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International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kindof investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonusesbased on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analyses are made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America,European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was more popular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。

国际商务英文版

Legal System
—— Different Legal System
Civil law: civil law system is based on a very detailed set of laws organized into codes. Civil law system tends to be less adversarial and less flexibility. Judges have the power only to apply the law. More than 80 countries, including Japan, Germany, France and Russia, operate with a civil law system.
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Legal System
—— Differences in Contract Law A contract is a document that specifies the conditions under which an exchange is to occur and details the rights and obligations of the parties involved. Contract law is the body of law that governs contract enforcement.
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Legal System
The legal system of a country refers to the rules, or laws, that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced and through which redress for grievances is obtained. A country’s laws regulate business practice, define the manner in which business transactions are to be executed, and set down the rights and obligations of those involved in business transactions.

2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例

2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例本合同目录一览1. 协议概述1.1 协议类型1.2 协议方1.3 协议日期2. 定义与解释2.1 专业术语2.2 地点与日期2.3 涉及的组织与个人3. 商务条款3.1 产品或服务描述3.2 数量与质量3.3 价格与支付方式3.4 交付与交货期限3.5 违约责任4. 权利与义务4.1 协议方的权利4.2 协议方的义务5. 保密协议5.1 保密信息5.2 保密期限5.3 信息的使用与披露6. 争议解决6.1 协商解决6.2 调解6.3 仲裁7. 法律适用7.1 法律的选取7.2 法律的适用8. 强制性规定8.1 协议的适用法律8.2 协议的适用法规9. 合同的生效与终止9.1 生效条件9.2 终止条件9.3 终止后的权利与义务10. 一般条款10.1 通知10.2 修改与补充10.3 完整协议11. 第三方受益人11.1 第三方受益人的权益11.2 第三方受益人的责任12. 保险12.1 保险的要求12.2 保险的赔偿范围13. 知识产权13.1 知识产权的保护13.2 知识产权的使用权14. 不可抗力14.1 不可抗力的定义14.2 不可抗力事件的处理第一部分：合同如下：1. 协议概述1.1 协议类型本协议为2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例，由双方在平等、自愿、公平、诚实信用的原则基础上签订。

1.2 协议方甲方：（公司名称/个人姓名）乙方：（公司名称/个人姓名）1.3 协议日期本协议签订日期为2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例之日期，具体日期由双方共同商定。

2. 定义与解释2.1 专业术语（1）产品：指乙方根据甲方要求提供的商品或服务。

（2）交付：指乙方按照本协议约定，将产品转移给甲方占有或使用的行为。

2.2 地点与日期本协议项下的一切活动，包括但不限于交付、付款、争议解决等，均在本协议约定的地点进行。

2.3 涉及的组织与个人本协议涉及的包括但不限于甲乙双方的工作人员、负责人、代表、代理人等。

国际商务谈判英文版第六版Chap

parties reach an agreement or make a decision on the terms of the deal.
Preparing for a Negotiation
Gather inform…
research the other party, including their interests, needs, and negotiating style.
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国际商务谈判英文版第六版chap
目录
• Introduction • The Nature and Context of International
Business Negotiation • The Process of International Business
Negotiation
Байду номын сангаас 03
The Process of International
Business Negotiation
The Negotiation Process
01
Initial con…
02
Exploration
03
Positioning
04
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Negotiation Conclusion
parties exchange initial greetings and introduce themselves.
目录
• The Skills and Competencies of the Effective Negotiator
• The Application of Negotiation Theory and Practice

国际商务International Business (Charles W.L. Hill 第七版)

2021/7/30
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The Economic Case For Regional Integration
•All countries gain from free trade and investment •Regional economic integration is an attempt to exploit the gains from free trade and investment
International Business 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
20M21c/G7/ra3w0-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1
Chapter 8
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Levels Of Economic Integration
2. a customs union eliminates trade barriers between member countries and adopts a common external trade policy
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Regional Economic Integration In Europe
Europe has two trade blocs: •The European Union (EU) with 27 members •The European Free Trade Area (EFTA) with 4 members •The EU is seen as the world’s next economic and political superpower

国际商务原书英文版MGH版教学课件geringer_ch12

Environmental scanning
A procedure in which the firm scans the world for changes in the environmental forces that might affect it
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
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prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Third Screening: Political and Legal Forces
Barriers to entry- import/export barriers Limits on foreign ownership Limits on repatriation of earnings Stable government policies (different from government stability)
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Ecommerce Sales and Growth in Latin America, 2013–2018
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

国际商务定义英文版

●The foreign exchange market is a market for converting the currency of one country into that of another country.●The exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is converted into another.●Two main functions of the foreign exchange market:1、is used to convert the currency of one country into the currency of another2、provide some insurance against foreign exchange risk (the adverse consequences of unpredictable changes in exchange rates)●Spot Exchange Rate 即期汇率:The rate at which a foreign exchange dealer converts one currency into another currency on a particular day.●Forward Exchange Rate 远期汇率:Two parties agree to exchange currency and execute the deal at some specific date in the future.●Currency Swap 掉期（货币互换）:The simultaneous purchase and sale of a given amount of foreign exchange for two different value dates.●international monetary system: Refers to the institutional arrangements that govern exchange rates.● currency speculation：the short-term movement of funds from one currency to another in the hopes of profiting from shifts in exchange rates ●A floating exchange rate system 浮动汇率exists when a country allows the foreign exchange market to determine the relative value of a currency.●A pegged exchange rate system 钉住汇率exists when a country fixes the value of its currency relative to a reference currency.●A dirty float 管理浮动exists when a country tries to hold the value of its currency within some range of a reference currency such as the U.S. dollar.●A fixed exchange rate system 固定汇率exists when countries fix their currencies against each other at some mutually agreed on exchange rate.●Investors include corporations with surplus cash, individuals, and non-bank financial institutions.●Borrowers include individuals, companies, and governments.●Markets makers are the financial service companies that connect investors and borrowers, either directly or indirectly.●Capital market loans can be equity (stock)or debt ( cash loans or bonds).Equity (stock) Loans 股权融资An equity loan is made when a corporation sells stock to investors. (dividends, stock price)Debt ( cash loans or bonds) Loans 债券融资A debt loan requires the corporation to repay a predetermined portion of the loan amount (the sum of the principal plus the specified interest) at regular intervals regardless of how much profit it is making.●A Eurocurrency欧洲货币is any currency banked outside of itscountry of origin.About two-thirds of all Eurocurrencies are Eurodollars (dollars banked outside the United States).●Foreign bonds外国债券ar e sold outside the borrower’s country and are denominated in the currency of the country in which they are issued.●Eurobonds欧洲债券are underwritten by a syndicate of banks（国际银团）and placed in countries other than the one in whose currency the bond is denominated.●A firm’s strategy refers to the actions that managers take to attain the goals of the firm.一个企业的战略可定义为管理人员为达到企业的目标而采取的行动。

国际商务谈判英文版

CATALOGUE
目录
Skills and Competencies for International Business NegotiatorsCase Studies of International Business Negotiation
01
Introduction to International Business Negotiation
Preparing well
Preparing well for the negotiation is crucial, including understanding the other party's position, needs, and interests.
Flexibility and cre…
要点一
要点二
Building trust
Following etiquette rules helps to build trust between the parties, leading to more successful negotiation outcomes.
International Business Etiquette
Using authoritative data and industry standards to strengthen your arguments and demonstrate your credibility.
Showing respect for the other party and their views, and actively listening to their concerns to build trust.

希尔《国际商务》第11版英文PPT Chapter 1Chapter1

Chapter 1
Globalization
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Globalization?
➢Globalization - the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy
➢The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated global economic system
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Why Do We Need Global Institutions?
➢Global institutions
➢ help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace ➢ promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern
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国际商务(希尔)英文版PPT1

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Classroom Performance System
The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known as a) global market facilitation b) cross-border trade c) supranational market integration d) the globalization of markets
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The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions are needed to: ❖help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace ❖promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system
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1-7Leabharlann The Globalization Of Markets
❖Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationally ❖The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm ❖Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide

国际商务英文版 chapter1 练习

Chapter 1 GlobalizationTrue / False Questions1. The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asglobalization.True False2. A company does not need a large size to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization ofmarkets.True False3. Companies hope to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality orfunctionality of their product offering through globalization of production.True False4. The most global markets currently are markets for consumer products.True False5. Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.True False6. The health care sector in the U.S. cannot avail the benefits of outsourcing to low-costproducers in other nations because of the nature of the work.True False7. The World Bank has focused on policing the world trading system and making surenation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties.True False8. The World Bank is known as the lender of the last resort.True False9. One of the UN's central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, fullemployment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development.True False10. In 2008 and 2009, the GATT became the forum though which major nations attempted tolaunch a coordinated policy response to the global financial crisis, which started inAmerica.True False11. The Uruguay Round, finalized in December 1993, reduced protection for patents,trademarks, and copyrights.True False12. "Beggar thy neighbor" retaliatory trade policies involved countries progressively loweringtrade barriers against each other, which contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.True False13. Rivers Inc., a U.S. based sports apparel manufacturer, sets up a production unit in Chinato take advantage of the lower labor costs there. This is an example of foreign directinvestment.True False14. World Bank gives an aid of 100 million dollars to Kenya for creating rural health carefacilities. This is an example of foreign direct investment.True False15. The lowering of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world, rather thana single country, as their market.True False16. According to WTO data, the volume of world merchandise trade has grown faster than theworld economy since 1950.True False17. The expansion of world trade implies that nations are becoming less dependent on eachother for important goods and services.True False18. Over the past 30 years the flow of FDI has accelerated faster than the growth in worldtrade and world output.True False19. The globalization of markets and production and the resulting growth of world trade,foreign direct investment, and imports all imply that firms are finding their home markets protected from foreign competitors.True False20. The cost of microprocessors continues to fall, while their power increases. This statementsupports the predictions made by Moore's Law.True False21. According to critics of globalization, today's interdependent global economy limits a nation'snational sovereignty.True False22. Critics of globalization suggest that over the last century, the gap between the rich andpoor nations of the world has shrunken.True False23. Supporters of debt relief argue that new democratic governments in poor nations shouldnot be forced to honor debts incurred by corrupt and dictatorial predecessors.True False24. A firm does not have to become a multinational enterprise to engage in internationalbusiness.True False25. Differences between countries require that an international business vary its practicescountry by country.True FalseMultiple Choice Questions26. The World Trade Organization promotes _____.A. l owering of barriers to cross-border trade and investmentB. i nfrastructural development in poor nations through low-interest loansC. s tate ownership of major enterprisesD. r egulation of national economies27. Which of the following is true about the International Monetary Fund?A. I t is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system.B. I t is seen as the lender of last resort to nation-states whose economies are in turmoil.C. I t is responsible for establishing multinational treaties to govern the global businesssystem.D. I t was established to formulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises indeveloping nations.28. The _____ was established on October 24, 1945, by 51 countries committed to preservingpeace through international cooperation and collective security.A. W orld Trade OrganizationB. U nited NationsC. G20txD. W orld Bank29. The G20tx was originally established to _____.A. p reserve peace through international cooperation and collective securityB. m aintain order in the international monetary systemC. f ormulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises in developing nationsD. m anage, regulate, and police the global marketplace30. _____ occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country.A. I nternational tradeB. F oreign direct investmentC. I nward investmentD. O utsourcing31. In late 2001, the WTO launched a new round of talks in Doha aimed at:A. h elping member states to cope with financial crisis.B. f urther liberalization of the global trade and investment framework.C. p rotecting national economies from global competition.D. p romoting higher standards of living in all member states.32. Which of the following is NOT included in world merchandise trade?A. M anufactured goodsB. A gricultural goodsC. S ervicesD. M ining products33. _____ have/has the most to gain from reductions in agricultural tariffs and subsidies thatare a part of the Doha agenda.A. T he world's developed nationsB. T he world's poorer nationsC. E uropean nationsD. T he United States34. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the reduction in trade barriers andrestrictions on FDI since 1950?A. F irms are dispersing parts of their production process to global locations to drive downproduction costs and increase product quality.B. T he economies of the world's nation states are becoming more intertwined.C. N ations are becoming more independent of each other for important goods andservices.D. T he world has become significantly wealthier since 1950.35. The financial crisis in the U.S. in 2009 was triggered by _____.A. t he global hike in the price of crude oilB. t he slowdown in U.S. importsC. t he problems in the U.S. subprime mortgage lending marketD. t he artificial fixing of currency rate by China36. _____ predicts that the power of microprocessor technology doubles and its cost ofproduction falls in half every 18 months.A. K eynes's LawB. S ay's LawC. M oore's LawD. S ullivan Principles37. Containerization allows:A. r eduction of the time needed to get from one location to another.B. s implification of transshipment from one mode of transport to another.C. b uyers and sellers to find each other easily.D. e nterprises to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production system.38. The relative decline of the United States in the share of world output and world exportsreflects _____.A. a n increase in the barriers to foreign trade in the U.S.B. t he deepening of the global financial crisisC. t he reduced industrialization in developing nationsD. t he growth in the economic development of the world economy39. In the 1970s, many Japanese firms invested in North America and Europe:A. t o avoid a highly competitive domestic market.B. t o exploit high domestic tariff barriers.C. a s a hedge against unfavorable currency movements.D. t o take advantage of low labor costs.40. What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. A ccumulation of foreign sharesB. P ortfolio investmentsC. S tock of foreign direct investmentsD. S tock market investments36. Throughout the 1990s, the amount of foreign direct investment directed at both developedand developing nations increased dramatically. This trend reflects:A. a slowdown in global economic activity.B. t he increasing share of the U.S. in the total FDI stock.C. t he decline in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment.D. t he increasing internationalization of business corporations.37. Which of the following countries has been the largest recipient of foreign directinvestment and received about $60 billion to $100 billion a year in inflows in 2004-2009?A. B razilB. R ussiaC. I ndiaD. C hina68. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a firm that _____.A. e xports its products to multiple countriesB. h as production units in more than two countriesC. d oes most of its business on the InternetD. l ists its securities on a public exchange39. Which of these statements pertaining to cross-border FDI flows is true?A. T here was a growth of FDI between 2004 and 2007.B. A slump in FDI from 1998 to 2000 was followed by a surge from 2001 to 2003.C. A mong developing nations, the largest recipient of FDI has been Russia.D. T he dramatic increase in FDI reflects the decreasing internationalization of businesscorporations.40. Since the 1960s, which of the following has been a notable trend in the demographics ofthe multinational enterprise?A. T he decline of multinational companies in the manufacturing sectorB. T he growth of government-owned multinational enterprisesC. T he decline of non-U.S. multinationalsD. T he growth of mini-multinationals46. NAFTA was passed only after:A. C hina agreed to establish a higher minimum wage.B. t he U.S. agreed to limit the number of jobs that could be outsourced.C. M exico committed to tougher enforcement of environmental protection regulations.D. C anada committed to establish new limits on FDI.47. Globalization is criticized because it increases the power of _____.A. g overnments to own enterprisesB. u nskilled labor to form labor unionsC. s upranational organizations over nation-statesD. n ation-states to regulate markets and reduce competition48. The World Trade Organization has estimated that the developed nations of the world canraise global economic welfare by $128 billion by:A. r emoving subsidies given to their agricultural producers.B. i ncreasing tariff barriers to trade in agriculture.C. i ncreasing outsourcing of manufacturing processes.D. R educing defence expenditure.49. An international business, unlike a multinational enterprise, _____.A. n eeds to have manufacturing units in at least two foreign nationsB. n eeds to manufacture products or provide services that target a global marketC. n eed not customize its products to the requirements of national marketsD. n eed not invest directly in operations in other countries50. Which of the following statements is true about an international business?A. A n international business needs to invest directly in operations in other countries.B. A n international business needs to have homogenous practices across countries.C. A n international business can be managed in the same way that a domestic business ismanaged.D. A n international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed bygovernment intervention.。

国际商务原书英文版MGH版教学课件geringer_ModC

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Design of Products and Services
Alternative approaches – cross-functional participation in each stage of design, identifying and avoiding many potential sourcing, manufacturing
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Design of Products and Services
Design of a company’s products and services has a fundamental relationship with the types of inputs a company will reqSupply Chains
Operations in each step of the supply chain must be synchronized Measurement of supply chain performance varies by industry and company, because the way success is defined also tends to vary and performance assessment should be aligned with a company’s strategic objectives and the key factors for success

2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例版

20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方：XXX乙方：XXX2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例版本合同目录一览第一条合同主体与范围1.1 主体确认1.2 合同范围第二条合作内容2.1 合作项目2.2 合作方式第三条合同期限3.1 起始日期3.2 结束日期第四条权利与义务4.1 权利分配4.2 义务履行第五条保密条款5.1 保密信息5.2 保密义务第六条知识产权6.1 知识产权归属6.2 知识产权保护第七条违约责任7.1 违约行为7.2 违约责任承担第八条争议解决8.1 争议方式8.2 争议地点第九条法律适用9.1 法律选择9.2 法律适用范围第十条合同的修改与终止10.1 修改方式10.2 终止条件第十一条通知与通讯11.1 通知方式11.2 通讯地址第十二条强制性规定12.1 强制性法律12.2 强制性规范第十三条合同的生效13.1 生效条件13.2 生效时间第十四条其他条款14.1 附加条款14.2 附录文件第一部分：合同如下：第一条合同主体与范围1.1 主体确认1.2 合同范围本合同旨在明确甲方与乙方之间在2024年的国际商务合作事项，包括但不限于产品销售、市场推广、技术交流及双方协商确定的其他合作内容。

第二条合作内容2.1 合作项目2.2 合作方式(1) 甲方负责提供产品或服务，乙方负责市场推广和销售；(2) 甲方提供技术支持和培训，乙方负责应用和推广；(3) 双方共同开展市场调研，制定市场进入策略；(4) 其他双方约定的合作方式。

第三条合同期限3.1 起始日期本合同自双方签字之日起生效。

3.2 结束日期本合同合作期限为[具体年限]，自起始日期起计算。

除非一方提前终止本合同，否则本合同将在合作期限届满时自动终止。

第四条权利与义务4.1 权利分配甲方有权要求乙方按照约定履行合同义务，并享有合作项目所产生的经济利益。

乙方有权根据合同约定使用甲方的产品、技术和服务，并应当按照约定向甲方支付费用。

国际商务谈判英文版

国际商务谈判英文版一、国际商务的概念但是我与此同时我们更需要注意的是,这也是一个关于国际的商务谈判,其中就没有很好的运用我们上文中所提出的观点应该在谈判之前了解对方的文化,并且应该想好一旦迟到的情况下应该如何是好,如何地应对这种文化上的差异.接下来我们来看一下另一个事例,同样是面对这种迟到的情况,日本的谈判代表是如何做的:The Concept of International Business1. What Is Business?Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed, but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and service for a profit. Business includes production, i.e. the creation of products or the offer of services, distribution, sale and profit. One good example is the conversion of iron ore into metal machine tool parts. The machine tools, made up of the various parts, need to be moved from a factory to a market place or a machine dealership, which is known as distribution. The sale means the exchange of goods or services for money. For example, a machine tool is sold to someone in exchange for money or a mechanic offers a service by repairing a machine tool for money, which we call sales.From the above, we can say, business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created. The major goal in functioning of any business company is to make profit, the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. So, creating profit or economic surplus is a primary goal of business activities.2. What Is International Business?International business as a field of management training deals with the special features of business activities that cross national boundaries. These activities may be movements ofgoods, services, capital, or personnel; transfers of technology, information, or data, or even the supervision of employees. International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.Business transactions that extend between different sovereign political units are not new phenomena on the world economic scene. Some business firms have had foreign direct investments and foreign operations for many years, predominantly in (but not limited to) the fields of mining, petroleum, and agriculture. Foreign trade, moreover, has a venerable history dating back to the emergence of the nation-state. But since the end of World War II a dramatic change has occurred in the patterns of international business activities. Thousands of business firms in many nations have developed into multinational enterprises with ownership control or other links that cross national boundaries. These firms take a global view of all aspects of business ---- from markets to resources ---- and they integrate markets and production on a world scale. Traditional international trade in the form of transactions between independent firms in different nations has continued to grow. But the relative importance of trade in the total picture has declined to other forms of cross-border business transactions which have expanded more rapidly.The international business field is concerned with issues facing international companies and governments in dealing with all types of cross border business transactions. The field encompasses international transactions in commodities,international transfers of intangibles such as technology and data, and the performance of international services such as banking and transportation. It gives special attention to the multinational enterprise ---- an enterprise based in one country and operating in one or more other countries ---- and the full range of methods open to such enterprises for doing business internationally.3. The Scope of International Business Activities谈判双方友好沟通;明确谈判目标;确定谈判人员;相关性地全面搜集资料，透彻分析目标关键，周全谈判计划，制定谈判战略;谈判地点选择，行程安排确定，翻译人员的决定，到达谈判地进行谈判;实质性谈判，体现谈判风格，运用谈判策略争取自身利益最大化(或共赢局态);协议的签订;谈判总结，成果汇报。

国际商务英文版教学课件daniels20_pp

20-8
MNE Staffing Policies: The Polycentric Approach
Polycentric staffing policy:
uses host-country nationals to manage local subsidiaries
• A polycentric policy views the effectiveness of
• determine its human resource needs • hire the people required to meet those needs • motivate its employees to perform well • continually upgrade its employees’ skills • retain those employees whose performance expli-
country to live and work in a foreign (host) country
Third-country national: an employee who is a citizen
of neither a firm’s home country nor its host country
citly improves the productivity of the firm’s core competencies within the context of the value chain
The roles and characteristics of international managers evolve over time.
– the challenges of convincing highly-skilled executives to go abroad

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