【免费】新编英语教程7课文讲解(综合英语7)
新标准大学英语综合教程(第二版)UNIT 7 B篇练习答案+课文翻译
Text
12 In
August 1944, the hiding place was stormed, and Nazi officers
arrested everyone. They were taken to a transit camp and forced to do hard labour. From there they were taken by train to a concentration camp at Auschwitz. A month later, Anne and Margot were moved to Bergen-Belsen camp in Germany. They both died of typhus and starvation in March 1945. Anne Frank was 15, her sister
4
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By 1941, the Nazis were arresting large numbers of Jewish people, and sending them to labour camps which quickly became death camps. Otto Frank, Anne’s father, decided to conceal his family, and the family of his business partner. The Franks went into hiding on 6 July 1942, just a few weeks after Anne started her diary, and were joined by the second family, the Van Pels a week later. For the next two years, eight people were confined to just six small rooms and could never go outside. There was rarely enough to eat, and the families lived in a state of poverty.
研究生英语综合教程课文翻译+原文
课文原文1-7 Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be abuilt-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
研究生英语综合教程UNIT7课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT71. Several leading modern business leaders seem, surprisingly, to downplay the importance of strategy. You can make too much fuss about strategy, they imply--- you have a few clear options; just choose one and get on with it. is it really that simple?2. “Strategy is straightforward---just pick a general direction and implement like hell.”Jack Welch, for example---the chairman and CEO of the USA’s General Electric Company; the man who grow the company from a market capitalization of $27 billion to a $140 billion, making GE the largest and most valuable company in the world. he must know a thing or two about strategy. But here’s what he says: “In real life, strategy is actually very straightforward. You pick a general direction and you implement like hell.”Or Allan leighton, the man who was recruited by Archie Norman to help res cue the UK’s ailing Asda supermarket chain, and went on to build the company into one of Britain’s most successful retailers. “Strategy is important,” says Leighton, “but it is a compass, not a road map. It tells you in which direction you are heading, but the important bit is how you get there.”Or Louis Gerstner, the man who rescued IBM in the 1990’s when the struggling mainframe supplier was about to be driven into extinction by the new, smaller and more agile personal computer manufacturers. “It is extremely difficult to develop a unique strategy for a company; and if the strategy is truly different, it is probably highly risky. Execution really is the critical part of a successful strategy. Getting it done, getting it done right, getting it done better than the next person is far more important than dreaming up new visions of the future.”3. So strategy is simple. And having an ingenious new strategy is less important than carrying it out successfully. In fact it might be dangerous. It that right?Let’s look at one last quote from Mr. Welch. “When I became CEO in 1981, we launched a highly publicized initiative: be number one or number two in every market, and fix, sell or close to get there. This was not our strategy, although I’ve often heard it descri bed that way.It was a galvanising mantra to describe how we were going to do business going forward. Our strategy was much more directional. GE was going to move away from businesses that were being commoditized toward businesses that manufactured high-value technology products or sold services instead of things.”Grand strategy versus strategy4. I would argue that these CEO’s blue chip corporations are taking a slightly Olympian view of the concept of “strategy.” Let’s call what hey are talking about “grand strategy” a strategy, but in the overarching sense, like the American car industry saying that they are going to move out gas-guzzlers and into smaller, more fuel-efficient models. 1.一些领先的现代企业领导人似乎，奇怪的是，淡化战略的重要性。
新编实用英语综合教程第七单元-T
Y: Well, 3 __it_i_s_o_r_g_a_n_i_z_e_d____by the Recreational and Physical Culture Section.
New Practical English 1
together? Y: OK. See you at 6:30 at the school gate.
New Practical English 1
Exercise 2
Imagine you are fond of mountain climbing. Now you are telling your English friend Dick the news of an activity organized by the mountaineers’ club. Complete a conversation with him by translating the parts given in Chinese.
How about you?
New Practical English 1
Sample 2
Are you going to the Rowboat Match?
B: I want to be a member of the overseas students’ team. I used to be on my school team in England.
us in front of the library. Let’s meet there at 8:00 sharp. A: All right. See you then.
New Practical English 1
【免费】新编英语教程7课文讲解(综合英语7)
A New English Course (Level 7)Unit OneText IEnglish and American Concepts of SpaceI. About the Author --- Edward Twitchell Hall (1914 ---), . anthropologist, author, and teacher, received his . degree in anthropology from Columbia University. He has taught at various institutions, such as Harvard Business School, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Northwestern University. His works include: The Silent Language (1959), a study of nonverbal communication, and The Hidden Dimension (1966), a study of “social and personal space and man’s perception of it.” The present text, a selection from The Hidden Dimension, gives a contrast between English and American concepts of personal space.About the author:Down the drainEdward ’s The Hidden Dimension, perhaps the scariest book (even scarier than 1984) I ever read. Scary, because it isn’t fiction, but a rather elaborate essay on anthropology and proxemic behavior. If Hall’s right, things as disregard for other cultures, mindless urban development and demographic growth have generated a behavioral sink in which stress, crime, intolerance and physical and psychic disease grow everyday, and to make things worse, our governments take measures that only accelerate the process. We are all going down the drain.Put Ed Hall’s Insights to Work in Your World Ed Hall is one of the preeminent cultural anthropologists of all times. His works, studies, and insights into the rich modern anthropology reflect a life long passion he developed as a teenager in the 1930’s Southwest . assigned to work on white-managed WPA crews alongside Navajo workers whose cultural bearings and world views were vastly different than his own people’s views.Hidden Dimensions examines the cultural contexts of space, how people define their personal and community spaces as part of their cultural norms.How far apart or close do people of a similar culture feel comfortable standing or sitting next to one another and in what circumstances When do you feel someone is “in your space”This personal comfort zone differs culture to culture. Yours may be different than mine. Hall develops these “proxemics” (proximity) in this book by observing and visiting with peoples from around the globe, and shares the wisdom gained with you so that you might expand your own world views and spatial orientations when mixing with foreign cultures to your own.Well worth the sheckles to add this great work to your life’s library. Collect all of Hall’s works.Best of the BestA fabulous writing on how human beings react to and make use of special distance from a physical and psychological viewpoint, . the study of proxemics. The type of book that should be reissued without fail by the publisher, though it is old, since it is a classic in its field. Actual numerical distances and their effect / use / experience by humans are explained as well as much about eyesight and its abilities. Hall alsoexplains how different Euro cultures (German, French, and others) plus how Americans use space differently. I’m seldom this positive about any book but must give this one a highest rating.II. Organization and DevelopmentLike most writings of an academic nature, this article is neatly-structured. Its thesis is clearly stated in the first paragraphand is developed in the rest of the article by contrast. Can you identify the sentence in the first paragraph that states the thesis The sentence in the 1st paragraph that states the thesis:If there ever were two cultures in which differences of the proxemic details are marked it is in the educated English and the middle-class Americans.The contrasts Hall has made are frequently marked by words or phrases generally known as sentence adverbials or connectives. Locate such items throughout the writing and try to tell what contrast they introduce.Words or phrases used to indicate contrasts:Paragraph 1“whereas” --- contrasting space for Americans with the socialsystem for the English as a factor determining aperson’s social status“however” --- contrasting the importance of one’s address inthe United States with that of the position in thesocial system into which a person is born in Britain Paragraph 3“on the other hand” --- contrasting what is said in the 2ndparagraph with what is said in the 3rd, . theAmerican’s sense of space that can be called his ownwith the Englishman’s sense of shared space Paragraph 5“on the other hand”--- contrasting the different ways in whichAmericans and the English behave when seekingseclusionThe contrast Hall has made serves to explain the apparent clashbetween theEnglish and Americans, . why they behave differently when they have the same need to satisfy.III. Notes1.In what sense does Hall use the word “separated”in the first sentenceMade culturally different.2.What, according to the author, has really separated the English andthe AmericansNot the different ways in which the English language is used as assumed by most people, but the different ways of handling time, space and materials.munications on other levels --- Broadly speaking, communication isof two kinds: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication consists of word language and the variations in meaning which a person puts into words through the way they are said. Thus different intonation mayimpart different meanings. Nonverbal communication consists of non-word language such as gestures and bodily action, visual aids like graphs and photos, certain activities, and time, space, and materials as mentioned by the author. What the author means here is that words do not account as much for the differences of the two peoples as the other levels of communication.4. ego --- 1) self, especially as contrasted with another self or the world;2) one’s opinion of oneself; self-esteem, .: He has an enormous ego. (= thinks he is a very fine person).3) tech. (in Freudian psychology) the one of the three parts of the mind that connects a person to the outside world, because it can think and act; conscious self5. rephrase the sentence:The differences for which language gets blamed may not be due so much to words as to communications on other levels beginning with English intonation (which sounds affected to many Americans) and continuing to ego-linked ways of handling time, space, and materials.Some people complain about the English language for its being so different in the two countries. These differences, however, may have resulted not from the words people use, but rather from individual linguistic habits, which are displayed in the adoption of a particular intonation (English intonation sounds unnatural to Americans), and extend down to the way people look at the world.6. Proxemics is the study of the communicative value of space and distancein various cultures. It includes the study of the physical distance between people when they are talking to each other, as well as their postures and whether or not there is physical contact during their conversation. These factors can be looked at in relation to the sex, age, and social and cultural background of the people involved, and also their attitudes to each other and their state of mind. Of interest are such features as the physical distance considered proper or comfortable between two people engaged in conversation or standing near each other in public places. These and other nonverbal behavioral features, which vary from culture to culture, have been called “silent language” by Edward T. Hall.“The proxemic details” refers to facts or pieces of information related to proxemics, ., how closely two people should stand or sit apart when talking to each other, whether one should have his office door open or closed, etc.7. A public school in Britain is a private secondary boarding school witha pre-university curriculum. Admission is by entrance examination. The term “public school” emerged in the eighteenth century when the reputation of certain grammar schools spread beyond their immediate environs. They began taking pupils whose parents could afford residential fees and thus became known as “public schools”, in contrast to “local schools”. A public school is different from a comprehensive school, where children of all abilities and social backgrounds are taught together. A public school generally prepares students academically for higher education. Therefore, students who go to public schools are supposed to be better educated than those who goto comprehensive schools.8. Middle-class Americans are a heterogeneous socioeconomic grouping composed principally of business and professional people such as managers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, government officials, some farmers and skilled workers. They are characterized by a comfortable material standard of living, and respect for property. Since World War II, the middle class has been the largest social class in the United States. In the most people identify themselves as “middle-class.”9. disparity --- (C,U) (between, in, of)fml(an example of) being completely different or unequal; a noticeable difference. There is (a) considerable disparity in the rates of pay for men and women.10. What does the “social system” in England refer toThe traditional way of stratify societying into classes, which remains important / influential even today.11. Rephrase the sentence:One of the basic reasons for this wide disparity is that in the United States we use space as a way of classifying people and activities, whereas in England it is the social system that determines who you are. One of the important factors that has contributed to such a big difference is that the place where one lives, to Americans, can present a symbol of one’s status or activity, while in England, the class one belongs to identifies one’s position in society.12. Why do you think one’s spatial location means almost as much to theAmericans as one’s social location does to the EnglishThink of the different history of the two countries. Britain has a long history of feudal social hierarchy, which had been firmly rooted and survived the bourgeois revolution in the 17th century. This system has not been completely overcome and the country is still a kingdom today. Aristocratic titles have been hereditary and are still regarded as a mark of a person’s social status. On the other hand, the United States has a short history of about 200 years, which began with a vast expanse of land that provided abundant space for people to fully exercise their imagination and develop their talent. A person’s background is far less important than what space he can find for himself and what he can achieve in that space.13. prestigious --- having prestige, . general respect or admiration felt for someone or something, because they have high quality, social influence, success, etc.14. fishmonger --- a person who owns or works in a shop (fishmonger’s) which sells fish: I bought a nice piece of cod from the fishmonger / at the fishmonger’s.15. stall --- a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place: a market stall16. allot --- give as a share or set apart for a purpose. Most of the money has already been allotted.They allotted us three weeks to finish the job.We were unable to finish it in the allotted time.17. What conclusion has the author reached by the end of the first paragraph？Spatial allocation does not have the same implication for the English and for Americans.18. How is the first paragraph related to the second oneThe last sentence of the first paragraph introduces the next two paragraphs, which illustrate differences between the English and the Americans in the allotment of space.19. den ---infml. a small quiet comfortable room in a house, where a person, usually a man, can be alone (小书斋; 小巧而舒适的私室) . Father’s in his den.--- the home of a usu. Large fierce wild animal, such as a lion --- a center of secret, esp. illegal, activity, . a den of thieves20. “the shop” --- a place where things made or repaired “工场”21. What does the author try to contrast in the second and the third paragraphHow differently space is allotted in Britain and the United States, the former having a strong sense of “shared space”and the latter of “one’s own space.”22. vacate --- give up the occupancy of; stop using; leaving (a room or place) so that it is available for someone else to use23. inconsequential --- unimportant; insignificant24. be entitled to --- possess the right to have or to do something25. Rephrase the sentence:As a consequence, the English are puzzled by the American need for a secure place in which to work, an office.As a result, it is hard for the English to figure out why Americans invariably feel it is necessary to find themselves a space, such as an office, where they may work without being disturbed.26. implication --- something that is suggested or implied by a particular situation, event, or statement27. typify --- v. 1) (not in progressive forms) be a typical example of; show all the most usual characteristics of something, . The shoe-shine boy who becomes a millionaire typifies the American Dream.2) (not in progressive forms) to be a typical mark or sign of 成为…的标记: the high quality that typifies all this work3) fml. to represent in a typical manner, . by an image, model, or likeness, . In this book we have tried to typify the main classes of verbs. 在本书中, 我们力图以明显的方式把动词分成几大类.28. strain --- a state of tension within or among people; . the current strain in relations between the two countries29. How do you interpret “experiencing strain in his relationships with Americans” in paragraph 4Having trouble getting along with Americans30. Rephrase the sentence:It took some time but finally we were able to identify most of the contrasting features of the American and British problems that were in conflict in this case.It was not until some time later that we managed to discover the major differences that had frustrated both sides in the above story.31. How differently would the English and the Americans behave when they want to be aloneThe Americans would go to their own rooms and shut the door, whereas the English, instead of finding architectural screens to shut themselves off, would provide subtle clues to others present that they do not wish to be disturbed.32. How would the English and the Americans feel if they are not talked to by people present in the same roomAmericans would feel that they are being rejected. The English would feel happy that others have recognized the unseen barrier they have erected to keep off intrusion.33. Rephrase the sentence:They have in effect internalized a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize.They have virtually built up, for themselves, a wall, which may keep them safe from disturbance when necessary and which, they assume, others should be able to perceive and respect.34. The article is written not by a lay person based on casual observations but by a professor of anthropology based on his research findings. Somewords the author uses has added to the academic flavor of the writing. Can you identify some of them and explain what they meanProxemic --- adj. of proxemics, a branch of sociology that studies spatial relations, people’s sense of space and their need of space in different situations, etc.Subject --- a person that undergoes scientific experimentation or investigationEgo --- the self of a personCondition --- determine, accustomSeminar --- regular meeting of a group of students under the guidance of a tutor or a professorUnit TwoTEXT ITouristsI. About the author --- Nancy Mitford (), English writer of novels, biographies, and essays, is noted for her witty novels of upper-class life. Her workers include: Pursuit of Love (1945), Vlotaire in Love (1957), and The Sun King (1966), about Louis XIV. One of her most widely read books was Noblesse Oblige: An Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy (1956). The text is from an essay called “The Tourist,”part of a collection published under the title of The Water Beetle (1962).II. Organization and DevelopmentAlthough part of a collection, the selection is quite complete in itself as far as structure is concerned. The author seems to have followed a well-worked-out outline. Now try to restore that outline, indicating the main parts and the major subdivisions under each of them.Outline for reference:1.The island and the touristsThe island: location, natural features, the cathedral and itsbellsThe tourists: number, transport, lack of taste, ill-mannered behavior, American-Englishmen-Germans2.Behavior of the islandersThe author’s general attitudeComparison of the island to a stageYoung men from Burano (Little Eric)Old women selling lacesThe priestThe tourists’ response3.Torcello back to its life routineYoung menOld womenFather of the clover babiesThe brief description of the small island creates the impression that it might be a nice, quiet retreat for writers like the author herself, but it might not be a good tourist resort. This helps to strengthen the point the author wants to make, . the tourists who swamp the place are aimless in their touring.III. Notes1. Based on the author’s description, try to think of just a few words and phrases that bring out the most important features of the island Torcello.Small, ancient, abundant in wild flowers, crisscrossed by waterways2. Rephrase the sentence:The most intensive study I ever made of tourists was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them.Since tourists can be seen almost everywhere at Torcello, I decided to observe them closely.3. minute: very small4. lagoon: an area of calm sea water partly or completely separated from the sea by banks of sand, rock, coral, etc.5. a great cathedral --- referring to SantaMaria Assunta Cathedral, which was founded in about 639, and rebuilt in the ninth and the eleventh century. It is a Byzantine cathedral, decorated with fine Veneto-Byzantine mosaics.6. What does the word “chorus” in line 8 refer tobells ringing out7. Explain the sentence:Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three times a day …joined by a chorus from the surrounding islands. --- From the campanile, or the high bell tower, can be heard the reproaches, or sets of verses representing reproaches of Jesus Christ to his people, three times a day. Such reproaches ring out from the nearby islands too.“cloches, cloches, divins reproches”= (French) “bells, bells, divine reproaches”8. lonely as a cloud --- This is an echo of William Wordsworth’s poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804). The first verse of the poem is as follows:I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.9. Rephrase the sentence:Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.Torcello was at one time an island scarcely visited by people, but today it has grown to be a magnet for tourists from Venice.10. chartered --- hired for use by a particular group or person11. yacht --- a large boat, often motor-driven, used for pleasure; a light sailing boat12. towpath --- a path (as along the bank of a canal or river) traveled by men or animals towing / pulling boats13. Possibly there is a double meaning in the phrase much restored in line 13.The early mosaics are made to look new again; the scenes from hell are brought back to life.14. a great, sad, austere Madonna --- the image of Mary, mother of JesusChrist, in mosaics, who appears sorrowful and stern15. Byzantine art --- the symbolical system of art which was developed by the early Greek or Byzantine artists out of the Christian symbolism. Its chief features are the circle, dome, and round arch; and its chief symbols the lily, cross, vesica, and nimbus.16. Explain the sentence in line 14 “Byzantine art is an acquired taste.”One needs to cultivate a certain taste to be able to appreciate Byzantine art.17. Rephrase the sentence:Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it.Byzantine art is a highly refined heritage, but few of the tourists here have arrived at that sophistry as to be able to appreciate it. / To appreciate Byzantine art, one needs to cultivate a particular sense of beauty, but few of the tourists to Torcello have been so equipped.18. the village green --- a small stretch of grass in the village19. Attila --- king of the Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia, from 434 . to 453 ., and one of the greatest of the barbarian rulers who attacked the Roman Empire. In 452 he invaded northern Italy and sacked several cities there.20. leave the devil of a mess behind them --- leave behind them all kinds of litter / a terrible mess. Devil is often used to give force to various expressions, especially of displeasure, . We had a devil of a job trying to persuade her.Why the devil did he comeWhat the devil is she doing now21. marching as to war --- This is an echo of a Christian hymn written by Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924). The first stanza goes thus:Onward, Christian soldiers,Marching as to war,With the Cross of JesusGoing on before! (1864)22. a Leader --- apparently referring to the tourist guide23. a standing order --- a permanent request (for something by a customer)24. From what Mitford has said of the tourists in the first paragraph, can you imagine what, in her opinion, a good tourist should be like He should have a clear purpose when going sightseeing, be appreciative of what there is supposed to be seen; he should not litter, or do anything harmful to the environment.25. What different images has Mitford created of the Americans, the Englishmen, and the Germans with her brief description of themAmericans --- well-to-do but having no taste at allEnglishmen --- mean, not attentive to public hygieneGermans --- well-organized and well-disciplined but not appreciative26. extract --- obtain by much effort27. Rephrase the sentence:As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.They have no choice but to come into contact with the tourists throughout the summer, and it is not hard to imagine why they should not try to earn some money out of this opportunity.28. What does the word Italian in line 31 refer toThe Italian nation as a whole29. gondolier --- the boatman who propels a gondola, a long narrow flat-bottomed boat with a high prow and stern used on the canals of Venice30. sandolos --- small boats used on the Venetian canals31. Buona fortuna --- (Italian) Good luck32. trinket --- a small ornament (as a jewel or ring) of little value33. point de Venise lace --- lace that is made with a needle or needle point. Burano is known for its Venetian point lace industry.34. four-leafed clovers --- or four-leafed clovers, four-leaf clovers.A four-leafed clover is a clover plant that has a set of four leaves instead of the usual three, and is believed to bring good luck to a person who finds it.Clover –is a small usu. three-leafed plant with pink, purple, or white flowers, often grown as food for cattle.35. holy processions --- religious parades36. Rephrase the sentence:The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer.The priest arranges for the religious pageant to begin the moment the ship arrives.37. flapping --- swaying loosely, and making a noise, especially when moved by wind38. Daily Mail --- name of a newspaper39. Where in paragraph 2 does Mitford reveal her attitude towards the way the islanders behaveShe is somewhat sympathetic to them. Refer to lines 29-31, “As they are obliged, whether they like it or not …from this state of affairs.”40. A metaphor runs through paragraphs 2 and 3. What is it Which sentence sets up the comparison Pick out words that continue the metaphor.The island is compared to a stage, and the activities to a play.Line 31, “The Italian is a born actor …”dress up, sweet-faced old women, apparently, organizes holy procession to coincide, the curtain, shed their jackets, let the smiles fade41. How do you understand the last sentence “Tocello is itself again” The play is over; ordinary life on the island is restored, and the islanders are their normal selves again.Unit ThreeText IThe SubwayTom WolfeI. About the AuthorThe Author --- Tom Wolfe (Thomas K. Wolfe, Jr., 1931-), . author, is one of the new journalists, who write, like journalists, about the people,the places, and the events of the contemporary world, but who write with the imagination, the personal vision, and the rhetorical flair which is usually associated with the creative writer. Wolfe’s writings appear in magazines such as Confidential and Harper’s Bazaar. Wolfe, like any good reporter, observes closely from a particular angle of vision --- often satiric --- and he projects what he feels and thinks into his description by the details he selects to show us and the words he chooses to describe them. His works include: The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965), New Journalism (1973), and In Our Time (1980).II Organization and DevelopmentThe topic sentence of paragraph 2 extends, at least in part, to paragraph 3.For paragraph 5, the following words from paragraph 4 with some modifications may serve the purpose of a topic sentence: “However, some men do fall to the state of being a bum. For example, on the East Side IRT subway line…”In paragraph 3, apart from sticking to using “he”as the subject in a series of sentences to describe the actions of the two black boys in the car, the conjunction “then”is used twice to show the chronological progression of the actions.The last four sentences of paragraph 4 all keep to “he” as the subject.III. Notes1. the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York --- the very indication that those who take the subway have a low social position2. disorientation --- confusion, loss of one’s bearings3. express stop --- a major rapid transit stop where “express trains”stop, as contrasted to a “local stop” where all trains stop4. Rephrase the following.In a way, of course, the subway is the living symbol… every express stop.In New York’s underground transportation system, one finds many examples of what is low-class behavior in New York. The subway is disorganized and people move about wildly at each express stop.5. vistas --- sweeping views6. eerie --- frightening because of strangeness or gloominess7. How is the statement “The whole place is a gross assault on the senses”supported by details in the first paragraphassault on the sense of hearing --- noise of the trains, high-pitched harshness, metallic tones from recordsassault on the sense of touch --- pushing and being pushed in crowds assault on the sense of smell --- unbearable odorsassault on the sense of sight --- The sight of customers with bread flakes caked on their mouths and flatulent cheeks at lunch counters is far from pleasant.8. qualm --- feelings of uneasiness or uncertainty as to whether something is right9. What does the word “qualms”in line 7 mean What does the whole sentence containing the word implyunease, a pang or sudden feeling of doubt, esp. concerning moral conduct Pushing others in a crowded public place is considered rude, but in the . subway the passengers, when in a crowd, seem to have forgotten this basic moral norm.10. tactile --- relating to the sense of touch11. crucifying --- torment, torture12. Rephrase the sentenceYour tactile sense takes a crucifying you never dreamed possible.You are being bumped, shoved and prodded amidst the crowd more than you ever have been before / more than you ever expected.13. 45 records --- The abbreviation “ stands for “revolutions per minute.” It is a measure of the speed of a record. A 45 record goes。
(全新版)大学英语《综合教程》第一册Unit7
• 12. pull on: take hold of (sth.) and pull (it) with strength • Examples: The child pulled on his mother's coat wanting to leave. • Sophia pulled on the rope, shouting "help." • 13. with all one's strength: with all one's power • Examples: With all his strength he removed the piano to the next room. • She opened the door with all her strength and ran out of the house. • 14. explode: burst with a loud noise • Examples: The clap of thunder exploded overhead, which frightened the child into crying. • A bomb exploded at one of London's busiest railway stations this morning.
• 6. out of the way: at a distance from the usual route; in a state or condition so as not to hinder (used after a verb) • Examples: Step out of the way and let me handle the stone. • The house is well out of the way on the back road. • 7. resume: begin (sth. or doing sth.) again after a pause • Examples: The search for the missing pilot is expected to resume early today. • We'll stop now and resume (working) at two o'clock. • They stopped talking for a moment to see where the noise was coming from and then resumed their conversation. • 8. mess around / about: (infml) spend time playing or doing things with no particular purpose • Examples: He spends his weekends messing around in his boat on the Thames. • The kids spent all day Sunday just messing around.
研究生英语综合教程下第七单元课文中英文对照 熊海虹
Unit 7建筑之诗意(节选)约翰•岁斯金The science of Architecture,followed out to its full extent,is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds.It is not merely a science of the rule and compass,it does not consist only in the observation of just rule ,or of fair proportion;it is ,or ought to be ,a science of feeling more than of rule,a ministry to the mind,more than to the eye.if we consider how much less the beauty upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind,it will show in a moment how many intricate questions of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice;it will convince us of the truth of proportion,which might at first have appeared startling ,that on man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.1建筑科学，如果得以充分体现的话，是只与人类心智创造有关的科学中最高贵的科学之一。
它不仅仅是尺子与圆规的科学，不仅仅需要遵守恰当的规则或合适的比例它是，或应该是，一门重感情甚于规则的科学，它更多的是服务于心灵，而非眼睛。
新编大学英语综合教程Unit 7课后练习答案
新编大学英语综合教程Unit 7课后练习答案vocabulary and StructureⅠ. The negative suffix “-less” means without or that never cannot be. Fill in the blanks with a proper word from the following list. Change the form when necessary.后缀“-less”表示没有或永远不能。
用下表中适当的词填空。
必要时更改词格。
homeless careless harmless endlesstireless countless worthless aimless homeless [ˈhəʊmləs]adj. 无家的; 无家可归的人们。
careless[ˈkeələs]adj.粗心的;疏忽引起的;无忧无虑的。
countless[ˈkaʊntləs]adj. 无数的; 数不胜数的。
worthless[ˈwɜːθləs]adj. 没用的; 无价值的; 品质坏的。
aimless[ˈeɪmləs]adj. 没有方向的; 无目标的; 无计划的。
1. The traffic accident happened as the result of the drivers ____ driving.交通事故的发生是由于司机们开车疏忽造成的。
【解析】careless。
类似例句：It has been discovered that the traffic accident resulted from the driver's careless driving.2. After the earthquake Firemen took ____ children to social Welfare Institution.【解析】homeless。
新标准大学英语综合教程(第二版)UNIT 7 A篇练习答案+课文翻译
Text
5 “Yes, yes, of course,” murmured the company, more and more agitated.
6 “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its – oysters.”
Warming Up
HARRY TRUMAN: “The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. We won the race of discovery against the Germans. We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japan’s power to make war.” American planes dropped one of the bombs on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and another on Nagasaki 3 days later. Exactly how many people in those 2 cities died from the force and heat of the blasts or later from radiation may never be known. The Radiation Effects Research Foundation in Japan estimates that between 150,000 and 246,000 died within 2 to 4 months of the bombings. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, 6 days after the Nagasaki bombing.
新编英语教程7unit seven The Aims of Education
Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it. A merely well-informed man is the most useless bore on God’s earth. What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start from, and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to remember that the valuable intellectual development is self-development, and that it mostly takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers before the age of twelve. A saying due to Archbishop Temple illustrates my meaning. Surprise was expressed at the success in after-life of a man, who as a boy at Rugby had been somewhat undistin-guished. He answered, “It is not what they are at eighteen, it is what they become afterwards that matters.”In training a child to activity of thought, above all things we must beware of what I will call “inert ideas”—that is to say, ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilised, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations.In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are alive with a ferment of genius, in a succeeding generation exhibit merely pedantry and routine. The reason is, that they are overladen with inert ideas. Education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful—Corruptio optimi, pessima. Except at rare intervals of intellectual ferment, education in the past has been radically infected with inert ideas. That is the reason why uneducated clever women, who have seen much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been saved from this horrible burden of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity into greatness has been a passionate protest against inert ideas. Then, alas, with pathetic ignorance of human psychology, it has proceeded by some educational scheme to bind humanity afresh with inert ideas of its own fashioning.Let us now ask how in our system of education we are to guard against this mental dry rot. We enuncia te two educational commandments, “Do not teach too many subjects,” and again, “What you teach, teach thoroughly.”The result of teaching small parts of a large number of subjects is the passive reception of disconnected ideas, not illumined with any spark of vitality. Let the main ideas which are introduced into a child’s education be few and important, and let them be thrown into every combination possible. The child should make them his own, and should understand their application here and now in the circumstances of his actual life. From thevery beginning of his education, the child should experience the joy of discovery. The discovery which he has to make, is that general ideas give an understanding of that stream of events which pours through his life, which is his life. By understanding I mean more than a mere logical analysis, though that is included. I mean “understanding’ in the sense in which it is used in the French proverb, “To understand all, is to forgive all.” Pedants sneer at an education which is useful. But if education is not useful, what is it? Is it a talent, to be hidden away in a napkin? Of course, education should be useful, whatever your aim in life. It was useful to Saint Augustine and it was useful to Napoleon. It is useful, because understanding is useful.I pass lightly over that understanding which should be given by the literary side of education. Nor do I wish to be supposed to pronounce on the relative merits of a classical or a modern curriculum. I would only remark that the understanding which we want is an understanding of an insistent present. The only use of a knowledge of the past is to equip us for the present. No more deadly harm can be done to young minds than by depreciation of the present. The present contains all that there is. It is holy ground; for it is the past, and it is the future. At the same time it must be observed that an age is no less past if it existed two hundred years ago than if it existed two thousand years ago. Do not be deceived by the pedantry of dates. The ages of Shakespeare and of Molière are no less past than are the ages of Sophocles and of Virgil. The communion of saints is a great and inspiring assemblage, but it has only one possible hall of meeting, and that is, the present, and the mere lapse of time through which any particular group of saints must travel to reach that meeting-place, makes very little difference.Passing now to the scientific and logical side of education, we remember that here also ideas which are not utilised are positively harmful. By utilising an idea, I mean relating it to that stream, compounded of sense perceptions, feelings, hopes, desires, and of mental activities adjusting thought to thought, which forms our life. I can imagine a set of beings which might fortify their souls by passively reviewing disconnected ideas. Humanity is not built that way except perhaps some editors of newspapers.In scientific training, the first thing to do with an idea is to prove it. But allow me for one moment to extend the meaning of “prove”; I mean—to prove its worth. Now an idea is not worth much unless the propositions in which it is embodied are true. Accordingly an essential part of the proof of an idea is the proof, either by experiment or by logic, of the truth of the propositions. But it is not essential that this proof of the truth should constitute the first introduction to the idea. After all, its assertion by the authority of respectable teachers is sufficient evidence to begin with. Inour first contact with a set of propositions, we commence by appreciating their importance. That is what we all do in after-life. We do not attempt, in the strict sense, to prove or to disprove anything, unless its importance makes it worthy of that honour. These two processes of proof, in the narrow sense, and of appreciation, do not require a rigid separation in time. Both can be proceeded with nearly concurrently. But in so far as either process must have the priority, it should be that of appreciation by use.Furthermore, we should not endeavour to use propositions in isolation. Emphatically I do not mean, a neat little set of experiments to illustrate Proposition I and then the proof of Proposition I, a neat little set of experiments to illustrate Proposition II and then the proof of Proposition II, and so on to the end of the book. Nothing could be more boring. Interrelated truths are utilised en bloc, and the various propositions are employed in any order, and with any reiteration. Choose some important applications of your theoretical subject; and study them concurrently with the systematic theoretical exposition. Keep the theoretical exposition short and simple, but let it be strict and rigid so far as it goes. It should not be too long for it to be easily known with thoroughness and accuracy. The consequences of a plethora of half-digested theoretical knowledge are deplorable. Also the theory should not be muddled up with the practice. The child should have no doubt when it is proving and when it is utilising. My point is that what is proved should be utilised, and that what is utilised should—so far, as is practicable—be proved. I am far from asserting that proof and utilisation are the same thing.。
【免费】新编英语教程7课文讲解(综合英语7)
A New English Course (Level 7)Unit OneText IEnglish and American Concepts of SpaceI. About the Author --- Edward Twitchell Hall (1914 ---), U.S. anthropologist, author, and teacher, received his Ph.D. degree in anthropology from Columbia University. He has taught at various institutions, such as Harvard Business School, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Northwestern University. His works include: The Silent Language (1959), a study of nonverbal communication, and The Hidden Dimension (1966), a study of “social and personal space and man’s perception of it.”The present text, a selection from The Hidden Dimension, gives a contrast between English and American concepts of personal space.About the author:Down the drainEdward T.Hall’s The Hidden Dimension, perhaps the scariest book (even scarier than 1984) I ever read. Scary, because it isn’t fiction, but a rather elaborate essay on anthropology and proxemic behavior. If Hall’s right, things as disregard for other cultures, mindless urban development and demographic growth have generated a behavioral sink in which stress, crime, intolerance and physical and psychic disease grow everyday, and to make things worse, our governments take measures that only accelerate the process. We are all going down the drain.Put Ed Hall’s Insights to Work in Your World Ed Hall is one of the preeminent cultural anthropologists of all times. His works, studies, and insights into the rich modern anthropology reflect a life long passion he developed as a teenager in the 1930’s Southwest U.S. assigned to work on white-managed WPA crews alongside Navajo workers whose cultural bearings and world views were vastly different than his own people’s views.Hidden Dimensions examines the cultural contexts of space, how people define their personal and community spaces as part of their cultural norms.How far apart or close do people of a similar culture feel comfortable standing or sitting next to one another and in what circumstances? When do you feel someone is “in your space”? This personal comfort zone differs culture to culture. Yours may be different than mine. Halldevelops these“proxemics”(proximity) in this book by observing and visiting with peoples from around the globe, and shares the wisdom gained with you so that you might expand your own world views and spatial orientations when mixing with foreign cultures to your own.Well worth the sheckles to add this great work to your life’s library. Collect all of Hall’s works.Best of the BestA fabulous writing on how human beings react to and make use of special distance from a physical and psychological viewpoint, i.e. the study of proxemics. The type of book that should be reissued without fail by the publisher, though it is old, since it is a classic in its field. Actual numerical distances and their effect / use / experience by humans are explained as well as much about eyesight and its abilities. Hall also explains how different Euro cultures (German, French, and others) plus how Americans use space differently. I’m seldom this positive about any book but must give this one a highest rating.II. Organization and DevelopmentLike most writings of an academic nature, this article is neatly-structured. Its thesis is clearly stated in the first paragraph and is developed in the rest of the article by contrast. Can you identify the sentence in the first paragraph that states the thesis?The sentence in the 1st paragraph that states the thesis:If there ever were two cultures in which differences of the proxemic details are marked it is in the educated English and the middle-class Americans.The contrasts Hall has made are frequently marked by words or phrases generally known as sentence adverbials or connectives. Locate such items throughout the writing and try to tell what contrast they introduce.Words or phrases used to indicate contrasts:Paragraph 1“whereas” --- contrasting space for Americans with the socialsystem for the English as a factor determining aperson’s social status“however” --- contrasting the importance of one’s address inthe United States with that of the position in thesocial system into which a person is born in Britain Paragraph 3“on the other hand” --- contrasting what is said in the 2ndparagraph with what is said in the 3rd, i.e. theAmerican’s sense of space that can be called his ownwith the Englishman’s sense of shared space Paragraph 5“on the other hand”--- contrasting the different ways in whichAmericans and the English behave when seekingseclusionThe contrast Hall has made serves to explain the apparent clashbetween theEnglish and Americans, i.e. why they behave differently when they have the same need to satisfy.III. Notes1.In what sense does Hall use the word “separated”in the firstsentence?Made culturally different.2.What, according to the author, has really separated the English andthe Americans?Not the different ways in which the English language is used as assumed by most people, but the different ways of handling time, space and materials.munications on other levels --- Broadly speaking, communication isof two kinds: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication consists of word language and the variations in meaning which a person puts into words through the way they are said. Thus different intonation may impart different meanings. Nonverbal communication consists of non-word language such as gestures and bodily action, visual aids like graphs and photos, certain activities, and time, space, and materials as mentioned by the author. What the author means here is that words do not account as much for the differences of the two peoples as the other levels of communication.4. ego --- 1) self, especially as contrasted with another self or the world;2) one’s opinion of oneself; self-esteem, e.g.: He has an enormous ego. (= thinks he is a very fine person).3) tech. (in Freudian psychology) the one of the three parts of the mind that connects a person to the outside world, because it can think and act; conscious self5. rephrase the sentence:The differences for which language gets blamed may not be due so much to words as to communications on other levels beginning with English intonation (which sounds affected to many Americans) and continuing to ego-linked ways of handling time, space, and materials.Some people complain about the English language for its being so different in the two countries. These differences, however, may have resulted not from the words people use, but rather from individual linguistic habits, which are displayed in the adoption of a particular intonation (English intonation sounds unnatural to Americans), and extend down to the way people look at the world.6. Proxemics is the study of the communicative value of space and distance in various cultures. It includes the study of the physical distance between people when they are talking to each other, as well as their postures and whether or not there is physical contact during their conversation. These factors can be looked at in relation to the sex, age, and social and cultural background of the people involved, and also their attitudes to each other and their state of mind. Of interest are such features as the physical distance considered proper or comfortable between two people engaged in conversation or standing near each other in public places. These and other nonverbal behavioral features, which vary from culture to culture, have been called “silent language” by Edward T. Hall.“The proxemic details”(1.6) refers to facts or pieces of information related to proxemics, e.g., how closely two people should stand or sit apart when talking to each other, whether one should have his office door open or closed, etc.7. A public school in Britain is a private secondary boarding school witha pre-university curriculum. Admission is by entrance examination. The term “public school” emerged in the eighteenth century when the reputation of certain grammar schools spread beyond their immediate environs. They began taking pupils whose parents could afford residential fees and thus became known as “public schools”, in contrast to “local schools”. A public school is different from a comprehensive school, where children of all abilities and social backgrounds are taught together. A public school generally prepares students academically for higher education. Therefore, students who go to public schools are supposed to be better educated than those who goto comprehensive schools.8. Middle-class Americans are a heterogeneous socioeconomic grouping composed principally of business and professional people such as managers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, government officials, some farmers and skilled workers. They are characterized by a comfortable material standard of living, and respect for property. Since World War II, the middle class has been the largest social class in the United States. In the U.S.A., most people identify themselves as “middle-class.”9. disparity --- (C,U) (between, in, of)fml(an example of) being completely different or unequal; a noticeable differencee.g. There is (a) considerable disparity in the rates of pay for men and women.10. What does the “social system” in England refer to?The traditional way of stratify societying into classes, which remains important / influential even today.11. Rephrase the sentence:One of the basic reasons for this wide disparity is that in the United States we use space as a way of classifying people and activities, whereas in England it is the social system that determines who you are. One of the important factors that has contributed to such a big difference is that the place where one lives, to Americans, can present a symbol of one’s status or activity, while in England, the class one belongs to identifies one’s position in society.12. Why do you think one’s spatial location means almost as much to the Americans as one’s social location does to the English?Think of the different history of the two countries. Britain has a long history of feudal social hierarchy, which had been firmly rooted and survived the bourgeois revolution in the 17th century. This system has not been completely overcome and the country is still a kingdom today. Aristocratic titles have been hereditary and are still regarded as a mark of a person’s social status. On the other hand, the United States has a short history of about 200 years, which began with a vast expanse of land that provided abundant space for people to fully exercise their imagination and develop their talent. A person’s background is far less important than what space he can find for himself and what he can achieve in that space.13. prestigious --- having prestige, i.e. general respect or admiration felt for someone or something, because they have high quality, social influence, success, etc.14. fishmonger --- a person who owns or works in a shop (fishmonger’s) which sells fish: I bought a nice piece of cod from the fishmonger / at the fishmonger’s.15. stall --- a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place: a market stall16. allot --- give as a share or set apart for a purposee.g. Most of the money has already been allotted.They allotted us three weeks to finish the job.We were unable to finish it in the allotted time.17. What conclusion has the author reached by the end of the first paragraph?Spatial allocation does not have the same implication for the English and for Americans.18. How is the first paragraph related to the second one?The last sentence of the first paragraph introduces the next two paragraphs, which illustrate differences between the English and the Americans in the allotment of space.19. den ---infml. a small quiet comfortable room in a house, where a person, usually a man, can be alone (小书斋; 小巧而舒适的私室) e.g. Father’s in his den.--- the home of a usu. Large fierce wild animal, such as a lion --- a center of secret, esp. illegal, activity, e.g. a den of thieves20. “the shop” --- a place where things made or repaired “工场”21. What does the author try to contrast in the second and the third paragraph?How differently space is allotted in Britain and the United States, the former having a strong sense of “shared space”and the latter of “one’s own space.”22. vacate --- give up the occupancy of; stop using; leaving (a room or place) so that it is available for someone else to use23. inconsequential --- unimportant; insignificant24. be entitled to --- possess the right to have or to do something25. Rephrase the sentence:As a consequence, the English are puzzled by the American need for a secure place in which to work, an office.As a result, it is hard for the English to figure out why Americans invariably feel it is necessary to find themselves a space, such as an office, where they may work without being disturbed.26. implication --- something that is suggested or implied by a particular situation, event, or statement27. typify --- v. 1) (not in progressive forms) be a typical example of; show all the most usual characteristics of something, e.g. The shoe-shine boy who becomes a millionaire typifies the American Dream.2) (not in progressive forms) to be a typical mark or sign of 成为…的标记: the high quality that typifies all this work3) fml. to represent in a typical manner, e.g. by an image, model, or likeness, e.g. In this book we have tried to typify the main classes of verbs. 在本书中, 我们力图以明显的方式把动词分成几大类.28. strain --- a state of tension within or among people; e.g. the current strain in relations between the two countries29. How do you interpret “experiencing strain in his relationships with Americans” in paragraph 4?Having trouble getting along with Americans30. Rephrase the sentence:It took some time but finally we were able to identify most of the contrasting features of the American and British problems that were in conflict in this case.It was not until some time later that we managed to discover the major differences that had frustrated both sides in the above story.31. How differently would the English and the Americans behave when they want to be alone?The Americans would go to their own rooms and shut the door, whereas the English, instead of finding architectural screens to shut themselves off, would provide subtle clues to others present that they do not wish to be disturbed.32. How would the English and the Americans feel if they are not talked to by people present in the same room?Americans would feel that they are being rejected. The English would feel happy that others have recognized the unseen barrier they have erected to keep off intrusion.33. Rephrase the sentence:They have in effect internalized a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize.They have virtually built up, for themselves, a wall, which may keep them safe from disturbance when necessary and which, they assume, others should be able to perceive and respect.34. The article is written not by a lay person based on casual observations but by a professor of anthropology based on his research findings. Some words the author uses has added to the academic flavor of the writing. Can you identify some of them and explain what they mean?Proxemic (l.6) --- adj. of proxemics, a branch of sociology that studies spatial relations, people’s sense of space and their need of space in different situations, etc.Subject (l.20) --- a person that undergoes scientific experimentation or investigationEgo (l.4) --- the self of a personCondition (l.35) --- determine, accustomSeminar (l.47) --- regular meeting of a group of students under the guidance of a tutor or a professorUnit TwoTEXT ITouristsI. About the author --- Nancy Mitford (1904---1973), English writer of novels, biographies, and essays, is noted for her witty novels of upper-class life. Her workers include: Pursuit of Love(1945), Vlotaire in Love (1957), and The Sun King (1966), about Louis XIV. One of her most widely read books was Noblesse Oblige: An Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy (1956). The text is from an essay called “The Tourist,” part of a collection published under the title of The Water Beetle (1962).II. Organization and DevelopmentAlthough part of a collection, the selection is quite complete in itself as far as structure is concerned. The author seems to have followed a well-worked-out outline. Now try to restore that outline, indicating the main parts and the major subdivisions under each of them.Outline for reference:1.The island and the touristsThe island: location, natural features, the cathedral and itsbellsThe tourists: number, transport, lack of taste, ill-mannered behavior, American-Englishmen-Germans2.Behavior of the islandersThe author’s general attitudeComparison of the island to a stageYoung men from Burano (Little Eric)Old women selling lacesThe priestThe tourists’ response3.Torcello back to its life routineYoung menOld womenFather of the clover babiesThe brief description of the small island creates the impression that it might be a nice, quiet retreat for writers like the author herself, but it might not be a good tourist resort. This helps to strengthen the point the author wants to make, i.e. the tourists who swamp the place are aimless in their touring.III. Notes1. Based on the author’s description, try to think of just a few words and phrases that bring out the most important features of the island Torcello.Small, ancient, abundant in wild flowers, crisscrossed by waterways2. Rephrase the sentence:The most intensive study I ever made of tourists was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them.Since tourists can be seen almost everywhere at Torcello, I decided to observe them closely.3. minute: very small4. lagoon: an area of calm sea water partly or completely separated from the sea by banks of sand, rock, coral, etc.5. a great cathedral --- referring to SantaMaria Assunta Cathedral, which was founded in about 639, and rebuilt in the ninth and the eleventh century. It is a Byzantine cathedral, decorated with fine Veneto-Byzantine mosaics.6. What does the word “chorus” in line 8 refer to?bells ringing out7. Explain the sentence:Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three times a day …joined by a chorus from the surrounding islands. --- From the campanile, or the high bell tower, can be heard the reproaches, or sets of versesrepresenting reproaches of Jesus Christ to his people, three times a day. Such reproaches ring out from the nearby islands too.“cloches, cloches, divins reproches”= (French) “bells, bells, divine reproaches”8. lonely as a cloud --- This is an echo of William Wordsworth’s poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804). The first verse of the poem is as follows:I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.9. Rephrase the sentence:Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.Torcello was at one time an island scarcely visited by people, but today it has grown to be a magnet for tourists from Venice.10. chartered --- hired for use by a particular group or person11. yacht --- a large boat, often motor-driven, used for pleasure; a light sailing boat12. towpath --- a path (as along the bank of a canal or river) traveled by men or animals towing / pulling boats13. Possibly there is a double meaning in the phrase much restored in line 13.The early mosaics are made to look new again; the scenes from hell are brought back to life.14. a great, sad, austere Madonna --- the image of Mary, mother of JesusChrist, in mosaics, who appears sorrowful and stern15. Byzantine art --- the symbolical system of art which was developed by the early Greek or Byzantine artists out of the Christian symbolism. Its chief features are the circle, dome, and round arch; and its chief symbols the lily, cross, vesica, and nimbus.16. Explain the sentence in line 14 “Byzantine art is an acquired taste.” One needs to cultivate a certain taste to be able to appreciate Byzantine art.17. Rephrase the sentence:Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it.Byzantine art is a highly refined heritage, but few of the tourists here have arrived at that sophistry as to be able to appreciate it. / To appreciate Byzantine art, one needs to cultivate a particular sense of beauty, but few of the tourists to Torcello have been so equipped.18. the village green --- a small stretch of grass in the village19. Attila --- king of the Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia, from 434 A.D. to 453 A.D., and one of the greatest of the barbarian rulers who attacked the Roman Empire. In 452 he invaded northern Italy and sacked several cities there.20. leave the devil of a mess behind them --- leave behind them all kinds of litter / a terrible mess. Devil is often used to give force to various expressions, especially of displeasure, e.g. We had a devil of a job trying to persuade her.Why the devil did he come?What the devil is she doing now?21. marching as to war --- This is an echo of a Christian hymn written by Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924). The first stanza goes thus:Onward, Christian soldiers,Marching as to war,With the Cross of JesusGoing on before! (1864)22. a Leader --- apparently referring to the tourist guide23. a standing order --- a permanent request (for something by a customer)24. From what Mitford has said of the tourists in the first paragraph, can you imagine what, in her opinion, a good tourist should be like?。
全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第7单元课文详解
全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第7单元课文详解全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第7单元课文详解英语是世界上最广泛的第一语言，因此我们从小就开始学习英语，下面是一篇关于学习英语的.英语课文，欢迎大家来学习。
全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第7单元课文详解篇1Part I Pre-Reading TaskListen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions:1. What is the passage about?2. What's your impression of the English language?3. Can you give one or two examples to illustrate(说明)the messiness of the English language?4. Can you guess what the texts in this unit are going to be about?The following words in the recording may be new to you:eggplantn. 茄子pineapplen. 菠萝hamburgern. 汉堡牛肉饼，汉堡包Part IITextSome languages resist the introduction of new words. Others, like English, seem to welcome them. Robert MacNeil looks at the history of English and comes to the conclusion that its tolerance for change represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom.THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISHRobert MacNeilThe story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer.French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. The government tries to ban words from English and declares that walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead — but they don't.Walkman is fascinating because it isn't even English. Strictly speaking, it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesn't bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly globallanguage.How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet —more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us.Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made thisspeech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitler's armies positioned to cross the English Channel: "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender."Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last — surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, "We shall never give in," but it is one of the lovely — and powerful — opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory.Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a commonparent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 B.C. These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe, Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesar's armies found in Britain.New words came with the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons, etc. —that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr.Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language — Middle English —with about 10,000 "borrowed" French words.Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press inEngland and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace.As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources — American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, "The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself."I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language.Indeed, the English language is not the special preserve of grammarians, language police, teachers, writers or the intellectual elite. English is, and always has been, the tongue of the common man.全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第7单元课文详解篇2 Robert MacNeil罗伯特·麦克尼尔Winston Churchill温斯顿·丘吉尔(1874 — 1965，英国政治家、首相)Hitler希特勒(1889 — 1945，纳粹德国元首)Julius Caesar尤利乌斯·凯撒(100 — 44BC，古罗马将军、政治家)Britain英国India印度Pakistan巴基斯坦Viking(8 — 10世纪时劫掠欧洲西北海岸的)北欧海盗Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚England英格兰William Caxton威廉·卡克斯顿(英国印刷商、翻译家)Otto Jespersen奥托·叶斯柏森(1860 — 1943)全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第7单元课文详解篇31. Read aloud paragraphs 17-19 and learn by heart.2. Read aloud the following poem:LanguagesCarl SandburyThere are no handles upon a languageWhereby men take hold of itAnd mark it with signs for its remembrance.It is a river, this language,Once in a thousand yearsBreaking a new courseChanging its way to the ocean.It is a mountain effluviaMoving to valleysAnd from nation to nationCrossing borders and mixing.3. Read the following quotations. Learn them by heart if you can. You might need to look up new words in a dictionary.The English language is the sea which receives tributaries from every region under heaven.—— Ralph Waldo EmersonLanguage ought to be the joint creation of poets and manual workers.—— Georqe OrwellEngland and America are two countries separated by the same language.—— Georqe Bernard Shaw4. Read the following joke and see if you can tell what caused the misunderstanding of the technician's words by the woman. You might need to look up new words in a dictionary.An office technician got a call from a user. The user told the technician that her computer was not working. She described the problem and the technician concluded that the computer needed to be brought in and serviced.He told her to "Unplug the power cord and bring it up hereand I will fix it."About fifteen minutes later she showed up at his door with the power cord in her hand.附上：大学英语作文Last summer, intolerable heat, so mom and Dad brought our family went to see the ice sculpture museum.As soon as we walked into the ice sculpture museum, we felt the chill of the inside, and I knew it was only minus six degrees Celsius. We're just like going into a big fridge. Ice sculptures in the ice sculpture hall are lifelike. It stood the ancient "Four Beauties": Sha Shi, Mochizuki Pipa Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan, Yang dancing, all lovingly pathetic. The side see also the twists and turns of the bridge deck and handrails, sparkling, shining. There are all kinds of ice sculptures at the side of the bridge. It was found that the eaves of a unique Pavilion were flying, the pillars were beautiful, and the chairs were exquisite, so that people could not help sitting down and resting for a while. Cool air around the body around, make people feel comfortable.What impressed me most was the two high ice slide. The ice is as smooth as a mirror, and we "Hula" it slips underneath. My sister and I climbed up and down excitedly, screaming with excitement, even the coat was flying, and the clothes were soaked in.These vivid ice sculptures left a deep impression on me. The ice sculpture museum in the "barbecue day" is really cool and joyful!。
高等学校研究生英语系列教材_综合教程(上)Unit 7 Exploring Human Nature 论人性
On Human Nature
Para. 1
What
development
Structure
Paras. 2-9
Para. 10
conclusion
Main Idea
Ⅱ. The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change.
●The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change. It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement; we can alter only people's customs, manners, dress and habits. A study of history reveals that the people who walked this earth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today. The pursuit of happiness still engrosses mankind the world over.
一项历史研究表明曾经行走在地球上的古人们和今天的男男女女们受着同样的基本力量驱使被同样的激情左右并有着同样的抱负时至今日对幸福的追求仍然是全世界人类全身心投入的事业
论
美术学院 艺术设计系 Wenxin Yuan
新编大学英语(第四版)综合教程3教学课件u7-4
Unit project Additional activity Broaden our horizon
新编大学英语（第四版） 综合教程 Unit 7
Further development
目录 contents
Unit project Additional activity Broaden our horizon
新编大学英语（第四版） 综合教程 Unit 7
Further development Unit project
Since most of the embroideries are made of silk, embroidery is closely connected with silkworm raising and silk reeling and weaving. As early as about 5,000 years ago, our ancestors began to raise silkworms. According to records, the oldest embroidered product dates from the Shang Dynasty. Embroideries in that period symbolized social status. It was not until later on, as the national economy developed, that embroidery entered the lives of the common people. In the Han Dynasty, the art of embroidery was widespread throughout the country and many embroidered pieces that have been discovered date back to that period. At the same time, embroidery was more specialized. There were various patterns such as the Sun, the Moon, stars, mountains, dragons, phoenixes, tigers, flowers as well as clouds. With the blossoming of the Silk Road, silk production and silk
新编实用英语综合教程1__Unit_7 ppt课件
• 3. flight
/flait/
• n. 飞行，航班 n. 奇思妙想，一段楼梯
n. 逃跑
v. (鸟)惊飞
新编实用英语综合教程1__Unit_7
• 4. monthly /'mʌnθli/
• adj. 每月的，持续一个月的，每月发生的 adv. 每月，按月 n. 月刊
• 5. decision
/di‘siʒən/ n. 决定，决策
adj. <古>震惊的
新编实用英语综合教程1__Unit_7
• 13. pursue
/pə'sju:/
• v. 追捕，追求，继续从事
• 14. alert /ə'lə:t/
• adj. 警觉的，灵敏的 n. 警戒，警报
vt. 警惕，使意识到
• 15. formula /'fɔ:mjulə/
• n. 公式，配方，规则；代乳品 adj. （赛车的）级的，方程式的
新编实用英语综合教程1__Unit_7
Short Conversations
Directions :Listen to the dialogues and fill in the blanks with the words
you hear.
1. A: ______________ a little longer? B: ___________, but I shall ____________ if I don’t hurry.
• 6. umbrella /ʌm'brelə/
• n. 伞，雨伞 adj. 像伞状分布的 vt. (用伞)遮住
• 7. sociology /.səusi'ɔlədʒi/ n. 社会学，社会关系学，
综合英语教程(第三版)BOOK3-课文译文07.第七单元
第七单元TEXT为失败者而牺牲的天才我年轻时在美国阿巴拉契亚山区的时候，发现农民都重男轻女，这大多缘于男孩子们在体力上有优势。
虽然现在美国的农业人口仅占总人口的百分之三，脑力劳动也已取代了仅仅只靠体力的劳动，但文化上的偏好如同坏习惯的一样都是养成容易打破难。
然而历史不只一次地警示了随意轻视所谓的弱势性别的才能要付出惨痛的代价。
大约在150年前，英格兰约克夏郡一个小村庄的牧师有三个可爱，聪明的女儿，但他却把所有的希望都寄托在家中唯一的男性继承人布朗威尔—一个在艺术和文学上都颇有天分的年轻人身上了。
布朗威尔的父亲和姐姐们用全家便士积攒起的钱把布朗威尔送到了伦敦皇家艺术学院。
如果说艺术是他的目的地，那么他搭错了车。
去了几周后他就仓皇逃回家，不名一文地失败了。
但家人对他还是抱着颇高的期望，于是又给他找了份家教的工作，希望这能让他有时间去发展他的文学技艺并能取得他应得的成功和名利。
但这又是一次失败。
几年来三位无私的姐妹埋没了自己的理想，相信布朗威尔的天分终会被世人认可，于是当家教做老师赚钱来供给她们那位负债日益俱增的弟弟。
一次一次的失败后，布朗威尔开始酗酒，吸鸦片而最后死去——如同他生前是失败者一样。
如此一来，对这个唯一的男丁的希望破灭了，但那三位默默无闻的姐妹又怎么样了呢？在布朗威尔去世前的几年里，三姐妹自费出版了一本诗集（由于担心评论家会对女作家有性别歧视，她们使用了笔名）。
但甚至布朗威尔也可能嘲笑她们：她们的诗集仅仅卖掉了两本。
但是她们并没退怯，在空余时间里仍笔耕不辍甚至挑灯夜战挥洒她们积蓄的热情，记录下了现实生活中她们熟知的事物和挣扎于自身欲望与社会现状中的女性——实际上，这些更像是她们的自传而非虚构的小说。
此后安妮的《爱格尼斯·格雷》，艾米莉的《呼啸山庄》和夏洛特的《简·爱》使十九世纪文学界发生了翻天覆地的变化。
但数年来为布朗威尔所做出的牺牲使她们的健康受到了极大的损害。
就在弟弟的葬礼上艾米莉病倒了，三个月后她就去世了，年仅二十九岁；安妮在五个月后也相继去世了，那时她只有30岁；夏洛特也仅仅活到了三十九岁。
新编英语教程7(Unit 1-14 Text I 译文)
Unit One English and American Concepts of Space Edward T. Hall英国人和美国人的空间概念人们说英国人和美国人是被同一种语言分离开的两个伟大的民族。
英美民族之间的差异使得英语本身受到很多指责，然而，这些差异也许不应该过分归咎于语言，而应该更多的归因于其他层面上的交流：从使很多美国人感到做作的英式语音语调到以自我为中心的处理时间、空间和物品的不同方法。
如果说这世上有两种文化间的空间关系学的具体内容迥然不同，那就是在有教养(私立学校)的英国人和中产阶级的美国人之间了。
造成这种巨大差异的一个基本原因是在美国人们借助空间大小来对人或事加以分类，而在英国决定你身分的却是社会等级制度。
在美国，你的住址可以很好的暗示你的身分（这不仅适用于你的家庭住址，也适用于你的商业地址）。
住在纽波特和棕榈滩的人要比布鲁克林和迈阿密的人高贵时髦得多。
格林尼治和科德角与纽华克和迈阿密简直毫无类似之处。
座落在麦迪逊大道和花园大道的公司要比那些座落在第七大道和第八大道的公司更有情调。
街角办公室要比电梯旁或者长廊尽头的办公室更受尊敬。
而英国人是在社会等级制度下出生和成长的。
无论你在哪里看到他，他仍然是贵族，即便是在鱼贩摊位的柜台后面。
除了阶级差异，英国人和我们美国人在如何分配空间上也存在差异。
在美国长大的中产阶级美国人觉得自己有权拥有自己的房间，或者至少房间的一部分。
当我让我的美国研究对象画出自己理想的房间或办公室时，他们毫无例外的只画了自己的空间，而没有画其他人的地方。
当我要求他们画出他们现有的房间或办公室时，他们只画出他们共享房间里自己的那部分，然后在中间画一条分隔线。
无论是男性还是女性研究对象，都把厨房和主卧划归母亲或妻子的名下，而父亲的领地则是书房或休息室，如果有的话；要不然就是工场，地下室，或者有时仅仅是一张工作台或者是车库。
美国女性如果想独处，可以走进卧室、关上门。
新编英语教程unit7
1. Précis WritingA. The main points:1. — prizefight promoter, who knows the ins and outs of the business— to please the crowd most vital to prizefights—the crowd: bloodthirsty, coming to see the killer, not the boxing artist2.. Benny Paret, was struck hard on the head, where lies the vulnerable(易受攻击的) brain,again and again for 11 rounds3.— The public and the authorities, aroused and greatly shocked, investigated all causes butthe real one: some people’s thirst for blood4. — the true killer: the prevailing mores, regard prizefighting as a perfectly proper form ofenterprise and entertainmentB. The reference version.Young Benny Paret was killed in a prizefight. Who was to blame for his death? During an interview, a prizefight promoter who knows the ins and outs of the business claimed that the most important point of the boxing profession was to please the crowd who came not to see the boxing artist but the killer. Having been struck hard on the head, where lies the vulnerable brain, again and again during the bloody eleven rounds, Benny finally collapsed into a coma, never to wake up again. The public and the authorities were aroused and greatly shocked. Investigations were made into all aspects of the mishap, but the investigators missed the real cause: Society’s acceptance of prizefighting as a perfectly proper form of enterprise and entertainment to cater to some people’s thirst for blood.2. T ranslationA. T ranslate the following sentences from Chinese into English.1. 电视转播了那个初出茅庐的新闻记者成功地采访好莱坞电影明星的节目。
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A New En glish Course (Level 7)Unit OneText IEn glish and America n Con cepts of SpaceI. About the Author --- Edward Twitchell Hall (1914 ---), . anthropologist, author, and teacher, received his . degree in anthropology from Columbia University. He has taught at various institutions, such as Harvard Bus in ess School, the Illi nois In stitute of Tech no logy, and Northwester nUni versity. His works in clude: The Sile nt Lan guage (1959), a study ofnonv erbal com muni cati on, and The Hidde n Dime nsion (1966), a study of“ social and personal space and man ' s perception of it. ” The present text, a selection from The Hidden Dimension , gives a contrast between En glish and America n con cepts of pers onal space.About the author:Dow n the drainEdward ' s The Hidden Dimension, perhaps the scariest book (even scarier than 1984) I ever read. Scary, because it isn ' t fiction, but arather elaborate essay on anthropology and proxemic behavior. If Hall ' s right, things as disregard for other cultures, mindless urban development and demographic growth have gen erated a behavioral sink in which stress, crime, in tolera nee and physical and psychic disease grow everyday, and to makethings worse, our governments take measures that only accelerate the process. We are all going dow n the drain.Put Ed Hall ' s In sights to Work in Your WorldEd Hall is one of the preeminent cultural anthropologists of all times.His works, studies, and in sights in to the rich moder n an thropology reflect a life long passion he developed as a teenager in the 1930' s Southwest . assigned to work on white-managed WPAcrews alongside Navajo workers whose cultural beari ngs and world views were vastly differe nt tha n his own people ' s views.Hidde n Dime nsions exam ines the cultural con texts of space, how people define their personal and community spaces as part of their cultural no rms.Howfar apart or close do people of a similar culture feel comfortable sta nding or sitti ng n ext to one ano ther and in what circumsta nces Whe n do you feel someoneis “ in your space” This personal comfort zone differs culture to culture. Yours may be different than mine. Hall develops these“ proxemics ” (proximity) in this book by observing and visiting with peoples from around the globe, and shares the wisdom gained with you so that you might expand your own world views and spatial orientations when mixing with foreign cultures to your own.Well worth the sheckles to add this great work to your life ' s library. Collect all of Hall ' s works.Best of the BestA fabulous writing on how humanbeings react to and makeuse of special dista nee from a physical and psychological viewpo in t, . the study of proxemics. The type of book that should be reissued without fail by the publisher, though it is old, since it is a classic in its field. Actual nu merical dista nces and their effect / use / experie nee by huma ns are explained as well as much about eyesight and its abilities. Hall also expla ins how differe nt Euro cultures (Germa n, Fren ch, and others) plushow America ns use space differe ntly. I ' mseldom this positive about any book butmust give this one a highest rati ng.II. Orga ni zati on and Developme ntLike most writings of an academic nature, this article isneatly-structured. Its thesis is clearly stated in the first paragraph and is developed in the rest of the article by contrast. Can you identify the sentence in the first paragraph that states the thesisThe sentence in the 1 st paragraph that states the thesis:If there ever were two cultures in which differences of the proxemicdetails are marked it is in the educated En glish and the middle-class America ns.The contrasts Hall has madeare frequently marked by words or phrases gen erally known as sentence adverbials or conn ectives. Locate such items throughout the writing and try to tell what contrast they introduce.Words or phrases used to in dicate con trasts:Paragraph 1“ whereas” --- con trast ing space for America ns with the socialsystem for the English as a factor determining aperson ' s social status“ however” --- contrasting the importanee of one ' s address inthe Un ited States with that of the positi on in the socialsystem into which a person is born in BritainParagraph 3“on the other hand ” --- contrasting what is said in the 2nd paragraphwith what is said in the 3rd, . the American ' s sense of spacethat can be called his own with the Englishman ' s sense ofshared spaceParagraph 5“on the other hand” --- contrasting the different ways in which Americans and the En glish behave whe n seek ingseclusi on The con trast Hall has made serves to expla in theappare nt clash betwee n theEn glish and America ns, . why they behave differe ntly whe n they have the same n eed to satisfy.III. Notes1. In what sense does Hall use the word “separated ” in the first sentence Madeculturally differe nt.2. What, according to the author, has really separated the English andthe America nsNot the different ways in which the English Ianguage is used as assumedby most people, but the differe nt ways of han dli ng time, space and materials.3. com muni catio ns on other levels --- Broadly speak ing, com muni cati on is oftwo kin ds: verbal and nonv erbal. Verbal com muni cati on con sists ofword Ian guage and the variatio ns in meaning which a pers on puts into words through the way they are said. Thus differe nt inton atio n mayimpart differe nt meanin gs. Nonv erbal com muni catio n con sists of non-word Ianguage such as gestures and bodily action, visual aids like graphs and photos, certain activities, and time, space, and materials as men ti oned by the author. What the author mea ns here is that words do not acco unt as much for the differe nces of the two peoples as the other levels of com muni cati on.4. ego --- 1) self, especially as con trasted with ano ther self or theworld;2) one' s opinion of on eself; self-esteem, .: He has an eno rmous ego. (= thinks he is a very fine person).3) tech . (in Freudian psychology) the one of the three parts ofthe mind that connects a person to the outside world, because it can think and act; con scious self5. rephrase the senten ce:The differe nces for which Ian guage gets blamed may not be due so muchto words as to com muni cati ons on other levels beg inning with En glishintonation (which sounds affected to manyAmericans) and continuing toego-l in ked ways of han dli ng time, space, and materials.Some people complain about the English Ianguage for its being so differe nt in the two coun tries. These differe nces, however, may have resulted not from the words people use, but rather from in dividuallinguistic habits, which are displayed in the adoption of a particularin ton ati on (En glish in ton ati on sounds unn atural to America ns), andexte nd dow n to the way people look at the world.6. Proxemics is the study of the com muni cative value of space and dista nee in various cultures. It in eludes the study of the physical dista neebetwee n people whe n they are talk ing to each other, as well as their postures and whether or not there is physical con tact duri ng their con versati on. These factors can be looked at in relati on to the sex, age, and social and culturalbackground of the people invoIved, and also their attitudes to each other and their state of mi nd. Of in terest are such features as the physical distanee considered proper or comfortable between two people engaged in conversation or standing near each other in public places. These and other nonverbal behavioral features, which vary from culture to culture, have bee n called “ sile nt Ian guage ” by Edward T. Hall.“ The proxemic details ” refers to facts or pieces of in formatio nrelated to proxemics, ., howclosely two people should stand or sit apartwhentalking to each other, whether one should have his office door open orclosed, etc.7. A public school in Brita in is a private sec on dary board ing school witha pre-uni versity curriculum. Admissio n is by entrance exam in ati on. Theterm “ public school ” emerged in the eighteenth century when the reputati on of certa in grammar schools spread bey ond their immediate environs.They began taking pupils whose parents could afford residential fees and thus became known as “ public schools ” , in contrast to “ local schools ” . A public school is different from acomprehensive school, where children of all abilities and social backgro unds are taught together. A public school gen erally preparesstudents academically for higher education. Therefore, students who goto public schools are supposed to be better educated than those who goto comprehe nsive schools.8. Middle-class America ns are a heteroge neous socioec ono mic group ingcomposed prin cipally of bus in ess and professi onal people such as managers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, government officials, some farmers and skilled workers. They are characterized by a comfortablematerial sta ndard of livi ng, and respect for property. Si nee World War II, the middle class has been the largest social class in the UnitedStates. In the most people ide ntify themselves as “ middle-class. ”9. disparity --- (C,U) (between, in, of) fml (an example of) beingcompletely differe nt or un equal; a no ticeable differe nee.There is (a) considerable disparity in the rates of pay for men andwome n.10. What does the “social system ” in England refer toThe traditi onal way of stratify society ing in to classes, which remai ns importa nt / in flue ntial eve n today.11. Rephrase the senten ce:One of the basic reasons for this wide disparity is that in the UnitedStates we use space as a way of classify ing people and activities,whereas in England it is the social system that determines who you are.One of the important factors that has contributed to such a big differe nee is that the place where one lives, to America ns, can prese nt a symbol of one ' s status or activity, while in England, the class one belongs to identifies one ' s position in society.12. Why do you think one ' s spatial location means almost as much to the America ns as one ' s social locati on does to the En glishThink of the different history of the two countries. Britain has a long history of feudal social hierarchy, which had been firmly rooted and survived the bourgeois revoluti on in the 17 th cen tury. This system hasnot been completely overcome and the country is still a kingdom today. Aristocratic titles have been hereditary and are still regarded as amark of a person ' s social status. On the other hand, the United States has a short history of about 200 years, which began with a vast expanse of land that provided abundant space for people to fully exercise their imag in ati on and develop their tale nt. A pers on ' s backgro und is far less important than what space he can find for himself and what he can achieve in that space.13. prestigious --- having prestige, . general respect or admiration felt for some one or someth ing, because they have high quality, social in flue nee, success, etc.14. fishm on ger --- a pers on who owns or works in a shop (fishm on ger ' s) which sells fish: I bought a nice piece of cod from the fishm on ger /at the fishm on ger ' s.15. stall --- a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place: a market stall16. allot --- give as a share or set apart for a purpose.Most of the money has already bee n allotted.They allotted us three weeks to fin ish the job.We were unable to finish it in the allotted time.17. What conclusion has the author reached by the end of the first paragraph ?Spatial allocation does not have the sameimplication for the Englishand for America ns.18. How is the first paragraph related to the sec ond oneThe last sentence of the first paragraph in troduces the n ext twoparagraphs, which illustrate differe nces betwee n the En glish and the America ns in the allotme nt of space.19. den --- infml . a small quiet comfortable room in a house, where a person, usuallya man, can be alone ( 小书斋; 小巧而舒适的私室).Father ' s in his den.---the home of a usu. Large fierce wild ani mal, such as a lio n--- a center of secret, esp. illegal, activity, . a den of thieves20. “the shop ”--- a place where things made or repaired “工场”21. What does the author try to con trast in the sec ond and the thirdparagraphHow differently space is allotted in Britain and the United States,the former having a strong sense of “shared space ” and the latter ofa ; ”one s own space.22. vacate --- give up the occupa ncy of; stop usin g; leav ing (a room orplace) so that it is available for some one else to use23. incon seque ntial --- uni mporta nt; in sig nifica nt24. be entitled to --- possess the right to have or to do something25. Rephrase the senten ce:As a con seque nee, the En glish are puzzled by the America n n eed for a secure place in which to work, an office.As a result, it is hard for the En glish to figure out why America nsinvariably feel it is necessary to find themselves a space, such as an office, where they may work without being disturbed.26. implication --- something that is suggested or implied by a particularsituati on, eve nt, or stateme nt27. typify --- v. 1) (not in progressive forms) be a typical example of;show all the most usual characteristics of something, . The shoe-shine boy who becomes a millio naire typifies the America n Dream.2) (n ot in progressive forms) to be a typical mark or sig n of 成为…的标记：the high quality that typifies all this work3) fml. to represent in a typical manner, . by an image, model, orlike ness, .In this book we have tried to typify the mai n classes ofverbs.在本书中，我们力图以明显的方式把动词分成几大类.28. strain --- a state of tension within or among people; . the current strain in relati ons betwee n the two coun tries29. Howdo you in terpret “ experie ncing strain in his relati on ships withAmerica ns ” in paragraph 4Having trouble gett ing along with America ns30. Rephrase the senten ce:It took some time but fin ally we were able to ide ntify most of thecontrasting features of the American and British problems that were in con flict in this case.It was not until sometime later that we managedto discover the major differe nces that had frustrated both sides in the above story.31. Howdiffere ntly would the En glish and the America ns behave whe n they want to be aloneThe America ns would go to their own rooms and shut the door, whereasthe En glish, in stead of finding architectural scree ns to shut themselves off, would provide subtle clues to others present that they do not wish to be disturbed.32. How would the En glish and the America ns feel if they are not talkedto by people prese nt in the same roomAmerica ns would feel that they are being rejected. The En glish wouldfeel happy that others have recog ni zed the un see n barrier they have erected to keep off in trusi on.33. Rephrase the senten ce:They have in effect in ternalized a set of barriers, which they erectand which others are supposed to recog ni ze.They have virtually built up, for themselves, a wall, which may keepthem safe from disturbanee whennecessary and which, they assume, others should be able to perceive and respect.34. The article is written not by a lay person based on casual observationsbut by a professor of anthropology based on his research findings. Some words the author uses has added to the academic flavor of the writing.Can you ide ntify some of them and expla in what they meanProxemic --- adj. of proxemics, a branch of sociology that studiesspatial relations, people ' s sense of space and their need of space in differe nt situati ons, etc.Subject --- a person that undergoes scientific experimentation orinv estigati onEgo --- the self of a pers onCon diti on --- determ ine, accustomSeminar --- regular meeting of a group of students under the guidaneeof a tutor or a professorUnit TwoTEXT ITouristsI. About the author --- Nancy Mitford (), En glish writer of no vels,biographies, and essays, is no ted for her witty no vels of upper-classlife. Her workers in clude: Pursuit of Love (1945), Vlotaire in Love(1957), and The Sun King (1966), about Louis XIV. One of her most widely read books was Noblesse Oblige : An Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy (1956). The text is from an essay called “ The Tourist, ” part of a collect ion published un der the title of The Water Beetle (1962).II. Orga ni zati on and Developme ntAlthough part of a collection, the selection is quite complete initself as far as structure is concerned. The author seems to have followed a well-worked-out outl ine. Now try to restore that outl in e, in dicat ing the main parts and the major subdivisi ons un der each of them.Outl ine for refere nee:1. The island and the touristsThe island: location, natural features, the cathedral and itsbellsThe tourists: number, transport, lack of taste, ill-manneredbehavior, America n-En glishme n-Germa ns2. Behavior of the islandersThe author ' s general attitudeComparis on of the isla nd to a stageYoung men from Bura no (Little Eric)Old wome n selli ng lacesThe priestThe tourists ' resp onse3. Torcello back to its life routineYoung menOld wome nFather of the clover babiesThe brief descripti on of the small isla nd creates the impressi onthat it might be a nice, quiet retreat for writers like the author herself, but it might not be a good tourist resort. This helps to stre ngthe n the point the author wants to make, . the tourists who swamp the place are aimless in their touri ng.III. Notes1. Based on the author ' s description, try to think of just a few wordsand phrases that bring out the most important features of the islandTorcello.Small, an cie nt, abundant in wild flowers, crisscrossed by waterways2. Rephrase the senten ce:The most intensive study I ever madeof tourists was at Torcello, where it isimpossible to avoid them.Since tourists can be seen almost everywhere at Torcello, I decided to observe them closely.3. minu te: very small4. Iago on: an area of calm sea water partly or completely separated fromthe sea by banks of san d, rock, coral, etc.5. a great cathedral --- referring to SantaMaria Assunta Cathedral, whichwas foun ded in about 639, and rebuilt in the ninth and the eleve nthcen tury. It is a Byza nti ne cathedral, decorated with fineVen eto-Byza nti ne mosaics.6. What does the word “chorus ” in line 8 refer tobells ringing out7. Expla in the senten ce:Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three times a day …joined by achorus from the surro unding isla nds. --- From the campa nile, or the high bell tower, can be heard the reproaches, or sets of verses representing reproaches of Jesus Christ to his people, three times a day. Such reproaches ring out from the n earby isla nds too.“cloches, cloches, divins reproches ”= (French) “ bells, bells, divine reproaches ”8. lonely as a cloud --- This is an echo of William Wordsworth ' s poem“ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud ”(1804). The first verse of the poemis as follows:I wan dered Ion ely as a cloudThat floats on high o ' er vales and hills,Whe n all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golde n daffodils;Beside the lake, ben eath the trees,Flutteri ng and dancing in the breeze.9. Rephrase the senten ce:Torcello which used to be Ionely as a cloud has recently becomean outing from Veni ce.Torcello was at one time an island scarcely visited by people, but today it has grow n to be a magnet for tourists from Veni ce.10. chartered --- hired for use by a particular group or pers on11. yacht --- a large boat, often motor-driven, used for pleasure; a light saili ng boat12. towpath --- a path (as along the bank of a canal or river) traveledby men or ani mals tow ing / pulli ng boats13. Possibly there is a double meaning in the phrase muchrestored in line13.The early mosaics are madeto look new again; the scenes from hell are brought back to life.14. a great, sad, austere Mado nna --- the image of Mary, mother of JesusChrist, i n mosaics, who appears sorrowful and stern15. Byzantine art --- the symbolical system of art which was developedby the early Greek or Byzantine artists out of the Christian symbolism.Its chief features are the circle, dome, and round arch; and its chief symbols the lily, cross, vesica, and ni mbus.16. Explain the sentence in line 14 “ Byzantine art is an acquired taste. ”One needs to cultivate a certain taste to be able to appreciateByza nti ne art.17. Rephrase the senten ce:Byza nti ne art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of thevisitors has acquired it.Byzantine art is a highly refined heritage, but few of the touristshere have arrived at that sophistry as to be able to appreciate it. /To appreciate Byzantine art, one needs to cultivate a particular sense of beauty, but few of the tourists to Torcello have bee n so equipped.18. the village green --- a small stretch of grass in the village19. Attila --- king of the Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia, from434 . to 453 ., and one of the greatest of the barbaria n rulers whoattacked the RomanEmpire. In 452 he invaded northern Italy and sacked several cities there.20. leave the devil of a mess behind them --- leave behind them all kinds of litter / a terrible mess. Devil is often used to give force to various expressions, especially of displeasure, . Wehad a devil of a job trying to persuade her.Why the devil did he comeWhat the devil is she doing now21. marching as to war --- This is an echo of a Christian hymn writtenby Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924). The first stanza goes thus:On ward, Christia n soldiers,Marchi ng as to war,With the Cross of JesusGoing on before! (1864)22. a Leader --- appare ntly referri ng to the tourist guide23. a standing order --- a permanent request (for something by a customer)24. From what Mitford has said of the tourists in the first paragraph,can you imag ine what, in her opinion, a good tourist should be likeHe should have a clear purpose when going sightseeing, be appreciative of what there is supposed to be seen; he should not litter, or do anything harmful to the en vir onment.25. What differe nt images has Mitford created of the America ns, theEn glishme n, and the Germa ns with her brief descriptio n of themAmerica ns --- well-to-do but hav ing no taste at allEn glishme n --- mean, not atte ntive to public hygie neGerma ns --- well-orga ni zed and well-discipli ned but not appreciative26. extract --- obta in by much effort27. Rephrase the senten ce:As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in publicduring the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some finan cial ben efit from this state of affairs.They have no choice but to come into con tact with the touriststhroughout the summer, and it is not hard to imagine why they should not try to earn some money out of this opport uni ty.28. What does the word Italia n in line 31 refer toThe Italian nation as a whole29. gondolier --- the boatman who propels a gondola, a long narrowflat-bottomed boat with a high prow and stern used on the canals ofVenice30. san dolos --- small boats used on the Ven etia n can als31. Buo na fortu na --- (Italia n) Good luck32. trinket --- a small ornament (as a jewel or ring) of little value33. point de Venise lace --- lace that is made with a n eedle or n eedlepoint. Burano is known for its Venetian point lace industry.34. four-leafed clovers --- or four-leafed clovers, four-leaf clovers.A four-leafed clover is a clover pla nt that has a set of four leavesin stead of the usual three, and is believed to bring good luck to a pers on who finds it.Clover —is a small usu. three-leafed plant with pink, purple, or white flowers, ofte n grow n as food for cattle.35. holy processi ons --- religious parades36. Rephrase the senten ce:The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer. The priest arran ges for the religious pagea nt to beg in the mome nt the ship arrives.37. flapp ing --- sway ing loosely, and making a no ise, especially whe nmoved by wind38. Daily Mail --- name of a newspaper39. Wherein paragraph 2 does Mitford reveal her attitude towards the waythe isla nders behaveShe is somewhat sympathetic to them. Refer to lines 29-31, “ As they are obliged, whether they like it or not …from this state of affairs. ”40. A metaphor runs through paragraphs 2 and 3. What is it Which sentencesets up the comparis on Pick out words that con ti nue the metaphor.The isla nd is compared to a stage, and the activities to a play.Li ne 31, “ The Italia n is a born actor …”dress up, sweet-faced old women,apparently, organizes holy procession to coincide, the curtain, shed their jackets, let the smiles fade41. How do you un dersta nd the last sentence “ Tocello is itself aga in ”The play is over; ordinary life on the island is restored, and theisla nders are their no rmal selves aga in.Unit ThreeText IThe SubwayTom WolfeI. About the AuthorThe Author --- Tom Wolfe (Thomas K. Wolfe, Jr., 1931-), . author, is oneof the new jour nalists, who write, like jour nalists, about the people,the places, and the eve nts of the con temporary world, but who write withthe imagination, the personal vision, and the rhetorical flair which is usually associated with the creative writer. Wolfe' s writings appear in magaz ines such as Con fide ntial and Harper' s Bazaar. Wolfe, like any good reporter, observes closely from a particular an gle of visio n --- ofte n satiric --- and he projects what he feels and thi nks in to his descriptio n by the details he selects to show us and the words he chooses to describe them. His works in clude: The Kan dy-Kolored Tan geri ne-Flake Streamli neBaby (1965), New Journalism (1973), and In Our Time (1980).II Orga ni zati on and Developme ntThe topic sentence of paragraph 2 exte nds, at least in part, to paragraph 3.For paragraph 5, the followi ng words from paragraph 4 with some modifications may serve the purpose of a topic sentence: “ However, somemen do fall to the state of being a bum. For example, on the East Side IRT subway line …”In paragraph 3, apart from sticking to using “he” as the subject ina series of senten ces to describe the acti ons of the two black boys inthe car, the conjun cti on “ the n ” is used twice to show the chrono logical progressi on of the actions.The last four sentences of paragraph 4 all keep to “ he” as the subject.III. Notes1. the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York---the very indication that those whotake the subway have a low social positi on2. disorientation --- confusion, Ioss of one ' s bearings3. express stop --- a major rapid tran sit stop where “ express trains ”stop, as contrasted to a “ local stop ” where all trains stop4. Rephrase the followi ng.In a way, of course, the subway is the liv ing symbol …every express stop.In New York' s underground transportation system, one finds many。