四川师范大学写作学高等写作思维训练·上编·课件

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高等写作教程.ppt

• 第二章：在边缘处综合：当代写作学科的独立性 • 第三章：写作过程：从“转化”论到“递变”论 • 第四章：写作境界：从“构思”论到“非构思”论
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第一章：从“边缘”到“中心”：信息社会、写作时代与写作学科
第1节信息社会：人类进入“写作时代” 第2节写作，在信息社会的作用和地位第3节信息社会需要建立独立的写作学科第4节信息社会需要独立的写作学科
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第1节信息社会：人类进入“写作时代”
新的经济要求掌握符号形象抽象的技巧，要求合乎逻辑地说明问题和表达的能力，以及其他方面的能力。
——阿尔温·托夫勒：《第三次浪潮》
在这个文字密集的社会里，我们比以前更需要具备基本的读写技能。但是我们的教育部门却在制造日益低劣的产品。
——约翰·奈斯比特：《大趋势》
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第1节信息社会：人类进入“写作时代”
• 一.信息社会的特征
1.在信息社会里
• ⑴其决定作用的生产要素不是资本而是信息知识；
•
⑵价值的增长不再通过劳动，而是通过知识。
• ——美国著名社会学家约翰·奈比斯特
• 《大趋势——改变我们生活的十个方面》
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第2节写作，在信息社会的作用和地位
• 四.作为学习方法、过程的写作行为
• 写作要分析和综合，写作有助于能力的发展，写作能发展勇气，还能帮助人们学习阅读，学会科学和教学。 ——美国某大学“写作过程实验室”
• 学习通过写作 ——美国80年代以来的学习观
• 八边法：边学习——边发现——边读书——边思考边补课——边写作——边解决——边积累

写作的逻辑思维训练与表现(ymj)(课堂PPT)

原文：听音乐，娱乐以及获取新闻信息。
会，把会放在明天开也可以，但10﹕30以前不行。李主
任说他明天较晚时间才能出差回来。会议室明天已经有
人预订了，但星期四还没有人预订。
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公司老总要求本周内在所有部门主任都有空的时候开个会，前题主任们必须都参加，让秘书调查，秘书联系各位主任后回来向老总汇报（今天是周二）。秘书调查情况如下：
出席人
星期二
而且，如果你在任何一家纽约的办公室周围转一转，你会发现几乎没有一个不留短络腮胡子或胡髭的人。
②按照自上而下阐释思想观点的正确表达方式
你知道吗？我简直难以相信，在商业圈子里，男人面部蓄须已达到了如此被广泛接受的程度。
在苏黎世…… 在纽约…… 还有，在伦敦……
1.3向读者展示的写作结构应该具有金字塔的四个基本特征
思想
下越详细，并且都对希望表达的主题思想起着解释和支持的作用。
章节
图文章中的思想应形成单一思想统领下的金字塔结构
段落
句子
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1.2用金字塔结构思维
（1）为了交流方便，必须对各种思想观点进行分组；
（2）分组后的思想观点经过不同层次的抽象后构成金字塔；
•练习一：某天你出门，妻子让你买以下食物，怎样记住以下食物并不易忘记地全部买回呢？
示、批复等。
同级同机级关机或关者或互不者隶互属不机隶关属之如间函机行的是关文行最之。文典间。型的的平如型行函的文是平。最行典文
。
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1.1构建故事线哪，些形成场PP合T整适体合结构用PPT？
总
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四川师范大学写作学立意的思维操作

4、高妙性立意
●什么是高妙性立意？
作者关于自然、人类、社会的某种哲理性、象征性、隐喻立意。 ●思维操作模型1：（1）他相似思维——发现、寻求、感悟两种不同类型事物之间的某种性质的相似性，从而产生某种哲理和隐喻的立意。
4、高妙性立意
●思维操作模型2：
（2）自相似分析与综合———发现、寻求、感悟事物局部与整体之间的某种性质的相似性，从而产生某种哲理性和典型性认识。
9. 历史分析与综合
写作思维方法分析与综合）
3. 历时分析与综合
10. 过程分析与综合 4. 数量分析与综合 11. 程度分析与综合 12. 同类他相似分析与综合
13.异类他相似分析与综合 5. 相似分析与综合 14.性质自相似分析与综合 15.空间自相似分析与综合 16.时间自相似分析与综合
17.多角度分析与综合
一、立意的概念
（一）中西现代写作理论中的立意概念中国——立意：识见，识见的确立西方——主题：对象、主要东西的提炼。 theme：主旋律的 subject：统帅性的
Aim：主旨、意图、意、意义、意思
一、立意的概念
（二）中国古代文写作理论中的立意概念立意：凡为文……苟意不先立,止以文采辞句,绕前捧后,是言愈多而理愈乱。 ——[唐]杜牧
（四）立意的类型与思维操作规律
2、深远性立意（意远） ●什么是深远性立意？
作者站得高，看得远，其思想观点具有一种远见措施时，能防患于未然，具有前瞻性。
性、预见性，或者在给出解决这些问题的“处方”、
2、深远性立意（意远）
●思维操作模型：
意义，从而产生对事物发展的预见性认识观点；（2）措施分析——在功能分析的基础上产生应对策略、办法、手段、途径上的决策。

高等写作思维训练大纲第一学期

《高等写作思维训练》课程大纲（第一学期）课程名称：高等写作思维训练英文名称：ADVANCED TRAING OF WRITING THOUGHTS课程编号：学时数及学分：13周，每周6课时，78学时，4学分。

教材名称及作者、出版社、出版时间：《高等文体写作训练教程》马正平，中国人民大学出版社，2002年。

（说明：本教材被进入教育部“面向21世纪课程教材”系列，已向全国高校推荐。

）本大纲主笔人：马正平一、课程性质、目的、要求和任务“高等写作思维训练”是中文系本科专业的写作课程的一部分。

本课程是将写作基本原理和写作实践训练进行紧密结合的一门“中介性”的课程：一方面，所讲授、训练的写作思维操作模型具有写作思维的基本原理、规律的性质，另一方面，这种写作思维操作模型、规律，又具有极强的思维操作性、技术性、实践性。

因此，对写作思维操作模型的训练、建构，是一般写作原理到文体写作实践的中介：对于一般的写作原理来讲，它是一种写作的基本能力；而对于具体的文体写作来讲，它又是一种写作能力的基础。

没有本课程的学习，具体的文体写作能力的训练都是不可能的。

因此，它是重要的写作学基础课。

通过本期课程的学习，应达到以下的教学目的和要求：1、建构起写作的写作主体性心灵背景。

即形成高品味的写作人格、创造性的个性、灵活性的写作智慧、以及生存竞争心态和事业理想意志，从而产生强烈写作行为的动力；2、从理性到感性地建构写作行为的写作思维操作、写作文化控制、写作策略控制、写作措辞的操作模型，实现写作原理、写作规律的技术化、操作化；3、建构起非构思写作行为过程——立意、行文、修改——的思维操作模型，生成真实有效的非构思写作过程能力。

为了达到以上的目的和要求，在教材内容和课程设置中应该注意以下问题：①关于“重点”本课程教学内容分为三大板块：一、写作思维操作模型的建构；二、写作思维主体性的建构；三、写作思维过程能力的建构。

本课程强调写作理论与写作实践的结合，要强调教学内容的可教性，而第二板块中的写作人格建构、写作心理动力建构、写作信息动力建构、数字化时代的写作意识，无法直接培养训练，也不具有可教性——人格是修炼的结合而不是教学的结果。

作文思维训练

高考作文备考之写作思维能力的训练成都七中游俊松一、问题的提出1.高考作文重在考查学生的思维能力和表达能力。

2.学生的写作思维能力有待提高。

3.提高写作思维能力，作文技巧训练才能真正落实。

示例：死背优美词句的学生可能会这样写：生活如酒，生活如歌，生活如画，平衡的生活才最重要。

会思考的学生可能会这样写：生活如酒，过于浓烈则辣喉，过于浅淡则无味，只有平衡的味道才显得醇厚；生活如歌，过于高昂则刺耳，过于低沉则抑郁，唯有平衡的曲调才显得悦耳；生活如画，过于繁杂则缭乱，过于简单则无韵，唯有平衡的笔触才显得美丽。

一、问题的提出1.高考作文重在考查学生的思维能力和表达能力。

2.学生的写作思维能力有待提高。

3.提高写作思维能力，作文技巧训练才能真正落实。

4.高考全国卷的作文更注重思维能力的考查。

全国一卷：阅读材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

因父亲总是在高速路上开车时接电话，家人屡劝不改，女大学生小陈迫于无奈，更出于生命安全的考虑，通过微博私信向警方举报了自己的父亲；警方查实后，依法对老陈进行了教育和处罚，并将这起举报发在官方微博上。

此事赢得众多网友点赞，也引发一些质疑，经媒体报道后，激起了更大范围、更多角度的讨论。

对于以上事情，你怎么看？请给小陈、老陈或其他相关方写一封信，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。

要求：综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，完成写作任务。

明确收信人，统一以“明华”为写信人，不得泄露个人信息。

全国一卷：阅读材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

此事赢得众多网友点赞，也引发一些质疑，经媒体报道后，激起了更大范围、更多角度的讨论。

对于以上事情，你怎么看？请给小陈、老陈或其他相关方写一封信，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。

名校高级教师写作新思维高级课程讲义

名校高级教师写作新思维高级课程讲义第一章：句子概述 (一)（一）句子结构基本模式—两点定位，五步造句法Case 1: On a bright summer morning, Jeremy Goodfellow, a young man of simple means and honest intentions, left the quiet country town in which he’d been raised, and set off on the bold errand he’d been preparing for all his life.Case 2: One morning in 1905, or the 31th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, two brothers, full of excitement and chatter, set out by boat from their hometown Boa-ah, a mountain hamlet in Fujian province on the southern coast of China, for the port city of Xiamen, some sixty miles away.主体部分Main Part.导入部分lead-in part从句Dependent Clause: , Maria went to sleep.分词短语Participial Phrase: , Maria went to sleep.形容词短语Adjectival phrase: , Maria went to sleep.同位语Appositive: , Maria went to sleep.插入部分in-between part附加部分add-on part练习一：翻译下列句子a)计算机带来变化b)工业破坏价值观1c)全球化的时代已到来d)问题在于e)学生接触社会come into contact with the worldf)影响学习interfere with studiesg)剥夺机会deprive …of the opportunityh)解释现象account for the phenomenoni)阻碍发展hamper / impede the developmentj)减轻压力alleviate the tension2k)促进发展accelerate the developmentl)控制人口增长curb the rapid grows of the population练习二：按照要求扩展句子a)加导入部分: "The storm roared across the countryside."答案Although it wasn't forecast, the storm roared across the countryside.b)加导入部分:"Paige listened to music."答案To forget about her boyfriend, Paige listened to music.c)加插入部分:"The horse rolled in the mud."答案The horse, a golden palomino, rolled in the mud.d)加插入部分:"Taylor ate the cookie."答案Taylor, a chubby six-year-old, ate the cookie.e)加附加部分:"Leaves are falling."答案Leaves are falling, coming down in dancing streams of gold and brown.3f)加附加部分:"The computer broke."答案The computer broke, leaving us all without a means of communicating.g)加附加部分:"She called her friend."答案She called her friend, hoping that he would be home, afraid that he would not be.h)加导入和附加部分:"The children laughed."答案In spite of the warning, the children laughed, ending the solemn atmosphere.i)加插入和附加部分:"The cat chased the mouse."答案The cat, a fat Cheshire, chased the mouse, pouncing on it with glee.j)加导入,插入和附加部分: "The wedding was approaching."答案Since it was September, the wedding, an extravagant affair, was approaching, sending the future bride into fits of apprehension.练习三：找出下列句子的导入部分a)N OW IF NATURE SHOULD INTERMIT（中断）HER COURSE and leave altogether, though it were but for awhile, the observation of her ownlaws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof (of whom)all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve(溶解，衰减)itself; if celestial(天体的)spheres should forget their wonted motions(惯常运动), and by irregular volubility(流利)turn themselves any way as it might happen; if the prince of the lights of heaven which now as a giant doth run his unwearied course, should, as it were through a 4languishing(凋萎, 衰退)faintness, begin to stand and to rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield(生产)no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine away(消瘦, 憔悴)as children at the withered breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief — what would become of man himself, whom these things now do all serve?—from Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polityb)But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh brayingacross the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humor born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.c)If, instead of listening to the war-mongers of the military-industrial establishment, the politicians had only listened to what people hadbeen writing in their letters and in the newspaper columns, if they had only listened to what the demonstrators had been shouting in the streets and on the campuses, if they had only listened to what was in their hearts, the war would have ended long ago.d)For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deterioratesrapidly.e)As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennantswaving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before.f)Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.g)Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually knew something of the old West.h)Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be5impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.i)For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must havevery hard indeed.j)But as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.k)So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.l)As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.m)But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.n)Living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.o)In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began.p)And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.q)As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost 6every object of desire -- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.r)But, contrary to a popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the greatest.练习四：找出下列句子的插入部分a)Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.b)Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes thereare now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.c)For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on thememory-chip market.d)But a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.e) A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatesttwentieth-century opportunities.f)Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence.g)'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.h)Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.7i)King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated hermeasurements and armament.j)In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles.k)But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.l)The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust.m)One, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands.n)Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization.o)As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away.p)Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men, have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light years.q)Custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.r)Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.8s)Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.t)Insularity and self-containment, it is argued, go hand in hand.练习五：找出下列句子的附加部分a)I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of theworld could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.b)One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six.c)They are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.d)The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never beenattained before.e)The food was simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.f)Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.g)Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.h)I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of theworld could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.9i)But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations whowork themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.j)For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.k)An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.l)I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.m)Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.n)It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.o)This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.p)It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-had man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.q)The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.10r)It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.s)Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.t)the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain', riding on its air cushion over a single rail, which it never touches, at speeds up to 300 m.p.h.u)For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them.v)For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within.w)Yet their (Morocco and California) present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.x)Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.练习六：分析下列句子结构,找出导入,插入和附加部分a)When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either incash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.11b)Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is incredit or is overdrawn.c)With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored.d)Knowing that millions of people around the world would be watching in person and on television and expecting great things from him — atleast one more gold medal for America, if not another world record — during this, his fourth and surely his last appearance in the World Olympics, and realizing that his legs could no longer carry him down the runway with the same blazing speed and confidence in making a huge, eye-popping leap that they were capable of a few years ago when he set world records in the 100-meter dash and in the 400-meter relay and won a silver medal in the long jump, the renowned sprinter and track-and-field personality Carl Lewis, who had known pressure from fans and media before but never, even as a professional runner, this kind of pressure, made only a few appearances in races during the few months before the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, partly because he was afraid of raising expectations even higher and he did not want to be distracted by interviews and adoring fans who would follow him into stores and restaurants demanding autographs and photo-opportunities, but mostly because he wanted to conserve his energies and concentrate, like a martial arts expert, on the job at hand: winning his favorite competition, the long jump, and bringing home another Gold Medal for the United States, the most fitting conclusion to his brilliant career in track and field.e)On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or forsport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.f)If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuablepowers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.12(二) 句子内容确定记者提问法– journalists’ questionsquestion 1 : Whoquestion 2 : what13question 3 : when14question 4 : where15question 5 : how16question 6 : why171819202122参考文字练习一参考文字child missingFive days ago, after school was over, a fat six-year-old schoolboy, in sneakers and red T-shirt, and speaking with strong Sichuan accent, turned up missing and has not returned home ever since. Please contact us if anyone should happen to know the child’s whereabouts. Our telephone number is …练习二参考文字complaint about a dogI am an overseas student who moved here several months ago and I am now writing to complain about two little dogs in our neighborhood. These dogs, bought by my neighbor one month ago, have been haunting our beautiful public garden ever since, causing lots of inconveniences to both residents and passers-by.Most of the neighbors and I can hardly put up with them and hope that the department concerned will look into this matter. I shall be very grateful if you could deal with it as soon as possible.练习三参考文字Donation to Disaster Area –tsunamiOn December 26, 2004, the earthquakes and resulting tsunamis in the Indian Ocean caused tremendous suffering to a large number of countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, killing tens of thousands of people, destroying their infrastructures and properties and plunging the survivors into desperate shortage of money needed for rehabilitation and livelihood. Whoever in this residential area wishes to donate money to the needy is requested to send his or her donation to the office of the Neighborhood Committee within 3 days.练习四参考文字women seeking men28 YO, , single mother, OHAC, genuine, active WLTM reliable, affectionate, family-oriented professional gent with similar attributes, n/s, GSOH, 30-45, for a long term relationship.练习五参考文字Notice – Lecture to be heldUnder the auspices of the Student Union, a lecture will be given on “How Entry into WTO Will Affect China’s Market” by professor David Yang at Classroom 203 of the Main Building on Friday, March 04, 2005 at 3:00 p.m.23练习六参考文字Gratitude for the medical help you get from the nursesIt was your kindness and comforts that saw me through the tough period and helped me stand up to the pains during my medical treatment at your Hospital. Without your cards, flowers, smiling faces and your encouragement I could not have recovered so soon.练习七参考文字Invitation to dinnerThe secretary of State for education and Mrs. Smith request the pleasure of the company of Mr. G. Johnson at dinner on the 4th March , 2005 at 8:00 p.m. to meet His excellency Mr. Liu Mingsheng Minister of Education of P. R. China at Buckingham. R.S.V.P.组合句子练习练习1.1.Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. It is the second largest city in the state.答案The capital of Connecticut, Hartford is the second largest city in the state.OR, better yet: Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state. OR: Hartford, the secondlargest city in the state, is the capital of Connecticut.242.Hartford was once known as an industrial center.It was the home of several manufacturers.They made firearms, typewriters, bicycles, and even cars.答案Once known as an industrial center, Hartford was the home of manufacturers of firearms, typewriters,bicycles, and even cars.3.Today, though, several insurance companies make Hartford their home.Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna are in Hartford.Their home offices are within miles of one another.25答案Today, though, several insurance companies -- Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna -- have homeoffices in Hartford within miles of one another.One writer prefers this version: "Today, several insurance companies, Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna, whose home offices are within miles of each other, make Hartford their home.Still another writer prefers this rendering: "Today in Hartford, though, the insurance companies of Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford and Cigna all have home offices within miles of one another."4.Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River.They also enjoyed Hartford's well-educated workforce.答案Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River and the city'swell-educated workforce.5.Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford.Large empty factories were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.26答案Eventually, after cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, large emptyfactory buildings were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.OR, a definite improvement suggested by Gerald E. Smyth: Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, leaving large empty factories as the only remnants of Hartford's industrialpast.6.Some of these factories have been torn down.Some of them have been converted to artists' studios.答案Some of these factories have been torn down, others converted to artists' studios.OR -- as Sandy Weiss suggests: "Some of the factories have been torn down or converted to artists' studios."7.Today, great wealth abounds in Hartford.The wealth is centered in the insurance industry.However, few manufacturing jobs are still available.27答案Although there is much wealth centered in Hartford's insurance industry today, there are fewmanufacturing jobs available.练习2.1. Mark Twain is the author of Huckleberry Finn.Huckleberry Finn is a classic American novel.Mark Twain's real name was Samuel L. Clemens.He lived in Hartford for several years.答案The author of the classic American novel Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel L. Clemens, lived in Hartford for several years.2. Mark Twain's house was very elaborate and elegant.It was on Farmington Avenue.It was in an area called Nook Farm.He was a neighbor of Harriet Beecher Stowe.Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.28答案Mark Twain's elaborate and elegant house on Farmington Avenue was in an area called Nook Farm, where he was aneighbor of Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.3. Mark Twain's home has a large side porch.Windows and a balcony overlook the porch.Today, people say the windows and balcony remind them of a steamboat.In his youth, Twain piloted steamboats on the Mississippi.答案Today, people say that the balcony and windows overlooking the large side porch on Twain's home remindthem of a steamboat, the kind of Mississippi steamboat young Mark Twain used to pilot.4. Mark Twain was one of the first three people in Hartford to own a telephone.The telephone was first used commercially in nearby New Haven.There was practically no one to talk to.Mark Twain never really liked this newfangled gadget.29答案Although there was practically no one else to talk to in Hartford and he never really liked the newfangledgadget, Mark Twain was one of the first three people in Hartford to own a telephone, a device first usedcommercially in nearby New Haven.5. Mark Twain loved industrial inventions.He lost a fortune investing in them.One of these inventions was the elaborate Paige typesetter.Unfortunately for Twain, this machine was developed at the same time as the Linotype.The Linotype machine was much simpler and less expensive.答案Mark Twain loved industrial inventions and lost a fortune investing in machines such as the elaborate Paige typesetter -- which, unfortunately for Twain, was developed at the same time as the much simpler and less expensive Linotype machine.6. Mark Twain's beloved daughter, Susy, died in the Hartford home.She died of spinal meningitis.Twain never felt the same about the house again.He soon left the house and Hartford.30He returned only once.He came back for the funeral of his friend, Charles Dudley Warner.答案After Mark Twain's beloved daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis in the Hartford home, he never felt the same about the house again and soon left the house and Hartford, to return only once, for the funeral of his friend, CharlesDudley Warner.练习31.One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey.Its protagonist is Randall Patrick McMurphy.He pretends to be insane to escape a work farm.He discovers he is now trapped in an asylum.He shows other characters the truth of their situation.答案The protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," Randall Patrick McMurphy, escapes a31work farm by pretending insanity but then becomes trapped in an asylum, where he shows other characters their true situation.2.Tiger Woods is the name of a young American golfer.He set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.He surprised all the veterans.He was 22 at the time.答案An American golfer, Tiger Woods, was only 22 when he surprised all the veterans and set a record in the 1977 Master's Tournament.OR (suggested by a reader from New Brunswick, NJ)At the age of 22, Tiger Woods, the young American golfer, surprised all the veterans when he set the record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.OR (suggested by a reader from Vancouver)Twenty-two-year-old American golfer Tiger Woods surprised all veterans when he set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.3.Ramonita Espinoza used to coach at Notre Dame University.She now works at UConn.She is the new soccer coach.32答案Ramonita Espinoza, the new soccer coach at UConn, was formerly a coach at Notre Dame University.4.Ronald E. Pepin is a well known translator of medieval texts.He has two honorary degrees from Fordham University.He recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices.He was only forty-four years old at the time.答案Ronald E Pepin, a well known translator of medieval texts and a recipient of two honorary degrees from Fordham University, recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices when he was only forty-four years old.5.John F. Kennedy was inaugurated into office in January of 1961.He was assassinated in November of 1963.He spent only 1000 days in office.答案John F. Kennedy spent only 1000 days in office between his inauguration in January 1961 and the assassination ofNovember 1963.33。

写作思维学系列讲议序论第一章

序论：三、思维科学相关理论回顾
• • • • • •
•
• 思维的相关知识简介 3、思维科学的分类(宏观）：（1）基础科学；（2）技术科学；（3）工程技术科学。 4、思维的分类（中观）：
（1）思维形式；（2）思维方式。
序论：三、思维科学相关理论回顾
• 思维的相关知识简介 • （1）思维形式：思维借以实现的形式。在思维学研究中，思维形式实质上是一种纯理论方面的研究、探讨，是一种宏观的理论认识，或者说是一种理论上的明确，思维形式并不具备运用价值。
竞争也需疏怕是多方面的：或由于信息不灵，或由于求胜心切，或由于业务不精，或由于方向不正，把经济效益看得超过了社会效益。 • 其综合效应，便造成思虑不周，缺乏远见卓识，再加上我们是一个十亿人口的小生产的“汪洋大海”，科学文化水平又不高，出现一些盲目性，恐乃势所必然。 • 所以，竞争也需疏导。
序论：三、思维科学相关理论回顾
• 思维的相关知识简介 • 2、思维的内涵： • 思维是人在智力素养基础之上表现出来的特有的能力，是人的意识掌握客观事物的高级形式。 • 思维是人类在社会实践的基础上，在合乎逻辑的理论体系的导引下，对感性材料进行的特定加工形式；具体而言是人类运用一系列的思维方式，通过对感性材料进行加工，从而反映客观事物的本质属性和运动规律。
• 思维的相关知识简介 • 示意图二：
序论：三、思维科学相关理论回顾
• 思维的相关知识简介 • 示意图三：
序论：三、思维科学相关理论回顾
• 思维的相关知识简介（2）思维方式的定义：思维方式是人们大脑活动的内在程式，它对人们的言行（及至影响外部世界）起决定性作用。
• • • • •

下编写作思维过程能力训练 - 四川师范大学汇总

高等写作思维训练· 下编
写作思维过程能力训练
第14章瞬间洞察全息贯通
——写作感思/ 立意思维操作技术训练 (上)
第1节写作感思概述
一、写作感思的定义生成写作念头和写作动机的瞬间思维活动就是写作感思。狭义写作行为的起点就是写作感思。
二、与写作感思有关的几个概念
1、写作感思与写作感知觉
第2节信息刺激 ——文章形态的胚胎性生成
一、文章胚胎的生成途径（一）抓住突然刺激物或感受（二）有意去发现（三）压力促成（四）指令性提供
二、胚胎生成中的写作文化意识训练
（一）生存态度与胚胎生成较高的精神追求是生成较高价值文章胚胎的重要条件。海明威《老人与海》（二）价值取向与胚胎生成（三）思维方式与胚胎生成（四）时空情绪与胚胎生成时空情绪包括政治、社会、经济、人文、民族无意识等多方面。
高等写作思维训练· 下编
写作思维过程能平教授制作：马容讲师
二○○六年五月
说

明
本课件教材根据教育部‚面向21世纪课程教材‛之—— 马正平主编：《高等写作学教程系列》第二册：《高等写作思维训练教程》（中国人民大学出版社，2002年版）制作。
在家长带领下，彩蛋很快大都到了华人孩子的篮筐里，那些白人孩子哪里是对手？只好眼巴巴地看着华人孩子兴高采烈地凯旋回家。事后，一封投诉信交到了这位华裔市长手中。信中说，募捐现场看不到华人的身影，华人家长对找彩蛋却热情有加，提早让孩子动手不说，还亲自参与，‚这哪里是公平的竞争游戏？‛ 为此，市长和华人代表进行了对话。一名华人代表不以为然地说：‚他们（美国人）的孩子找不到鸡蛋，说明他们的孩子没有我们的孩子机灵。孩子就应该让家长指点，否则怎么能进步？再说，事先也没有规定父母不能在现场做参谋。‛市长无言以对。

四川师范大学写作学写作措辞学·PPT

四、措词生句行文的实践训练：
从基本语义的内部语言到功能语义的生成的外部语言的展开
（二）语感化措词展开：赋形思维/路径思维
• 1、主体、行为、对象感觉程度准确化分析措辞、主体、行为、 • 基本语义：我听到音乐。基本语义： • 功能语义：隐约地，我听到太阳清脆的铃声，海功能语义：隐约地，到太阳清脆的铃声清脆的铃声，
1、主体、行为、对象主体、行为、感觉程度准确化准确化分析渲染措辞感觉程度准确化分析渲染措辞
基本语义：中国很禁锢。中国很禁锢。中国很禁锢功能语义：可是在中国，那时是确无写处的，禁可是在中国，可是在中国那时是确无写处的，比罐头还严实。 —鲁迅《为了忘却的记念》鲁迅《锢比罐头还严实。鲁迅为了忘却的记念》基本语义：那些又臭又长的文章没有价值。那些又臭又长的文章没有价值。那些又臭又长的文章没有价值功能语义：那些又臭又长的文章，恐怕连牛粪都那些又臭又长的文章，那些又臭又长的文章不如。不如。基本语义—效果描述（程度比较）—功能语义
——[清]刘大櫆：《论文偶记》
•
三、措词生句行文的本质：
从基本语义内部语言到功能语义生成的外部语言
（一）基本语义：自己想说或写的内部语言 • 1、概念：写作者心里所想的，向说给别人听或、概念：写作者心里所想的，读基本意思（句意、段意）。读基本意思（句意、段意）。 • 2、特征：自明性、主干性、非修辞性（朴素、特征：自明性、主干性、非修辞性（性）；（二）功能语义：给读者听者接受的外部语言 • 1、概念：听者接收到的语言或文句、文章、概念：听者接收到的语言或文句、 • 2、特征：语境性、他明性、展开性、修辞性、特征：语境性、他明性、展开性、
• ——朱自清：《背影》朱自清：背影》朱自清

四川师范大学写作学法定行政公文写作(1)

授课人简介
●代表性专著：《写作行为论》、《写作文化论》、《写作生长伦》、《现代写作教学原理与实践》、《现代写作学批判与建构》、《生命的空间：〈人间词话〉当代解读》。
●代表性教材：国家教育部“面向21世纪课程教材”— —《高等写作学引论》、《高等写作思维训练教程》、《高等文体写作训练教程：基本文体》、《高等文体写作训练教程：实用文体》、《中学作文教学新思维》。
与
决议、决定、指示、意见、通知、通报、公报、报
文
告、请示、批复、条例、规定、函、会议纪要
体
中国党政机关公文分类
目
录
一、前决策阶段/调查研究性/论说性公文（8种）
（一）上行文（6种）
1、研策类：（1）调研报告：考察性、析因性、献策性、系统性、参考性（2）计划：前瞻性、目标性、措施性、阶段性
（1）会议记录：记载性、凭证性、全面性、现场感
2、记事类（记述）（2）大事记：重要性、奇异性、突发性、资料性
中国党政机关公文分类
目
录
三、后决策阶段/反馈调节性/论述性公文（5种）
（一）上行文（4种）：
1、呈策类（1）简报：动态性、快速性、灵巧性（2）报告：完成性、信息性、事后性、被动性、反映、汇报性（3）总结：回顾性、反思性、概括性、规律性、未来性、调整性（4）典型材料：成绩性、细节性、经验性、做法性、榜样性
本
四、公文语言形式的生成：是由审
原
美行为控制下的思维操作和行文措
理
辞完成的。
贰
壹、前决策研究（事务公文）——1、公务过程
党
一、上行文 ——2、行文方向（一）论说类——3、思维方法

基础写作演示课件

2014-9-29
第二章写作主体与客体
• • • • • 第一节写作主体的素质概述： A、何谓写作主体：指进入写作思维和写作行为中的人。 B、写作主体的素质主要包括什么：生活素养· 学识修养· 人格品位· 审美理想
2014-9-29
第一节写作主体的素质
• 一、写作主体的生活素养： • A、生活素养的源泉： • 生活素养是人们从事一切文化创造活动的“根须”。 • B、生活素养的升华： • 生活素养不但包括了见多识广，还包括认识深刻、感受真切。 • 写作的过程是“独特的发现，独特的感受”。 • 如《丑石》
20Байду номын сангаас4-9-29
第二节：现代写作的特性· 实践操作性
• ２、实践操作性：
• Ａ、写作既是一种实践活动，又具有劳动操作的性质。 • Ｂ、实践活动是指社会实践，离开了社会实践，就离开了时代，也就离开了读者，这恰如鱼和水的关系。
2014-9-29
第二节：现代写作的特性
• Ｃ、操作性具体体现在“写”上。 “写”和“想”具有很大的差异。从这样的意义上可以理解“文章不是写出来的，而是改出来”的含义所在。 • Ｄ、“写”和“看”的差异：“眼高手低”现象。
• 3、感受的培养和训练。 • 4、观察与感受的异同。 • 5、上次作文讲评。
2014-9-29
读图后的感受是什么？
• 请你回味一下， • 你看了以下画面后 • 的情感反应：
2014-9-29
请你回味一下你的感受是什么？
2014-9-29
第一节写作主体的素质
• • • • • • C、学识修养的培育：博览群书兴趣广泛充满热忱潜心钻研从点到面
2014-9-29

写作(一),讲义,第三章写作思维与写作实践

第三章写作思维与写作实践学习提示：写作是一种以语言为媒介的创造活动。

但这种活动并不单表现为一种将作者所思所想转化为语言表达的实践操作行为，而是以写作思维为起点的由认知、赋形到成文的知行转化过程。

因此，作者需要通过对写作思维规律的深入领会，建立清晰的写作意识，进而展开自觉的针对性训练，才能不断提升自身的写作能力与写作水平。

本章旨在说明写作思维的类型、特点，不同思维过程的要素及其规律。

同时，对中文系学生如何通过理论联系实际的针对性练习，切实提升自己的写作能力提出了一些建议。

第一节写作思维关于思维，赵仲牧先生的定义是：“思维是秩序化的意识活动。

即运用符号媒体，依据一定的思维程序并通过描述和解释各种秩序去解惑释疑和解答问题的意识活动。

”马正平教授主编的“高等写作学教程系列”中提出了建构“写作思维学”的课题，并且专门编写了《高等写作思维训练教程》。

这里所说的写作思维并不限于写作构思阶段的思维活动，而是伴随着从为写作做准备的阅读与选材，到构思、赋形和成文的全过程。

主要关注作者写作意识的建立。

―、形象思维与抽象思维（形象思维（imaginalthinking）是用直观形象和表象解决问题的思维。

）在文学性写作中，不论叙事、抒情，甚至说理都离不开形象。

正如别林斯基所指出的：“哲学家用三段论法，诗人则用形象和图画说话，然而它们说的都是同一件事。

……所不同的只是一个用逻辑结论，另一个用图画而已。

”哲学、社会科学、自然科学以抽象的概念、严格的逻辑论证来揭示社会生活本质，探求生活的真理；而文学则是以生动具体的感性形象来显现生活面貌，引导人们去体察生命的真谛。

总之，用形象说话，通过形象表达作家的思想、感情、观点及意见，是文学的特殊性能。

这种作用，是任何科学著作所不能替代的。

比如李白写了《蜀道难》，王实甫写了《西厢记》不一定直接讲述什么道理，但同样是作家对客观世界的深刻认识的反映。

实际上，非文学的知识也常常离不开形象。

当然，上面所说的形象还只是作为作品的内容和表达手段，而从思维现象的角度看，形象思维是基于事物之间关联性和相似性的比较而展开的思考，它最主要的形式是联想和想象。

高等写作思维训练教程序言-马正平

奇迹，从来不出现于无序之地《高等写作思维训练教程》序言作者：马正平总序写作的终极本质，不是模仿生活、反映生活，不是抒情言志，不是书面语言的表达，也不是信息的传播，而是写者对精神秩序（情思理想、价值取向）与书面语言符号秩序（语流符号结构）的创建、缔造而已，即人对自由生命秩序的创生与建构。

而写作之美、文章之美，就是人类的一般的审美理想在文章内容和形式方面的体现：文章境界、文章节奏。

所谓“文章境界”，就是内容上所展示出来的写者的心灵高度、思维高度、智慧高度，一句话，就是写者的人格高度感、心灵空间感。

所谓“文章节奏”，就是文章行文的语言运动所体现出来的流动感、速度感、力量感、时间感。

后者体现着生命的“存活”、生气，前者体现着生命、心灵、思维的自由。

写作是人得自由生命的“栖息之所”。

写作过程原理是“知行递变”的：在写作行为的过程推进中，“知”（目标、目的）不断地自变过程中，“知”与“行”就是这样周而复始地“递变”着、自我运动着，直到写作的全部目的、目标完成为止。

导论：走向非构思写作的研究、教学与训练在任何情况下，说和写都帮助思想变得更加清晰，而且它们常是使之成为可能的必要条件。

而心理的构思与作品的完成/传达——是携手并进的，写作具有创造性、抽象性、严密性，写作的过程也就是思维的过程。

因此，写作思维活动是一种非常复杂的人类意识活动。

一方面，写作思维是被语境因素高度制约、控制的对话性思维；另一方面，写作思维又是被有效的动力激活起来的意识活动，没有动力的去世，写作思维只是一堆“废铁”。

写作主体性和写作思维建构有密不可分的关系。

没有思维，人的行为就是盲目茫然的，个体将寸步难行。

当写作主体建构起优化的、理想的写作主体性时，写作者才能在现实社会生活中产生写作的敏感性，从而产生写作动机，并对写作行为实施有效的写作控制。

写作和人一起生长，共享生命。

构思性写作并不可取，因为这样的文章没有运用整套科学的写作思维操作模型，而是平凑、猜测、感觉、试错等方法组合、构造、组装文章的，作者对这样的写作没有把我，因此必须先构思、后写作，再修改来保证文章的质量。

四川师范大学 写作学 高等写作思维训练·上编·课件