英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析
英语词汇学教程参考题答案(杨信彰)
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id];(2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.(2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning.(3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”.(4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of “looking”.5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black);'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black);'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black);'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black).(b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress);'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasmor too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A ‘bull market’ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of sharesin anticipation of profits.8. drinking vessels: cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glassThey can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as againstsang, sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4. (a) [ə](b) [-ai]5. (1) -’s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) -ing(4) -ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10. (1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‘kennings’, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‘loan translations’. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‘New Englishes’.2.“appeareth” in (a) becomes “appeared” in (b), and “dreame” becomes “dream”. Thepassive “were departed” becomes the active “had gone”. With the change of word forms,(b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.t rain: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extended meanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‘beast’ or ‘animal’ to ‘a particular kind of animal’knight: meaning ameliorated from ‘boy, manservant’to ‘a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood’meat: meaning narrowed down from ‘food’ to ‘the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit’.hose: meaning extended from ‘leg covering’ to ‘a long tube for carrying water’.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.Chapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.-ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like’de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’-ify: meaning ‘make, become’-dom: means ‘the state of ’il-(im-/in-): meaning ‘the opposite of, not’-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly’-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’pre-: meaning ‘prior to’-ment: meaning ‘the action of’re-: meaning ‘again’under-: meaning ‘not enough’-al: meaning ‘the process or state of’4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N” structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‘line, line, neck, room’. Hotline means ‘a telephone number that people can call for information’. Mainline means ‘an important railway line between two cities’. Redneck means ‘a person from the southern US’. Darkroom means ‘a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs’.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’ structure. Bookshelf means ‘ashelf for keeping books’. Breadbasket means ‘a container for serving bread’. Mailbox means ‘a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house’. Wineglass means ‘a glass for drinking wine’.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + N’structure. Letterhead means ‘thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)’.Roadside means ‘the area at the side of a road’. Keyhole means ‘the hole in a lock for putting the key in’. Hilltop means ‘the top of a hill’.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‘a person who leaves school before they havefinished their studies. Go-between means ‘a person who takes messages between people’.Turnout means ‘the number of people who come to an event’. Standby means ‘a person or thing that can always be used if needed’.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed”structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj” structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram madewith a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‘an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine’. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8. (a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9. (a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one’s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electricpower and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general qualityor situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim’bɔlik/ and /sim’ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies’ cloak room—women’s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‘one who is the object of the verb’. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‘one who is being trained’. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‘object’meaning. So ‘standee’ means ‘one who stands’.4. In ‘good baby’, ‘good’ means ‘well-behaved, not causing trouble’; in ‘good parent’, ‘good’ means ‘kind, generous, considerate, etc.’5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while。
英语词汇学 英语词汇学习题1及答案
试题一第一部分选择题I。
Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers。
Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket。
（30%）1。
In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form。
A。
moreB。
littleC. lessD。
gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______。
A. general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC。
both A and BD. neither A and B3.The word ”MINISKIRT" is _______.A. morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC。
semantically motivatedD。
none of the above4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______。
A。
borrowingB。
semantic changeC。
creation of new wordsD。
all the above5.Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________。
A。
generalizedB. expandedC. elevatedD。
词汇学课本练习答案
Unit 11.主观题2. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary ?The transitional period（转型时期）from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English(ME 1100----1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance（文艺复兴）brought great change to the vocabulary. The renewed（复兴的）study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介）of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 4~5)3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms（新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者）after World WarⅡ. Give four examples for each cause.①marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毁) ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad②socio-economic（社会经济）, political and cultural changes. Example: roller-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving（跳伞运动）,disignated hitter③the influence from other cultures and languages（page6~7）Example: cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman（调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）, apartheid（种族隔离）.4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock（词库）of the English vocabulary ?(1). National character(全民通用性)：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability（稳定性）:As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability(构词)：Basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases. Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they arenaturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)5. What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary as a result of its historical development ?The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek.（page 18.）6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary?First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs. Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. （Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 2）7.What do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The greatmajority of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically (在文体上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (Page 11 paragraph 6)(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的）style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)Chapter 2Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a.Morphemic 形位b.Allomorph 形位变体c.free and bound morphemicd.hybrid 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph3, line 4)Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man，read，faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 )Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance表达; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4)Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes? P26页第4段开头P29页第4自然段末尾Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes前缀and suffixes 后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.Q3:In what two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀classified? p26Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀and suffixes后缀.Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的）level? P29 paragraph 5On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.Chapter IIIⅠExplain1、(p32)Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem. Denationalized①Root：nation②stem：denationalize③base：nationalizedⅡCompounding1、What are the relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)①Orthographic criterion②Phonological criterion③Semantic criterionⅢDerivation1、What is derivation?(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix tothe base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、How are the major living prefixes classified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind. （P44）The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrenthyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter - , antic - ,pro - ) eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear , pro-student , counterpart6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode 7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（P50）answer：1）deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as –er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and –ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun –noun suffixes , such as –hood in boyhood , - ship inscholarship , - let in booklet , and –dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective – verb suffixes , such as –ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and –en in quicken4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun –adjective suffixes, such as –full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and –ish in foolish.5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（P51）answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering3) a gardener means a person who garden4) a New Yorker means a person from New York5) a villager means inhabitant of village6) a diner is‘a dining carriage on a train’7) a lifer is‘slang. A person sentenced toimprisonment for life8) a dresser meansAnalyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of ‘ one who performs an action ’as for 4、5 ，this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy .ⅣConversion1、what is the difference between conversion （此类转化法）and suffixation（加后缀）? (P55 介绍conversion的第一段)：Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero-derivation.e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) ---- buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) ---- tutor ( v. )（例子也可以举其他的如attack）(P49 介绍Suffixation的第一段)：Suffixation: It's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish -- boyish adj. boy n. +hood -- boyhood n.2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生词)?（P56 中间三个例子）•The base is derivation by zero suffix.Spy –a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies.•The derived word is derivation by suffix Wirter---a deverbal noun with "-er" suffix，meaning one who writes3、Illustrate the axiom（原理）,"The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use."（P57最后一段）Notice how the word-class ofround varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence:i.e. The second round(n)（回合）was exciting. Any round(adj)（圆的）plate will do.Some drivers round(v)（绕行）coners too rapidly.The sound goes round andround(phrase). (旋转)The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（词序）is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts within sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).『这一段可不要』4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion? (58—59页)First in contemporary English, there is a tendency o f “a preponderance of nouns aver verb”.Second, there are only a fewverb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and –en.5、What are the major semantic types undernoun to verb conversion?（a）“to put in/on N”（b）“to give N, to provide N”（c）“to deprive of N; or to remove the object denoted by the noun from something”（d）“To….with N”（e）“To｛be/ act as｝N with respect to…”(1)verbs from human nouns(2)verbs from animal nouns(3)verbs from inanimate nouns（f）“To ｛make/change｝…into N”（g）“To ｛send/go｝by N”(1)mail(2)bicycle（h）“To spend the period of time denoted by N”6、Why is the poor an example of partialconversion?（62页）It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8、Pick out the converted words in thesentences below and state(1)the word-class of the converted words and their meanings;(2)to what word-class the base of each ofthe converted words belongs:（1）They are going to summer in Guilin.the converted word:summer（v.）the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:避暑；过夏天the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.)(2)They hurrahed his wonderfulperformance.the converted word: hurrah(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:欢呼，叫好，为----喝彩the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)(3)You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.the converted word: round(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:弄圆，使---成圆形the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.)(4)They are great sillies.the converted word: silly(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:傻瓜the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.)(5)She dusted the furniture every morning.the converted word: dust(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning: 拂去灰尘the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dust(n.)(6) It is a good buy.the converted word: buy(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:购买，买卖；所购的物品the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)Chapter41. Initialism:Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or aphrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.3. Blend:Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. Front and back clipping:The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This is the most common type of clipping.Front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.5. back-formation:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type ofword-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication:Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.Chapter V1.How are the sound and meaning of most words related?Give examples to illustrate your point. (P93)Most English words are conventional（常规的）, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic（内在的，固有的）relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.e.g. house ( English)maison ( French)fangzi ( Chinese)dom ( Russian)casa ( Spanish)A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（声音符号）and meaning can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音异义词): write, right, and rite(仪式，礼拜式）. They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.2.What do we mean by phonetic motivation? （P94和PPT）Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words（拟声词）or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words don’t show any such relationship. Onomatopoeic words（拟声词）can be divided into primary Onomatopoeia（直接拟声）and secondary Onomatopoeia （间接拟声）.Primary Onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Secondary Onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.3.Quote a short poem or passage that shows the literary effect ofonomatopoeic words. (P94倒数第二行)“The ice was here, the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound!”5.What is meant by grammatical meaning?（P96~97）Grammatical meaning(词法意义) consists of word-class（词类）and inflectional paradigm（词形变化）。
词汇学课本练习答案
Unit 11.主观题2. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary ?The transitional period（转型时期）from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English(ME 1100----1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance（文艺复兴）brought great change to the vocabulary. The renewed（复兴的）study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介）of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 4~5)3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms（新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者）after World WarⅡ. Give four examples for each cause.①marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毁) ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad②socio-economic（社会经济）, political and cultural changes. Example: roller-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving（跳伞运动）,disignated hitter③the influence from other cultures and languages（page6~7）Example: cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman（调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）, apartheid（种族隔离）.4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock（词库）of the English vocabulary ?(1). National character(全民通用性)：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability（稳定性）:As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability(构词)：Basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases. Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they arenaturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)5. What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary as a result of its historical development ?The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek.（page 18.）6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary?First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs. Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. （Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 2）7.What do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The greatmajority of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically (在文体上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (Page 11 paragraph 6)(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的）style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)Chapter 2Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a.Morphemic 形位b.Allomorph 形位变体c.free and bound morphemicd.hybrid 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph3, line 4)Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man，read，faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 )Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance表达; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4)Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes? P26页第4段开头P29页第4自然段末尾Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes前缀and suffixes 后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.Q3:In what two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀classified? p26Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀and suffixes后缀.Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的）level? P29 paragraph 5On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.Chapter IIIⅠExplain1、(p32)Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem. Denationalized①Root：nation②stem：denationalize③base：nationalizedⅡCompounding1、What are the relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)①Orthographic criterion②Phonological criterion③Semantic criterionⅢDerivation1、What is derivation?(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix tothe base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、How are the major living prefixes classified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind. （P44）The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrenthyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter - , antic - ,pro - ) eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear , pro-student , counterpart6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode 7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（P50）answer：1）deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as –er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and –ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun –noun suffixes , such as –hood in boyhood , - ship inscholarship , - let in booklet , and –dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective – verb suffixes , such as –ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and –en in quicken4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun –adjective suffixes, such as –full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and –ish in foolish.5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（P51）answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering3) a gardener means a person who garden4) a New Yorker means a person from New York5) a villager means inhabitant of village6) a diner is‘a dining carriage on a train’7) a lifer is‘slang. A person sentenced toimprisonment for life8) a dresser meansAnalyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of ‘ one who performs an action ’as for 4、5 ，this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy .ⅣConversion1、what is the difference between conversion （此类转化法）and suffixation（加后缀）? (P55 介绍conversion的第一段)：Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero-derivation.e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) ---- buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) ---- tutor ( v. )（例子也可以举其他的如attack）(P49 介绍Suffixation的第一段)：Suffixation: It's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish -- boyish adj. boy n. +hood -- boyhood n.2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生词)?（P56 中间三个例子）•The base is derivation by zero suffix.Spy –a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies.•The derived word is derivation by suffix Wirter---a deverbal noun with "-er" suffix，meaning one who writes3、Illustrate the axiom（原理）,"The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use."（P57最后一段）Notice how the word-class ofround varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence:i.e. The second round(n)（回合）was exciting. Any round(adj)（圆的）plate will do.Some drivers round(v)（绕行）coners too rapidly.The sound goes round andround(phrase). (旋转)The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（词序）is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts within sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).『这一段可不要』4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion? (58—59页)First in contemporary English, there is a tendency o f “a preponderance of nouns aver verb”.Second, there are only a fewverb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and –en.5、What are the major semantic types undernoun to verb conversion?（a）“to put in/on N”（b）“to give N, to provide N”（c）“to deprive of N; or to remove the object denoted by the noun from something”（d）“To….with N”（e）“To｛be/ act as｝N with respect to…”(1)verbs from human nouns(2)verbs from animal nouns(3)verbs from inanimate nouns（f）“To ｛make/change｝…into N”（g）“To ｛send/go｝by N”(1)mail(2)bicycle（h）“To spend the period of time denoted by N”6、Why is the poor an example of partialconversion?（62页）It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8、Pick out the converted words in thesentences below and state(1)the word-class of the converted words and their meanings;(2)to what word-class the base of each ofthe converted words belongs:（1）They are going to summer in Guilin.the converted word:summer（v.）the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:避暑；过夏天the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.)(2)They hurrahed his wonderfulperformance.the converted word: hurrah(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:欢呼，叫好，为----喝彩the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)(3)You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.the converted word: round(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:弄圆，使---成圆形the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.)(4)They are great sillies.the converted word: silly(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:傻瓜the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.)(5)She dusted the furniture every morning.the converted word: dust(v.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning: 拂去灰尘the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dust(n.)(6) It is a good buy.the converted word: buy(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:购买，买卖；所购的物品the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)Chapter41. Initialism:Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or aphrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.3. Blend:Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. Front and back clipping:The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This is the most common type of clipping.Front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.5. back-formation:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type ofword-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication:Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.Chapter V1.How are the sound and meaning of most words related?Give examples to illustrate your point. (P93)Most English words are conventional（常规的）, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic（内在的，固有的）relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.e.g. house ( English)maison ( French)fangzi ( Chinese)dom ( Russian)casa ( Spanish)A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（声音符号）and meaning can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音异义词): write, right, and rite(仪式，礼拜式）. They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.2.What do we mean by phonetic motivation? （P94和PPT）Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words（拟声词）or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words don’t show any such relationship. Onomatopoeic words（拟声词）can be divided into primary Onomatopoeia（直接拟声）and secondary Onomatopoeia （间接拟声）.Primary Onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Secondary Onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.3.Quote a short poem or passage that shows the literary effect ofonomatopoeic words. (P94倒数第二行)“The ice was here, the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound!”5.What is meant by grammatical meaning?（P96~97）Grammatical meaning(词法意义) consists of word-class（词类）and inflectional paradigm（词形变化）。
英语词汇学_习题集1（含答案）
英语词汇学_习题集1（含答案）《英语词汇学》课程习题集一、Rewriting the short paragraph1. First VersionEven since I was a CHILD, I have wanted to go on the stage and be an ACTRESS, like my elder sister. She is less PRETTY than I am and I hoped that if I was LUCKY, I, too, would have the chance to PERFORM three or four times a week at our little local theatre.Second VersionEver since my ____, I have wanted to go on the stage and ____, like my elder sister. I am ____ than she is, and I hoped that with ____, I, too, would have the chance to give ____ three or four timesa week at our little local theatre.2. First Version“You should be CONFIDENT. You are ABLE to do it,” she told me, “but you may not have the PATI ENCE. It takes a lot of hard work to be SUCCEESSFUL. You can ACHIEVE anything if you stick to it.”Second Version“You should have _____ in yourself. You’ve got the _____ to do it,” she told me, “but you may be too ____. It takes a lot of hard work to ____. You can make any ____ if you stick to it.”3. First VersionThen she would DESCRIBE in DETAIL of her CONFUSION and embarrassment when the man who was DIRECTING the play told her that she spoke and MOVE too slowly in one scene. Second VersionThen she would give me a ____ ____ of how _____ and embarrassed she’d been when the ____ of the play told her thather speech and ____ were too slow in one scene.4. First VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after HESITATING for a moment, say “WELCOME!” to and old woman who was ENTERING from the other side. “But take CARE because the stage is SLIPPERY,” he said.Second VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after a moment’s ____, to ____ an old woman who was making her ____ from the oth er side. “But be ____ not to ____,” he said.5. First VersionThere was no DOUBT that the stage was very slippery, but she would PROBABL Y have reached the other side SAFEL Y if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was in FASHION that year, and tumbled right off the stage, to the ASTONISHMENT of the audience.Second VersionThe stage was ____ very slippery, but it’s ____ that she would have reached the other side in____ if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was ____ that year, and tumbled right off the stage. The audience was ____.二、Multiple choices6. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four7. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four8. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four9. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”?A. ig-B. ir-C. il-D. im-10. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality?A. booksB. pigsC. horsesD. expense11. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists12. According to ______, there is not an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists13. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists14. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists15. According to ______, there is not an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists16. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym17. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym18.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym19. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym20.In the sentence “John was asked to leave after his three-day stay in the town”, “stay”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym21. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational and inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix22. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix23. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix24. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix25. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix26.The word “wife” used to mean “woman”, now it means “married woman esp. in relation to her husband”. The word has undergone a sort of seman tic change called _____.A. elevationB. degenerationC. extensionD. restriction27.The word “holiday” used to mean “holy day, a day of religious significance”, and now it refers to “day of recreation, when no work is done”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation28.The word “salary” used to mean “a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt”, and now it refers to “fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to person doing other than manual work”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation29.The word “starve” used to mean “to die”, and now it refers to “to die of hunger”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation30.The word “shrewd” used to mean “evil, bad, wicked”, and now it refers to “clever or sharp in practical affairs”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation31. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD32. French brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD33. The English vocabulary is characterized by the strong influence of French _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD34. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD35. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD36.The word “tear”meaning “the drop of salty water from the eye”and the word “tear”meaning “to pull sharply apart” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words37. The word “lead” meaning “guide or take, esp. by going in front, etc.” and the word “lead”meaning “an easily melted metal of a dull bluish-grey color” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words38. The word “lie” meaning “make a statement that one knows to be untrue” and the word “lie”meaning “put oneself flat on a horizontal surface” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words39. The word “base” meaning“the thing or part on which something rests” and the word “base”meaning “having or showing little or no honour, courage or decency”are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words40. The word “son” meaning“one’s male child” and the word “sun” meaning “a star that is the basis of the solar system and that sustains life on Earth, being the source of heat and light” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words41. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. antonymyD. polysemy42. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. antonymyB. synonymyC. hyponymyD. polysemy43. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy44. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. polysemyC. antonymyD. synonymy45. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy46.We can use “a silver lining” for “every cloud has a silver lining”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. additionC. abbreviationD. extension47.We can use “pull an unhappy face” for “pull a long face”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension48.We can use “see too many trees, but not the forest” for “cannot see the wood for the trees”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. omissionC. abbreviationD. extension49.We can use “come of marriage age” for “come of age”.The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension50. What is the rhetoric style illustrated by the idiom “neck and neck”?A. comparisonB. rhymeC. alliterationD. repetition51. _______ is the central factor in a word describing what it is.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning52. _______ consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. grammatical meaningD. lexical meaning53. _______ refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in one’s mind.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning54._______ is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning55. _______ is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning三、Terms56. proverbabsolute synonym57. function wordsonomatopoeic words58. homonymydegradation59. metaphorprefixation60. polysemyelevation of meaning四、Questions61. How is American English related to British English?What is the vital role of context?62. What are the differences between American English and British English?How are the sound and meaning of most words related?63. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? How can context help us determine the meaning of a word?64. What is the relationship between American English andBritish English?What is the difference between conversion and suffixation?65. Why is American English considered a kind of regional dialect of English?What are the types of context?五、Word-building processes（略）……答案一、Rewriting the short paragraph1. 1. childhood2. act3. prettier4. luck5. performances2. 1. confidence 2. ability3. impatient4. succeed5. achievement3. 1. detailed 2. description 3. confused4. director5. movement4. 1. hesitation 2. welcome 3. entrance 4. careful5. slip5. 1. undoubtedly 2. probable 3. safety 4. fashionable 5. astonished二、Multiple choices6. C7. C8. C9. A11. A12. D13. A14. A15. D16. C17. C18. C19. C20. C21. A22. C23. B24. C25. B26. D27. A28. A29. B30. D31. B32. A33. A34. B35. B36. C37. C38. B39. B41. D42. D43. C44. B45. C46. C47. B48. A49. D50. D51. A52. C53. B54. C55. D三、Terms56. proverb: it is a well-known, supposedly wise saying usually in simple language expressinga fact or a truth which deals with everyday experience.e.g. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. / Th e early bird catches the worm.absolute synonyms: two words that are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.e.g. word-formation and word-building or spirants and fricatives.57. function words: short words such as prepositions, conjunctions and so on. They don’t havemuch lexical meaning and serve grammatically more than anything else. They are in contrast to content words, which have independent lexical meaning and used to name objects, actions, states and so on. e.g. in, on and from.onomatopoeic words: They are the words imitating the sounds or sounding like natural sounds.e.g. cuckoo, tick, bang.58.homonymy: It is the relationship between words in the pairs which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.e.g. lead (to guide) / lead (a gray metal), tear (drop of salty water coming from the eye) / tear (pull sharply to pieces), bear / baredegradation: It means that words once respectable or neutral shift to a less respectable even degraded meaning.e.g. genteel, terrific, accident59. metaphor: It is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity.e.g. the teeth of a saw, a shower of stones, the tongue of a shoeprefixation: It is the word-formation process by the addition of a word element before an already existing word.e.g. multimedia, inconvenience, antiart60. polysemy: If a word has got more than two meanings, then it belongs to words of polysemy.e.g. rich, full, getelevation of meaning: Elevation is the process where words go uphill, shifting from words showing disrespectable meaning to better meaning. e.g. craftsman, shrewd四、Questions61. How is American English related to British English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What is the vital role of context?The impact of context on word meaning can be seen in the following aspects: eliminating ambiguities arising from the polysemy and grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase, conveying emotional overtones and indicating referents and the range of the meaning.62. What are the differences between American English and British English?The chief differences in pronunciation lie in the vowel sounds. The American and British spelling systems are essentially the same except that the American variant is simpler than its English counterpart. Differences in grammar are few in number and trifling in nature. The differences of American and British vocabulary can be grouped into three categories: words without counterparts, same word with different meanings and same idea for different words. How are the sound and meaning of most words related?There are two linguistic schools concerning the relationship between sound and meaning. One is conventionalist and the other is naturalists. The latter school believes that there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and its meaning while the former not. Actually, most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols. There is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that thepeople of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.63. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. The fundamental features of the basic word stock are as follows. The first one is national character. The second is stability. The third one is word-formation ability.How can context help us determine the meaning of a word?If one comes across a word with more than one meaning; only context can help you to select the exact meaning of the word from many choices. The same can be true of the grammatical structure which may confuse the readers. Furthermore, the real feeling of the writer can only be appreciated with the specific occasion how a word is used. Last, context does indicate referents and the range of the meaning of a word.64. What is the relationship between American English and British English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What is the difference between conversion and suffixation?Conversion is different from suffixation. In suffixation, a suffix or a combining form is added to the base and the original word will undergo a change in word-class, semantic change and phonological change. In contrast to suffixation, conversion in most cases does change the word-class of the original word but not the meaning or sound. We do have cases where conversion results in not only change in word-class but also semantic changeand phonological change. However, conversion differs from suffixation most in that there is not word form change in the former process, that is the form of the original word always remains same after conversion while there is always some addition to the original word after suffixation.65. Why is American English considered a kind of regional dialect of English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What are the types of context?There are two types of context: linguistic or verbal contexts or extra-linguistic or non-verbal contexts. The linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. The extra-linguistic context refers to the actual speech situation in which aword occurs and the entire cultural background against which a word or an utterance or a speech event has to be set.五、Word-building processes（略）……。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。
张维友〈词汇学教程〉解答(第三版)
《英语词汇学教程》（2015年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loansSemantic loanskettle die wall skirt husbandconfrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenuchopstick typhoonblack humour long time no seedream13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary【Chapter 2】1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in theworld. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-IranianCeltic Italic HellenicGermanic HindiBreton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German PolishPortuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian IcelandicRussianDanish6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]9. amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11. allegro, f 轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a 轻转慢alto, i 女低音crescendo, b 渐强forte, e 强piano, h 轻soprano, c 女高音12. cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13. a. alligator b. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. ponchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base6. individualistic undesirablesindividualist [stem, base] undesirable [stem, base]individual [stem, base] desirable [stem, base]dividual [stem, base] desire [root, stem, base] dividu [root, stem, base]7.free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fatteningf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-Siberianmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = below: subdivide, subsectionmal- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritioninter-= between: international, interdependentmini- = little, small: mini-library, miniskirtpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former:ex-president, ex-convictCompounding2.heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [V + Adverbial (place)] baking powder [ V + Adverbial (instrument)] far-reaching [V + Adverbial] dog-tired [noun-adverbial + adj.]lion-hearted [noun-adverbial + adj.] love-sick [noun-adverbial + adj.]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ S+ C]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [noun-adverbial + adj.]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]3. well-bred / well-behaved culture-bound / homeboundneedle-work / homework praiseworthy / trustworthybar-woman / sportswoman nation-wide / college-wideclear-minded / strong-minded military-style / western-styleself-control / self-respect budget-related / politics-relatedwater-proof / fire-proof once-fashionable / once-powerfulnews-film / news-letter mock-attack / mock-sadnesssister-in-law / father-in-law home-baked / home-producedhalf-way / half-done ever-lasting / ever-greenage-conscious / status-conscious campus-based / market-basedConversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come / go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → v]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel) 汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 人工情报，谍报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战战士hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船港口chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 水底火车隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 电影女演员Clippingcopter (heli copter): front clipping dorm (dorm itory): back clippinglab (lab oratory) :front clipping prefab (pref abricated house): phrase clipping gas (gas oline): front clipping prof (prof essor): back clippingscope (tele scope): front clipping champ (champ ion): back clippingsarge (serge ant): back clipping mike (mic rophone): back clippingad (ad vertisement): back clipping tec (de tec tive): front and back clippingAcronymy1. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t esting o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage2. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Names3. a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tomism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—a cattle—mcricket—n doves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—f wolves—gmonkeys—e pigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage/ promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+MALE -MALE -ADULT【Chapter 6】Polysemy4. The word board first denoting "a table" has later acquired two very divergent senses. Each of them has given rise to another sense from which the original notion has disappeared. The process can be shown as follows:Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enoughmoney for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannotdeduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took offhis legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politelyemancipate: set free customary: usualwidth: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residueinnocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kids i. declinedj. refused k. rancid l. addledm. Penalties n. fines o. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjective n. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3.furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4.profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.6. In Sentence 1), got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2), the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2) is better than Sentence 1.In Sentence 3), it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4), which can be described as subordinates. Since 4) is clearer than 3) in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) narrowing11) elevation 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. concrete to abstractd. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract to concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesia (transfer of sensation from sight to hearing)j. synesthesia (transfer of sensation)6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. 1) a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s positionc. predicamentd. injection2) a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry out3) a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymyb. explanation/ definitionc. exemplificationd. relevant detailse. relevant detailsf. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its the thing itaims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks,better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in everypie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hearthemselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel inthe middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。
英语词汇学教程(练习答案)(1)解析
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案Chapter 17. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.a. tart: loose womanb. bloke: fellowc. gat: pistold. swell: greate. chicken: cowardf. blue: fightg. smoky: policeh. full: drunki. dame: womanj. beaver: girl8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words.haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to meeke = alsosooth = truthmorn = morningtroth = pledgeere = beforequoth = saidhallowed = holybillow = wave / the seabade = bid12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans.Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husbandAliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenuTranslation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no seeSemantic loans: dreamChapter 21. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6. Here is a text chosen from the Declaration of Independence.“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Pick out all the words of Greek or Latin origin from the text and see of what origin are the words left. What insight does this exercise give you with reference to the borrowings from Greek and Latin?“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. Tell the different elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English]falsehood [ Latin + English]saxophone [German + Greek]joss house [ Portuguese + English]hydroplane [Greek + Latin]pacifist [Latin + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]television [Greek + Latin]9. Put the following French loan words into two groups, one being early borrowings and the other late ones.amateur (late)finacé (late)empire (early)peace (E)courage (E)garage (L)judgement (E)chair (E)chaise (L)grace (E)servant (E)routine (L)jealous (E)savaté (L)genre (L)gender (E)début (L)morale (L)state (E)chez (L)ballet (L)11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitons.allegro, f. in fast tempo轻快andante, j. in moderate tempo行板diminuendo, g. decreasing in volume渐弱largo, d. in a slow stately manner缓慢pianoforte, a. soft and loud轻转强alto, i. lowest singing boice for woman女低音crescendo, b. increasing in volume渐强forte, e. loud强piano, h. soft轻soprano, c. highest singing voice for women女高音12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which eachhas been borrowed.cherub (Hebrew)coolie (Hindi)lasso (Sp)shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind)kibitz (G)chipmunk (Am Ind)cotton (Arab)loot (Hindi)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch)chocolate (Mex)jubilee (Gr)Sabbath (Heb)tamale (Mex)voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources. Choose a word to fill in each space.a. A crocodile much resembles an _____ in appearance.b. “To give up a young lady like that,” said Andy. “A man would have to be plumb _____.c. There was a big increase this summer in the number of competitors in calf roping at the annual _____ held in Three Forks.d. This duke ranch we have developed has done well so far, but it promises next year to be a real _____ , enough to make us all rich.e. Some Eskimos build a winter shelter from snow called an _____.f. The Germans perfected a type of motorized attack in the Second World War that they called a _____.g. The Algonquin Indian in eastern and central North America lived in a domed shelter they called a _____.h. Columbus in 1493 used a Carib Indian word _____ to describe the small boats the native used.i. In the West Indies the local name fro a violent tropical cyclone is a _____.j. The Australian aborigines use a throwing stick that they call a _____.k. “Look like rain, boy,” sang out Luke. “Better get out your _____.”a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwamh. canoei. hurricanej. boomerang k. panchosChapter 31. Write the term in the blanks accoding to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a moepheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h. what ratains of a word after the removal of all affies ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( )j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]4. Organize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships. affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffixmorpheme – free morpheme = free root-- bound morpheme – bound root-- affix – inflectional affix-- derivational affix – prefix-- suffixChapter 4Affixation5. Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker disobey immature unwillingness illogical non-athletic incapable insecurity inability/disability illegal disloyal unofficially disagreement inconvenient impractical irrelevant6. Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs with –en, -ify, -ize and then choose them to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.harden memorize deepen lengthen fatten horrify falsify glorify intensify sympathize modernize apologize sterilize beautifya. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizingh. Sterilize7. Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Complete the sentence by using this word to form a noun to refer to a person.a. If you are employed by a company, you are one of its _____.b. A _____ is someone whose job is politics.c. The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.d. A woman who works as a _____ does the same job as a waiter.e. The person who conducts an orchestra or choir is called the _____.f. Your _____ is the person who teaches you.g. A _____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.h. If someone examnines you, you are the _____ and he or she is the _____.a. employeeb. politicianc. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianisth. examinee/examiner8. Match Colume A with Colume B and give two examples for each.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldtrans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding2. Analyse the following compound words and explain their internal grammatical relationship.heartbeat [S + V]movie-goer [place + V]far- reaching [V + Adv]lion-hearted [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement]snap decision [V + O]on-coming [V +adv]brainwashing [V + O]baking powder [ V +adv]dog-tired [adv + a]love-sick [adv + a]peace-loving [V +O]easy chair [ a + n]tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a]goings-on [V +adv]4. Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element of the compound as indicated and translate the words into Chinese.well-bred / well-behaved, needle work / homework, bar-woman / sportswoman, clear-minded / strong-minded, self-control / self-respect, water-proof / fire-proof, news-film / news-letter, sister-in-law / father-in-law, half-way / half-done, age-conscious / status-conscious, culture-bound / homebound, praiseworthy / respectworthy, nation-wide / college-wide, military-style / newstyle, budget-related / politics-related, once-fashionable / once-powerful, mock-attack / mock-sadness, home-baked / home-produced, ever-lasting / ever-green, campus-based / market-basedConversion7. Pick out the words which you think are converted in the following sentences and tellhow they are converted.a. We can’t stomach such an insult.b. Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.c. he wolfed down his lunchd. There is no come and go with her.e. I’m one of his familiars.f. Poor innocents!g. She flatted her last note.h. The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.i. Come to the fire and have a warm.j. Is Bill Jackson a has-been or a might-have-been?k. He Hamleted at the chance and then he regretted for it.l. These shoes were an excellent buy.m. He turned his head and smoothed back the hair over one temple.a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n] k. Hamlet [prope r n → v]l. buy [v → n] m. smooth [a → v]BlendingAnalyse the blends and translate them into Chinese.motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 谍报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真录音设备cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影女演员ClippingRestore the full forms of the following words and see how these clipped words are formed.copter (helicopter)ab (laboratory)gas (gasoline)scope (telescope)sarge (sergeant)ad (advertisement)dorm (dormitory)prefab (prefabricated house)prof (professor)champ (champion)mike (microphone)tec (detective)Acronymy2. What do the short forms stand for?kg = kilogramcm = centimeteribid = ibidemft = foot$ = dollaretc. = et ceteracf = conferVIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language3. Choose a word from the list to fill in each of the blanks.a. There was a wide coverage of the _____ talks in the press.b. There are enemy aircraft on the _____ screen.c. _____ is still an incurable disease.d. If one knows _____ language, one will find it easy to learn how to use computers.e. _____ has long been applied to surgery in medicine.f. _____ is an international agency of the United Nations which is concerned with improving health standards and services throughout the world.g. Passive _____ listens for noises emanating from a submarine.h. The person who works for the Federal Bureau of Investigation is called a _____.a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-man Backformation2. Give the original words from which the following words are back-formed.lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper NamesStudy the following sentences and pick out the words which used to be proper names and explain the meanings in relation to their origins.a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle TomChapter 56. Match the words in Colume A with those in Colume B.A Bapes—bcattle—mdoves—cgeese—kwolves—gpigs—lturkeys—dbirds—acricket—nfoxes—jsheep—fmonkeys—ehyenas—hswans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage / promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]cow [– HUMAN – MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]calf [– HUMAN + MALE - ADULT + BOVINE]rooster [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]hen [– HUMAN – MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]– HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+ MALE – MALE + ADULTChapter 6Polysemyboarda piece of timbertabledining table council tablefood served at the table; councilors; committee;meal supplied by the week or month directors of a companyHomonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. Ona cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he“laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiableb. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestigeh. perspirei. accomplishmentj. silentk. impressivel. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. steadb. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, childrenh. tired, kidsi. declinedj. refusedk. rancidl. addledm. Penaltiesn. fineso. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar / sameb. safec. sharp / smartd. sende. stingy / selfishf. significant / sensibleg. skeptical / suspicioush. simplei. surej. slipshod / slovenly / sloppy k. sleepiness / sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob / scowl6. a. old-fashionedb. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocenth. rigidi. loosenj. clarityk. desertedl. fruitfulm. peremptoryn. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-feverb. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praiseh. young—oldi. wise men—fools saint—devil j. mind—bodyk. foul—fairl. danger—securitym. deliberate--promptn. children—parentso. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrongdry—sweetstrong—faintlight—darkhigh—low / deep private—publicsingle—returnhard—easyrough—calmcold—warm3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.BEDROOMrug, sleepers, carpet, bed wardrob dressing tablemattress dressing gown mirrorpillows pyjamas combsheets clothes hairbrushblanket6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.Chapter 74. 1) extension2) extension3) narrowing4) degradation5) elevation6) narrowing7) extension8) extension9) narrowing10) elevation11) narrowing12) degradation13) degradation14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. ab s tract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objectiveb. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjectiveh. subjective, objective7. a. dieb. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupilh. poor peoplei. toiletj. fat personk. unemployed mother。
词汇学教程张维友版课后习题答案
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter1】7．tart:loose woman bloke:fellowgat:pistol swell:greatchicken:coward blue:fightsmoky:police full:drunkdame:woman beaver:girl8.haply=perhaps albeit=althoughmethinks=it seemsto me eke=alsosooth=truth morn=morningtroth=pledge ere=beforequoth=said hallowed=holybillow=wave/the sea bade=bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle diewall skirt husband confrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream【Chapter2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world.It is made up of most of the languages of Europe,the Near East and India.English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary.A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events,it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another,and to assume among the powers of the earth separateand equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them,a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin.What are left are mostly functional words.This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8.eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+Latin]falsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]joss house[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]9.amateur(late)finacé(late)empire(early)peace(E)courage(E)garage(L)judgement(E)chair(E)chaise(L)grace(E)servant(E)routine(L) jealous(E)savaté(L)genre(L) gender(E)début(L)morale(L) state(E)chez(L)ballet(L) 11.allegro,f轻快andante,j行板diminuendo,g渐弱largo,d缓慢pianoforte,a轻转慢alto,i女低音crescendo,b渐强forte,e强piano,h轻soprano,c女高音12.cherub(Hebrew)snorkel(G)coolie(Hindi)tulip(Turk)lasso(Sp)wok(Ch)shampoo(Indian)chocolate(Mex)tepee(Am Ind)jubilee(Gr)。
词汇学课本练习答案
Unit 11.主观题2. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary ?The transitional period（转型时期） from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English(ME 1100----1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance（文艺复兴） brought great change to the vocabulary. The renewed（复兴的） study of Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介） of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly into English vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 4~5)3.Enumerate the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms （新词，旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者） after World War Ⅱ.Give four examples for each cause.① marked progress of science and technology. Example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毁) ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad② socio-economic（社会经济）, political and cultural changes. Example:roller-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving（跳伞运动）,disignated hitter③ the influence from other cultures and languages（page6~7）Example:cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman （调查官员舞弊情况的政府官员）, apartheid（种族隔离）.4.What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock （词库） of the English vocabulary ?(1). National character(全民通用性)：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability（稳定性）:As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropped out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability(构词)：Basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). Ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：Basic words combine readily with other words to form habitual expressions and phrases.Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)5. What are the characteristics of the English vocabulary asa result of its historical development ?The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from Latin, French and Greek.（page 18.）6.Why do we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary?First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful partof the English vocabulary. So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance. （Page 10 paragraph 2, and Page 19 paragraph 2）7.What do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The great majority of English words are common words . The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically (在文体上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (Page 11 paragraph 6)(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的） style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)Chapter 2Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a.Morphemic 形位b.Allomorph 形位变体c.free and bound morphemicd. hybrid 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph 3, line 4)Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man，read， faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 ) Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance 表达; it must appear with at least one other morphemic. Example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4)Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes?P26页第4段开头 P29页第4自然段末尾Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes（派生词缀） are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes前缀 and suffixes后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.Q3:In what two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀classified? p26Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀and suffixes后缀.Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic（语素的） level? P29 paragraph 5On the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（复合词）.Chapter IIIⅠ Explain1、 (p32)Word-formation rules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2、Root, stem and base. Analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem.Denationalized①Root：nation②stem：denationalize③base：nationalizedⅡ Compounding1、What are the relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)①Orthographic criterion② Phonological criterion③ Semantic criterionⅢ Derivation1、What is derivation?(p42-p43)Derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base. Suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、How are the major living prefixes classified? Give a few examples to illustrate each kind.（P44） The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , de - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrent hyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter- , antic - , pro - ) eg, cooperation,anti-nuclear , pro-student ,counterpart6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. Subarctic , superacid, transcode7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（P50）answer：1）deverbal noun suffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as –er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and –ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun –nounsuffixes , such as –hood in boyhood , - ship in scholarship , - let in booklet , and –dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective –verb suffixes , such as –ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and –en in quicken4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun –adjective suffixes, such as –full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and –ish in foolish.5、Give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（P51）answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering3) a gardener means a person who garden4) a New Yorker means a person from New York5) a villager means inhabitant of village6) a diner is‘ a dining carriage on a train’7) a lifer is‘ slang. A person sentenced to imprisonment for life8) a dresser meansAnalyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of ‘ one who performs an action ’ as for 4、5 ， this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial and slangy .Ⅳ Conversion1、what is the difference between conversion（此类转化法） and suffixation （加后缀）?(P55 介绍conversion的第一段 )：Conversion is a word-formation processwhereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also calledzero-derivation.e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) ---- buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) ---- tutor ( v. )（例子也可以举其他的如attack）(P49 介绍Suffixation的第一段)：Suffixation: It's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish -- boyish adj. boy n. +hood -- boyhood n.2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生词)? （P56 中间三个例子）•The base is derivation by zero suffix.Spy –a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies.•The derived word is derivation by suffixWirter---a deverbal noun with "-er" suffix，meaning one who writes3、Illustrate the axiom（原理）,"The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use."（P57最后一段）Notice how the word-class of round varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence:i.e. The second round(n)（回合）was exciting. Any round(adj)（圆的）plate will do.Some drivers round(v)（绕行）coners too rapidly.The sound goes round andround(phrase). (旋转)The above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（词序） is more fixed in Modern English than ever before, the function shifts within sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).『这一段可不要』4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion?(58—59页)First in contemporary English, there is a tendency o f “a preponderance of nouns aver verb”.Second, there are only a few verb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and –en.5、What are the major semantic typesunder noun to verb conversion?（a）“to put in/on N”（b）“to give N, to provide N”（c）“to deprive of N; or to remove theobject denoted by the noun from something”（d）“To….with N”（e）“To｛be/ act as｝N with respect to…”(1)verbs from human nouns(2)verbs from animal nouns(3)verbs from inanimate nouns（f）“To ｛make/change｝…into N”（g）“To ｛send/go｝by N”(1)mail(2)bicycle（h）“To spend the period of time denoted by N”6、Why is the poor an example of partialconversion?（62页）It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. It does not take plural and genitiveinflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8、Pick out the converted words in thesentences below and state(1)the word-class of the converted words and their meanings; (2)to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs:（1）They are going to summer in Guilin.the converted word:summer（v.）the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:避暑；过夏天the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.)(2)They hurrahed his wonderful performance.the converted word: hurrah(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:欢呼，叫好，为----喝彩the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)(3)You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.the converted word: round(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:弄圆，使---成圆形the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.)(4)They are great sillies.the converted word: silly(n.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning:傻瓜the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.)(5)She dusted the furniture every morning.the converted word: dust(v.)the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 拂去灰尘the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dust(n.)(6) It is a good buy.the converted word: buy(n.)the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:购买，买卖；所购的物品the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)Chapter41. Initialism:Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.3. Blend:Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. Front and back clipping:The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This is the most common type of clipping.Front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.5. back-formation:Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication:Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.Chapter V1.How are the sound and meaning of most words related?Give examples to illustrate your point. (P93)Most English words are conventional（常规的）, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic（内在的，固有的） relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.e.g. house ( English)maison ( French)fangzi ( Chinese)dom ( Russian)casa ( Spanish)A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（声音符号）and meaning can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音异义词): write, right, and rite(仪式，礼拜式）. They are pronounced the same but convey different meanings.2.What do we mean by phonetic motivation? （P94和PPT）Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words （拟声词） or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words don’t show any such relationship.Onomatopoeic words（拟声词） can be divided into primary Onomatopoeia（直接拟声）and secondary Onomatopoeia（间接拟声）.Primary Onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Secondary Onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.3.Quote a short poem or passage that shows the literaryeffect of onomatopoeic words. (P94倒数第二行)“The ice was here, the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound!”5.What is meant by grammatical meaning?（P96~97）Grammatical meaning(词法意义) consists of word-class （词类） and inflectional paradigm（词形变化）。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案(注：参考答案仅供参考。
有些题目的答案并非是唯一的)Chapter 11. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Y et, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions uses different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.(2) Y ou boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o‘clock.(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.3. (1) when it follows ‗-t‘and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id];(2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree‖.(2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly‖ and have a common meaning.(3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication‘..(4)They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote variouskinds of ―looking‖.5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on White). 0(b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: any bird which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); grey ‗hound: any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words.7. (a) The ‗bull‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.(b) ‗Take the bull by the horn‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someoneor something directly.(c) ‗Like a bull in a china shop‘is an idiom, meaning doing something with too muchenthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.(d) A‗bull market‘is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares inanticipation of profits.8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowlBeer: beer glass, tankardWine: wineglass, gobletSpirits: sherry glassChapter 21.Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang,sung.Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language.For example, moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair, -ing, -s, etc.Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry,reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert4.(a)[ ə](b)[ -ai]5. (1) –‗s, -s(2) -est, -s(3) –ing(4) –ed6. The connotations are as follows:(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker is speaking to a child, (3) beastie is used to a small animal in Scotland, carrying the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}8. court: polysemy dart: polysemyfleet: homonymy jam: homonymypad: homonymy steep: homonymystem: homonymy stuff: polysemywatch: polysemy9. (1)—(f), (2)—(g), (3)—(c), (4)—(e), (5)—(a), (6)—(d), (7)—(b)10.(1) unpractical(2) break(3) impractical(4) rout(5) pedals(6) Route(7) razeChapter 31.The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle andModern English periods.In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings‘, which refers to vivid figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more on word-formation processes based on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of ‗loan translations‘. Grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.In Middle English period, English grammar and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.In Early Modern English period, English vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes‘.2.appeareth in (a) becomes appeared in (b), and dreame becomes dream. The passive weredeparted becomes the active had gone. With the change of word forms, (b) looks simple morphologically.3.barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: Frenchcadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latinginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanesewhisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latinalgebra: Arabic giraffe: African4.train: meaning changed from the trailing part of a gown to a wide range of extendedmeanings.deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast‘ or ‗animal‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit‘.hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water‘.5.sell: specialized hound: specializedstarve: specialized wife: specializedloaf: specialized6.Chapter 41. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-edun-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, bookedforget: forgets, forgot, forgottenshort: shortter, shortestsnap: snaps, snapping, snappedtake: takes, taking, took, takengoose: geeseheavy: heavier, heaviest3.–ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be‘mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of‘re-: meaning ‗again‘under-: meaning ‗not enough‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N‖ structure, in which adjectivesare used to modify nouns ‗line, line, neck, room‘. Hotline means ‗a telephone number that people can call for information‘. Mainline means ‗an important railway line between two cities‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs‘.b. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Bookshelf means ‗ashelf for keeping books‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread‘. Mailbox means ‗a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house‘. Wineglass means ‗a glass for drinking wine‘.c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗thehead of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘.Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill‘.d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before theyhave finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people‘.Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed‘.e. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N-ed‖structure, in whichadjectives are used to modify the N-ed.f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj‖ structure, meaning As Adj AsN.5.in-: not, the opposite ofen-: to put into the condition ofdis-: not, the opposite ofun-: not, the opposite ofinter-: between, amongmis-: wrongly or badlyover-: too muchre-: againpost-: after6. a. a young dog; pigletb. a female editor; hostessc. a place for booking tickets; refineryd. one who is kicked; traineee. the state of being put up; output7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix)inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix)teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix)8. a. initialismb. blendingc. compoundingd. conversion9. a. compounding, affixationb. compounding, affixationc. compounding, shorteningd. compounding, affixation10.a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissibleb. absorbent, assistant, different, participantc. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developerd. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockeryChapter 51. (a) connotation (b) formality(c) dialect (d) connotation2. waterrainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ……..3. (a) keeping(b) feeling of admiration or respect4. (a) hyponymy(b) meronymy5. (a) light beer, strong beer(b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee6. amateur—dabbler, funny—ridiculous, occupation—profession,small—little, famous—renowned, fiction—fable, smell—scent7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine‘. Diagram refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym(d) synonymy (e) meronymyChapter 61. 1) literal expression 2) idiom3) literal expression 4) idiom5) idiom 6) literal expression2. 1) die2) something that makes a place less attractive3) suddenly realize or understand something4) make one‘s friends disappoint5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important6) react quickly so as to get an advantage3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc.2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc3) give something to the person it belongs to4) annoy5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect6) try to find out the facts about something7) live under the rule of someone8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc.9) give someone a warning or secret information about somethingChapter 71.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings,pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword.2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric powerand can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. .3.Open to discussion.4.Open to discussion.5.(a) symbolise(b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality orsituation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music(a)/sim‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/(b)represent(c)2(d)Y es. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples.Chapter 81.vertically challenged—shortsanitation engineer—garbage collectorethnic cleansing--genocideladies‘ cloak room—women‘s toilet2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman impliesapproval.(2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect.(3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise implies approval.(4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, scholar is neutral.3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit(3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights?5. Answers vary from person to person.6. (1) on a formal occasion.(2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off(3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave(4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend.7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons.Chapter 91. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting thingsclothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm;building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors2. She attacked every weak point in my argument.He withdrew his offensive remarks.I hit back at his criticism.She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument.I braced myself for the onslaught.3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb‘. This meaning is considered as the core meaning of the form. So, trainee means ‗one who is being trained‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object‘meaning. So ‗standee‘ means ‗one who stands‘.4. In ‗good baby‘, ‗good‘means ‗well-behaved, not causing trouble‘; in ‗good parent‘, ‗good‘means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc.‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology.。
词汇学答案1-4章
第一章word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2. Vocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words ina language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3. Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/(树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, . /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4. There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form.⑴There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme.⑵The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling.⑶influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changedthe spelling of words an d ⑷borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling formsin cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, suchas sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6. Words of the basic word stock form the common core ofthe English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterizedby all national character, stability, polysemy, productivityand collocability.7. a. loose woman b. fellow c. pistol d. greate. cowardf. fightg. policeh. drunki. womanj. girl8. haply = perhaps albeit= althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke= alsosmooth= truth morn= morningtroth= pledge ere= beforequoth = said hallowed= holybillow= wave/ the sea bade= bid9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元),e-book(电子书),SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10. By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverds and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11. Native words form a small portion of the Englishvocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle confrere chopsticks dreamdie pro patria black humourskirt parvenu long time no seewall Wunderkind typhoonhusband Mikado第二章1. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe , the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary . A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.Language FamilyBalto-Slavic (Lithuanian,Prussian, Polish, Slavenian, Russian, Bulgarian)Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Perian)Celtic (Breton, Scottish, Irish)Italic(Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Roumanian)Hellenic(Greek)Germanic(English, Swedish, German, Norweigian, Icelangic, Danish, Dutch)vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. OldEnglish has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of NormanConquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavilyfrom other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adaptitself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that ithas simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6. course human events necessarypeople dissolve political connected assume powers separate equal station nature entitle decent respect opinions requiresdeclare causes impel separationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we leftare mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latinplay a very important part in the English vocabulary.7. Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1)Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and(4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status ,nucleus , minimum.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin ]Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ]Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ]Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ]9. amateur (late) finace (late)Empire (late) peace (early)Courage (early) garage (late)Judgement (early) chair (early)Chaise (late) grace (early)Servant (early) routine (late)Jealous (early) savate (late)Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late)State (early) chez (late)Ballet (late)10. Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in English. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. allegro f . 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b.渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e.强Largo d.缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a.轻转慢Soprano c.女高音12. cherub（Hebrew） chipmunk(American Indian )Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi)Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek)Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi)Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi)Snorkel (German) tamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish)Voodoo (African) kibitz (German)Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13.d..bonanza14. the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and influence of other cultures and languages.15. the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.第三章morpheme morphemeaffixaffix2. inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was;lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3. Individualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base]individual + ist [stem, base ]individu + al [stem, base ]in + dividu [root, stem, base ]undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ]desir + able [root, stem, base ]free morpheme =free root4. morpheme{Bound rootbound morpheme { inflectional affixaffix { prefixderivational affix {suffix第四章Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of Englishvocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation ,which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28% to 30% of all the new words.;and conversion ,which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.Affixation,also called derivation,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.Generally speaking,prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c.participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1. The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, . '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of the component parts, but the free phrase is, . hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, . easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + ] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + ] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv] Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.）.3. There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name)and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon) are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker) are formed by means of backformation.有教养的 well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的 homebound 回家的needle work 针织品 homework 家庭作业 praiseworthy 值得表扬的 respectworthy 值得尊敬的 bar-woman 吧女 sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的 college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的 strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的 newstyle 新款self-control 自制 self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的 politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水 fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的 once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片 news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习 mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇 father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的 home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的 half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的 ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的 status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的 market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech. The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, of the functions of term zero-derivation approaches conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes,hence zero derivation.2.Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases,such as simple (adj.)→simplify（v.)7.,examiner8.trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-world9.Mono-=one:monorail,monoculture10.Super-=over,above:superstructure,supernatural11.Auto-=self:autobiography,automobile12.Sub-=below:subculture,subconscious13.Mal-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutrition14.Mini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwar15.Pre-=before:prehistorical,preelection16.Ex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmer3 The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different new nouns converted from verbsrefer to （1）state of mind or sensation, .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity , (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action,. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action, (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument ,e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place,. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun,e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun,. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun,e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, . cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.When adjectives are converted into nouns ,some are completely changed ,thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed ,thus known as partial which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns .That means they can take a / an shorts , which are partially converted still keep adjective should always be used with the ,and they cannot take -s/-es to show plural ,the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor ,the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breath /breɚ/→breathe /bri:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) cha nge of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach 【n.→v.】 b. Room 【n.→ v.】c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. fla t [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel) 汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 情报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 女电影演员Clippingcopter (heli copter) front clippingdorm (dorm itory) back clippinglab (lab oratory) back clippingprefab (pref abricated house) phrase clippinggas (gas oline) back clippingprof (prof essor) back clippingscope (tele scope) front clippingchamp (champ ion) back clippingsarge (serge ant) back clippingmike (mic rophone) back clippingad (ad vertisement) back clippingtec (de tec tive) front and back clippingAcronymy1. Yes, there is a difference between them. Thedifference lies in the formation and pronunciation.Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, .UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritishB roadcastingC orporation), VIP(very important person)and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, . AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2. kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfercm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bidemetc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC=O rganization of P etroleumE xporting C ountriesTOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1.It is true that both are means of making new words by removing the end part of the words . But they havedifferences . For a back-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,. auth------author ,donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms–-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usuallydifferent from the existing suffixes ,.ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline ,exam------examination , etc.se (laser)escalate(escalator)Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish)Orate (orator) commute (commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment bykeeping sth. wanted out of reachb.Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfulc.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration ofoneself or one’s appearanced.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damagedeliberately(2) deliberatedamage or destructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Yahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock : a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover : cleaning by using a vacuumcleaner。
英语词汇学课后答案张维友编word精品
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案[Chapter 1】7. tart: loose woma nbloke: fellowgat: pistolswell: great ehieke n: cowardblue: fightsmoky: policefull: drunkdame: woma n beaver: girl8. haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethi nks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth : =truth morn = morni ngtroth = p ledge ere = beforequoth =saidhallowed = holybillow =wave/ the seabade = bid12.【Chapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important Ianguagefamilies in the world. It is made up of most of the Ianguages of Europe, the Near East and In dia. En glish bel ongs to this family and the other members of the In do-Europea n have more or less in flue nee on En glish vocabulary. A kno wledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.In do-Europea n Lan guage Family1 11111Balto-SlavicIn do-Ira nianCelticItalia n : : :Helle nicGerma nic2.Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishWhe n in the course of huma n eve nts it becomes n ecessaryfor one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connectedthem with another, and to assumea mong the powers of the earthseparatea nd equal statio n to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causeswhich impel them to theseparatio n.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Lati n origi n. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the En glish vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek] saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin] 9.amateur (late) finac (late) empire (early) peace (E) courage (E)garage (L) judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L) grace (E) servant (E)routine (L) jealous (E) savat (L) genre (L) gender(E)d (but (L)morale (L)Lithuanian Prussian Polish Slavenian Russian Bulgarian6.Persian Scottish IrishFrench Italian PortugueseSwedish German Norweigian Icelandic Danish Dutchstate (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j行板diminuendo, g渐弱largo, d缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低首crescendo, b渐强forte, e强piano, h轻soprano, c女咼首12.cherub (Hebrew) coolie (Hindi) lasso (Sp) shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind) kibitz (G) chipmunk (Am Ind) cotton (Arab)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch) chocolate (Mex) jubilee (Gr) Sabbath (Heb) tamale (Mex) voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligator c. rodeo e. igloo g. wigwam i. hurricanek. panchos b. loco d. bonanza f. blitzkrieg h. canoe j. boomerang【Ch apter 31. a. morpheme c. bound morpheme e. affix g. derivati onal affix i. stem 3. in dividualistic in dividualist + ic [stem,base] in dividual + ist [stem, base] in dividu + al [stem, base] in + dividu [root, stem, base]un desirablesun + desirable [stem, base] desir + able [root, stem, base] -free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme - in flect ional affixLaffix + r prefixderivati onal affixsuffixloot (Hindi) b. allomorphd. free morpheme f. informational affix h. root j. base【Ch apter 4】Affixation5. non-smokerdisobey immatureun willi ngn essillogical non-athletic in capablein securityin ability/disabilityillegal disloyalimpractical irrelevant uno fficiallydisagreeme ntinconvenient6. harde n horrify moder nizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelen gthe n inten sify beautifyfatte n sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. len gthe ningd. sympathizede. fatte nf. falsifyg. memorizi ng h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politicia n c. participa ntd. waitresse. con ductorf. teacherg. pia nist h. exam in ee/exam iner8.trans- = across: transcon ti nen tal, tran s-world mono- = one:mono rail, mono culturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, super natural auto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnu triti on mi ni- = little, small: min icrisis, mi ni war pre- = before: prehistorical, preelecti on ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] movie-goer [place + V] far- reachi ng [V + Adv] lion-hearted [adv + a] boyfrie nd [S + compleme nt] snap decisi on [V + O] on-coming [V +adv] light-blue [a + a] brai nwashi ng [V + O] bak ing powder [ V+adv] dog-tired [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a] peace-lo ving [V +0] easy chair [ a + n] tax-free [adv +a] goin gs-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bo un d/homebo undConversion 7. a. stomach [n f v]b. room [n fc. wolf [ n fd. come/go [ve. familiar [af. innocen t [ag. flat [a fh. ah/ ouch [inti. warm [a f n]j.has-bee n/might-havebee n [fin ite vf n]k. Hamlet [proper n f v] l. buy [v f n] m. smooth [a f v]Blendingmotel (motor + hotel) humint (huma n + in tellige nee)advertisetics (advertiseme nt + statistics) psywarrior (psychological warrior) hoverport (hovercraft + port) chunnel (cha nnel + tunnel) hi-fi (high + fidelity) cin emactress Qn ema + actress dorm (dormitory) prefab (prefabricated house) prof (professor) champ (champi on) mike (micropho ne) tec (detective) Acronymy2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confer cm = centimeter $ = dollaribid = ibidem etc. = et cetera VIP = very importa nt pers onOPEC = Orga ni zati on of Petroleum Export ing Coun triesn eedle work/homework bar-woma n/sportswoma n clear-mi nded/stro ng-mi nded self-c on trol/self-respect water-proof/fire-proof n ews-film/news-letter sister-i n-law/father-i n-law half-way/half-d one age-co nscious/status-c on sciouspraiseworthy/respectworthy n atio n-wide/college-widemilitary-style/newstyle budget-related/politics-related on ce-fashio nable/o nce-powerful mock-attack/mock-sad ness home-baked/home-produced ever-lasti ng/ever-gree ncampus-based/market-basednnmClippingcopter (helicopter) lab (laboratory) gas (gasoli ne) scope (telescope* sarge ^ergea nt) ad (advertiseme nt)TOEFL = teachi ngof En glish as aforeig n Ian guage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-ma nBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator) commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tan talize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyec—Argusc. n arcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage- sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hooveri ng—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Un cle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes— b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves— c foxes—jgeese- k sheep- fwolves—g pigs—l turkeys—d mon keys— e hyenas— h swa ns— i9. a. A scie ntist worki ng in a project to develop in dustrial uses for nu clear power might have all thepositive associationswith “ atomic ” , such as“ ben efit, en ergy ” , etc.b. A Japa nese reside nt of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosi on at the endof World War II, might have all the n egative associati ons with“ atom icsuch as “ sufferi ng, killi ng, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “ atomic ” might be associated with“ myscienee, knowledge ” , etc.10. talkative:articulate:gossip: impl ying a fondn ess for talk ing freque ntly and at len gth neutral) express ing on eself easily and clearly positivein dulgi ng in idle talk or rumours about others (negativerambli ng: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) flue nt: speak ing easily, smoothly, and expressively positive mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)14.[Chapter 6】 Polysemy 4.4. 1) Make both en dsmeat is a parody of make both ends meet which means“ haveeno ugh money for one ' s n eeds ” . Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair ofhomonyms meat and meet to make a pun .It makes a proper an swer tothelady ' s questio(1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make wholesausageswith all meat) becausethey cannot make both ends meet (If they madesausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn eno ugh money to survive.)( 2) Don ' t compla in. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, wecannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold win ter day, if one has a swallow of wi ne, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanin gs: weap ons; the huma n upper limbs. Si nee a cannonball took off his legs ”，the soldier was not able to fight on, so he laiddining table council tablefood served at the table; meal supplied by the week or monthcouncilors; committee ; directors of a companyhis armS',which means Surrende ”.lt can also mean he laid down limbs. Synonymy3. avaricious:greedycourteously: politely ema ncipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedrema in der: residueinnocent: si nlessobstacle: obstructio nvexatio n: annoyance5. a. ide ntifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surro undingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishme nt j. sile nt k. impressive l. evaporate6. run movespi n turn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficie ntg. fatigued, childre n h. tired, kidsi. decli ned j. refused k. ran cidl. addled m. Pen alties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. sti ngy/ selfish h. simplef. sig nifica nt/se nsible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. s moothj. slipshod/ slove nly/ sloppyk. sleep in ess/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashi oned b. completelydow n his upper5.c. moisturee. esse ntialg. innocenti. loose nk. desertedm. peremptoryo. in differe ntd. special f. similarity h. rigid j. clarity l. fruitful n. depressed 7. a. feed — starve, cold-fever c. haste — leisuree. speech- sile nee g. adm onish — praise h. young — old private — j. mind — bodyl. dan ger — security n.childre n — pare ntsp. head — tail8. right — wrong dry —sweet stro ng — fai nt light —dark high —low/deepb. wisdom — folliesd. penny —pound, wise —foolishf. abse nee- prese neei. wise men —fools k. foul —fair m. deliberate-prompt o. bully —coward Hyponymy3. furn iture: desk, chair, table, bed matter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, mutt ongo: run, fly, walkworkplace cli nic, hospital house, build ing office, law courts garagestudio worksite, factorydress ing gown sin gle — return hard — easy rough — calm cold —public saint — devil4. profession surge on:plumber:lawyer:mecha nic:photographer:forema n:6. In Sentence 1,got, furniture, rece ntly are superord in ates because they are gen eraland convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates,conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magn ifice nt build ing, destroyed, yesterdayare superordi nate terms, which are comparatively much more gen eral tha n the n ews says, Royal Hotel, bur nt dow n, last ni ght respectively in 4, which can be described as subord in ates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymouslysemanticfield and Group 2 is semanticfiled. The differenee lies: In 1 the words are synonyms none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse Horse is a cover term or superordi nate, and others are subord in ates. These terms have no differe nee in style or affective mea ning.[Chapter 7】4. 1) exte nsion 2) exte nsion3) n arrowi ng 4) degradation5) elevati on 6) n arrowi ng7) exte nsion 8) exte nsion9) n arrowi ng 10) elevati on11) n arrowi ng 12) degradation13) degradati on 14) degradation5. a. associated tran sferb. abstract to con cretec. abstract to con creted. abstract to con cretee. abstract to con cretef. abstract of con creteg. associated tran sferh. associated tran sferi. syn esthesiaj. syn esthesiab. subjective, objective d. subjective f. subjective h. subjective, objective[Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measureme nt and determ in atio n of one ' s positi onc. predicame ntd. injectio na.a sin gle complete divid ing part (of a rocket) b.the theatre or acting as a professi on c.a particular point or period in a process of developme nt d. to pla n, arrange and carry outa. in tercha nge and discussi on of ideas, esp. for mutual un dersta nding or harmonyb. con versati onc. a writte n conv ersati on (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. expla nati on/ defi niti onc. antonymd. examplee. releva nt detailsf. releva nt detailsg. releva nt details4. a. stop people drinking stop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stones a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policema ng. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toiletj. fat pers onk. un employed mother 7. 6. a. objective c.objective e.subjective g.subjectivec. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visit ingpay ing a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane ' s weddingf. a weap on that can fly over long dista nee and that it explodes whe n itnits thething it aims atan object that is throw n at somebody in order to hurt him[Chapter 9】6. a— 2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f —8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. sta nd out aga instb. approve ofc. get …over withd. look ing intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut dow n …to8. a cool cat= a really calm pers on blow one's stac k lose con trol over on eself fly offthe handle r become excessively angry what's more= furthermore get away with= commit an illegitimate act without pen alty of course r n aturally get on= get old pepper and sal= grey (hair) make up for= compe nsate forlost time= time wastedtake it easy= relax, not worryget up= rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of= man age or look after like a breeze= without effort or easily time off = time for rest get it made= be successful this is it= be in a positi on or place, or have possessi on of an object bey ond which more of the same is unn ecessary Sam is really a calm pers on. He n ever loses con trol of himself and hardly ever becomes too an gry. Furthermore, he knows how to man age his bus in ess finan cially by using a few tricks •…Needless to say, hgetting older.His hair is begi nning to tur n grey, but he knows how to compe nsate for wasted time by relax ing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He man ages his fran kfurter dispe nsary without visible effort, un til it is some one else's tur nto work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard say ing: Toomany cooks, better let me”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discer ning his fin ger still very large inevery pie ——so much so that there ofte n seemed less pie tha n fin ger. havea fin ger in the pied. I'm thinking of putting up a Silenee is golden" placard in his office. Nobody canhear themselves thi nk.Speech is silver, sile nee is golde ne. They four had one like ness: their appeara nee and their work was as it were awheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them exte nsively n evertheless, together with other equally suspectevide nee, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make hisbricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather waifsand strays top and tailrules and regulatio nsrags and tatters pick andshovel over and aboveoff and on wheeli ng and deali ng town and gow n time after time rise and fall puff and blow peace and quiet one and only n eck and n eckshoulder to shoulder milk and water 11. a.好奇伤身。
英语词汇学_习题集1(含答案)
《英语词汇学》课程习题集一、Rewriting the short paragraph1. First VersionEven since I was a CHILD, I have wanted to go on the stage and be an ACTRESS, like my elder sister. She is less PRETTY than I am and I hoped that if I was LUCKY, I, too, would have the chance to PERFORM three or four times a week at our little local theatre.Second VersionEver since my ____, I have wanted to go on the stage and ____, like my elder sister. I am ____ than she is, and I hoped that with ____, I, too, would have the chance to give ____ three or four times a week at our little local theatre.2. First Version“You should be CONFIDENT. You are ABLE to do it,” she told me, “but you may not have the PATIENCE. It takes a lot of hard work to be SUCCEESSFUL. You can ACHIEVE anything if you stick to it.”Second Version“You should have _____ in yourself. You’ve got the _____ to do it,” she told me, “but you may be too ____. It takes a lot of hard work to ____. You can make any ____ if you stick to it.”3. First VersionThen she would DESCRIBE in DETAIL of her CONFUSION and embarrassment when the man who was DIRECTING the play told her that she spoke and MOVE too slowly in one scene. Second VersionThen she would give me a ____ ____ of how _____ and embarrassed she’d been when the ____ of the play told her that her speech and ____ were too slow in one scene.4. First VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after HESITATING for a moment, say “WELCOME!” to and old woman who was ENTERING from the other side. “But take CARE because the stage is SLIPPERY,” he said.Second VersionShe was supposed to run across the stage and, after a moment’s ____, to ____ an old woman who was making her ____ from the other side. “But be ____ not to ____,” he said.5. First VersionThere was no DOUBT that the stage was very slippery, but she would PROBABL Y have reached the other side SAFEL Y if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was in FASHION that year, and tumbled right off the stage, to the ASTONISHMENT of the audience.Second VersionThe stage was ____ very slippery, but it’s ____ that she would have reached the other side in____ if she had not fallen over her long skirt, which was ____ that year, and tumbled right off the stage. The audience was ____.二、Multiple choices6. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four7. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four8. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four9. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”?A. ig-B. ir-C. il-D. im-10. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality?A. booksB. pigsC. horsesD. expense11. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists12. According to ______, there is not an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists13. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists14. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists15. According to ______, there is not an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense.A. naturalistsB. anthropologistsC. linguistsD. conventionalists16. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym17. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym18.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym19. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym20.In the sentence “John was asked to leave after his three-day stay in the town”, “stay”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________.A. compoundingB. derivationC. conversionD. acronym21. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational and inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix22. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix23. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix24. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all derivational affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix25. Which of the following terms refers to the form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed?A. stemB. rootC. baseD. affix26.The word “wife” used to mean “woman”, now it means “married woman esp. in relation to her husband”. The word has undergone a sort of seman tic change called _____.A. elevationB. degenerationC. extensionD. restriction27.The word “holiday” used to mean “holy day, a day of religious significance”, and now it refers to “day of recreation, when no work is done”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation28.The word “salary” used to mean “a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt”, and now it refers to “fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to person doing other than manual work”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation29.The word “starve” used to mean “to die”, and now it refers to “to die of hunger”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation30.The word “shrewd” used to mean “evil, bad, wicked”, and now it refers to “clever or sharp in practical affairs”. This is an example of _____ of meaning.A. extensionB. restrictionC. degenerationD. elevation31. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD32. French brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD33. The English vocabulary is characterized by the strong influence of French _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD34. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD35. The Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary _______.A. from 1100 to 1500 ADB. from 1500 to 1700 ADC. from 450 to 1100 ADD. from 1700 to 1900 AD36.The word “tear”meaning “the drop of salty water from the eye”and the word “tear”meaning “to pull sharply apart” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words37. The word “lead” meaning “guide or take, esp. by going in front, etc.” and the word “lead”meaning “an easily melted metal of a dull bluish-grey color” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words38. The word “lie” meaning “make a statement that one knows to be untrue” and the word “lie”meaning “put oneself flat on a horizontal surface” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words39. The word “base” meaning “the thing or part on which something rests” and the word “base”meaning “having or showing little or no honour, courage or decency”are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words40. The word “son” meaning “one’s male child” and the word “sun” meaning “a star that is the basis of the solar system and that sustains life on Earth, being the source of heat and light” are called a pair of ________.A. homophonesB. perfect homonymsC. homographsD. polysemic words41. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. antonymyD. polysemy42. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. antonymyB. synonymyC. hyponymyD. polysemy43. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy44. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. polysemyC. antonymyD. synonymy45. When a word has a range of different meanings, it belongs to the words of ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy46.We can use “a silver lining” for “every cloud has a silver lining”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. additionC. abbreviationD. extension47.We can use “pull an unhappy face” for “pull a long face”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension48.We can use “see too many trees, but not the forest” for “cannot see the wood for the trees”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. omissionC. abbreviationD. extension49.We can use “come of marriage age” for “come of age”. The kind of usage of the idiom is known as _______.A. separationB. replacementC. abbreviationD. extension50. What is the rhetoric style illustrated by the idiom “neck and neck”?A. comparisonB. rhymeC. alliterationD. repetition51. _______ is the central factor in a word describing what it is.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning52. _______ consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. grammatical meaningD. lexical meaning53. _______ refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in one’s mind.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning54._______ is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning55. _______ is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.A. Denotative meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Stylistic meaningD. Affective meaning三、Terms56. proverbabsolute synonym57. function wordsonomatopoeic words58. homonymydegradation59. metaphorprefixation60. polysemyelevation of meaning四、Questions61. How is American English related to British English?What is the vital role of context?62. What are the differences between American English and British English?How are the sound and meaning of most words related?63. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? How can context help us determine the meaning of a word?64. What is the relationship between American English and British English?What is the difference between conversion and suffixation?65. Why is American English considered a kind of regional dialect of English?What are the types of context?五、Word-building processes（略）……答案一、Rewriting the short paragraph1. 1. childhood2. act3. prettier4. luck5. performances2. 1. confidence 2. ability3. impatient4. succeed5. achievement3. 1. detailed 2. description 3. confused4. director5. movement4. 1. hesitation 2. welcome 3. entrance 4. careful5. slip5. 1. undoubtedly 2. probable 3. safety 4. fashionable 5. astonished二、Multiple choices6. C7. C8. C9. A10. D11. A12. D13. A14. A15. D16. C17. C18. C19. C20. C21. A22. C23. B24. C25. B26. D27. A28. A29. B30. D31. B32. A33. A34. B35. B36. C37. C38. B39. B40. A41. D42. D43. C44. B45. C46. C47. B48. A49. D50. D51. A52. C53. B54. C55. D三、Terms56. proverb: it is a well-known, supposedly wise saying usually in simple language expressinga fact or a truth which deals with everyday experience.e.g. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. / The early bird catches the worm.absolute synonyms: two words that are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.e.g. word-formation and word-building or spirants and fricatives.57. function words: short words such as prepositions, conjunctions and so on. They don’t havemuch lexical meaning and serve grammatically more than anything else. They are in contrast to content words, which have independent lexical meaning and used to name objects, actions, states and so on. e.g. in, on and from.onomatopoeic words: They are the words imitating the sounds or sounding like natural sounds.e.g. cuckoo, tick, bang.58.homonymy: It is the relationship between words in the pairs which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.e.g. lead (to guide) / lead (a gray metal), tear (drop of salty water coming from the eye) / tear (pull sharply to pieces), bear / baredegradation: It means that words once respectable or neutral shift to a less respectable even degraded meaning.e.g. genteel, terrific, accident59. metaphor: It is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity.e.g. the teeth of a saw, a shower of stones, the tongue of a shoeprefixation: It is the word-formation process by the addition of a word element before an already existing word.e.g. multimedia, inconvenience, antiart60. polysemy: If a word has got more than two meanings, then it belongs to words of polysemy.e.g. rich, full, getelevation of meaning: Elevation is the process where words go uphill, shifting from words showing disrespectable meaning to better meaning. e.g. craftsman, shrewd四、Questions61. How is American English related to British English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What is the vital role of context?The impact of context on word meaning can be seen in the following aspects: eliminating ambiguities arising from the polysemy and grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase, conveying emotional overtones and indicating referents and the range of the meaning.62. What are the differences between American English and British English?The chief differences in pronunciation lie in the vowel sounds. The American and British spelling systems are essentially the same except that the American variant is simpler than its English counterpart. Differences in grammar are few in number and trifling in nature. The differences of American and British vocabulary can be grouped into three categories: wordswithout counterparts, same word with different meanings and same idea for different words. How are the sound and meaning of most words related?There are two linguistic schools concerning the relationship between sound and meaning. One is conventionalist and the other is naturalists. The latter school believes that there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and its meaning while the former not. Actually, most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols. There is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.63. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. The fundamental features of the basic word stock are as follows. The first one is national character. The second is stability. The third one is word-formation ability.How can context help us determine the meaning of a word?If one comes across a word with more than one meaning; only context can help you to select the exact meaning of the word from many choices. The same can be true of the grammatical structure which may confuse the readers. Furthermore, the real feeling of the writer can only be appreciated with the specific occasion how a word is used. Last, context does indicate referents and the range of the meaning of a word.64. What is the relationship between American English and British English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What is the difference between conversion and suffixation?Conversion is different from suffixation. In suffixation, a suffix or a combining form is added to the base and the original word will undergo a change in word-class, semantic change and phonological change. In contrast to suffixation, conversion in most cases does change the word-class of the original word but not the meaning or sound. We do have cases where conversion results in not only change in word-class but also semantic change and phonological change. However, conversion differs from suffixation most in that there is not word form change in the former process, that is the form of the original word always remains same after conversion while there is always some addition to the original word after suffixation.65. Why is American English considered a kind of regional dialect of English?British English and American English are two dialects of English. The latter originated from the former and developed independently. These two variants of English differ from each other in areas like pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.What are the types of context?There are two types of context: linguistic or verbal contexts or extra-linguistic or non-verbal contexts. The linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. The extra-linguistic context refers to the actual speech situation in which aword occurs and the entire cultural background against which a word or an utterance or a speech event has to be set.五、Word-building processes（略）……第11 页共11 页。
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《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案Chapter 17. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left.a. tart: loose womanb. bloke: fellowc. gat: pistold. swell: greate. chicken: cowardf. blue: fightg. smoky: policeh. full: drunki. dame: womanj. beaver: girl8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words.haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to meeke = alsosooth = truthmorn = morningtroth = pledgeere = beforequoth = saidhallowed = holybillow = wave / the seabade = bid12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans.Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husbandAliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenuTranslation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no seeSemantic loans: dreamChapter 21. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family?The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6. Here is a text chosen from the Declaration of Independence.“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Pick out all the words of Greek or Latin origin from the text and see of what origin are the words left. What insight does this exercise give you with reference to the borrowings from Greek and Latin?“When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.”Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. Tell the different elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English]falsehood [ Latin + English]saxophone [German + Greek]joss house [ Portuguese + English]hydroplane [Greek + Latin]pacifist [Latin + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]television [Greek + Latin]9. Put the following French loan words into two groups, one being early borrowings and the other late ones.amateur (late)finacé (late)empire (early)peace (E)courage (E)garage (L)judgement (E)chair (E)chaise (L)grace (E)servant (E)routine (L)jealous (E)savaté (L)genre (L)gender (E)début (L)morale (L)state (E)chez (L)ballet (L)11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitons.allegro, f. in fast tempo轻快andante, j. in moderate tempo行板diminuendo, g. decreasing in volume渐弱largo, d. in a slow stately manner缓慢pianoforte, a. soft and loud轻转强alto, i. lowest singing boice for woman女低音crescendo, b. increasing in volume渐强forte, e. loud强piano, h. soft轻soprano, c. highest singing voice for women女高音12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which eachhas been borrowed.cherub (Hebrew)coolie (Hindi)lasso (Sp)shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind)kibitz (G)chipmunk (Am Ind)cotton (Arab)loot (Hindi)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch)chocolate (Mex)jubilee (Gr)Sabbath (Heb)tamale (Mex)voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources. Choose a word to fill in each space.a. A crocodile much resembles an _____ in appearance.b. “To give up a young lady like that,” said Andy. “A man would have to be plumb _____.c. There was a big increase this summer in the number of competitors in calf roping at the annual _____ held in Three Forks.d. This duke ranch we have developed has done well so far, but it promises next year to be a real _____ , enough to make us all rich.e. Some Eskimos build a winter shelter from snow called an _____.f. The Germans perfected a type of motorized attack in the Second World War that they called a _____.g. The Algonquin Indian in eastern and central North America lived in a domed shelter they called a _____.h. Columbus in 1493 used a Carib Indian word _____ to describe the small boats the native used.i. In the West Indies the local name fro a violent tropical cyclone is a _____.j. The Australian aborigines use a throwing stick that they call a _____.k. “Look like rain, boy,” sang out Luke. “Better get out your _____.”a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwamh. canoei. hurricanej. boomerang k. panchosChapter 31. Write the term in the blanks accoding to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a moepheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h. what ratains of a word after the removal of all affies ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( )j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]4. Organize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships. affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffixmorpheme – free morpheme = free root-- bound morpheme – bound root-- affix – inflectional affix-- derivational affix – prefix-- suffixChapter 4Affixation5. Form negatives with each of the following words by using one of these prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-.non-smoker disobey immature unwillingness illogical non-athletic incapable insecurity inability/disability illegal disloyal unofficially disagreement inconvenient impractical irrelevant6. Turn the following nouns and adjectives into verbs with –en, -ify, -ize and then choose them to fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow.harden memorize deepen lengthen fatten horrify falsify glorify intensify sympathize modernize apologize sterilize beautifya. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizingh. Sterilize7. Each of the following sentences contains a word printed in italics. Complete the sentence by using this word to form a noun to refer to a person.a. If you are employed by a company, you are one of its _____.b. A _____ is someone whose job is politics.c. The _____ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.d. A woman who works as a _____ does the same job as a waiter.e. The person who conducts an orchestra or choir is called the _____.f. Your _____ is the person who teaches you.g. A _____ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.h. If someone examnines you, you are the _____ and he or she is the _____.a. employeeb. politicianc. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianisth. examinee/examiner8. Match Colume A with Colume B and give two examples for each.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldtrans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding2. Analyse the following compound words and explain their internal grammatical relationship.heartbeat [S + V]movie-goer [place + V]far- reaching [V + Adv]lion-hearted [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement]snap decision [V + O]on-coming [V +adv]brainwashing [V + O]baking powder [ V +adv]dog-tired [adv + a]love-sick [adv + a]peace-loving [V +O]easy chair [ a + n]tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a]goings-on [V +adv]4. Form compounds using the following either as the first or the second element of the compound as indicated and translate the words into Chinese.well-bred / well-behaved, needle work / homework, bar-woman / sportswoman, clear-minded / strong-minded, self-control / self-respect, water-proof / fire-proof, news-film / news-letter, sister-in-law / father-in-law, half-way / half-done, age-conscious / status-conscious, culture-bound / homebound, praiseworthy / respectworthy, nation-wide / college-wide, military-style / newstyle, budget-related / politics-related, once-fashionable / once-powerful, mock-attack / mock-sadness, home-baked / home-produced, ever-lasting / ever-green, campus-based / market-basedConversion7. Pick out the words which you think are converted in the following sentences and tellhow they are converted.a. We can’t stomach such an insult.b. Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.c. he wolfed down his lunchd. There is no come and go with her.e. I’m one of his familiars.f. Poor innocents!g. She flatted her last note.h. The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.i. Come to the fire and have a warm.j. Is Bill Jackson a has-been or a might-have-been?k. He Hamleted at the chance and then he regretted for it.l. These shoes were an excellent buy.m. He turned his head and smoothed back the hair over one temple.a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n] k. Hamlet [prope r n → v]l. buy [v → n] m. smooth [a → v]BlendingAnalyse the blends and translate them into Chinese.motel (motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 谍报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port) 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真录音设备cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影女演员ClippingRestore the full forms of the following words and see how these clipped words are formed.copter (helicopter)ab (laboratory)gas (gasoline)scope (telescope)sarge (sergeant)ad (advertisement)dorm (dormitory)prefab (prefabricated house)prof (professor)champ (champion)mike (microphone)tec (detective)Acronymy2. What do the short forms stand for?kg = kilogramcm = centimeteribid = ibidemft = foot$ = dollaretc. = et ceteracf = conferVIP = very important personOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = teaching of English as a foreign language3. Choose a word from the list to fill in each of the blanks.a. There was a wide coverage of the _____ talks in the press.b. There are enemy aircraft on the _____ screen.c. _____ is still an incurable disease.d. If one knows _____ language, one will find it easy to learn how to use computers.e. _____ has long been applied to surgery in medicine.f. _____ is an international agency of the United Nations which is concerned with improving health standards and services throughout the world.g. Passive _____ listens for noises emanating from a submarine.h. The person who works for the Federal Bureau of Investigation is called a _____.a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-man Backformation2. Give the original words from which the following words are back-formed.lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper NamesStudy the following sentences and pick out the words which used to be proper names and explain the meanings in relation to their origins.a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle TomChapter 56. Match the words in Colume A with those in Colume B.A Bapes—bcattle—mdoves—cgeese—kwolves—gpigs—lturkeys—dbirds—acricket—nfoxes—jsheep—fmonkeys—ehyenas—hswans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11. No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage / promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]cow [– HUMAN – MALE + ADULT + BOVINE]calf [– HUMAN + MALE - ADULT + BOVINE]rooster [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]hen [– HUMAN – MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [– HUMAN + MALE + ADULT + GALLINE]– HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+ MALE – MALE + ADULTChapter 6Polysemyboarda piece of timbertabledining table council tablefood served at the table; councilors; committee;meal supplied by the week or month directors of a companyHomonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. Ona cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he“laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiableb. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestigeh. perspirei. accomplishmentj. silentk. impressivel. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. steadb. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, childrenh. tired, kidsi. declinedj. refusedk. rancidl. addledm. Penaltiesn. fineso. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar / sameb. safec. sharp / smartd. sende. stingy / selfishf. significant / sensibleg. skeptical / suspicioush. simplei. surej. slipshod / slovenly / sloppy k. sleepiness / sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob / scowl6. a. old-fashionedb. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocenth. rigidi. loosenj. clarityk. desertedl. fruitfulm. peremptoryn. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-feverb. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praiseh. young—oldi. wise men—fools saint—devil j. mind—bodyk. foul—fairl. danger—securitym. deliberate--promptn. children—parentso. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrongdry—sweetstrong—faintlight—darkhigh—low / deep private—publicsingle—returnhard—easyrough—calmcold—warm3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.BEDROOMrug, sleepers, carpet, bed wardrob dressing tablemattress dressing gown mirrorpillows pyjamas combsheets clothes hairbrushblanket6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.Chapter 74. 1) extension2) extension3) narrowing4) degradation5) elevation6) narrowing7) extension8) extension9) narrowing10) elevation11) narrowing12) degradation13) degradation14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. ab s tract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objectiveb. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjectiveh. subjective, objective7. a. dieb. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupilh. poor peoplei. toiletj. fat personk. unemployed mother。