽, 交涉; 着手处理vt. & vi.接近, 走近, 靠近context[ˈkɔntekst] n.背景, 环境上下文, 语境estimate[ˈestimeit] n.估计, 估价报价判断vt. & vi.估计; 评价, 评估individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的独特的n.个人人percent[pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数section[ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门, 科截面, 剖面地区, 区area[ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域, 地区领域, 方面contract[kənˈtrækt] n.契约, 合同vt.缔结; 订契约vt. & vi.染上(恶习, 疾病等)缩小; 紧缩evident[ˈevidənt] adj.明显的, 明白的interpret[inˈtə:prit] vt.解释; 说明vt. & vi.口译; 翻译period[ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期, 时代学时, 课时句号, 句点sector[ˈsektə] n.部门; 领域防御地区, 防卫区域扇形, 扇形面assess[əˈses] vt.估价, 估计评定, 核定create[kriˈeit] vt.创造, 创作, 创建引起, 产生export[eksˈpɔ:t] n.输出, 出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi.出口, 输出involve[inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要使参与, 牵涉policy[ˈpɔləsi] n.政策, 方针策略, 精明的行为, 上策保险单significant[siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的有意义的, 有用意的意味深长的assume[əˈsju:m] vt.假设, 臆断, 猜想假装承担, 担任, 就职呈现, 采取data[ˈdeitə] n.资料, 材料factor[ˈfæktə] n.因素, 要素〈数〉因子, 因数issue[ˈisju:] n.问题, 议题; 争论点发行物放出, 流出; 发出, 发行〈正〉结果, 结局vi.冒出, 流出; 传出vt.出版, 发行发表, 发布分配, 发给principle[ˈprinsəpl] n.原则, 原理准则, 规范操守, 道义工作原理similar[ˈsimilə] adj.类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力, 职权官方, 当局权威, 专家define[diˈfain] vt.精确地解释; 界定规定, 确定finance[faiˈnæns] n.财政, 金融财源, 资金, 财务情况vt.为…供给资金, 从事金融活动labour[ˈleibə] n.劳动, 努力; 工作劳工, 工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动; 努力艰难行进proceed[prəˈsi:d] vi.前进; 行进进行; 继续下去source[sɔ:s] n.河流的源头, 发源地来源, 出处原因提供资料者, 资料来源available[əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的, 可与之交谈的derive[diˈraiv] vt. & vi.得到源于formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方legal[ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的; 合法的; 法定的process[ˈprəuses] n.过程, 进程工序, 制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工; 处理specific[spiˈsifik] adj.明确的, 确切的, 详尽的具体的, 特有的, 特定的仅限于…的; 只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面, 细节benefit[ˈbenifit] n.益处, 好处救济金, 保险金vt. & vi.有益于, 得益distribute[disˈtribju:t] vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布function[ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能; 作用; 职责函数; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作, 运行, 起作用legislate[ˈledʒisleit] vt. & vi.立法; 制定法律require[riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…; 需要命令, 指示要求, 规定想要structure[ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构, 构造有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt.组织; 安排; 构造; 制定concept[ˈkɔnsept] n.概念; 观念; 想法economy[iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约, 节省经济体制, 经济状况identify[aiˈdentifai] vt.认出, 识别支持, 同情vt. & vi.等同于; 有关联major[ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的; 主要的; 严重的n.少校专业; 主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻research[riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究theory[ˈθiəri] n.学说理论, 原理意见, 看法consist[kənˈsist] vi.组成, 构成在于, 存在于environment[inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境, 周围状况, 自然环境income[ˈinkəm] n.收入, 所得, 收益method[ˈmeθəd] n.方法, 办法秩序, 条理respond[riˈspɔnd] vi.有反应; 有效果; 有影响vt. & vi.回答; 回报; 响应vary[ˈvɛəri] vi.呈现不同vt. & vi.(使)变化, 改变Sublist 2achieve[əˈtʃi:v] vt.取得, 获得实现, 达到, 完成community[kəˈmju:niti] n.社区, 社会, 团体大众, 公众共有, 共享design[diˈzain] n.图样, 设计图设计, 布局目的, 打算vt.计划, 筹划vt. & vi.设计, 绘制institute[ˈinstitju:t] n.协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院vt.建立, 制定; 开始, 着手potential[pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的, 有可能的n.潜力, 潜势, 可能性restrict[risˈtrikt] vt.限制; 约束acquire[əˈkwaiə] vt.获得, 得到, 养成complex[ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的, 复合的复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体〈心〉情结, 夸大的情绪反应distinct[disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的, 完全分开的清晰的, 明白的, 明显的invest[inˈvest] vt.授予vt. & vi.投资; 花费previous[ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的, 以前的过早的, 过急的secure[siˈkjuə] adj.牢固的; 可靠的有把握的; 确切的vt.握紧; 关牢使安全(使)获得; 把…弄到手administer[ədˈministə] vt.管理, 支配给予执行, 实施compute[kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算, 估算element[ˈelimənt] n.(化学)元素成分, 要素, 原件一伙人基础, 纲要, 原理item[ˈaitəm] n.一项, 一件, 一条; 项目primary[ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最初的; 初级的seek[si:k] vi.企图; 试图vt.请求, 征求; 求教vt. & vi.寻找; 探寻affect[əˈfekt] vt.影响感动假装conclude[kənˈklu:d] vt.得出结论; 断定决定vt. & vi.结束equate[iˈkweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[ˈdʒə:nl] n.杂志, 期刊日志, 日记purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买, 购置买到的东西vt.购买select[siˈlekt] adj.精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的, 选择严格的vt.选择; 挑选appropriate[əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的, 恰当的vt.挪用; 占用; 盗用拨出(款项)conduct[kənˈdʌkt] n.举止, 行为管理(方式), 实施(方式) vt. & vi.引导, 带领, 担任指挥控制, 管理传导evaluate[iˈvæljueit] vt.评价, 估计, 估价maintain[meinˈtein] vt.保持; 继续保养, 维护坚持; 主张供给; 赡养range[reindʒ] n.一系列变化幅度, 范围射程, 距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait] n.位置, 场所, 地点vt.使坐落在; 设置aspect[ˈæspekt] n.方面方位, 朝向面貌, 模样, 神态consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的, 随之发生的feature[ˈfi:tʃə] n.特征, 特色面貌, 相貌特写, 专题节目(电影的)正片, 故事片normal[ˈnɔ:məl] adj.正常的, 平常的正规的; 标准的region[ˈri:dʒən] n.地区; 地带; 区域; 范围strategy[ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学, 兵法战略, 策略策略, 计谋assist[əˈsist] vt. & vi.帮助, 促进construct[kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建, 建立构成, 组成final[ˈfainəl] adj.最后的, 最终的决定性的, 确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[əbˈtein] vi.通行; 流行vt.获得, 得到; 买到regulate[ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制, 管理调整; 调节survey[səˈvei] n.调查vt.眺望; 纵览测量; 勘察检查, 鉴定通盘考虑, 回顾category[ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类, 类别consume[kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗, 消费, 耗尽大吃, 大喝烧毁, 毁灭focus[ˈfəukəs] n.焦点, 焦距; 中心vt. & vi.(使)集中, (使)聚集调整(镜头, 眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit] vt. & vi.参加, 参与relevant[ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的, 切题的text[tekst] n.正文, 本文原文, 全文教科书, 课本chapter[ˈtʃæptə] n.章, 回, 篇credit[ˈkredit] n.赊购; 赊购制度存款; 存款数额借款; 贷款赞扬, 荣誉, 功劳信任, 相信学分vt.相信, 信任把…记入贷方, 存入(账户)impact[ˈimpækt] n.影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞vt. & vi.对某事物有影响perceive[pəˈsi:v] vt.感觉, 察觉, 理解reside[riˈzaid] vi.居住; 定居tradition[trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例commission[kəˈmiʃən] n.授权, 委托委员会佣金, 回扣vt.委任, 委托culture[ˈkʌltʃə] n.文化休养, 教养, 精神文明养殖, 培养, 栽培vt.培植, 培养injure[ˈindʒə] vt.伤害, 损害positive[ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的, 明确的积极的; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的, 确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的, 阳性的完全的; 纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实; 正量, 正数正片resource[riˈsɔ:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智; 机敏; 创造精神transfer[trænsˈfə:] n.转移; 转让; 转录中转, 换乘, 改变路线vt.转让vt. & vi.转移; 迁移Sublist 3alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的, 供替代的不寻常的, 非传统性的非正统的n.取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物选择的余地, 可供选择的机会convene[kənˈvi:n] vt. & vi.召开, 召集emphasis[ˈemfəsis] n.强调, 重点interact[ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响], 互相配合philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学, 人生观达观sex[seks] n.性别; 性男性; 女性性关系性活动, 性行为circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境, 条件, 情况境遇, 经济状况coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的, 并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调; 使调和ensure[inˈʃuə] vt.确保, 担保担保获得[避免]justify[ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理; 为…辩护physical[ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的, 肉体的物质的自然规律的, 按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查, 体格检查shift[ʃift] n.转换, 转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋, 手段切换键vi.快速行进vt. & vi.改变, 变换, 转移, 移动去掉; 摆脱掉换挡comment[ˈkɔment] n.评论, 意见, 解释, 批评vt. & vi.评论; 谈论core[kɔ:] n.果核核心, 精髓, 要点exclude[iksˈklu:d] vt.排除; 不包括在内layer[ˈleiə] n.层, 层次proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡; 相称, 协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系; 比例部分; 份儿specify[ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit] vt. & vi.补偿, 报酬corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的, 法人的framework[ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架; 结构link[liŋk] n.环, 联系, 纽带vt. & vi.连接, 联系publish[ˈpʌbliʃ] vt. & vi.出版公布sufficient[səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的; 充足的component[kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分, 组成部分, 部件, 元件correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合, 相一致相当, 相类似通信fund[fʌnd] n.基金, 专款现款; 资金储备, 蕴藏vt.为…提供资金, 给…拨款locate[ləuˈkeit] vt.找出, 指出(地点或位置) vt. & vi.(在…)设置, 坐落于react[riˈækt] vi.起反应; 有影响反对; 对抗task[tɑ:sk] n.工作; 任务; 差事consent[kənˈsent] n.准许, 同意, 赞成vi.同意; 赞成criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准illustrate[ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明, 阐明; 表明maximise[ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)register[ˈredʒistə] n.登记(表), 注册(簿)记录器暖气, 调风器vt. & vi.记录; 登记; 注册显出注意到, 记住technical[ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的; 应用科学的艺术的, 工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的, 使用术语的, 专业的considerable[kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[diˈdju:s] vt.推论, 演绎immigrate[ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入minor[ˈmainə] adj.较小的, 较少的, 低级的, 次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[riˈlai] vi.信任; 信赖; 依赖, 依靠technique[tekˈni:k] n.技巧, 手法, 技术技能constant[ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的, 恒久不变的不断的, 连续发生的忠实的, 忠诚的demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明, 演示论证, 证明显示, 表露imply[imˈplai] vt.暗示, 暗指必然包含negate[niˈɡeit] vt.取消, 使无效否定; 否认remove[riˈmu:v] vi.迁移; 移居vt.移走; 排除开除technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学工业技术constrain[kənˈstrein] vt.强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束document[ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文, 文件, 文献vt.证明记录, 记载initial[iˈniʃəl] adj.最初的, 开头的outcome[ˈautkʌm] n.结果scheme[ski:m] n.阴谋, 诡计计划, 方案vt. & vi.策划; 图谋valid[ˈvælid] adj.正当的, 有充分根据的, 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[kənˈtribjut] vi.起促成作用vt. & vi.捐献, 捐助, 贡献出撰稿, 投稿dominate[ˈdɔmineit] vt.耸立于, 俯临vt. & vi.控制, 支配, 统治在…中占首要地位instance[ˈinstəns] n.例子, 实例partner[ˈpɑ:tnə] n.伙伴, 同伙, 合伙人, 股东同伴, 搭档配偶, 情人vt.做…的搭档sequence[ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物, 一连串先后次序, 顺序, 连续volume[ˈvɔlju:m] n.卷, 册, 书卷体积; 容积, 容量音量, 响度Sublist 4access[ˈækses] n.通道, 入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit] vi.通讯; 交际, 交流相连; 相通vt. & vi.传达; 表达error[ˈerə] n.错误过失, 失误internal[inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的, 内政的体内的parallel[ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的; 相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点), 相似(之处)比较纬线, 纬圈vt.与…平行; 与…相当resolve[riˈzɔlv] vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解, 解析(某物) vt. & vi.决定; 决心adequate[ˈædikwit] adj.充分的, 足够的适当的, 胜任的concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit] vt.浓缩vt. & vi.专心于; 注意集中, 聚集ethnic[ˈeθnik] adj.种族的, 部落的某文化群体的investigate[inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查; 审查parameter[pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素, 特性, 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量, 参数retain[riˈtein] vt.保持; 保留止住; 容纳annual[ˈænjuəl] adj.每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊, 年报, 年鉴confer[kənˈfə:] vi.〈拉〉商谈, 商议vt.授予, 赋予goal[ɡəul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象, 目标job[dʒɔb] n.职业, 职位(一件)工作职责, 责任phase[feiz] n.阶段, 时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[ˈsiəri:z] n.连续的同类事物, 系列串联apparent[əˈpærənt] adj.显然的, 明白的, 清晰可见的表面上的, 貌似(真实)的contrast[ˈkɔntræst] n.对比, 对照差异, 差别对照物, 明显的对比物vt. & vi.对比, 对照grant[ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金, 助学金, 津贴vt.准许; 答应给予承认label[ˈleibəl] n.标签, 标记称号; 符号; 标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[priˈdikt] vt. & vi.预言; 预测; 预示statistic[stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[əˈprɔksimit] adj.近似的, 大约的vt. & vi.近似, 接近cycle[ˈsaikl] n.循环, 周期自行车, 摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens] adv.从此时起, 从此处因此, 所以mechanism[ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造, 机制办法, 技巧, 途径principal[ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的; 主要的n.负责人, 校长资本, 本金被代理人, 委托人status[ˈsteitəs] n.身份, 地位情形, 状况attitude[ˈætitju:d] n.态度, 看法姿态, 姿势debate[diˈbeit] n.讨论, 辩论vt. & vi.辩论, 争论hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说, 假设, 前提obvious[ˈɔbviəs] adj.明显的; 显而易见的prior[ˈpraiə] adj.优先的; 在前的; 较早的stress[stres] n.压力, 紧张强调, 重要性重力重音vt.重读强调attribute[əˈtribju:t] n.属性, 特性vt.认为…是; 归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]despite[disˈpait] prep.不管, 尽管implement[ˈimplimənt] n.工具, 器具, 用具vt.使生效, 贯彻, 执行occupy[ˈɔkjupai] vt.占领; 占有使从事; 使忙于professional[prəˈfeʃənəl] adj.职业的, 专业的内行的, 有经验的有意的, 故意的n.具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士内行, 专家专门职业者, 职业选手subsequent[ˈsʌbsikwənt] adj.随后的, 继…之后的civil[ˈsivl] adj.公民的, 平民的; 非军职的, 非宗教的; 国民间的, 民用的民事的, 民法的文明的, 有教养的dimension[diˈmenʃən] n.尺寸, 度量方面, 部分规模, 程度implicate[ˈimplikeit] vt.牵连, 涉及option[ˈɔpʃən] n.选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件, 配件买卖选择权, 期权project[prəˈdʒekt] n.项目, 计划, 方案, 课题vt.规划抛; 投; 射vt. & vi.伸出, 突出; 表达特点sum[sʌm] n.总数, 总和金额算术vt. & vi.合计总结, 归纳code[kəud] n.法典, 法规, 章程密码, 电码代号, 编码vt.将…译成电码domestic[dəˈmestik] adj.本国的, 国内的家庭的, 家用的驯养的impose[imˈpəuz] vi.利用, 占便宜; 欺骗vt.强迫, 强加课税, 惩罚output[ˈautput] n.产量输出, 输出功率promote[prəˈməut] vt.提升, 提拔筹划, 发起, 创立推销〈正〉促进; 推动; 增进summary[ˈsʌməri] adj.即刻的, 立即的匆忙的, 草率的概括的; 简要的n.摘要, 概要commit[kəˈmit] vt.犯罪; 犯错承诺; 使自己受约束托付; 交付emerge[iˈmə:dʒ] vi.出现; 显出; 暴露integrate[ˈintiɡreit] vt.使结合成为整体vt. & vi.(使)融入overall[ˈəuvərɔ:l] adj.总体的; 全面的; 综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上, 总的来说一切包括在内, 全部的n.长罩衣工装裤; 工作裤regime[reiˈʒi:m] n.政治制度, 政权, 政体undertake[ˌʌndəˈteik] vt.担任, 承揽; 保证着手, 开始Sublist 5academy[əˈkædəmi] n.专科学校研究院, 学会consult[kənˈsʌlt] vt.请教, 咨询; 找(医生)诊治翻阅, 查阅顾及, 考虑vt. & vi.商议, 商量evolve[iˈvɔlv] vt. & vi.演变; 进化licence[ˈlaisəns] n.许可证, 执照许可, 特许放纵, 放肆orient[ˈɔ:riənt] n.东方, 亚洲vt.使熟悉, 使适应使朝向; 使确定位置style[stail] n.风格, 格调; 文体行为方式, 作风种类, 类型; 流行式样; 款式风度; 格调; 气派adjust[əˈdʒʌst] vt. & vi.(改变…以)适应; 调整; 校正contact[ˈkɔntækt] n.接触联系, 联络, 交往社会关系, 熟人, 门路触点, 接头vt. & vi.联系expand[iksˈpænd] vt. & vi.使…变大, 扩大, 扩张伸展, 伸开, 张开, 展开logic[ˈlɔdʒik] n.逻辑(学), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective[pəˈspektiv] n.远景, 景前途; 希望透视透视图观点, 想法substitute[ˈsʌbstitju:t] vt. & vi.代替, 替换, 代用alter[ˈɔ:ltə] vt. & vi.改变, 更改decline[diˈklain] n.下降, 减少, 衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt. & vi.辞谢; 谢绝(邀请等) expose[iksˈpəuz] vt.曝光暴露; 显露揭露, 袒露margin[ˈmɑ:dʒin] n.页边空白边, 边缘差数, 差额; 余地precise[priˈsais] adj.精确的, 准确的恰好的; 正是的周密的, 细密的, 精细的sustain[səˈstein] vt.承受, 支撑维持长期保持; 使继续经受, 遭受amend[əˈmend] vt. & vi.改良; 修改, 修订discrete[disˈkri:t] adj.分离的, 不相关联的external[eksˈtə:nl] adj.外面的, 外部的外观的, 表面的外国的medical[ˈmedikəl] adj.医学的, 医疗的, 医术的内科的prime[praim] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最好的, 第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好, 使完成准备工作事先指导, 事先向…提供情况symbol[ˈsimbəl] n.象征, 标志符号, 记号aware[əˈwɛə] adj.意识到的, 知道的draft[drɑ:ft] n.草稿, 草案, 草图汇票应召入伍者; 特遣队vt.起草, 画草图, 草拟选派, 抽调征募, 征召…入伍facilitate[fəˈsiliteit] vt.使便利, 减轻…的困难mental[ˈmentl] adj.精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的精神病的psychology[saiˈkɔlədʒi] n.心理学心理; 心理特点target[ˈtɑ:ɡit] n.(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物capacity[kəˈpæsiti] n.容量, 容积才能, 能力身份, 职位enable[iˈneibl] vt.使能够; 提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental[ˌfʌndəˈmentəl] adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则modify[ˈmɔdifai] vt.修饰vt. & vi.修改, 更改pursue[pəˈsju:] vt.追捕, 追击追求继续; 从事, 经营transit[ˈtrænsit] n.搬运; 载运; 运输challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战, 邀请比赛怀疑, 质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[ˈenədʒi] n.活力, 干劲, 能力精力〈物〉能, 能量, 能源generate[ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成, 产生引起, 导致monitor[ˈmɔnitə] n.监视器, 监听器; 检测器(学校)班长; 纠察员vt.监听, 监视监测, 检测ratio[ˈreiʃiəu] n.比, 比率trend[trend] n.趋势, 倾向流行clause[klɔ:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[inˈfɔ:s] vt.实施, 执行强迫, 迫使generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人, 一代人, 一代产生, 发生network[ˈnetwə:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络, 网状系统广播网, 电视网reject[riˈdʒekt] n.被拒货品, 不合格产品vt.拒绝, 谢绝; 驳回舍弃, 排斥, 退掉version[ˈvə:ʃən] n.(个人对事件的)描述, 说法, 看法版本, 形式译本, 剧本compound[ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物, 化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合, 使合成使严重; 使恶化entity[ˈentiti] n.实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物image[ˈimidʒ] n.形象, 概念镜像, 影像, 图像印象酷似的人[物], 翻版比喻, 引喻, 明喻外形, 外表, 模样notion[ˈnəuʃən] n.概念, 观念, 看法突然的念头, 奇想; 意图, 打算revenue[ˈrevənju:] n.收入, 收益; 财政收入, 税收welfare[ˈwelfɛə] n.健康, 幸福, 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗, 斗争冲突, 抵触, 争论vi.抵触, 冲突equivalent[iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的, 相当的liberal[ˈlibərəl] adj.心胸宽阔的, 无偏见的慷慨的, 大方的开放的; 主张变革的自由的, 不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者objective[əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的; 不带偏见的n.目标; 目的stable[ˈsteibl] adj.稳定的; 安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hwɛərˈæz] conj.但是, 而Sublist 6abstract[ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象, 抽象概念, 抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要, 梗概vt.提取, 抽取做…的摘要capable[ˈkeipəbl] adj.有能力的, 有技能的exceed[ikˈsi:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出, 领先vt.超过; 超越incidence[ˈinsidəns] n.发生率, 影响范围migrate[maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移; 移往recover[riˈkʌvə] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复; 重新获得, 找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)accurate[ˈækjurit] adj.精确的, 准确的正确无误的cite[sait] vt.引用, 举例表彰, 嘉奖传唤, 传讯expert[ˈekspə:t] adj.专家的, 内行的, 熟练的n.专家, 能手incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含, 加上, 吸收把…合并, 使并入组成公司minimum[ˈminiməm] adj.最低的, 最小的n.最低限度, 最小量reveal[riˈvi:l] vt.显示; 露出泄露; 透露acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认, 供认告知已收到鸣谢, 感谢cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作; 配合, 协助explicit[iksˈplisit] adj.详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的index[ˈindeks] n.索引标志, 象征; 量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数, 幂vt.给…编索引, 指示出ministry[ˈministri] n.(政府的)部scope[skəup] n.余地, 机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit] n.〈正〉数, 总计vt.总计达…vt. & vi.(使)聚集discriminate[disˈkrimineit] vi.歧视, 有差别地对待vt. & vi.分别, 辨别, 区分federal[ˈfedərəl] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[inˈhibit] vt.阻止; 抑制motive[ˈməutiv] n.动机, 目的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi] n.补贴, 津贴, 补助金allocate[ˈæləkeit] vt.分配, 分派把…拨给display[disˈplei] n.陈列, 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列, 展览显示, 显露fee[fi:] n.费, 酬金initiate[iˈniʃieit] vt.开始, 着手传授; 使初步了解接纳新成员, 让…加入neutral[ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的, 不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的; 非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士; 中立国tape[teip] n.带子录音磁带; 录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. & vi.录音assign[əˈsain] vt.分配; 交给指派, 选派指定, 订出diverse[daiˈvəs] adj.不同的, 多种多样的flexible[ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的, 柔韧的灵活的, 可变通的input[ˈinput] n.输入, 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然, 然而, 不过conj.尽管如此, 然而trace[treis] n.踪迹; 痕迹; 形迹极微的量vt.追踪; 追溯发现; 找到描绘; 标出vt. & vi.缓慢而困难地书写attach[əˈtætʃ] vt. & vi.贴上; 系; 附上domain[dəuˈmein] n.范围, 领域版图, 领土地产, 产业furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且, 此外instruct[inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令, 指示教, 指导通知overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外; 在[向]国外transform[trænsˈfɔ:m] vt. & vi.改变author[ˈɔ:θə] n.著作家, 作者创造者, 创始人; 发起人edit[ˈedit] vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt. & vi.编辑gender[ˈdʒendə] n.〈语〉性intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的; 理解力强的precede[ˌpriˈsi:d] vt. & vi.在…之前, 先于transport[trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送; 流放使万分激动bond[bɔnd] n.联系, 关系连接, 接合, 结合有息债券合同, 契约, 票据vt.使粘结, 使结合enhance[inˈhɑ:ns] vt.提高, 增加, 加强ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的, 愚昧的interval[ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事; 错用自作主张, 放肆vt.以为; 假定underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因); 引起brief[bri:f] adj.短暂的, 短时间的简洁的, 简短的n.概要, 摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况, 作…的摘要estate[isˈteit] n.土地, 地区庄园, 种植园地产, 财产; 遗产incentive[inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因, 动机lecture[ˈlektʃə] n.演讲; 讲课冗长的训斥[谴责] vt.责备, 教训, 训斥vt. & vi.(向…)演讲; (给…)讲课rational[ˈræʃənl] adj.神智清楚的理性的; 理智的; 合理的; 出于理性的utilize[ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用, 使用Sublist 7adapt[əˈdæpt] vt.改编, 改写vt. & vi.(使)适应, (使)适合contrary[ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的, 相违的n.相反, 反面, 对立面empirical[emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[səbˈmit] vi.屈服, 认输vt.提交, 呈递〈正〉建议, 主张, 申辩adult[ˈædʌlt] adj.成熟的成年人的, 适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[kənˈvə:t] vt. & vi.(使)转变, (使)转化皈依, 改变(信仰)equip[iˈkwip] vt.装备, 配备使有能力, 使胜任ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系), 思想意识priority[praiˈɔriti] n.优先权, 重点优先考虑的事successor[səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物, 继任者, 继承人advocate[ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者, 拥护者辩护律师, 辩护人vt.提倡, 主张couple[ˈkʌpl] n.一对, 一双一些, 几个夫妻, 情侣vt.连接, 联结, 联系extract[iksˈtrækt] n.摘录, 引用提炼物, 浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出, 抽出提取, 榨出infer[inˈfə:] vt.推断, 推知prohibit[prəˈhibit] vt.禁止; 阻止survive[səˈvaiv] vi.幸存, 活下来vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在aid[eid] n.帮助, 援助, 救助助手, 辅助物, 辅助手段vt.帮助, 援助decade[ˈdekeid] n.十年, 十年间file[fail] n.文件夹, 公文箱卷宗, 文件; 计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等), 呈递用锉锉innovate[ˈinəuveit] vi.改革, 创新publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表, 公布出版, 刊行, 发行出版物, 书刊thesis[ˈθi:sis] n.论题, 命题, 论点论文, 毕业(或学位)论文channel[ˈtʃænl] n.海峡通道; 水沟, 水渠渠道, 途径频道definite[ˈdefinit] adj.明确的, 确切的一定的, 肯定的finite[ˈfainait] adj.有限的, 有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[inˈsə:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入, 嵌入quote[kwəut] vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价); 开(价) vt. & vi.引用, 援引topic[ˈtɔpik] n.题目, 论题, 话题chemical[ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[diˈnai] vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立, 设立, 创办基础, 基本原理, 根据地基基金(会) intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉, 干预; 调解干扰, 阻碍release[riˈli:s] n.释放, 排放, 解除释放令公映的新影片, 发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放; 放开发布; 发行; 发售transmit[trænzˈmit] vt.传播, 传染传导vt. & vi.发射, 播送, 广播classic[ˈklæsik] adj.(著作, 赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的, 标准的(衣服, 设计等)传统式样的, 典雅的(因为时已久)著名的; 传统的n.文豪, 大艺术家; 文学名著, 经典作品, 杰作优秀的典范differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit] vi.区别对待vt. & vi.区分, 区别, 辨别globe[ɡləub] n.地球, 世界球体; 球状物地球仪isolate[ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱离reverse[riˈvə:s] adj.相反的, 颠倒的, 反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败, 挫败vt. & vi.(使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转推翻, 取消使倒退, 逆转ultimate[ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的, 最终的基本的, 根本的最大的, 极限程度的comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的, 综合的dispose[disˈpəuz] vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt. & vi.处理; 处置grade[ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级, 品级, 阶段, 程度〈尤美〉 (考试或作业的)分数, 评分等级〈尤美〉 (学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生media[ˈmi:djə] n.媒体simulate[ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿, 模拟unique[ju:ˈni:k] adj.独一无二的, 仅有的, 惟一的异常的, 特有的, 少见的comprise[kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含, 包括, 由…组成组成, 构成dynamic[daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的, 强有力的不断变化的动力的, 动态的guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证, 保障; 保证书; 保用期担保, 担保人担保品, 抵押品vt.保证; 担保使(事情)可能发生mode[məud] n.方式, 样式样式, 风格sole[səul] adj.单独的, 惟一的专有的, 独占的visible[ˈvizəbl] adj.看得见的, 可见的, 有形的明显的, 可察觉到的confirm[kənˈfə:m] vt.证实, 证明; 肯定, 确认使巩固, 加强批准; 认可eliminate[iˈlimineit] vt.消除, 排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团, 领导层paradigm[ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例; 样式; 模范somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微, 有点, 达到某种程度voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的, 志愿的义务的, 无偿的Sublist 8abandon[əˈbændən] n.放任; 纵情vt.离弃, 丢弃遗弃, 抛弃放弃clarify[ˈklærifai] vt. & vi.使清楚; 澄清deviate[ˈdi:vieit] vi.偏离; 越轨induce[inˈdju:s] vt.引诱, 劝导〈正〉引起, 导致plus[plʌs] adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的, 称心的, 有利的n.加号, 正号prep.(表示包容)外加; 另有(表示运算)加, 加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上, 正tense[tens] adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张accompany[əˈkʌmpəni] vt.陪伴, 陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[kəˈmɔditi] n.商品, 货物有用的东西displace[disˈpleis] vt.替换, 取代移走inevitable[inˈevitəbl] adj.不可避免的, 必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的, 照例必有的, 惯常的practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə] n.习艺者, 实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[ˈtə:mineit] vt. & vi.结束; 使终结accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit] vt. & vi.堆积; 积累complement[ˈkɔmplimənt] n.补充, 互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足, 补充drama[ˈdrɑ:mə] n.戏剧, 剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面]infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施; 基础结构predominant[priˈdɔminənt] adj.占主导地位的, 显著的theme[θi:m] n.主题, 主旨, 题目ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs] adj.引起歧义的; 模棱两可的, 含糊不清的conform[kənˈfɔ:m] vi.遵守, 符合顺应, 一致eventual[iˈventjuəl] adj.(事件)最终发生的; 结果的inspect[inˈspekt] vt.检查, 检验视察prospect[ˈprɔspekt] n.景象, 景色前景; 前途可能成为主顾的人; 有希望的候选人vi.勘探; 勘察thereby[ˈðɛəbai] adv.由此; 因而append[əˈpend] vt.附加contemporary[kənˈtempərəri] adj.当代的同时代的, 同属一个时期的n.同代人, 同龄人exhibit[iɡˈzibit] n.展览品, 陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示, 显出vt. & vi.陈列; 展览intense[inˈtens] adj.强烈的, 剧烈的; 极端的热情的, 热切的紧张的, 认真的radical[ˈrædikəl] adj.根本的, 基本的; 彻底的, 完全的激进的, 激进派的uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m] adj.全都相同的, 一律的, 清一色的n.制服appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit] vt.感激, 感谢欣赏, 赏识, 重视意识到, 体会vt. & vi.(使)增值, 涨价contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt] vt.与…发生矛盾, 与…抵触vt. & vi.反驳, 否认…的真实性exploit[iksˈplɔit] n.业绩, 功绩, 功勋, 事迹vt.开采; 开发剥削manipulate[məˈnipjuleit] vt.熟练控制[操作]random[ˈrændəm] adj.任意的; 无计划的(统计)随机的vehicle[ˈvi:ɪkl] n.交通工具, 车辆传播媒介, 手段arbitrary[ˈɑ:bitrəri] adj.随意的, 主观的专横的, 独断专行的。